文档内容
话题 10 人与环境
序号 体裁 主题 核心素养
1 应用文 人与社会-书目介绍 思维品质-- 四本教孩子们气候变化的好书
2 说明文 人与自然--研究发现 学习能力—狗的“养育”
3 说明文 人与自然—多样生物- 学习意识--生物多样性和物种的数量
4 说明文 人与社会---科学技术 思维意识-- ECHO机器人研究企鹅上的应用
5 说明文 人与自然---热爱自然 学习意识--介绍了园艺给孩子们带来的好处
Passage1
GREAT BOOKS TO TEACH CHILDREN ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
Here is a shortened list of books sponsored by the magazines TIME and TIME for Kids that are
suitable for primary schoolers. To make the list, we considered how age-appropriate the material was, and
whether the tone and story line left the reader feeling engaged and empowered rather than anxious or
confused.
Experts recommend the youngest kids to read books that explore the beauty and fragility (脆弱) of
nature. When developing an appreciation for the world around them, they can switch to books that show the
cause and effect of how humans treat our planet, and why it’s important to respect the environment. For
older primary school kids, picture books can illustrate how our use of fossil (化石) fuels contributes to
global warming. Most of the books on the list also offer lessons about how children, families, schools, and
communities can make a difference.
THANK YOU, EARTH: A
LOVE LETTER TO OUR PLANET
THE LORAX
By April Pulley Sayre
By Dr. Seuss
This photography book shows to us
plants, animals and landscapes in vivid Thanks to its rhyme, and whimsical
colors and descriptions. From up-close illustration, this classic tale is suitable for
images of insects to pictures of mountain young children who can grasp the scarcity
ranges, the pages introduce children to the of natural resources, and also older kids
planets’ diversity in a simple but effective who can see a danger in valuing profits
way. over long-term environmental harm.WE ARE WATER
POLAR BEAR,
PROTECTORS
WHY IS YOUR WORLD MELTING?
By Carole Lindstrom
By Robert E. Wells
A tribute to native tribes that are
This book introduces the greenhouse
protecting the planet, this book vividly
effect with illustrations showing how
shows the harms of oil pipelines. Kids will
sunlight gets trapped. It then explains
see the value of community action, while
fossil-fuel energy, and our reliance on it
adults will recognize the story of the native
for electricity and transportation. The
tribes Standing Rock Sioux’s fight against
pages are full of science.
the Dakota Access Pipeline.
1．To make the book list for kids, what should be considered first?
A．Confusing story line. B．The tone of anxiety.
C．The books sponsorship. D．Age-appropriate content.
2．What can kids learn from the book “WE ARE WATER PROTECTORS”?
A．They can see the value of community action.
B．They can know how to protect the native tribes.
C．They can recognize the story of the native tribes.
D．They can understand the importance of oil pipelines.
3．Which book explains how the greenhouse effect come into existence?
A．THE LORAX
B．WE ARE WATER PROTECTORS
C．POLAR BEAR, WHY IS YOUR WORLD MELTING?
D．THANK YOU, EARTH: A LOVE LETTER TO OUR PLANET
Passage2
Parenting styles and choices are known to influence the way that children develop and grow.
Researchers are now discovering more about a similar relationship between owners and their pets. How
you “parent” your dog has an impact on the kind of dog it grows up to be.
The researchers studied 48 dog owners and their dogs, asking them to complete a pet parenting style
survey before joining in three behavioral tests in the lab, assessing attachments and interactions between
the dog and their human owners. Then researchers put the dog owners into three categories: authoritative(high expectations, high responsiveness), authoritarian (high expectations, low responsiveness), and
permissive (low expectations, high responsiveness). The three behavioral tests covered attachment (how the
dog responded to its owner during close interactions), sociability (how the dog responded when a stranger
and its owner changed places with one another in the testing room), and problem-solving.
Dogs with authoritative owners had the highest rate of secure attachment and were highly social and
sensitive to social context, compared to dogs with authoritarian or permissive owners. What’s more, the
only dogs to solve the problem best came from the authoritative group. So researchers came with the
conclusion that an owner who’s highly responsive to a dog’s behavior and needs tends to lead to a more
social, secure, and smart dog.
The study matches up in some ways with previous research into parents and kids, specifically that
children with authoritative parents are more likely to show secure attachment. It is thought to be because of
the reliable support they get. “This research shows that the pet dog-human caretaker bond may be
functionally and emotionally similar to the bond between a human parent and their child,” says behavioral
scientist Lauren Brubaker.
