考前猜押 05 阅读理解 人生与哲学
1.押题指导原则：
2026年教育部命题指导思想：优化试题呈现方式和素材选取，融入科技前沿动态，浸润人文教育元素，加
强项目式、探究式的真实情境问题设计，更好考查学生关键能力、学科素养和思维品质。
2.押题依据分析：
猜押 押题
3年真题 词数 话题 考情分析
考点 依据
哲学是正确的
D 讲述了个人故事与
世界观和方法
2025北京卷阅 自我认同、幸福感之
D 391 哲学类文章时常出现在高 论，哲学对我
读理解D 间的关系及如何改变
考英语阅读理解中，这里文章 们的时候有很
个人故事
是阅读理解中最难的文章，学 强的指导作
生对抽象的哲学理论了解较 用。命题选这
阅读
C 哲学家对于宇宙的 少，造成理解难度加大。文章 类文章成分显
理解
2024年北京卷 C394 认知和信息时代下的 主要考查学生对每个环节关键 示了：注重以
科普 阅读理解C篇 作者对于宇宙争论的 内容的准确理解，引导学生认 文化人，培育
说明 看法 识自我、了解他人并建立良好 正确的世界
的人际关系，提升发现问题、 观、人生观和
文
分析问题、解决问题的能力。 价值观的高考
C 篇 介 绍 了 The
鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养 导向。
Socrates Express 这本
2023年全国甲 新一代青年学子独立思考、理
C327 书，倡导读者花时间
阅读D篇 性判断的教育导向。
去读这本书（我与哲
学）
押题预测目录
一、自我认同、幸福感之间的关系 五、哲学与思考
二、了解自我 六、哲学与真理
三、宇宙观 七、哲学与价值观四、思想与心灵 八、哲学与艺术
一、自我认同、幸福感之间的关系
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
391 个人故事与 说明 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观和价值观的高考
自我认同、 文 导向。
推理判断
幸福感之间
的关系 主旨大意
The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match
what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.
For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social
roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go
through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we
understand our lives.
Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our
lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to
a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity,
and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life
satisfaction, too.
Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that
whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s
mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People
could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often
missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change
our own story.
Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power
of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says
that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.
If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals
the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this
reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of ourown destiny (命运).
1．What can be inferred about personal stories?
A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress.
C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change.
2．What can we learn from this passage?
A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received.
C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted.
3．What does the author mainly do in this passage?
A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event.
C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach.
4．What is the passage mainly about?
A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made.
C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
366 传统幸福与 议论文 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观和价值观的高考
意义观 导向。
推理判断
For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness and meaning. But what does that leave out? As a social psychologist,
I have dedicated my research career to a simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can
we achieve it?
For much of human history, we have been presented with two possibilities:pursuing a life of happiness, or a
life of meaning. Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their
limits.
Ask the Danes and Finns, who consistently rank among the happiest people in the world, what their secret is
and they’ll tell you this:lower your expectations and be content with what you have. It sounds good, doesn’t it? But
it leaves something out. It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good
grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort?
Then there’s the meaningful life. We often imagine that meaning flows from trying to change the world like
Steve Jobs. Once again, the research shows that lowering your sights and focusing on the little things can offer a
more achievable sense of meaning. Often people find it in routines like taking care of family, or volunteering in thecommunity. But there is also a dark side to the pursuit of meaning:researchers have found that it can encourage
people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t.
My research lab mapped out a third route to fulfillment:psychological richness. A psychologically rich life is
one filled with diverse, unusual and interesting experiences that change your perspective; a life with twists and
turns;a life that feels like a long, winding hike rather than many laps of the same racing circuit. Such experiences
can make us tougher. Not only that, embracing the pursuit of psychological richness can make us less likely to
regret: it matters less if the thing you did went wrong.
Perhaps no one said it better than Eleanor Roosevelt: “The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste
experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear .”
1．What is revealed about pursuing happiness or meaning?
A．Their benefits outweigh the limits.
B．They are equally difficult to achieve.
C．Both paths have limits despite their benefits.
D．Most people prioritize happiness over meaning.
2．What does the example of “a college student” show in paragraph 3?
A．Gratitude is essential for a happy life.
B．We should live up to others’ expectations.
C．Happiness requires academic achievement.
D．Life means more than leisure and comfort.
3．What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the pursuit of meaning?
