专题08 体裁与意义的关联
语篇体裁是语言表达的 “形式框架”，语篇意义则是语篇传递的 “核心意图”，二者存在紧密的
互动关联。从语言学视角看，体裁作为社会文化实践的符号载体，承载着特定交际场景下的约定俗成规
则。例如，议论文通过论点、论据、论证的三段式结构构建逻辑闭环，借助转折连词（然而、因此）与
情态动词（应该、必须）强化观点的权威性；而记叙文则依赖时间轴推进叙事，运用直接引语和感官描
写营造沉浸式体验，将作者的情感态度隐匿于情节发展之中。
这些体裁特征不仅是语篇的表层结构，更是意义建构的深层密码。以新闻报道为例，倒金字塔结构
将最重要的事实置于开篇，通过客观陈述与信源引述塑造专业形象，但其潜在的价值取向往往隐藏在事
件选取与关键词使用中。反观书评体裁，作者常采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 框架，在批判性分析与个人感悟
间寻找平衡，评价性词汇（精妙、平庸）与对比手法的运用直接暴露其价值立场。
本专题聚焦于 “观点态度理解” 这一核心阅读目标，从语篇体裁的差异化特征出发，提炼可操作
的理解策略。学习者可通过建立体裁特征分析清单，系统识别语篇的结构模式（如说明文的分类列举、
故事的冲突解决模型）、语言标记（学术论文的被动语态、广告语的夸张修辞）和逻辑脉络（因果链、
对比矩阵）。在此基础上，结合语境要素对语篇进行多维解码，方能精准捕捉作者或语篇人物的立场、
情感与价值倾向，有效避免因忽略体裁差异导致的意义解读偏差。
策略分析
策略 1：议论文 “论点---论据” 定位法 —— 通过逻辑结构锁定作者核心立场
【策略操作】
议论文的核心目的是 “说服读者接受观点”，这决定了其语篇构建需遵循严密的逻辑链条与论证体
系。从结构特征来看，典型的议论文采用 “引言（提出论点）---主体（分论点 + 论据）---结论（重申
论点）” 的三段式架构：引言部分通过现象描述、设问或数据导入，在首段结尾处自然抛出核心论点；
主体段落则以分论点为骨架，运用事实案例、统计数据、权威理论、名人名言等多样化论据展开递进式
论证；结尾段通过总结升华，在尾段开头重申核心观点，同时呼应引言形成闭环。
在理解作者态度时，需构建系统化的阅读策略：首先通过首段结尾、尾段开头等黄金位置精准定位
策略分析
论点句，这些语句往往凝聚着作者的核心主张与价值判断。例如，在环保主题议论文中，论点句可能直
接表明 “人类活动必须与生态保护达成动态平衡”。随后，需深入剖析支撑论点的各类论据，通过分析
事实案例的选取角度、数据对比的倾向性、名人名言的引用语境，判断其对论点的 “支持 / 反驳” 态
度。若论据侧重列举生态恶化的具体数据与灾难性案例，则能侧面印证论点的紧迫性与严肃性，由此完
成对语篇情感基调与价值取向的精准把握。
【阅读语段】
“Some people argue that economic development should be prioritized over environmental protection,
claiming that poverty alleviation is more urgent. However, this view ignores the long-term damage of
environmental degradation. A 2023 UN report shows that 60% of global economic losses are caused by ecological
crises—such as floods and droughts. If we continue to sacrifice the environment for short-term gains, human
society will face irreversible consequences. Thus, environmental protection must be placed on an equal footing
with economic growth.”
【策略应用】
精准定位核心论点：在语篇的开篇布局中，作者运用 "However" 这一转折词，巧妙地构建起论证的
逻辑框架。通过对 "经济优先于环保" 这一传统观点的否定，制造认知冲突，引发读者思考。在文章结尾
部分，以 "Thus" 作为引导词，顺势推出核心论点 "environmental protection must be placed on an equal
footing with economic growth"，形成首尾呼应的论证闭环。这一论点的提出并非空穴来风，而是建立在全
文严密的论证基础之上，体现了作者对环保与经济关系的深刻洞察。
多维验证作者态度：为增强论证的可信度，作者援引联合国报告数据 "60% of global economic losses
are caused by ecological crises" 作为关键论据。这一客观数据的使用，不仅直观地展现了生态危机对经济
发展的负面影响，也为 "环保重要性" 提供了坚实的事实支撑。值得注意的是，作者在论述过程中始终保
持克制，避免使用极端情绪化的表达，通过理性的分析和客观的数据，传递出 "理性支持环保与经济平
衡" 的中立偏积极态度。这种论述方式既区别于片面强调经济发展的观点，也不同于激进的 "环保至上"
理念，展现出作者全面、辩证的思维方式。
策略 2：说明文 “客观描述 + 隐含评价” 区分法 —— 从细节措辞判断作者倾向
【策略操作】
说明文虽以 “客观介绍事物 / 现象” 为核心目的，但作者常通过语言细节与案例选择构建潜在立
场。在词汇层面，形容词与副词的情感倾向往往成为态度载体：用 “精妙绝伦”“突破性” 描述技术
成果，暗含赞赏；以 “荒诞不经”“漏洞百出” 评析理论观点，则流露否定态度。在案例选取上，作
者通过筛选正向或负向典型，暗示价值判断 —— 报道新能源汽车时，聚焦续航里程突破的成功案例，
或强调充电设施不足的负面案例，均折射出不同的评价视角。因此，读者需建立 “语篇细读” 意识，
既要捕捉数据、定义等客观信息，更要拆解 “中性表达” 下的态度密码，避免将 “事实陈述” 简单
等同于 “价值中立”，从而实现对语篇深层意义的精准解码。
【阅读语段】
AI-powered teaching tools have become increasingly popular in classrooms. These tools can automatically
grade homework, saving teachers up to 3 hours per day. For students, adaptive learning platforms can adjust to
individual learning paces—helping slow learners catch up and challenging advanced students. However, some
tools rely on rigid algorithms that fail to recognize creative answers, and a few have been criticized for collecting
excessive student data without consent.
【策略应用】
客观事实呈现：在描述 AI 教育工具特性时，语篇采用中性陈述方式。“save teachers up to 3 hours”
直观量化工具为教师节省的时间成本，“adjust to individual learning paces” 精准概括其在个性化学习方面
的适配能力，这些表述聚焦于技术优势本身，不掺杂主观褒贬。而 “fail to recognize creative answers” 如
实反映 AI 在理解开放性思维成果上的技术局限，“collect excessive data” 则清晰指出数据收集环节存在
的潜在问题，均以客观视角呈现技术应用的现实状况。
隐含态度解析：作者通过词汇选择巧妙传递价值判断。使用 “helping” 这一积极语义的动词，将
AI 工具优势与教育工作者减负、学生个性化学习需求满足等正向目标相联结，强化其社会价值属性。而
“rigid” 一词将 AI 评价体系的机械性具象化，配合 “criticized” 这类带有舆论压力暗示的被动语态，
既点明技术缺陷引发的负面效应，又暗含对行业伦理规范缺失的隐忧。这种措辞策略构建起辩证论述框
架，清晰展现作者 “肯定 AI 教育革新潜力，同时警惕技术异化风险” 的复合态度，避免陷入非黑即
白的简单评判，体现出对 AI 教育生态复杂性的深度认知 。
策略 3：记叙文 “情节 + 人物对话 / 心理” 分析法 —— 从故事发展推导人物态度
【策略操作】
记叙文（如小说节选、个人故事）通过 “情节推进” 和 “人物互动” 传递情感与态度，作者往
往采用 “隐藏式叙事”，将个人观点包裹在艺术化表达中。以海明威《老人与海》为例，圣地亚哥与马
林鱼的对抗过程中，其攥紧船桨的手部特写、喃喃自语的独白、面对鲨鱼群时的沉默抉择，都通过动作
与心理描写折射出坚韧的生命哲学；而在路遥《平凡的世界》里，孙少平与郝红梅的情感纠葛中，两人
欲言又止的对话、刻意躲避的眼神，结合时代背景下阶层差异的情节冲突，读者能清晰感知人物在理想
与现实间的撕裂感。这类语篇中，作者极少直接表态，需通过人物的对话隐喻、微表情刻画、潜意识行
为及情节的陡转与开放式结局，捕捉人物对事件、他人的深层态度，如《红楼梦》中林黛玉的葬花之
举，既展现其对生命无常的敏感，也暗含对封建礼教的隐性反抗；又如《孔乙己》中咸亨酒店众人的哄
笑，在荒诞的情节互动中揭示群体对知识分子的冷漠与异化。通过层层解析叙事肌理，读者方能还原作
者埋藏在语篇褶皱里的价值判断与情感倾向。
【阅读语段】
“When Lily failed her math test for the third time, she avoided Mr. Brown’s eyes, fearing he would scold her.
To her surprise, Mr. Brown sat down beside her and said softly, ‘Let’s look at your mistakes together—I know
you’ve been practicing every night.’ He pointed to a wrong formula and explained it again, patience in his voice.
Lily felt her eyes warm up; for the first time, she didn’t hate math class anymore.”