For now, though the study is enough to show that there is some kind of relationship between the
approach we take as dog owners and the way that those dogs then behave, even with numerous other
factors in play. “We still need to conduct more research in this area,” said the researchers in their published
paper.
4．What can we know about the research?
A．A pet parenting style survey was needed.
B．The dogs were divided into 3 categories.
C．Dog owners were tested for sociability.
D．Interactions between the dog owners were assessed.
5．What does Paragraph 3 mainly focus on?
A．The purpose of the research.
B．The process of the research.
C．The findings of the research.
D．The participants of the research.
6．The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 4 refers to _________.
A．parents B．pet dogs C．dog owners D．children
7．What’s the purpose of the text?A．To introduce some different pet parenting styles.
B．To inform readers of a research finding.
C．To instruct parents how to parent their kids.
D．To persuade dog owners to be authoritative.
Passage3
Our Planet Earth is full of life and has incredible biodiversity. Biological Diversity or Biodiversity is
the base of human existence and fundamental to its well-being. Species are the building blocks of this life
on Earth, and it is believed that the species that are at present globally found have continuously evolved
over 65 million years since the Last Mass Extinction. However, the nature and extent of our planet’s
biodiversity at all levels have not been completely evaluated yet. Thus, the exact number of species found
in the world remains unknown. Over the years, with the advancement of scientific knowledge and the
discovery of more new species, it has been approximated that there are, at present, 10 million to 14 million
species on Earth, of which 1.2 million species have been data-based. This means that still more than 86％
of the terrestrial(陆生的) and 91％ of the marine species remain unknown.
Every year, taxonomists(分类学家)describe thousands of species,some of which are completely new
to science, while in some cases, the species and subspecies are closely examined and determined whether
they can be considered distinct species.
A study has revealed that over 99. 9% of all species amounting to more than 5 billion species that ever
lived here, are believed to be extinct. At present, our planet houses millions of species, among which 86%
live on land, 13% in the deep subsurface, and a mere 1% in the oceans. However, Biodiversity is not evenly
distributed on Earth, and its number varies greatly on different continents.
The undiscovered and misidentified species slow our ability to understand patterns and changes in
global biodiversity and the rate of species extinctions(灭绝). Even after several years of taxonomic studies,
only 14% of terrestrial species and 9% of marine species have been officially added to the central database.
Necessarily, some species will become extinct before researchers realize they ever existed.
8．What does the underlined word “marine” mean in Paragraph 1?
A．Rare. B．Oceanic. C．Endangered. D．Novel.
9．What do taxonomists usually do?
A．Examine distribution of species.
B．Compare species from subspecies.C．Decide the situation of the species.
D．Describe diversity of new-found species.
10．Which of the following can describe the distribution of the Earth’s Biodiversity?
A．Unequal. B．Accumulative. C．Average. D．Maximum.
11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．The central database covers all species.
B．The rate of species extinctions is rather high.
C．Many undiscovered species have been extinct.
D．Humans know little about endangered species.
Passage4
Thousands of emperor penguins pack together on the ice of Atka Bay in Antarctica, mostly unaware
that among them lives a 3-foot-tall autonomous robot called ECHO. The birds occasionally notice the
unmanned and remote controlled ground vehicle out of curiosity but quickly move on from the object,
which acts like a mobile antenna(天线)for an observatory monitoring about 300 of them each year.
Penguins dominate the South Pole, but the climate crisis could threaten their very existence. A study
published last year reported 98% of the emperor penguin population could all but disappear by 2100 due to
the impact of climate crisis in Antarctica. “As top predators, emperor penguins serve as ideal species to
study in an unsteady ecosystem,” said Zitterbart, associate scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution.
Surprisingly little is known about these penguins because Antarctica isn’t the easiest place for
scientists to access. Although it’s crucial to learn more about the penguins and their ecosystem, Zitterbart
and his team didn’t want to introduce a harmful human footprint in an already vulnerable environment or
negatively affect the colony.
A successful trial run of ECHO this year is already showing how that may be possible.
Since 2017, Zitterbart and other researchers have been tagging 300 penguin chicks with a system
similar to how dogs and cats are microchipped. But the small sensors worn by the penguins don’t have their
own power supply, so they can only be read from about a meter or two away.