A．Its negative effect might weaken social unity in the long run.
B．It is more achievable through grand ambitions than small actions.
C．Volunteering is the most effective way to gain a sense of meaning.
D．People who pursue meaning often neglect their family responsibilities.
4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article?
A．To promote Roosevelt’s life philosophy.
B．To introduce a new concept of life fulfillment.
C．To criticize traditional psychological research.
D．To compare different cultural views on happiness.
二、了解自我押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
322 关于个人 议论文 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观和价值观的高考
身份的两 导向。
主旨大意
种不同观
点 推理判断
Growing up, my older brother, a science enthusiast, shared fascinating facts with me, like how our cells are
completely new every seven years. This idea highlighted the concept of constant change in our selves, meaning I'm
a physically different person from the one I was years ago.
Today, I often wonder: Am I a story that's constantly being written? people have debated this for a long time,
with ancient Greeks arguing whether a thing's true essence lies in its unchanging nature or its ongoing development.
Plato believed that natural science focuses on the changing physical world, while philosophy, using
intelligence and reason, explored the change less eternal (永恒). For instance, veterinary science studies growing
dogs, but philosophers question the idea of “Dog” itself.
Aristotle agreed that science explains what we see but argued that the material universe is in constant
change. He believed change is part of the true nature of things and your virtue is about who you're turning into, not
a fixed identity. As such, becoming was his focus, rather than some perfect invisible being.
So, which is your view, and how does that guide the way you live? None of this is to say the choice between
Platonism and Aristotelianism is absolute. We all have some unchanging characteristics, and we also change in
many ways. The philosophical perspective you adopt will depend on how you principally define yourself and what
you choose to pay attention to as you move through the world.
Are you more like a Platonist or an Aristotelian? It depends on whether you see yourself as having a fixed
identity or a changing story. Today’s culture often pushes you to be a Platonist, defining yourself as a certain type
of person. This can make you a repeat customer and give you a sense of belonging. But it might also keep you in
situations you don't like. Being more like an Aristotelian can set you free.
1．What did the author tell us about our cells in Paragraph 1?
A．The unchanging nature of our souls.
B．The ongoing transformation of our bodies.
C．The belief that our science and nature do not change.
D．The idea that we are the same person through our lives.
2．According to Aristotle, what is the focus of understanding a dog?
A．Its unchanging nature. B．Its determined essence.C．Its stable identity. D．Its continuous development.
3．How does modem culture tend to influence personal identity, according to the text?
A．By pushing people to de fin c themselves into fix cd identities.
B．By suggesting that personal identity will be a mystery forever.
C．By encouraging individuals to accept constant change and growth.
D．By promoting that individual identity is deter min cd by belongings.
4．Which of the following could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A．Plate v. s. Aristotle: the Battle of Ideas.
B．The Philosophical Outlook: A Defined Personality.
C．Becoming v. s. Being: Viewpoint on Personal Identity.
D．The Unchanging Universe: A Philosophical Dilemma.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
365 人生与自我改变不必强求 议论文 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生
走直线，适时变通、适配 观和价值观的高考导向。
推理判断
环境才是最优路径
I’ll be honest: I’m not a science guy. Physics, for me, was mostly a fog of equations I tried to survive in
school. But while reading Life 3.0 by Max Tegmark, I stumbled upon Fermat’s Principle — and it felt less like
physics and more like a life lesson in disguise.
Tegmark explains it with a brilliant analogy. Imagine a lifeguard on a beach spotting a swimmer in trouble.
She doesn’t take the straight line. Why? Because she runs faster on sand than she swims in water. So she runs
farther down the beach first — covering more ground where she’s fast — then dives into the water at an angle. That
bent, two-part path is the fastest. Light does the same: bending as it enters water, following the path of least time,
not least distance.
This is where it clicked. Tegmark writes that the universe often behaves as if it’s optimizing something —
minimizing energy, maximizing efficiency. It felt purposeful. Even if nature has no “goal,” its behaviour is goal-
oriented.
It made me look at my own life. How often do I chase the path that looks shortest, only to find it’s the most
draining? I used to promise myself that I would read an hour daily, which seemed to be the “straight-line” way, But
I burned out by day three. The “Fermat” way is different: start small, reduce friction, bend your path to match the
environment where your progress flows faster. You might run farther on sand before diving in, but you’ll reach yourdestination sooner.