【策略应用】
人物动作 / 对话：在这段语篇中，Mr. Brown 的动作和语言细节充满温情。"sat down beside her"（在
她身旁坐下），这个动作打破了师生间惯常的站位距离，以平等姿态拉近与 Lily 的心理距离；"said
softly"（轻声说道），温和的语气像是冬日暖阳，瞬间驱散了 Lily 心中的不安；"explained it again,
patience in his voice"（再次耐心解释），重复讲解却毫无烦躁，配合舒缓的语调，展现出 Mr. Brown 对
Lily 细致入微的关怀。他没有因 Lily 的困惑而批评，反而用温柔的动作和耐心的话语，传递出 “关
心、鼓励” 的态度，让 Lily 在被尊重与理解中感受到支持。
人物心理：Lily 的心理变化是一条细腻且充满张力的情感线索。起初，她 "avoided his eyes, fearing
scold"（躲避他的目光，害怕被责骂），低垂的眉眼、瑟缩的姿态，将内心的恐惧展露无遗，这种对批评
的预期折射出她以往在学习中可能遭受的压力。然而，随着 Mr. Brown 耐心的引导，她的心理防线逐渐
瓦解，开始 "felt her eyes warm up, didn’t hate math"（眼眶发热，不再讨厌数学）。这一转变意义深远，
眼眶发热是被关怀触动后的感动，而对数学态度的改变，实则是对 Mr. Brown 信任与感激的具象化表
达。从 “害怕” 到 “信任与感激”，不仅是情感的转变，更是心灵在温暖教育下的治愈与成长，侧面
烘托出 Mr. Brown 教育方式的独特魅力与深远影响。
策略 4：新闻报道 “标题 + 导语 + 信源” 验证法 —— 通过体裁规范识别客观 / 偏向性
【策略操作】
新闻报道的核心原则是 “客观真实”，但不同类型的新闻（如硬新闻、软新闻、评论性新闻）态度
倾向差异显著：硬新闻（如时政要闻、灾难现场报道）需严格遵循 "中立陈述" 原则，通过时间、地点、
人物、事件、原因的 "五要素" 结构化呈现，避免使用带有价值判断的形容词（如将 "骚乱" 改为 "冲突
事件"）；软新闻（如人物专访、文化特写）则允许通过细节描写隐含情感，例如在美食报道中用 "琥珀
色的焦糖外壳裂开时发出悦耳脆响" 传递欣赏态度；评论性新闻更强调观点输出，往往通过反问句式、
权威数据对比强化立场。
在实际语篇分析中，需建立三维判断框架：其一，标题措辞是态度的风向标，硬新闻多采用 "主谓
宾" 直述结构（如《美联储宣布加息 25 个基点》），评论性新闻常使用疑问或感叹句式（如《数字经
济浪潮下，传统企业如何破局？》）；其二，导语立场通过首段信息排布暗示态度，软新闻可能以故事
化场景切入，而硬新闻通常在首句点明核心事实；其三，信息来源的多样性直接影响客观性，多方信源
交叉印证是硬新闻的典型特征，评论性新闻则会选择性引用符合论点的权威观点。
【阅读语段1】
Title: City X’s First Subway Line Opens to Public on Dec. 1
Lead: City X’s first subway line started operation on Friday, connecting the downtown area with the airport.
The line, which took 5 years to build, has 12 stations and can carry 800,000 passengers daily, according to the
city’s transportation bureau. Commuters interviewed said the subway would “greatly reduce travel time”.
【策略应用】在新闻报道类语篇中，标题采用纯事实陈述的方式，如《XX 地铁线路早高峰通行效
率提升 20%》，以直白的信息传递核心事件，避免价值判断。导语部分援引 "city’s transportation bureau"
官方数据及政策解读，同时融入 "commuters" 的真实乘车体验反馈，例如 "市民张女士表示：' 现在等车
时间明显缩短，车厢拥挤情况改善很多 '"。通过多方信源的交叉验证与客观引述，构建起权威且立体的
叙事框架，在字里行间不着痕迹地贯彻作者 "完全中立" 的报道立场，使读者能够基于事实信息自行形成
判断，充分彰显新闻体裁追求真实、客观的特质。
【阅读语段2】
Title: Campus Bullying: Schools Must Do More Than “Punish”
Lead: Last week, a 14-year-old student in City Y dropped out of school after months of bullying. While the
school punished the bullies with a warning, it failed to provide psychological support for the victim—a response
that is far from enough. Bullying is not just a ‘student conflict’; it’s a threat to children’s mental health, and
schools have a duty to take proactive measures.
【策略应用】
以标题 “must do more than ‘Punish’” 为例，该标题采用祈使句式，通过情态动词 “must” 构建强
烈的指令性语气，直截了当地传递出 “学校需突破单纯惩戒手段、加强多元行动” 的核心观点，在吸
引读者注意力的同时，为后续论述奠定明确基调。
导语部分则通过递进式语义构建，强化作者的批判与呼吁立场。首先，使用 “far from enough” 这
一否定评价短语，对学校现行措施进行消极定性，直接点明现有手段存在严重不足；继而引入 “threat to
children’s mental health” 这一极具冲击力的表述，将问题上升至危害儿童心理健康的严重层面，赋予事件
公共议题属性。这种将事实陈述与价值判断相结合的手法，既符合评论性新闻 “基于事实展开观点”
的写作规范，又通过情感化语言的运用，强化了 “批判学校应对不力，呼吁积极措施” 的态度表达，
充分彰显评论性新闻 “观点鲜明、立场坚定” 的体裁特征。通过标题与导语的协同作用，作者在语篇
开篇便成功建立起完整的意义传递链条，为后续深度论证做好铺垫。
策略 5：书评 “语篇引用 + 作者点评” 对照法 —— 通过 “原文与评论” 的互动把握评价倾向
【策略操作】
书评的核心是 “对作品的评价”，其行文逻辑往往呈现出严谨的论证结构。作者通常会先精准引用
原文内容，这些引用可以是扣人心弦的关键情节（如《百年孤独》中布恩迪亚家族的循环命运）、性格
鲜明的典型人物（如哈姆雷特的 “生存还是毁灭” 独白），或是富有特色的语言片段（如张爱玲笔下
充满意象的比喻）。通过引用建立分析基础后，再运用带有情感倾向的点评性语句，例如使用
“successfully conveys”“fails to resonate”“impressively portrays” 等短语，清晰表达对作品的肯定、否定或
优缺点并存的态度。
在阅读书评时，读者需重点关注 “引用内容” 与 “点评措辞” 之间的逻辑关联。例如，当书评
引用某部小说中冗长的心理描写段落，并搭配 “陷入叙事拖沓的窠臼” 的评价时，二者构成因果论证
关系；若引用诗歌中精妙的意象组合，同时以 “极具艺术感染力” 加以点评，则体现出正向的印证关
系。此外，还应避免混淆 “作品情节” 与 “书评作者态度”，例如不能将作者对悲剧结局的客观复
述，误读为其对作品的负面评价，需通过评价性词汇精准把握作者的价值判断。
【阅读语段】
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s The Little Prince tells the story of a prince traveling across planets, meeting
characters like a king and a businessman. What makes the book extraordinary is how it uses simple language to
explore deep themes—such as the importance of friendship and the emptiness of materialism. For example, when
the fox says, ‘You become responsible forever for what you’ve tamed,’ the line perfectly captures the book’s warm
view of human connection. However, some young readers may find the philosophical ideas too abstract, which
slightly limits its appeal to children under 8.
【策略应用】
肯定态度：在语篇分析中，作者通过 “extraordinary”（非凡的）、“perfectly captures”（完美体
现）、“warm view”（温暖的视角）等极具褒奖色彩的词汇，构建起积极的评价基调。结合对 “ the
importance of friendship” 这一主题的精准引用，不仅彰显出作者对作品内容的深刻理解，更明确传递出对
作品 “语言简洁凝练、主题深刻隽永” 的高度认可。这种评价方式，既从语言表达层面肯定了用词的
精妙，又从主题立意角度强调了作品的思想价值，展现出作品在情感共鸣与思想深度上的双重魅力。
客观不足：作者巧妙运用 “ however” 进行转折，以理性且客观的态度，指出作品中存在
“philosophical ideas too abstract”（哲学观点过于抽象）的问题。这种评价策略极具分寸感，在充分肯定
作品整体优势的基础上，不回避其存在的小缺陷，体现出 “以肯定为主，客观指出不足” 的辩证态
度。既避免了过度褒奖导致的片面性，也防止了因吹毛求疵影响对作品的整体判断，使整个评价更加全
面、立体，有助于读者从多个维度更深入地理解作品的特点与价值。
策略 6：广告 “目标受众 + 情感诉求” 定位法 —— 从营销逻辑判断作者（商家）态度
【策略操作】
广告的目的是 “说服消费者购买产品 / 接受服务”，这一核心诉求决定了作者（商家）必然采取
“积极推广” 的态度。然而，推广方式并非千篇一律，而是因目标受众的特征差异呈现显著变化：
家长群体：作为儿童产品或家庭服务的主要决策者，他们对产品的安全性、可靠性极为关注。因
此，面向家长的广告常以 “食品级材质认证”“多重安全防护设计” 等信息构建信任基础，通过权威
机构背书、真实用户案例等方式强化说服力。
年轻消费群体：这类受众更注重产品的个性化、潮流属性。广告往往以社交媒体热门话题、明星代
言、限量联名款为卖点，采用短视频、互动 H5 等新颖形式，激发年轻用户的情感共鸣与社交分享欲
望。
理解广告意图时，关键在于建立 “受众需求” 与 “广告卖点” 的对应关系：商家通过精准提炼
产品优势，既展现出对自身商品的高度 “自信”，又通过契合受众心理的营销话术实现 “迎合”。这
种双向策略不仅体现在内容设计上，还延伸至媒介选择 —— 例如针对上班族在通勤时段投放地铁广
告，针对 Z 世代活跃于短视频平台进行精准推送。 这种动态匹配过程，正是解码广告语篇深层意义的
重要线索。
【阅读语段】
For parents who worry about their kids’ feet growing too fast—our KidsFlex Shoes are here! Made with
stretchable fabric, they can fit feet that grow up to 2 sizes in 6 months—saving you money on frequent
replacements. Plus, the non-slip sole keeps your little ones safe while they run and play. Let your kids enjoy
comfort and safety, and let yourself enjoy peace of mind. Order now and get a 20% discount!