That’s where ECHO comes in. The robot acts like a receiving station with wireless receivers,
automatically collecting data from the penguins’ sensors. With ECHO, the researchers don’t miss out on a
chance to collect data when the birds return to the colony to feed their chicks and no longer have to searchthrough a crowd of 20,000 birds to find the tagged ones because ECHO picks up on them automatically.
Tracking the penguins allows the team to determine where the penguins go when they dive off the sea
ice into the ocean and understand their food hunting strategies. “In the next stage, we will extend ECHO’s
data collection to include penguins’ reproductive behaviors that scientists haven’t been able to collect
before,” said Zitterbart.
12．What’s emperor penguins’ reaction to ECHO?
A．Defensive B．Frightened. C．Undisturbed. D．Unfriendly.
13．What does “that” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Cutting carbon dioxide emission in Antarctica.
B．Studying penguins without polluting the land.
C．Having access to more knowledge about Antarctica.
D．Involving more scientists in studying emperor penguins.
14．What is the team likely to study about emperor penguins in the future?
A．How they produce young.
B．Where they search for food.
C．When they dive into the deep sea.
D．Why they can survive the extreme cold.
15．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Emperor penguins are dying out.
B．Uncover more mystery of penguins.
C．Technology brings life back to Antarctica.
D．Meet the robot in the Antarctic penguin colony.
Passage5
Gardening can be a fun and rewarding activity for people of all ages, but it can be especially beneficial
for children.
Gardening enhances children’s senses and motor skills. In addition to being able to touch the soil, use
various tools and seeds, children can also spot the differences between different plants, and hear sounds of
different insects.____16____. Gardening activities like digging, planting, watering, and weeding can
stimulate movements of the body, particularly arms and hands, and help children learn about the natural
world.____17____. Children’s curiosity about plants starts with the first seed they sow. They learn about
natural process by observing the growth and fruit ripen. They also come to appreciate the vital role of
insects and worms for plants and recognize that everything in nature is connected.
Plant care fosters (培养) patience and responsibility.____18____, and children learn what it means to
be responsible for something to help ensure its health. Gardening also teaches children about caring for the
environment, fostering a love and respect for nature.
Gardening promotes nutrition and healthy choices for kids. Planting and cultivating (培育) plants,
picking vegetables and fruit, and involving kids in cooking with what they grew will certainly result in a
wish to try and consume the food they prepared. They will gladly try vegetables and fruit they planted and
cultivated themselves. ____19____
Gardening gives your family bonding time. Bonding with your family is so important, but it can be
hard to realize with the digital age. ____20____,which contributes to parent-child relationship.
A．Plants need regular and consistent care
B．Gardening gives you a chance to dial this back
C．Children get a head start on learning about science
D．Gardening involves scientific observations and creativity
E．It provides good, healthy outdoor activity for the whole family
F．This helps children to nurture self-confidence and healthy diet habits
G．Interacting with the surrounding nature encourages the learning process
【参考答案】
参考答案：
1 ． D 2 ． A 3 ． C
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四本教孩子们气候变化的好书。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“To make the list, we considered how age-appropriate the material
was, and whether the tone and story line left the reader feeling engaged and empowered rather than anxious
or confused.(为了制作这个列表，我们考虑了材料是否适合年龄，以及语调和故事情节是否让读者
感到投入和赋权，而不是焦虑或困惑)”可知，为儿童制定书单时，应首先考虑适合儿童年龄的内容。
故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据WE ARE WATER PROTECTORS部分中的“Kids will see the value of