The same applies to change. Whenever we try to change something, we often force confrontation: quit cold
turkey, overhaul overnight, fix everything at once. But real change, like light, works better when it bends — when it
adapts to the medium it moves through. Bending differently at work, at home is not weakness but wisdom.
Maybe the key to improving our lives bit by bit isn’t about more force or straight-line speed. Maybe it’s
about paying attention to the medium we’re moving through — our time, mood, health, energy — and adjusting our
angle. Because, as nature shows us, the optimal path is rarely the straight one.
1．What did the author think of physics initially?
A．It required genuine curiosity. B．It posed academic challenges.
C．It provided intellectual rewards. D．It contained philosophical insights.
2．What does the lifeguard story in paragraph 2 mainly explain?
A．The necessity of training for lifeguards. B．The methods of calculating running speed.
C．The mechanism of light refraction in water. D．The difference between jogging and swimming.
3．What sets the “Fermat” way apart from the author’s prior way?
A．Allowing minute changes. B．Highlighting direct methods.
C．Demanding strong willpower. D．Advocating dramatic progress.
4．Which of the following does the author most probably agree with?
A．Go with the flow. B．No pains, no gains.
C．A rolling stone gathers no moss. D．Still water runs deep.
三、宇宙观
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
394 哲学家对于宇宙的认知和 议论文 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
信息时代下对于宇宙争论 和价值观的高考导向。
推理判断
的看法
猜测词义
主旨大意
The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation
hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a
concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably
never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that
are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in
structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world
is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one
knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality,
reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural
and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer
simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the
universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world,
we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the
universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information
processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the
universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of
particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries.
And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the
“computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis?
A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison.
2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by.
3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving
4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________.
A．compare the current models with the previous ones
B．continue exploring the classical models in history
C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation
D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up.押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
399 人类存在的意义及其与宇 议论文 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
宙的关系 和价值观的高考导向。
推理判断
猜测词义
Nietzsche (尼采) was wrong: When you gaze long enough into the abyss (深渊), the abyss does not gaze
back into you. Instead, the cosmic void (黑洞) remains silent, relentless and frightening in its vastness.
When looking at the vast emptiness of the universe, there is a temptation (诱惑) to look at our tiny world
with nihilism. To feel that our great achievements amount to nothing. That our history fails to leave a mark. That
our concerns and anxieties are pointless.
I’m a cosmologist, the kind of scientist who studies the origin, history and evolution of the universe. I have
spent years working to understand what cosmic voids teach us. And in the course of my studies, I have learned to
reject that temptation.
It’s true that Earth is neither large nor long-lived, but that is only one way of measuring significance.
Compared with the cosmic voids, there is something special happening on our planet. Earth is still the only known
place in the entire universe where conscious beings raise their curious eyes to the sky and wonder. Earth is the only
known place where humans can exist. It is the only known place where laughter, love, anger and joy exist. The only
known place where we can find dance, music, and art. Our disagreements and all the beautiful complexities that
make us human aren’t meaningless. The experiences in our lives are special because they will never happen in the
empty expanse of most of the universe
The same lessons that cosmic voids teach us are found in the voids we encounter in our own lives. The
presence of voids guarantees the opposite; they create contrast; they are full of potential. The pain we feel from loss
is the last reminder of the gift of a life deeply loved. The silence before a performance is full of electric expectation.
Our choice to ignore stressful news is necessary to allow us to focus on what truly matters.
Artists have long understood the power of the void. The 12th-century poet Saigyo noted that the pauses
between raindrops were as important as the drops themselves. The famed architect Rem celebrated the utility of
negative spaces, proclaiming, “Where there is nothing, everything is possible.”
The universe won’t do anything for us except give us the freedom to exist. It is our job to fill the universe
with meaning and purpose.1．What does the underlined word “nihilism” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Hope. B．Admiration. C．Meaninglessness. D．Purpose
2．Why does the author reject the temptation?
A．He is a cosmologist who believes science.
B．Earth is the only place for human experiences.
C．Human experiences differ from those in voids.
D．Earth is special because it is small and short-lived
3．What is the author doing in paragraph 5?
A．Explaining how voids in life offer meaning.
B．Stating that voids in life should be avoided.
C．Criticizing the role of voids in universe and life.
D．Arguing voids should be filed for more meaning.