【策略应用】
语篇分析拆解法：对目标语篇进行逐段解构，标注出标题、导语、主体、结尾等关键结构，识别叙
述、说明、议论等体裁特征。例如分析新闻报道时，可通过倒金字塔结构定位核心事件，挖掘其隐含的
舆论导向；分析学术论文时，通过摘要与结论部分提取研究价值。
语境还原策略：将语篇置于特定社会文化、历史时期、专业领域等语境中理解。如解读《诗经》需
结合周代礼乐制度，分析科技说明文需关联行业技术发展，通过填补背景信息空缺，明确语篇在对应语
境下的交际意图与意义传递功能。
互文参照法：建立同体裁语篇的横向对比，或同一作者不同时期作品的纵向联系。对比不同作家的
书信体小说，可发现私人话语与公共议题的表达差异；对比同一品牌不同阶段的广告文案，能洞察其品
牌理念的演变，从而深化对语篇意义的理解维度。
读者角色代入：模拟目标受众视角进行阅读，分析语篇中预设的知识背景、情感共鸣点与行动号
召。在解读儿童绘本时以儿童认知水平分析图文叙事逻辑，解读商业计划书时以投资者关注点拆解数据
呈现策略，精准把握语篇的针对性意义建构。
受众定位：开头 “For parents who worry about...” 直接瞄准 “担忧孩子脚长得快、关注安全” 的家
长，体现商家 “精准迎合家长需求” 的态度。
产品态度：通过 “saving you money”“non-slip sole keeps safe”“comfort and safety” 等卖点，结合
“20% discount” 的优惠，传递商家对产品 “功能自信、性价比认可” 的积极推广态度，核心目的是激
发家长的购买欲望。
1
Is learning equally effective whether students study in a classroom, at home, or in a café? And do virtual
classrooms provide the same educational benefits as traditional in-person settings? Research increasingly suggests
the answer is “no.” These differences stem from factors like environmental distractions, psychological
engagement, and the social dynamics of physical spaces.
Studies indicate that for complex tasks requiring deep focus — such as mastering mathematical concepts or
analyzing literature — students perform better in structured environments like classrooms or libraries compared to
casual settings. Neuroscientists attribute this to “environmental anchoring,” where physical surroundings
subconsciously signal the brain to prioritize sustained attention. A 2022 meta-analysis of 50 studies found that
students retained 25% more information when learning in dedicated academic spaces versus informal locations.
The advantages of traditional classrooms extend beyond mere quietness. Physical classrooms provide
consistent sensory cues — the arrangement of desks, wall-mounted educational posters, and even classroom
lighting — that create neural pathways associated with academic focus. Students often unconsciously link specific
knowledge to where they learned it, a phenomenon called “context-dependent memory.”
Cognitive scientists propose the “engagement threshold theory (参与度阈值理论)” to explain why virtual
突破演练
learning often under-performs. This theory assumes that digital environments condition users to adopt a
“consumption mindset” similar to browsing social media, reducing willingness to engage in demanding cognitive
tasks. While video lectures allow pause-and-review functions, brain scans reveal lower activity in critical thinking
regions compared to live discussions.
Hybrid model — combining technology and traditional methods — show promise. For instance, a Stanford
experiment found that students using augmented reality (AR) textbooks in classroom settings outperformed peers
using either physical books alone or fully digital courses. Yet when the same AR tools were used at home,
performance dropped by 18%, suggesting that technology’s benefits depend on environmental support.
While digital tools enable access to global resources, educators should recognize that learning spaces
themselves are educational instruments. For cultivating analytical depth, the traditional classroom’s intentional
design — often refined over centuries — remains surprisingly irreplaceable.
1．What does the underlined term “environmental anchoring” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Physical spaces triggering focused mental states.
B．The brain’s ability to multitask in various settings.
C．Students’ preference for visually appealing classrooms.
D．The use of technology to enhance learning environments.
2．According to the “engagement threshold theory,” why might virtual learning be less effective?
A．Digital content is oversimplified.
B．Students approach it with lower mental effort.
C．Technical faults interrupt concentration.
D．It lacks structured assessment methods.
3．What did the Stanford AR experiment demonstrate?
A．Physical textbooks are becoming outdated.
B．AR requires expensive classroom upgrades.
C．Students dislike mixing physical and digital tools.
D．Technology’s effectiveness relies on context.
4．What conclusion does the author draw about traditional classrooms?
A．They waste resources on unnecessary design.
B．Their structure discourages creative thinking.
C．Their educational value is partially irreplaceable.
D．They should adopt more digital technologies.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了不同学习环境对学习效果的影响，指出传统教室有不可替
代的教育价值，混合模式有前景但技术效果依赖环境。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线短语后定语从句“...where physical surroundings subconsciously signal the brain to
prioritize sustained attention. (即物理环境会下意识地向大脑发出信号，让大脑优先保持持续的注意力)”就
是对短语environmental anchoring 的解释说明，在物理环境会下让大脑优先保持持续的注意力，即：物理
空间触发专注的精神状态。故选A 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Cognitive scientists propose the ‘engagement threshold theory (参与度阈值
理论)’ to explain why virtual learning often under-performs. This theory assumes that digital environments
condition users to adopt a ‘consumption mindset’ similar to browsing social media, reducing willingness to
engage in demanding cognitive tasks. (认知科学家提出了‘投入阈值理论’来解释为什么虚拟学习往往表现
不佳。该理论认为，数字环境会让用户形成一种类似于浏览社交媒体的‘消费心态’，降低了他们参与
高要求认知任务的意愿)”可知，根据“参与度阈值理论”，数字环境会让用户形成一种类似于浏览社交媒
体的‘消费心态’，降低了他们参与高要求认知任务的意愿，也就是说，学生在数字虚拟环境中，有类
似于浏览社交媒体的心态，不愿参与高要求认知任务，投入的脑力较少。所以，虚拟学习效果较差是因
为学生投入的脑力较少。故选B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“For instance, a Stanford experiment found that students using augmented
reality (AR) textbooks in classroom settings outperformed peers using either physical books alone or fully digital
courses. Yet when the same AR tools were used at home, performance dropped by 18%, suggesting that
technology’s benefits depend on environmental support. (例如，斯坦福大学的一项实验发现，在课堂上使用
增强现实(AR)教科书的学生比只使用实体书或完全数字化课程的学生表现得更好。然而，当同样的增强
现实工具在家中使用时，成绩下降了18%，这表明技术的好处依赖于环境支持)”可知，斯坦福的增强现实
实验表明技术的有效性依赖于环境。故选D 项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“For cultivating analytical depth, the traditional classroom’s intentional
design — often refined over centuries — remains surprisingly irreplaceable. (为了培养分析能力，传统教室经
过几个世纪精心设计，其教育价值仍然令人惊讶地不可替代)”可知，作者得出的结论是传统教室的教育价
值部分不可替代。故选C 项。
2
Timothée Chalamet, the son of a French father and Russian Jewish mother, grew up in an artistic family. In
his early twenties, the New York native had already been a longtime working actor. Since 2017, this young talent
has become a household name.
While filming his big-screen debut ( 首次亮相), Christopher Nolan’s drama Interstellar, Timothée
Chalamet knew very little of Hollywood, let alone the world. The young man had completed two short films and a
role in a TV play Homeland, but at 17 did not yet know how to drive a car. Thankfully for him, his onscreen
father, Oscar winner Matthew McConaughey, was there to give Chalamet some guidance, through the fields of
corn and beyond.
Since Interstellar’s 2013 release, the actor has gotten his license, spent a year studying at Columbia
University, and worked on some films. He also learned to play a couple of musical instruments and picked up
Italian in preparation to star in the film Call Me By Your Name. The film conquered Sundance and became a
festival-circuit darling. To Chalamet, the whole scene was, understandably, strange. “Luca, Armie, and I were
watching the film together in a small box, which was a special moment in itself,” he said. “And when the credits
ended, they immediately put this blinding spotlight on us, so that we couldn’t see the audience, but we heard this
incredible reaction. I’m a theater guy at heart, so to have a film experience that mirrored the theater experience
was totally surreal.”
In a lengthy Instagram post, Chalamet said that the past year has changed the way he “see and feel about so
many things”. “I am learning that a good role isn’t the only criteria for accepting a job—that has become much
clearer to me in the past few months, having witnessed the birth of a powerful movement intended to end
injustice, inequality and, above all, silence,” he wrote.
1．What can be inferred about Timothée Chalamet when he filmed “Interstellar”?
A．He was already familiar with Hollywood culture.
B．He had difficulty operating a vehicle.
C．He had starred in multiple feature films.
D．He learned Italian for the role.
2．Why did Chalamet learn Italian?
A．To study at Columbia University.
B．To connect with his Russian Jewish heritage.