community action, while adults will recognize the story of the native tribes Standing Rock Sioux’s fightagainst the Dakota Access Pipeline.(孩子们将看到社区行动的价值，而成年人将认识到当地部落
Standing Rock Sioux对抗达科他管道的故事)”可知，孩子们能从《我们是水的保护者》这本书中学
到社区行动的价值。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据POLAR BEAR, WHY IS YOUR WORLD MELTING?部分中的“This book
introduces the greenhouse effect with illustrations showing how sunlight gets trapped.(这本书通过插图介
绍了温室效应，展示了阳光是如何被捕获的)”可知，POLAR BEAR, WHY IS YOUR WORLD
MELTING?解释了温室效应是如何产生的。故选C。
4 ． A 5 ． C 6 ． D 7 ． B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究表明，狗主人如何“养
育”自己的狗会影响它长大后成为什么样的狗。
4．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The researchers studied 48 dog owners and their dogs, asking them
to complete a pet parenting style survey before joining in three behavioral tests in the lab, assessing
attachments and interactions between the dog and their human owners.(研究人员对48名狗主人和他们的
狗进行了研究，要求他们完成一项宠物养育方式调查，然后在实验室参加三项行为测试，评估狗和
主人之间的依恋关系和互动。)”可知，进行该研究时，需要先完成一项宠物养育方式调查。故选
A。
5．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Dogs with authoritative owners had the highest rate of secure
attachment and were highly social and sensitive to social context, compared to dogs with authoritarian or
permissive owners. What’s more, the only dogs to solve the problem best came from the authoritative
group. So researchers came with the conclusion that an owner who’s highly responsive to a dog’s behavior
and needs tends to lead to a more social, secure, and smart dog. (与威权型或纵容型主人的狗相比，权威
型主人的狗有最高的安全依恋率，对社会环境高度社会化和敏感。更重要的是，唯一能最好地解决
问题的狗来自权威团体。所以研究人员得出的结论是，对狗的行为和需求反应灵敏的主人往往会让
狗狗变得更善于社交、更安全、更聪明。)”可知，第三段主要介绍了研究的结果，也就是权威型狗
主人的狗由最高的安全依恋。故选C。
6．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“The study matches up in some ways with previous research into
parents and kids, specifically that children with authoritative parents are more likely to show secure
attachment.(这项研究在某些方面与之前关于父母和孩子的研究相吻合，特别是权威父母的孩子更有
可能表现出安全依恋。)”以及划线单词所在句“It is thought to be because of the reliable support they
get.(人们认为这是因为……得到了可靠的支持。)”可知，划线单词所在句是解释了上一句权威父母的孩子为什么会更有可能表现出安全依恋，因此，划线单词代指的是权威父母的孩子。故选D。
7．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Parenting styles and choices are known to influence the way that
children develop and grow. Researchers are now discovering more about a similar relationship between
owners and their pets. How you “parent” your dog has an impact on the kind of dog it grows up to be.(众
所周知，父母的养育方式和选择会影响孩子的发展和成长。研究人员现在发现，主人和宠物之间也
存在更多类似的关系。你如何“养育”你的狗会影响它长大后成为什么样的狗。)”以及最后一段
“For now, though the study is enough to show that there is some kind of relationship between the
approach we take as dog owners and the way that those dogs then behave, even with numerous other
factors in play.(就目前而言，尽管这项研究足以表明，我们作为狗主人所采取的方法与这些狗的行
为方式之间存在某种关系，即使有许多其他因素在起作用。)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项研究发现
结果。故选B。
8 ． B 9 ． C 10 ． A 11 ． C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球上存在的生物多样性和物种的数量。
8．词句猜测题。根据第一段最后一句“This means that still more than 86% of the terrestrial(陆生的)
and 91% of the marine species remain unknown.(这意味着仍有超过86%的陆地物种和91%的marine
物种未知)”中的“more than 86% of the terrestrial”可知，划线词指与“陆生”相对，即“海生的”，
与B项“oceanic”意思相同。故选B。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“while in some cases, the species and subspecies are closely examined and
determined whether they can be considered distinct species.(而在某些情况下，这些物种和亚种会被仔
细检查，以确定它们是否可以被视为不同的物种)”可知，分类学家通常会确定物种的情况。故选
C。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“However, Biodiversity is not evenly distributed on Earth, and
its number varies greatly on different continents.(然而，生物多样性在地球上的分布并不均匀，在不同
的大陆上，生物多样性的数量差异很大)”可知，地球上的生物多样性的分布是不均的，不同洲的生
物种类的数量大为不同。故选A。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Necessarily, some species will become extinct before
researchers realize they ever existed.(一些物种必然会在研究人员意识到它们曾经存在过之前灭绝)”可
知，许多未被发现的物种已经灭绝。故选C。
12 ． C 13 ． B 14 ． A 15 ． D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了一种叫做ECHO的机器人在研究企鹅上的应用。12．细节理解题。由文章第一段首句“Thousands of emperor penguins pack together on the ice of Atka
Bay in Antarctica, mostly unaware that among them lives a 3-foot-tall autonomous robot called ECHO.”