4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To clarify Nietzsche’s philosophy.
B．To explore the unique significance of voids.
C．To report a scientific study of cosmic voids.
D．To criticize passive views on human achievements.
四、思想与心灵
押题
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
390 心灵与思想的比喻，即心 议论文 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
灵如花园，思想如种子， 和价值观的高考导向。
推理判断
收获可为鲜花或杂草
主旨大意
William Wordsworth's metaphor, “Your mind is the garden, your thoughts are the seeds. The harvest can
either be flowers or weeds,” resonates with the idea that our mental landscape is similar to a garden, where the
seeds of our thoughts determine the nature of our lives. This concept suggests that the way we nurture our thoughts
can significantly impact our personal development and success.
Our thoughts are the seeds that, when nurtured with care, can blossom into the flowers of success and
happiness. Conversely, neglecting the cultivation of our thoughts can lead to a life overgrown with the weeds of
failure and despair. To ensure our minds bear the fruits of our desires, it's crucial to prepare the soil of our mindswith the nutrients of education, health, and effective time management. These elements enrich our mental
landscape, providing the ideal environment for our ambitions to take root and flourish.
The principle of sowing and reaping (收获) is as true for our lives as it is for a garden. Just as a gardener
who plants tomatoes expects tomatoes, we should anticipate that the intentional cultivation of our thoughts will
yield a corresponding harvest in life. Each of us holds the power to choose which seeds to plant, and thus, the
responsibility for the outcomes we reap.
Moreover, the impact of our thoughts extends beyond personal success; they also influence our relationships
and societal contributions. Kind thoughts and actions can foster harmony and cooperation, while negative thoughts
can lead to conflict and isolation. The choice to plant seeds of empathy and understanding can result in a life
enriched by strong social bonds and a sense of community. Additionally, our thoughts can shape our resilience in
the face of adversity, as optimistic thinking can guide us through challenges, whereas pessimism may hinder our
ability to overcome obstacles.
Drawing everything together, the garden of our mind requires deliberate tending. By selecting and nurturing
positive thoughts, and by preparing the conditions for their growth, we can harvest a life rich with the fulfillment of
our goals and dreams. The choice is ours: to plant the seeds of potential or to let the garden lie fallow (休耕). It is
through this conscious cultivation that we can transform our minds from a plot overgrown with weeds into a garden
blooming with the flowers of success and the fruits of meaningful contributions to society. The power to shape our
destiny lies within us, and it begins with the thoughts we choose to plant today.
1．How does the author illustrate the concept of mental preparation in paragraph 1?
A．By relating it to the achievement of personal goals.
B．By emphasizing the importance of seeds of thoughts.
C．By associating it with the management of natural conditions.
D．By comparing it to the process of gardening and seed nurturing.
2．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Life outcomes are decided in advance.
B．Life outcomes come from desires.
C．Cultivating thoughts shapes life outcomes.
D．Cultivating thoughts relies on life outcomes.
3．What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
A．The power of thoughts in shaping our lives.
B．The importance of personal success in society.C．The role of empathy in building a strong community.
D．The effect of optimism on overcoming life's challenges.
4．What conclusion can we draw from the text?
A．We cannot change our destiny. B．Cultivating positive thoughts matters.
C．Personal goals depend on social impact. D．Our thoughts can directly lead to success.
五、哲学与思考
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
371 哲学的抽象而复杂的理念 说明文 细节理解 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
往往是通过一个个有趣的 和价值观的高考导向。
推理判断
小故事的形式体现的
主旨大意
Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most
philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split.
There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like — but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy.
Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song.
There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and
engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep.
One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t
wear their meanings on their sleeve — they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader
to wrestle with.
Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics (形而上学) of race — an area of philosophy that explorers
the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You
might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might
think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might
think that races are unreal — that they’re more like leprechauns (一种魔法精灵) than they are like Thursdays or
dollars (“anti-realism”).
A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No
More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually
indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and
pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people whoare “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new
Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing
to darken one’s skin-darkening it so as to look more While.
Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with.
1．What does the author think of philosophical stories?
A．The meaning behind is very obvious.
B．They are extremely precise and formal.
C．They often cause conflicts among readers.
D．They are engaging and inspire critical thinking.
2．Which category might “Christmas” fall into according to paragraph 4?
A．Social constructionism. B．Anti-realism.