C．To communicate with his co-stars in “Hostiles”.
D．To prepare for his role in “Call Me By Your Name”.
3．What does the underlined word “surreal” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Boring.
B．Confusing.
C．Dreamlike.
D．Frightening.
4．What is the primary focus of the passage?
A．Chalamet’s evolving career and reflections on artistic growth.
B．Chalamet’s struggles with addiction and social issues.
C．The challenges of Chalamet’s learning new languages for film roles.
D．The cultural impact of “Call Me By Your Name”.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了提莫西·查拉梅的演艺生涯及个人感悟。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The young man had completed two short films and a role in a TV play
Homeland, but at 17 did not yet know how to drive a car. (这个年轻人已经完成了两部短片，并在电视剧《国
土安全》中扮演了一个角色，但17 岁的他还不知道如何开车)”可知，提莫西·查拉梅在拍摄《星际穿越》
时还不会开车，也就是开车对他来说有困难。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“He also learned to play a couple of musical instruments and picked up Italian
in preparation to star in the film Call Me By Your Name. (他还学会了演奏几种乐器，并学会了意大利语，为
出演电影《请以你的名字呼唤我》做准备)”可知，提莫西·查拉梅学意大利语是为了出演电影《请以你的
名字呼唤我》。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“I’m a theater guy at heart, so to have a film experience that mirrored the
theater experience was totally surreal. (我内心是个戏剧人，所以拥有一种与戏剧体验相呼应的电影体验是完
全surreal 的)”可知，提莫西·查拉梅内心是个戏剧人，所以对他来说，拥有一种与戏剧体验相呼应的电影
体验是非常不真实的，就像做梦一样，所以surreal 的意思是“梦幻般的，不真实的”。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Timothée Chalamet, the son of a French father and Russian
Jewish mother, grew up in an artistic family. In his early twenties, the New York native had already been a
longtime working actor. Since 2017, this young talent has become a household name. (提莫西·查拉梅的父亲是
法国人，母亲是俄罗斯犹太人，他在一个艺术家庭中长大。二十出头时，这位纽约本地人就已经是一位
长期从事演艺工作的演员了。自2017 年以来，这位年轻的人才已经家喻户晓)” 、第三段中“Since
Interstellar’s 2013 release, the actor has gotten his license, spent a year studying at Columbia University, and
worked on some films. He also learned to play a couple of musical instruments and picked up Italian in
preparation to star in the film Call Me By Your Name. (自《星际穿越》2013 年上映以来，这位演员已经拿到
了驾照，在哥伦比亚大学学习了一年，并参与了一些电影的拍摄。他还学会了演奏几种乐器，并学会了
意大利语，为出演电影《请以你的名字呼唤我》做准备)”以及最后一段“In a lengthy Instagram post,
Chalamet said that the past year has changed the way he ‘see and feel about so many things’. ‘I am learning that a
good role isn’t the only criteria for accepting a job—that has become much clearer to me in the past few months,
having witnessed the birth of a powerful movement intended to end injustice, inequality and, above all, silence,’
he wrote. (在Instagram 上的一篇长文中，查拉梅表示，过去一年改变了他‘看待和感受许多事情的方式’。
他写道：‘我了解到，一个好的角色并不是接受一份工作的唯一标准——在过去的几个月里，当我目睹
了一场旨在结束不公正、不平等，最重要的是结束沉默的强大运动的诞生时，这一点对我来说变得更加
清晰了’)”可知，主要讲述了提莫西·查拉梅的演艺之路，表达了他对过去一年中经历的反思和对艺术成
长的看法。由此可知，文章主要讲述了提莫西·查拉梅不断发展的演艺生涯以及他对艺术成长的反思。故
选A。
3
At 18, British writer Lara Prior-Palmer chose an extraordinary path: the Mongol Deroy, an extremely
challenging 1,000-kilometer horse race across Mongolia’s wilderness.
In her first book, Rough Magic, Prior-Palmer describes her ride in all its pain, boredom, and ultimate
success. “Somehow,” she writes at the beginning, “against all the odds, I won a race labeled the longest and
toughest in the world and became the youngest person, and first female, ever to have done so.” Yet her story
avoids overused phrases of self-praise, balancing vivid landscapes with honest words about painful saddle (马鞍)
wounds and bad-smelling outdoor toilets, making it an unusual pleasure to read.
For much of the book, she and her horses — 25 in all, a new horse every 40 km — drag slowly with great
effort across a landscape that resists Prior-Palmer’s sight. She’s especially gifted with metaphor (隐喻) — when it
rains, “there appears a smooth path behind us, as though the earth is water and we have been fish, until now,” and
the clouds are “piled high as if lining up for a funeral”. For every gorgeous metaphor, there’s a pair of wet riding
trousers or a toilet that’s only “a smelly hole in the ground with wet boards above to stop you from slipping into
it.”
By the end of Rough Magic, Prior-Palmer is amazed by the land around her. “Living in desertion,” she
writes, “the land knows what I don’t: no one can carve a story into earth or sky. The wind sweeps the clouds away,
the stage clears for another day.” She keeps competing, while trying to persuade herself to be more patient, and
humbler. Her final hope is not to win the race — though she wants that, too — but to let the race make her free.
Rough Magic seems to stand as proof that she succeeded. And as I read it from the skyless comfort of my
couch, I briefly felt a bit freer, too.
1．How did Prior-Palmer feel about her performance in Mongol Derby?
A．Unsatisfied.
B．Pitiful.
C．Expected.
D．Proud.
2．What is the language style of Rough Magic?
A．Plain.
B．Humorous.
C．Descriptive.
D．Logical.
3．Why does the land impress Prior-Palmer?
A．It blocks heavy winds.
B．It mirrors human evolution.
C．It varies with time and weather.
D．It is inclusive and ever-changing.
4．What is Rough Magic about?
A．A bittersweet journey.
B．A well-grounded theory.
C．An inspiring fairy tale.
D．An impressive landscape.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A
【解析】本文是记叙文。介绍了英国作家Lara Prior-Palmer 在18 岁时参加极具挑战性的Mongol Derby 的
经历以及她的首次著作《Rough Magic》。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段““Somehow,” she writes at the beginning, “against all the odds, I won a race
labeled the longest and toughest in the world and became the youngest person, and first female, ever to have done
so.” (“不知怎么的，”她在开头写道，“克服了所有的困难，我赢得了这场被称为世界上最长、最艰难的
比赛，成为有史以来最年轻的人，也是第一位做到这一点的女性。”)”可知，Prior-Palmer 成为有史以来
最年轻的人，也是第一位做到这一点的女性，所以应是感到骄傲。故选D 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Yet her story avoids overused phrases of self-praise, balancing vivid landscapes
with honest words about painful saddle (马鞍) wounds and bad-smelling outdoor toilets, making it an unusual
pleasure to read.(然而，她的故事避免了过度的自我赞美，在生动的风景和对痛苦的马蹄伤和难闻的户外
厕所的诚实描述之间取得了平衡，使其成为一种不同寻常的阅读乐趣)”可知，《Rough Magic》的语言风
格是描述性的。故选C 项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“By the end of Rough Magic, Prior-Palmer is amazed by the land around
her. “Living in desertion,” she writes, “the land knows what I don’t: no one can carve a story into earth or sky. The
wind sweeps the clouds away, the stage clears for another day.”(在《Rough Magic》的尾声，Prior-Palmer 被周
遭的天地所震撼。“栖居在这片荒芜中，”她写道，“大地知晓我所不知的真理：无人能在山川苍穹刻
下永恒的故事。风会抹平云迹，舞台每日重置。”)”可知，这片土地是包容和不断变化的让Prior-Palmer
印象深刻。故选D 项。
4．推理判断题。根据第二段“In her first book, Rough Magic, Prior-Palmer describes her ride in all its pain,
boredom, and ultimate success.(在她的第一本书《Rough Magic》中，Prior-Palmer 描述了她经历的所有痛苦、
无聊和最终的成功)”可知，Rough Magic 是关于一次苦乐参半的旅程。故选A 项。
4
Doctor Dolittle, the well-known, fictional naturalist who famously possesses the ability to converse with
animals and understand their languages has now inspired a high-paying science prize aimed at cracking the
challenge of interspecies communication. A grand prize of $500,000, awaits whichever research team can make
real progress: not just decoding the language of another species but using it to draw a reply from an animal. Last
week, an initial $100,000 went to a US team studying dolphin whistles — after decades of recording bottlenose
dolphins in Florida, they identified around 20 distinct messaging whistles.
The Coller Dolittle Challenge financed by Jeremy Coller, a vegan and animal lover, is unashamedly
modelled on the Turing test (图灵测试). That 20th-century test promotes efforts to design a machine capable of
imitating human conversation, and became a touchstone in the evolution of AI. It also became a focus for
concerns about machines tricking, even taking over, humans. The ability to commune with other species is likely
to raise similar, unsettling questions as research progresses. If we were able to decode animal chatter, should this
knowledge change how we treat them, whether as pets, labour or food? The prize presents a moral challenge and it
forces us to reconsider our relationships with other species.
Philosopher Jonathan Birch, also a judge of the Jeremy Coller Centre, stressed that the Challenge is looking
beyond the interspecies communication we have with pets, or that a farmer has with a sheepdog. Those
relationships involve signalling and behavioural responses, Birch explains, “but that’s not telling us how animals
communicate with each other... this prize is about understanding it so well that we can start to join the
conversation.”