（数千只帝企鹅聚集在南极洲阿特卡湾的冰上，大多没有意识到其中生活着一个3英尺高的自主机
器人ECHO。）可知，企鹅没有意识到机器人的存在，自然是不受打扰的，故选C项。
13．词句猜测题。由文章第三段最后一句“Although it’s crucial to learn more about the penguins and
their ecosystem, Zitterbart and his team didn’t want to introduce a harmful human footprint in an already
vulnerable environment or negatively affect the colony.”（尽管更多地了解企鹅及其生态系统至关重要，
但Zitterbart和他的团队不想在本已脆弱的环境中引入有害的人类足迹，也不想对企鹅群落产生负面
影响。）可推知，that指的是在不影响环境的情况下研究企鹅，故选B项。
14．推理判断题。由文章最后一句““In the next stage, we will extend ECHO’s data collection to
include penguins’ reproductive behaviors that scientists haven’t been able to collect before,” said
Zitterbart.”（Zitterbart说：“在下一阶段，我们将扩大ECHO的数据收集范围，将科学家以前无法
收集到的企鹅繁殖行为包括在内。”）可知，未来科学家们研究企鹅的繁殖问题，故选A项。
15．主旨大意题。纵观全文和文倒数第二段最后一句“With ECHO, the researchers don’t miss out on
a chance to collect data when the birds return to the colony to feed their chicks and no longer have to search
through a crowd of 20,000 birds to find the tagged ones because ECHO picks up on them automatically.”
（有了ECHO，研究人员不会错过一个收集数据的机会，当这些鸟回到群落喂养它们的小鸡时，他
们不再需要在20000只鸟中搜索才能找到被标记的鸟，因为ECHO会自动发现它们。）可知，本文
主要介绍了一种叫做ECHO的机器人在研究南极洲企鹅上的应用，D项“来看看南极企鹅聚居地的
机器人。”适合作文章标题，故选D项。
16 ． G 17 ． C 18 ． A 19 ． F 20 ． E
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了园艺给孩子们带来的好处。
16．下文“Gardening activities like digging, planting, watering, and weeding can stimulate movements of
the body, particularly arms and hands, and help children learn about the natural world.(像挖掘、种植、浇
水和除草这样的园艺活动可以刺激身体的运动，特别是手臂和手，帮助孩子们了解自然世界)”列举
了园艺活动中与周围的自然环境的互动，并说明了它们有助于孩子们去了解自然，是对G项
“Interacting with the surrounding nature encourages the learning process (与周围的自然互动可以促进
学习过程)”的具体说明，句上“digging, planting, watering, and weeding”照应G项中“Interacting with
the surrounding nature”，上下文语意连贯。故选G项。
17．设空句是段首主题句，根据下文“Children’s curiosity about plants starts with the first seed theysow. They learn about natural process by observing the growth and fruit ripen. They also come to
appreciate the vital role of insects and worms for plants and recognize that everything in nature is
connected.(孩子们对植物的好奇始于他们播下的第一颗种子。他们通过观察水果的生长和成熟来了
解自然过程。他们也开始认识到昆虫和蠕虫对植物的重要作用，并认识到自然界的一切都是相互联
系的)”可知，本段主要讲园艺可以激发孩子们对自然科学的兴趣，让他们在科学学习上有一个好的
开端，故C项“Children get a head start on learning about science (孩子们在学习科学方面有一个良好
的开端)”是本段内容的概括，适合作主题句。故选C项。
18．根据段首主题句“Plant care fosters (培养) patience and responsibility.(照顾植物培养耐心和责任
感)”可知，本段讲照顾植物培养耐心和责任感，A项“Plants need regular and consistent care (植物需
要定期和持续的照料)”承接主题句，和下文“and children learn what it means to be responsible for
something to help ensure its health.(孩子们学习什么是对某事负责，以帮助确保它的健康)”一起说明
照顾植物如何培养耐心和责任感，上下文语意连贯。故选A项。
19．上文“They will gladly try vegetables and fruit they planted and cultivated themselves.(他们会很乐
意尝试自己种植的蔬菜和水果)”提出孩子们会尝试自己种植的蔬菜和水果，F项“This helps children
to nurture self-confidence and healthy diet habits(这有助于培养孩子的自信和健康的饮食习惯)”承接上
文，说明这样做的结果，句中“healthy diet habits”照应上文“vegetables and fruit they planted and
cultivated themselves”，上下文语意连贯。故选F项。
20．根据下文定语从句“which contributes to parent-child relationship.(这有助于亲子关系)”可知，设
空处会提到有助于亲子关系的事情，E项“It provides good, healthy outdoor activity for the whole
family(它为整个家庭提供了良好、健康的户外活动)”中“good, healthy outdoor activity for the whole
family”有助于培养亲子关系，同时照应主题句中“bonding time”，上下文语意连贯。故选E项。