C．Biological realism. D．Literary realism.
3．What is Black No More in paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Racial issues caused by skin colors.
B．A society view on race and self-image.
C．Black people accepted by the white society.
D．The origin of sun bathing among white people.
4．What is the best title of the text?
A．Stories Made Easy B．Stories to Think with
C．Positions in Philosophy D．Nature of Philosophical Writing
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
382 哲学思想在现实世界中的 说明文 推理判断 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
重要性 和价值观的高考导向。
主旨大意
When you have several million dollars more than you need, you could choose to spend it as you like within
legal limits, donate it to charity, or support organizations dedicated to reducing existential risks. Such questions,
have long been at the heart of philosophical exploration. However, the open secret of philosophy is that these
efforts rarely give clear answers. Different ethical systems offer different and often opposing guidance on what we
ought to do, making moral questions always causing much argument.
The history of philosophy is full of attempts to make these issues clear. Yet, when it comes to real-life moral
problems, there is no agreement. Some philosophers have tried to find common ground between these differentethical systems. Among them, Derek Parfit, one of the most famous philosophers in the past fifty years, spent the
second half of his life trying to make these differences harmonious.
Parfit believed that people have reasons to act morally that exist outside of their personal beliefs or
knowledge. For example, if one can ease others’ suffering without much personal cost, moral duty requires action.
In contrast, Bernard Williams argued that moral reasons come from personal desires. People don’t have a reason to
do something they don’t want to do, because personal preference is key to the idea of “having a reason.”
Peter Singer told a story about a child drowning in a shallow pond. It seems very clear that not saving the
child just to keep a pair of trainers clean is wrong. But like all moral thinking, people can question or refuse the
logic behind such arguments, no matter how strong they seem.
Parfit’s problem came from how different ethical systems couldn’t be made to agree. If philosophical
methods can’t solve these differences, conflicts in real life will continue. As Karl Popper said, “If we are too
tolerant even of those who are not tolerant, then the tolerant people will be harmed, and tolerance will be lost with
them.” This shows how philosophical ideas matter in the real world, suggesting that even the best philosophical
concepts may sometimes need to be protected.
It’s no wonder that Parfit felt hopeless about his limited success in making these ethical differences
harmonious. What’s surprising is that more philosophers don’t feel the same sense of urgency and frustration.
1．What is the central idea of the first paragraph?
A．Ways to legally spend extra money.
B．The popularity of giving money to charity.
C．The nature of philosophical questions about moral choices.
D．The importance of supporting organizations that reduce risks.
2．Which of the following best describes Parfit’s view on moral action?
A．People should act morally when it is objectively reasonable.
B．Personal cost is the main factor in making moral decisions.
C．Moral actions depend on personal. beliefs.
D．Personal desires decide moral actions.
3．What does Karl Popper’s statement mean?
A．Tolerance should never be limited.
B．People who are not tolerant should be removed.
C．Being too tolerant can lead to the end of tolerance.
D．Philosophical ideas can protect themselves in the real world.4．What is the author’s attitude towards Parfit’s pursuit?
A．Rude and teasing. B．Admiring and understanding.
C．Doubting and disapproving. D．Uninterested and cold.
押题3
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
370 植物养护与哲学之间存在 议论文 推理判断 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
的紧密联系 和价值观的高考导向。
主旨大意
A few weeks ago I bought two sunflowers. After giving them the water they had clearly missed in the shop, I
started reflecting on how closely plant care and philosophy are connected. The two, I realized, share more than
meets the eye.
You care for plants, and enjoy the life that develops thanks to your care, but the process is never finished. It
continues until the plant completes its life cycle and then starts all over again. Philosophy works in the same way:
new ideas, insights and perspectives are constantly emerging from the care taken with existing ideas. So just as
plants grow and bloom, philosophical thinking is an ongoing process of becoming which never really reaches an
end point. But it is precisely this constant thinking that keeps us focused and stimulates our creativity.
Philosophical thinking, like caring for plants, also has its own pace and requires patience. While we think,
little seems to be happening. The thinker seems to lose himself in reasoning. In this he is like the gardener who also
plays a largely passive role between sowing and harvesting. The gardener can do little but wait, observe-and
perhaps attend to his own thoughts. His strong urge for activity does not help him. As Martin Heidegger's
philosophy suggests, true waiting is without expectation, an attitude of openness to Being itself.