While Coller hopes his charity will reshape our attitude to animals, the truth is that even groundbreaking
research has largely failed to move the dial on their welfare. Recent work on cephalopod’s ( 头足类动物)
intelligence has not stopped plans to farm the creatures. We might one day be able to understand what animals are
saying — but there is no guarantee we will listen.
1．Why is Turing test mentioned in the passage?
A．To stress its role and value in AI progress.
B．To show its difference from the Challenge.
C．To warn of concerns the Challenge may face. D．To show its use in interspecies communication.
2．Which research would Birch approve of to win the prize?
A．People communicating with their pets.
B．People directing sheepdogs during work.
C．Researchers recording how cattle communicate.
D．Researchers interacting with birds using whistles.
3．What does the “move the dial” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Make a change.
B．Win the prize.
C．Slow the process.
D．Continue the research.
4．What’s the author’s attitude toward the practical effect of the research?
A．Optimistic.
B．Doubtful.
C．Objective.
D．Dismissive.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍以杜立德医生为灵感设立的科勒·杜立德挑战奖，旨在推动跨物种
交流研究，同时探讨该研究面临的道德问题与实际效果争议。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The Coller Dolittle Challenge financed by Jeremy Coller, a vegan and
animal lover, is unashamedly modelled on the Turing test (图灵测试). That 20th-century test promotes efforts to
design a machine capable of imitating human conversation, and became a touchstone in the evolution of AI. It also
became a focus for concerns about machines tricking, even taking over, humans. The ability to commune with
other species is likely to raise similar, unsettling questions as research progresses. (由素食主义者兼动物爱好者
杰里米·科勒资助的“科勒·杜立德挑战奖”，毫不避讳地以图灵测试为蓝本。这项诞生于20 世纪的测试，
推动了人们研发能够模仿人类对话的机器，成为人工智能发展史上的一块试金石。它同时也引发了人们
的担忧——担心机器会欺骗甚至掌控人类。而随着研究的推进，与其他物种进行交流的能力，也可能引
发类似的、令人不安的问题)”可知，提及图灵测试是为了指出该挑战奖可能面临与图灵测试类似的担忧。
故选C 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Philosopher Jonathan Birch, also a judge of the Jeremy Coller Centre, stressed
that the Challenge is looking beyond the interspecies communication we have with pets, or that a farmer has with
a sheepdog. Those relationships involve signalling and behavioural responses, Birch explains, “but that’s not
telling us how animals communicate with each other... this prize is about understanding it so well that we can start
to join the conversation.”(哲学家乔纳森·伯奇同时也是杰里米·科勒中心的评委，他强调，该挑战关注的跨
物种交流，远不止我们与宠物之间、或是农民与牧羊犬之间的那种交流。伯奇解释道：“那些关系涉及
信号传递和行为反应，但这并不能让我们了解动物之间是如何交流的……这个奖项的目的，是要充分理
解动物间的交流方式，从而让我们能够参与到这种交流之中。”)”可知，伯奇认可的获奖研究应是能让人
类参与到动物交流中的研究，“研究人员用口哨与鸟类互动”符合“参与交流”的特点。故选D 项。
3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“While Coller hopes his charity will reshape our attitude to animals, the
truth is that even groundbreaking research has largely failed to move the dial on their welfare. Recent work on
cephalopod’s intelligence has not stopped plans to farm the creatures.(虽然科勒希望他的慈善项目能改变我们
对动物的态度，但事实是，即使是突破性的研究，在很大程度上也未能move the dial 动物的福利状况。最
近关于头足类动物智力的研究，也未能阻止养殖这类动物的计划)”可知，“头足类动物智力研究未能阻止
其养殖计划”是对“未能move the dial on their welfare”的举例说明，由此可推测“move the dial”意为“产
生改变、带来影响”。故选A 项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While Coller hopes his charity will reshape our attitude to animals, the
truth is that even groundbreaking research has largely failed to move the dial on their welfare. Recent work on
cephalopod’s (头足类动物) intelligence has not stopped plans to farm the creatures. We might one day be able to
understand what animals are saying — but there is no guarantee we will listen. (虽然科勒希望他的慈善项目能
改变我们对动物的态度，但事实是，即便具有突破性的研究，在很大程度上也未能改变动物的福利状况。
最近关于头足类动物智力的研究，并未阻止人们养殖这类动物的计划。也许有一天我们能理解动物在说
什么——但无法保证我们会听从它们的声音)”可知，作者指出研究在改善动物福利方面效果有限，对研究
的实际效果持怀疑态度。故选B 项。
5
The Himalayan wolf and snow leopard are top predators (捕食者) in alpine ecosystems. Across the diverse
landscapes of the Asian highlands, herding (放牧) communities exhibit varying attitudes toward snow leopards
and wolves. Although snow leopards cause greater livestock loss, these communities generally show greater
tolerance and acceptance toward snow leopards. This illustrates the predator paradox, where the more damaging
predator is contradictorily more tolerated.
Attitude toward snow leopards and wolves in the Himalayas are shaped by factors like religion and culture.
Snow leopards hold significant cultural and spiritual value, especially in Buddhism. Local folk tales boost snow
leopards’ awe, portraying them as holy beings linked to spiritual beliefs of the communities. In contrast to the awe
for snow leopards, wolves are widely disliked and feared. This negative view stems from folklore, where wolves
are portrayed as sly (狡猾的) and merciless predators. These tales shape public view, fostering hostility (敌意)
and fear toward wolves.
Conservation efforts in the Himalayas primarily concentrate on snow leopards, often overlooking other
sympatric carnivores ( 食肉动物), like wolves. Consequently, programs for population monitoring, habitat
preservation, and livestock insurance mainly benefit snow leopards, leaving wolves with minimal attention or
resources. Additionally, key policy documents prioritize snow leopard conservation efforts, neglecting the
ecological significance of wolves. This mistake slows down carnivore protection and makes local communities
feel bitter toward wolves.
Interestingly, this difference exists despite both snow leopard and Himalayan wolf being globally classified
as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Both snow leopards and wolves are crucial to the Himalayan ecosystem, but conservation has
overwhelmingly favored snow leopards. This imbalance in attention and resources worsens the challenges faced
by wolves, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to conserve both species effectively.
1．What phenomenon does the “predator paradox” describe in paragraph 1?
A．Top predators always cause livestock loss.
B．More harmful predators are more accepted locally.
C．Locals tolerate different top predators equally.
D．Conservation focuses on more tolerated predators.
2．How do Himalayan herding communities view wolves?
A．As sacred Buddhist beings.
B．As tricky, fearsome hunters.
C．Less threatening than snow leopards.
D．As necessary contributors to the ecosystem.
3．What effect may the overlook of wolf conservation have?
A．It puts snow leopards in danger.
B．It worsens locals’ bitterness of wolves.
C．It improves the alpine ecosystem balance.
D．It slows the protection of carnivores overall.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Why Protect Snow Leopards More?
B．Who’s More Tolerated?
C．How to Save Wolves?
D．Where’s the Balance?
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出喜马拉雅地区的放牧社区对雪豹和狼存在态度差异，雪豹更受包
容，而狼常被忽视，文章强调需平衡保护两者，以维护当地生态系统的稳定。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Although snow leopards cause greater livestock loss, these
communities generally show greater tolerance and acceptance toward snow leopards. This illustrates the predator
paradox, where the more damaging predator is contradictorily more tolerated.(尽管雪豹造成了更大的牲畜损失，
但这些社区对雪豹却普遍表现出更大的容忍和接纳态度。这体现了“捕食者悖论”，即更具破坏性的捕
食者反而更易得到容忍。)”可知，“捕食者悖论”描述的是尽管雪豹对牲畜造成的损失更大，但这些社区
对雪豹却表现出更大的容忍和接受度，即更有害的捕食者在当地却更受欢迎，故选B 项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“In contrast to the awe for snow leopards, wolves are widely disliked
and feared. This negative view stems from folklore, where wolves are portrayed as sly (狡猾的) and merciless
predators.(与人们对雪豹的敬畏之情形成鲜明对比的是，狼普遍遭到厌恶和惧怕。这种负面看法源于民间
传说，在这些故事中，狼被描绘成狡猾且无情的捕食者。)”可知，喜马拉雅的放牧社区将狼视为狡猾、可
怕的猎手，故选B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Additionally, key policy documents prioritize snow leopard
conservation efforts, neglecting the ecological significance of wolves. This mistake slows down carnivore
protection and makes local communities feel bitter toward wolves.(此外，关键的政策文件将雪豹保护工作置
于优先地位，却忽视了狼的生态重要性。这一失误减缓了食肉动物的保护进程，并引发了当地社区对狼
的怨恨。)”可知，忽视狼的保护会减缓食肉动物的整体保护进程，故选D 项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Both snow leopards and wolves are crucial to the Himalayan ecosystem,
but conservation has overwhelmingly favored snow leopards. This imbalance in attention and resources worsens
the challenges faced by wolves, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to conserve both species
effectively.(雪豹和狼对喜马拉雅生态系统而言都至关重要，但保护工作却绝大多数都倾向于雪豹。这种关
注和资源分配上的不平衡加剧了狼所面临的挑战，凸显出需要采取平衡的方法来有效保护这两个物种。)”
以及通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了雪豹和狼在喜马拉雅生态系统中的重要性，以及保护工作中存在的
失衡问题，强调需要采取平衡的方法来有效保护这两个物种，因此D 项“Where’s the Balance?(平衡在哪
里？)”适合作为文章的标题。故选D。
6
What is subjectively experienced as deliberate choice emerges, beyond doubt, from neural machinery
operating unseen. That we feel ourselves to be choosing freely stands in stark contrast to what brain science
reveals: actions supposedly decided by us are, in reality, predetermined by self-governing neural sequences.
Predictable patterns in firing neurons — detected by scanners up to 10 seconds before conscious awareness of any
decision arises — demonstrate this. Not only simple reflexes (膝跳反应) but also those complex judgments we
believe to be carefully constructed share, as rigorous studies confirm, identical automatic characteristics, differing
merely in their neural architecture.
Initiation of this process occurs where emotions originate: within the amygdala, dual almond-shaped
formations (杏仁状核) buried in the brain's depths. Sensory data streaming in are, with lightning speed, assigned
emotional significance by this structure. Signals radiating outward then generate primal impulses — to flee,
combat, immobilize, or grasp — dictated by the amygdala’s appraisal of stimuli encountered.
Prior to action taking place, however, modification of these signals by conscious thought systems ordinarily
occurs. Regions dedicated to recognition perform object identification; those handling memory retrieve analogous
past events; zones governing logic, evaluation, and foresight jointly formulate potential responses. Selection and
implementation of the optimal strategy follow, assuming unimpaired functioning — breakdowns in which result
either in hesitation or erroneous behavior.
Distinctive to each decision phase are specific brain wave patterns. Gamma waves (25-100 cycles/second),
by which heightened consciousness of multiple relevant factors is produced, dominate initial stages. During
sandwich selection, for instance, gamma activity within gustatory areas simultaneously activates and contrasts
remembered tastes of ham, chickpea paste, whole-grain bread, fermented dough, etc. Paradoxically, though
comprehensive option awareness appears beneficial, decisional efficiency is inversely affected by information
overload, causing unconscious dismissal of peripheral elements.
Thereafter observed is a critical transition: beta waves (12-30 cycles/second) become predominant,
suppressing most gamma activity. Left isolated is but one gamma cluster, signifying the neural commitment made.
While no external controller directs these mechanisms, improvement in decision quality can be achieved
through environmental manipulation. Engagement in mentally or physically stimulating activities immediately
beforehand facilitates gamma wave generation, thereby enhancing conscious representation of competing
alternatives. Excessive excitement, conversely, obstructs the essential shift to beta dominance, rendering singular
option isolation profoundly difficult.
1．Why does the writer mention “knee-jerk reactions” in the first paragraph?
A．To introduce the finding of the latest brain imaging studies.
B．To illustrate that decisions are not consciously thought out.
C．To call attention to a kind of neural reaction that is not very complex.
D．To show the difference between decision-making and other brain activity.
2．What does the amygdala do according to the passage?
A．It works out conscious thoughts and emotions.
B．It selects the best action plan for a given situation.
C．It dismisses factors that are irrelevant to the decision to be made.
D．It processes sensory information and generates emotional responses.
3．What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5?
A．Slow-wave activity usually lasts longer than fast-wave activity.
B．The brain prioritizes information before settling on a final choice.
C．Decision-making is difficult when slow-wave activity occurs first.
D．The brain needs as much information as possible to make a decision.
4．How does engaging in stimulating activities help the decision-making process?
A．By preparing the brain to single out the most reasonable choice.
B．By helping the brain switch to slow-wave activity more quickly.
C．By getting the brain to focus on those most relevant alternatives.
D．By making the brain more aware of the factors and choices involved.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍大脑决策机制，揭示看似自主的选择源于神经活动，以及不同阶
段的脑波模式和环境对决策的影响。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Not only simple reflexes (膝跳反应) but also those complex judgments we
believe to be carefully constructed share, as rigorous studies confirm, identical automatic characteristics, differing
merely in their neural architecture.(严谨的研究证实，不仅简单的反射（膝跳反应），而且那些我们认为是
精心构建的复杂判断，都具有相同的自动特征，只是神经结构不同。)”可知，作者提及膝跳反应是为了说
明无论是简单反射还是复杂判断，都是自动进行的，并非有意识思考的结果。故选B 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Sensory data streaming in are, with lightning speed, assigned emotional
significance by this structure. Signals radiating outward then generate primal impulses — to flee, combat,
immobilize, or grasp — dictated by the amygdala’s appraisal of stimuli encountered.(流入的感官数据被这个结
构以闪电般的速度赋予情感意义。然后，向外辐射的信号会产生原始冲动——逃跑、战斗、静止或抓住
——这是由杏仁核对所遇到的刺激的评估决定的。)”可知，杏仁核处理感官信息并产生情感反应。故选D
项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Gamma waves (25-100 cycles/second), by which heightened consciousness
of multiple relevant factors is produced, dominate initial stages. During sandwich selection, for instance, gamma
activity within gustatory areas simultaneously activates and contrasts remembered tastes of ham, chickpea paste,
whole-grain bread, fermented dough, etc. Paradoxically, though comprehensive option awareness appears
beneficial, decisional efficiency is inversely affected by information overload, causing unconscious dismissal of
peripheral elements.(伽马波（25-100 次/秒）在初始阶段占主导地位，它能提高对多种相关因素的意识。例
如，在选择三明治时，味觉区域的伽马活动会同时激活并对比记忆中火腿、鹰嘴豆泥、全麦面包、发酵
面团等的味道。矛盾的是，尽管全面的选项意识看似有益，但信息过载会反过来影响决策效率，导致无
意识地忽略边缘因素。)”以及第五段中的“Thereafter observed is a critical transition: beta waves (12-30
cycles/second) become predominant, suppressing most gamma activity. Left isolated is but one gamma cluster,
signifying the neural commitment made.(此后观察到一个关键的转变：贝塔波（12-30 次/秒）成为主导，抑
制了大部分伽马活动。只剩下一个孤立的伽马波群，这标志着神经做出了承诺。)”可知，大脑在决策初始
阶段通过伽马波处理多种相关信息并排除边缘因素，之后通过贝塔波聚焦于最终选择，即大脑会在确定
最终选择前优先处理重要信息。故选B 项。
4．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Engagement in mentally or physically stimulating activities immediately
beforehand facilitates gamma wave generation, thereby enhancing conscious representation of competing
alternatives.(事先参与脑力或体力刺激活动有助于伽马波的产生，从而增强对竞争选项的有意识呈现。)”
可知，参与刺激活动能帮助大脑更清楚地意识到相关因素和选择。故选D 项。
7
Years ago I spoke with a 16-year-old girl who was considering the idea of having a computer companion in
the future, and she described the upside to me. It’s not that the robot she had imagined was so inspiring. It’s that
she had already found people to be so disappointing. And now, for the first time, she explained to me, people have
options. Back then I thought her comments seemed prescient (预见未来的) . Now I find them timely.
This girl had grown up in a time when conversational machines were presented as empathy devices that
could understand her. And so it seemed natural to her that other machines would expand the range of conversation.
But there is something she may have been too young to understand or, like a lot of us, tend to forget when we talk
to machines. These robots can perform empathy in a conversation about your friend, your mother, or your child,
but they have no experience of any of these relationships. Their conversations about life occupy the realm of the
as-if.
In our manufacturing and marketing of these machines, we encourage children to develop an emotional tie
that is sure to lead to an empathetic dead end. On top of this, it has become fashionable for psychologists to
critique empathy, a unique form of human connection, just at a time when we are starting relationships with
objects with none to give. The coincidence is too convenient: children will lose the ability to have empathy if they
relate too consistently with objects that cannot form empathetic ties.
Technology challenges us to look at our human values. We can try to use technology to cure Parkinson’s or
Alzheimer’s, which would be a blessing, but that blessing is not a reason to move from artificial brain
enhancement to artificial intimacy (亲密).
And yet that is the kind of talk that one hears these days. The narrative begins with the idea that
compassionate robots would be “better than nothing”, better because there aren’t enough people to teach, love,
and tend to people. But that idea quickly shifts into another: robots would be better than almost anything. Unlike
people, they would not abandon you or get sick and die. They might not be capable of love, but they won’t break
your heart.
From better than nothing to better than anything. These are stations on our voyage to forgetting what it
means to be human. But the forgetting begins long before we have a robot companion in place; it begins when we
even think of putting one in place. To build the robots, we must first rebuild ourselves as people ready to be their
companions.
Being human today is about the struggle to remain genuinely empathetic. Ourselves-to remember why it
matters, to remember what we cherish. These says, to be human is to keep one’s mind on the glory that one is.
1．The author mentions the 16-year-old girl mainly to .
A．draw a comparison
B．provide an example
C．evaluate a comment
D．introduce a topic
2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A．Technology unexpectedly advances empathy studies.
B．Psychologists accidentally ignore the needs of children.
C．The criticism of empathy is scientifically valid but poorly timed.
D．The tech industries may benefit from the timing of psychological cycles?
3．Which of the following statements might the author agree with?
A．Technological progress clarifies human values through challenges.
B．Artificial intimacy reflects technological progress yet threatens empathy.
C．Technology’s medical benefits justify its application in emotional domains.