Furthermore, both gardening and philosophy are far from useful in the traditional understanding of the word.
There’s little immediate economic benefit in watering house plants. The same goes for philosophy: there is no
visible productivity associated with it-unless, like me, you suffer from a case of “obsessive (痴迷的) book buying
disorder”, which might have some economic value.
This simple moment in the garden reveals a fundamental insight: nurturing (养护) plants is an exploration of
pure existence! Moreover, the form of plant reality is constantly changing, in a constant cycle of growth, flowering,
and decay (腐烂) . Yet behind this constant process of becoming, there may also be a permanent being. We also
find this tension between becoming and being in philosophy.
So even watering plants raises more questions than you might think. But isn't questioning precisely thenature of both philosophy, and life itself?
1．Why does the author compare plant care with philosophy?
A．They aim for precise results. B．They involve ongoing process.
C．They require regular reflection. D．They meet constant challenges.
2．What does the metaphor of the gardener tell us?
A．Hard work pays off. B．You harvest what you expect.
C．Nature has its own course. D．Experience is the best teacher.
3．How does the author sound when talking about his book buying habit?
A．Humorous. B．Critical. C．Guilty. D．Hopeful.
4．What does the author suggest readers should do?
A．Ask more questions. B．Grow more houseplants.
C．Find clear answers about life. D．Teach others about philosophy.
六、哲学与真理
押题
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
368 科学是一个不断学习和发 议论文 推理判断 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
现的过程，科学的真理并 和价值观的高考导向。
主旨大意
不是永恒不变的
细节理解
Some scientists insist that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such
truths, they suggest, is stupid or ignorant (无知的). Well, no. In science, what we do is both hard and, often, hard to
explain. The history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to
discover that these matters needed to be reconsidered. Familiar examples include Earth as the center of the universe
and the stability of continents.
Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is
wrong. To say that science is “true” or “permanent” is like saying that “beauty is absolute”. At best, it’s a bit off-key
(不恰当的). The concept of beauty today is very different from what it was in ancient Greece or the Middle Ages,
and so are most of our “laws” of nature.
Other scientists may say scientific findings are true because they use “the scientific method”. But we can
never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is observation and description of the world. Others
will say it is the use of experience and experiment. Recently a leading scientist said the scientific method was toavoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not.
Each of these views has its value, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they
all fail. History and philosophy have shown that the idea of a singular (唯一的) scientific method is unscientific. In
fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. Scientists have bitterly argued about
which methods are the best, and, as we all know, bitter arguments rarely get resolved.
In my view, science is not simple, and neither is the natural world. Our efforts to understand and explain the
natural world are just that: efforts.
Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up,
brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the world we live in, and using that knowledge to do
useful things, is its own reward.
1．According to paragraph 1, what is considered as truth in science________.
A．may have lasting value B．may need re-examining
C．should be known to all D．should not be rejected
2．Why does the author mention “beauty” in paragraph 2?
A．To raise a question. B．To make a prediction.
C．To illustrate an idea. D．To propose a solution.
3．What does the author think of the methods of science?
A．They shouldn’t be used to fool the public.
B．They rely heavily on observation and description.
C．They seldom cause arguments among scientists.
D．They shouldn’t be limited to a single method.
4．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Efforts in Science: Dreaming Big. B．Science: Endless Journey to Truth.
C．Scientists: Defenders of Science. D．Scientific Method: Simple Choice.
七、哲学与价值观
押题
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
305 价值观 议论文 推理判断 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界观、人生观
和价值观的高考导向。
主旨大意
细节理解
For most of his life, Chuah Kee Man, 34, has lived by the Arabic saying “Man jadda wa jada”. It was taughtto him by a teacher in his schooling years, and means “Only those who work hard will get what they want”.
“I love this, not only because of the meaning, but the fact that the word ‘man’ in the saying reminds me of
myself since my name ends with ‘Man’. So, it’s like an inner voice that reminds me to give my best in everything,
and therefore I live with that philosophy in my life. I am currently a lecturer at University Malaysia Sarawak,
majoring in English Language teaching and Cognitive Linguistics,” explains Chuah.
Asked what the best part about being Malaysian is, he answers: “Being able to learn and embrace the
diversity of cultures, languages and beliefs of the different races living together in Malaysia, without the fear of
losing one‟s own identity. I personally believe I have grown into a unique breed -- of a Malaysian first“ -- whereby
I can speak multiple languages fluently and also appreciate various cultural practices openly.”