D．Future technologies like AI companions require stricter moral regulations.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．Empathy at Risk: Psychology’s New Frontier
B．Why Humans Prefer Robots: An Analysis of Social Failure
C．Faking Intimacy: When Machines Decrease Our Humanity
D．The Rise of Robot Companions: A Technological Revolution
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人们与机器人建立关系时，机器人表现出的看似亲密但实际
是虚假的共情，这种虚假的亲密关系会让人们逐渐忘记作为人类的意义，减少人性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Years ago I spoke with a 16-year-old girl who was considering the idea of
having a computer companion in the future, and she described the upside to me. It’s not that the robot she had
imagined was so inspiring. It’s that she had already found people to be so disappointing. And now, for the first
time, she explained to me, people have options. Back then I thought her comments seemed prescient (预见未来
的). Now I find them timely. (几年前，我和一个16 岁的女孩聊天，她正在考虑将来有一个电脑伴侣的想法，
她向我描述了它的好处。这并不是说她想象中的机器人有多么鼓舞人心。而是她已经发现人们是如此令
人失望。现在，她向我解释说，人们第一次有了选择。当时我觉得她的评论似乎很有先见之明。现在我
发现它们是及时的)”可知，作者在文章开头提到这个16 岁的女孩，描述她成长在对话机器被视为能理解
她的共情设备的时代，以及她对机器扩展对话范围的自然看法，从而引出全文的核心议题 —— 人类与
人工智能伴侣的关系，以及这种关系对人性（尤其是同理心）的潜在影响所。以作者提到这个女孩主要
是为了引出话题。故选D 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“In our manufacturing and marketing of these machines, we encourage children
to develop an emotional tie that is sure to lead to an empathetic dead end. On top of this, it has become
fashionable for psychologists to critique empathy, a unique form of human connection, just at a time when we are
starting relationships with objects with none to give. The coincidence is too convenient: children will lose the
ability to have empathy if they relate too consistently with objects that cannot form empathetic ties.( 在我们制造
和销售这些机器的过程中，我们鼓励孩子们建立一种情感联系，这种联系肯定会导致同理心的死胡同。
最重要的是，心理学家批评同理心已经成为一种时尚。这是一种独特的人际关系形式，就在我们开始与
无物交往的时候。这种巧合太方便了：如果孩子们与不能形成同理心联系的物体过于一致，他们就会失
去同理心的能力)”可知，第三段指出，在人们开始与无共情能力的机器建立关系时，心理学家恰好开始批
评人类独特的共情能力。这种“巧合” 使得人们更容易接受机器，间接利于科技行业推广相关产品，因
此“科技行业可能从心理周期的时机中获益”。故选D 项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Technology challenges us to look at our human values. We can try to use
technology to cure Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s, which would be a blessing, but that blessing is not a reason to
move from artificial brain enhancement to artificial intimacy(亲密).( 科技促使我们审视人类的价值。我们可
以尝试用技术来治疗帕金森氏症或阿尔茨海默氏症，这将是一种祝福，但这种祝福并不是从人工增强大
脑转向人工亲密的理由)”以及第六段中“ From better than nothing to better than anything. These are stations
on our voyage to forgetting what it means to be human. But the forgetting begins long before we have a robot
companion in place; it begins when we even think of putting one in place( 从聊胜于无到无与伦比。这些都是
我们在逐渐遗忘“人之为人的意义”这趟旅程中的站点。但这种遗忘早在我们拥有机器人伴侣之前就已
开始；它始于我们甚至萌生“要拥有一个机器人伴侣”这个念头的那一刻)”可知，文章提到我们可以利用
技术治疗帕金森或老年痴呆症，这是好事；但会让人们逐渐忘记共情，因此人工亲密反映了技术进步但
威胁到了共情（empathy）。故选B 项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了人们与机器人建立关系时，机器人表现出的看似亲密但
实际是虚假的共情，这种虚假的亲密关系会让人们逐渐忘记作为人类的意义，减少人性。所以C 选项
“假装亲密：当机器减少我们的人性时”是最佳标题。故选C 项。
8
Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer
appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward.
Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle
“He possesses two out of the three qualities necessary for the ideal detective. He has the power of
observation and that of deduction. He is only wanting in knowledge.”
There is little doubt that Sherlock Holmes is the most famous detective in literature. Arthur Conan Doyle’s
stories now exist in over 70 languages, and Holmes is the most portrayed literary character in film and television
history.
As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective
of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion.
There are many advantages to this. First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short
story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into
something less tiring for the reader.
On a literary level, having the story told by the companion helps keep the reader in suspense. If we had
access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening. By seeing the Victorian
world through Watson’s eyes, not only are we provided a picture that non-detectives can comprehend, but we get
to enjoy Sherlock’s exciting adventures, free of spoiler (剧透).
The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald
“Yet high over the city, our line of yellow windows must have contributed their share of human secrecy to
the casual watcher in the darkening streets, and I was him too, looking up and wondering. I was within and
without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.”
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s best-known work is a meditation on class in the supposedly egalitarian (平等主义)
United States, the excesses of the 1920s, and how horrible it can be when the American Dream comes true. The
story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of
becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom. As the title suggests, the real hero of the story is his
mysterious neighbor, Jay Gatsby.
The difficulty of the story centers on Gatsby’s attempts to pursue Nick’s married cousin Daisy, his dreams
of reliving the past, and his efforts to climb into the upper-class of American society. Nick, who is an unreliable
narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers
himself an observer rather than a driver of those events.
This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into
the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do. The resulting commentary
on the life of the American upper crust (症结) has been debated for a century.
1．If written from the perspective of Sherlock Holmes instead of Dr. John Watson, the book Sherlock Holmes
would be ________.
A．short and to the point
B．incomprehensible and long
C．full of spoiler and suspense
D．interesting but too professional
2．What can be inferred from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald?
A．Nick Carraway is not just as observer but a driver of the story events.
B．The real mysterious hero behind the title of the novel is Nick Garraway.
C．Readers will know more about the American upper class from Jay Gatsby’s perspective.
D．The unreliable narrator prevents readers grasping the harms of pursuing the American Dream.
3．Quotes from Sherlock Holmes and The Great Gatsby given below the title respectively in order to
________.
A．stick to the traditional pattern of a famous novel
B．indicate the side character’s role as the narrator
C．remind readers of the theme and plot of the novels
D．explain the main character’s neglect of deep truths
4．What message does the author want to convey through the two books mentioned?
A．Side characters in novels are usually dismissed as unimportant.
B．Classical novels must have quotes that have enduring power among readers.
C．Stories told from the most important character’s perspective are still the mainstream.
D．Individual, or historical eras can be deeply explored from a unique sideline perspective.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了《福尔摩斯》和《了不起的盖茨比》通过配角视角，能深入探
索人性或时代的道理。
1．细节理解题。根据Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle 部分第四段“First, Holmes is odd and tends
to focus on minor details. Telling a short story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson
translates Holmes’s oddity into something less tiring for the reader. (首先，福尔摩斯很古怪，倾向于关注小细
节。从他的角度讲一个短篇故事，那这个故事绝不会短。华生医生把福尔摩斯的古怪之处转化成让读者
不那么疲惫的内容)”可知，如果从福尔摩斯而不是华生医生的角度来写《福尔摩斯探案集》，这本书会让
人难以理解且篇幅很长。故选B 项。
2．推理判断题。根据The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald 部分第三段“Nick, who is an unreliable
narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers
himself an observer rather than a driver of those events.(尼克是一个不可靠的叙述者，在故事中的许多主要事
件中都出现了。然而，正如上面引用的暗示，他认为自己是一个观察者，而不是这些事件的驱动者)”以及
最后一段“This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely
fit into the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do.(这使得我们能够
从一个人那里获得对局势的外部视角 —— 这个人承认自己并不完全融入他所参与的世界，但同时仍是
那些真正融入其中的人的亲密伙伴)”可知，Nick Garraway 在故事中的很多主要事件中都出现了，他不仅
仅是观察者，同时也是故事事件的驱动者。故选A 项。
3．推理判断题。根据Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle 部分第三段“As a detective, Holmes often
takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s
loyal friend and companion. (作为一名侦探，福尔摩斯经常在解开谜团中起主导作用，但故事是从福尔摩斯
忠诚的朋友和伙伴约翰·H·华生医生的角度讲述的)”以及The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald 部分第二
段“The story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway (故事是从Nick Carraway 的角度讲述的)”可知，
引用《福尔摩斯探案集》和《了不起的盖茨比》中的话是为了表明次要角色作为叙述者的作用。故选B
项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to
deeper truths and a richer appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward.
(一些著名小说表明，与那些忙于推动故事发展的人相比，作为次要角色能让我们接触到更深刻的真理，
对人类状况有更丰富的理解)”以及后文对《福尔摩斯探案集》和《了不起的盖茨比》的分析可知，作者想
通过这两本书传达的信息是，通过配角的旁观视角可深入探讨时代背景与人性本质。故选D 项。
9
At a summit in Paris in February, 2025, tech bosses issued the grandest claims about artificial intelligence.
Dario Amodei, CEO of Anthropic, said it would lead to the “largest change to the global labor market in human
history”. Jensen Huang, CEO of NVidia, envisioned a future where workers “are all going to be CEOs of AI
agents”.
Such predictions draw on an established thought. As large language models gained popularity in the early
2020s, economists and bosses were hopeful that AI would help promote equality, benefiting lower-skilled workers
most.
Despite such optimism about AI as an equalizer in labor market, more recent findings have cast doubt on
this vision. They instead suggest a future where high-flyers fly still higher, and the rest are left behind. Rather than
narrowing gaps, AI is likely to widen workforce divides in the long term. For example, for air-traffic controllers,
AI processes flight data while leaving decisions to humans, thus keeping salaries high. By contrast, self-check-out
systems simplify cashiers’ ( 收银员) roles, automating tasks like calculating change, which lowers the skill
requirements, causing wages to decline.