Being in Malaysia, Chuah feels that everyone has the right to highlight their differences, even if they come
from different backgrounds.
“We can still come together in sharing some common humanitarian (人道主义) values that we hold in our
respective communities. Living in a rural area of Sarawak, we still share many common national borders and values
and a love for peace and harmony among my family and the people here.”
Chuah concludes: “Even if we disagree on certain things, we still continue to respect each other with the
knowledge that none of us wants to do any harm. Because at the end of the day, we get to know each other more
and become better Malaysians for it.”
1．Why is Chuah fond of the Arabic saying?
A．Because it was taught by his favorite teacher.
B．Because it stresses the importance of setting goals.
C．Because his name has the same meaning as the saying.
D．Because it reminds him to spare no efforts to do things.
2．Which saying can best explain Chuah’s life philosophy?
A．Great minds think alike. B．Diligence is the mother of success.
C．Good advice is beyond all price. D．A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
3．What is the biggest advantage of being Malaysian in Chuah’s opinion?
A．Speaking multiple languages fluently.
B．Having the chance to get all he wants.
C．Being a successful English lecturer easily.
D．Experiencing various cultures without losing one’s own identity.
4．What does Chuah mainly stress in the last two paragraphs?A．People should hold the same beliefs.
B．It’s unacceptable to disagree on certain things.
C．It’s vital to respect and live in harmony with each other.
D．Sharing common humanitarian values is definitely not easy.
八、哲学与艺术
押题
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
377 文章通过对比哲学与科学、艺术的关 议论文 推理判断 注重以文化人，培育正确的世界
系，强调了哲学在人类理解和探索世 观、人生观和价值观的高考导向。
猜测词义
界中的重要性
细节理解
Earth is a bright spot of value in the universe, partly because it contains human beings who, driven by
curiosity and a non-instrumental desire to address hard questions, engage in philosophy. Philosophical inquiry
makes the entire planet better than it would otherwise be.
Is science better and more significant than philosophy, more central to the specialness of Earth? Of course,
science can extend our lifespans and empower us to transform the environment. But the longevity and power of one
species aren’t what make Earth special. Consider instead, the greatest achievements of science: the Copernican/
Galilean/ Newtonian revolution, Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Einstein’s theory of relativity, quantum
mechanics, breakthroughs in genetics and brain science. These transformed our understanding of the universe and
our place within it. The distinctive value of human science lies in its philosophical strength— its power to guide us
toward the broadest and most foundational questions about ourselves and the universe. Art is the same: at its best, it
goes beyond decoration and amusement, confronting us with the puzzles of human existence. In their most
ambitious forms, the arts and sciences merge into philosophy, expressing our philosophical urges.
A metaphor: as the circle of light expands, so too does the ring of darkness around it. Philosophy lives in that
ring of darkness. Within the circle of light lies what is straightforwardly knowable through common sense,
mainstream science or other established methods. In the penumbra (半影) are matters of guesses or ideas. There’s
no sharp line between light and dark, and no sharp beginning or end to the penumbra.
As the light grows, the penumbral ring expands to match. There will always be darkness beyond, and
philosophical questioning will chase it. We will never complete the project of understanding the fundamental
structure of the world. Generations of philosophers will die without getting satisfactory answers to their mostsearching questions.
Billions of years ago, stars exploded, forming planets, and life emerged. Some beings developed the ability
to wonder about their place in the universe, their values, and their capacity for reflection. When we philosophize,
we become a means by which the universe, after billions of years, momentarily thinks about itself in doubt and
amazement. Nothing is more naturally valuable or worthy of respect and wonder.
1．What does the author intend to do by mentioning the brightness of Earth?
A．Make an assumption. B．Present an argument.C．Give a suggestion. D．Raise a
question.
2．What does the phrase “merge into” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Change to. B．Replace with. C．Stand for. D．Combine into.
3．What can be inferred about philosophy from the metaphor of penumbra?
A．It will decline as knowledge advances. B．It will continue due to expanding unknowns.
C．It aims to distinguish between light and dark. D．It remains separate from established methods.
4．The author believes that _____.
A．the pursuit of endless questions is significant
B．human beings are a highly emotional species
C．science is the primary source of philosophical ideas
D．the physical characteristics of Earth make it exceptional