Apart from its replacement of routine jobs, AI may extend its reach to creative work. At A&O
Shearman, a law firm, AI can analyze contracts and suggest revisions within 30 seconds, handling much of the
work once done by associate lawyers. In contrast, top performers have been best at using technology to make
strategic decisions. Therefore, it is junior staff who are the most at risk.
Labor markets have always been defined by the destruction of old roles and the creation of new ones. In the
Industrial Revolution, engineers mastering machinery saw their wages skyrocket while laborers lost out. The
Computer Age then rewarded software engineers and outdated typists. AI appears to follow a similar path,
benefiting those with judgment and expertise to handle complex, information-rich environments.
Today’s AI are just the beginning. As it grows more complicated, workplaces might be transformed, making
every worker a CEO of sorts, as Jensen Huang has predicted. But there will be no equalizing: the most talented
will still make the best CEOs.
1．What is the tech bosses’ attitude towards the future of AI?
A．Doubtful.
B．Ambitious.
C．Pessimistic.
D．Unconcerned.
2．What can we infer about the long-term impact of AI?
A．AI will slow the global economic growth.
B．AI will narrow the gap of wage inequality.
C．AI will disadvantage lower-skilled workers.
D．AI will enhance creative work opportunities.
3．Why does the author mention labor market changes in paragraph 5?
A．To recommend stable jobs.
B．To stress advanced technology.
C．To picture an uncertain future.
D．To illustrate an irresistible trend.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．What Defines the Future Labor Markets
B．When AI Surpasses Human Intelligence
C．How AI will Divide the Best from the Rest
D．Where Humans Still Have an Edge over AI
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨AI 对劳动力市场的分化效应，科技领袖虽乐观预测AI 变革，但
实际趋势显示高技能者将更受益，而低技能岗位面临薪资下降或替代风险，延续了历史上技术加剧不平
等的趋势。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“At a summit in Paris in February, 2025, tech bosses issued the grandest claims
about artificial intelligence. Dario Amodei, CEO of Anthropic, said it would lead to the “largest change to the
global labor market in human history”. Jensen Huang, CEO of NVidia, envisioned a future where workers “are all
going to be CEOs of AI agents”. (在2025 年2 月巴黎举行的一场峰会上，科技巨头们对人工智能做出了最宏
大的预言。Anthropic 公司首席执行官Dario Amodei 宣称，AI 将引发“人类历史上全球劳动力市场的最大
变革”。英伟达首席执行官Jensen Huang 则描绘了这样一幅未来图景：所有劳动者“都将成为AI 智能体
的首席执行官”)”可知，科技巨头们如Anthropic 和英伟达的首席执行官对AI 的未来充满宏大的设想。由
此可知，他们的态度是雄心勃勃的。故选B 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“By contrast, self-check-out systems simplify cashiers’ (收银员) roles,
automating tasks like calculating change, which lowers the skill requirements, causing wages to decline. (相比之
下，自助结账系统简化了收银员的工作内容——系统可自动完成找零计算等操作，从而降低了岗位技能
要求，最终导致薪资水平下降)”和第四段中“At A&O Shearman, a law firm, AI can analyze contracts
and suggest revisions within 30 seconds, handling much of the work once done by associate lawyers. In contrast,
top performers have been best at using technology to make strategic decisions. Therefore, it is junior staff who are
the most at risk. (在A&O Shearman，人工智能能够在30 秒内分析合同并提出修改建议，承担了大量
原本由初级律师完成的工作。相比之下，顶尖从业者最擅长利用技术进行战略决策。正因如此，初级员
工面临的职业风险最为严峻)”可知，由于AI 的存在，收银员等低技能岗位薪资下降，初级律师等低经验
岗位面临被替代的风险。由此可知，从长远来看，人工智能将使低技能工人处于不利地位。故选C 项。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“In the Industrial Revolution, engineers mastering machinery saw their wages
skyrocket while laborers lost out. The Computer Age then rewarded software engineers and outdated typists. AI
appears to follow a similar path, benefiting those with judgment and expertise to handle complex, information-
rich environments. (工业革命时期，掌握机械技术的工程师薪酬暴涨，而体力劳动者则遭受冲击；计算机
时代又让软件工程师获得回报，打字员等职业则被淘汰。人工智能似乎延续着相似的轨迹——那些具备
复杂信息处理能力和专业判断力的人才将持续受益)”可知，该段回顾工业革命和计算机时代的技术变革，
说明劳动力市场始终因技术革新而重塑。作者以此论证AI 的影响是不可阻挡的趋势。故选D 项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中“Despite such optimism about AI as an equalizer in labor
market, more recent findings have cast doubt on this vision. They instead suggest a future where high-flyers fly
still higher, and the rest are left behind. (尽管人们对AI 作为劳动力市场均衡器持乐观态度，但最新研究发现
这一愿景值得怀疑。研究反而指出，未来可能出现强者愈强、弱者愈弱的局面)”可知，文章的核心观点是：
AI 不会均衡劳动力市场，而是加剧人才分化，使高技能者获益、低技能者受损。因此，C 项“人工智能
如何加剧精英与大众的鸿沟”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C 项。
10
Every time I told Joan what a great mother she was, she would respond with the story of a “bad-mother”
day. She told me about waking up once in the middle of the night, foggy-brained, unable to remember if she had
put her two-year-old to bed. She got up and was horrified to find the baby’s crib ( 摇篮) empty. Racing crazily
through the house, she finally found Patty in the kitchen, sound asleep in her high chair. “At least I had fastened
her in the seat,” Joan said.
Nobody’s perfect, we knew, but mothers are somehow expected to exceed all human limits. This ideal is
especially ridiculous since mothers are likely to have more bad days on the job than most professionals,
considering the hours around the clock, seven days a week, fifty-two weeks a year, no sick days. Given the
punishing rules and the disrespectful labels for any mom who breaks them, mothers are reluctant to admit having
bad days. We all have them, of course, a secret that only makes us feel more guilty. But once my friends and I
started telling the truth, we couldn’t stop.
But however painful or compromising the reality of motherhood, we preferred it to the national game of
“Let’s Pretend”, the fantasy in which we are all supposed to be perfect mothers in perfect families. Once I’d given
birth to my sons, there were no guarantees. That first burst of love expanded over the next two decades, along with
the growing realization that I could not possess them for long, keep them safe, or ensure their happy lives. Joy/
pain...joy/pain... the heartbeat of motherhood.
1．Why did Joan feel horrified after she got up?
A．Joan had a nightmare about losing Patty.
B．Joan didn’t find Patty in the baby’s crib.
C．Patty was stuck in the high chair.
D．Patty cried loudly in the kitchen.
2．How does the author view the social expectation of mothers being perfect?
A．It is unfair and unrealistic.
B．It is practical and necessary.
C．It encourages better parenting.
D．It denies the importance of motherhood.
3．What do we know about mothers from the text?
A．They went through inner struggles.
B．They ensured their children’s safety.
C．They enjoyed every part of raising kids.
D．They referred to motherhood as effortless.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Mothers’ Emotional Issues
B．Mothers’ Social Contributions
C．Family Structures and Parenting
D．Perfect Mother Myths and Reality
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过琼的经历引出社会对母亲完美的期望，指出这既不公平也不
现实，还讲述了母亲们的内心挣扎，揭示了完美母亲的神话与现实。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“She got up and was horrified to find the baby’s crib (摇篮) empty. (她起床后
惊恐地发现婴儿床是空的。)”可知，琼起床后感到恐惧是因为她没在婴儿床里找到帕蒂。故选B 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Nobody’s perfect, we knew, but mothers are somehow expected to exceed all
human limits. This ideal is especially ridiculous since mothers are likely to have more bad days on the job than
most professionals (我们都知道人无完人，但不知为何，人们期望母亲们超越人类的所有极限。这种理想
尤其荒谬，因为与大多数职业人士相比，母亲们在工作中可能会有更多糟糕的日子)”可知，作者认为社会
对母亲完美的期望是荒谬的，不公平且不现实的。故选A 项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Once I’d given birth to my sons, there were no guarantees. That first burst of
love expanded over the next two decades, along with the growing realization that I could not possess them for
long, keep them safe, or ensure their happy lives. Joy/pain...joy/pain... the heartbeat of motherhood. (自从儿子们
降生那一刻起，生活就不再有任何保证。最初迸发的爱意随二十年岁月不断蔓延，与之俱增的却是清醒
的认知：我无法长久占有他们，无法永远护其周全，更无力确保他们的人生幸福。欢欣/痛楚……欢欣/痛
楚……这便是母职永恒的心跳。)”可知，母亲们一直经历着情绪的变化和反复，这是内心的挣扎。故选A
项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段“Nobody’s perfect, we knew, but mothers are somehow expected to
exceed all human limits. (我们都知道人无完人，但不知为何，人们期望母亲们超越人类的所有极限。)”和
第三段“But however painful or compromising the reality of motherhood, we preferred it to the national game of
“Let’s Pretend”, the fantasy in which we are all supposed to be perfect mothers in perfect families. (然而，无论
母职的现实多么痛苦或令人妥协，我们仍宁愿选择它，而非举国沉迷的“家家酒”游戏——那种幻想中
人人都该成为完美母亲、拥有完美家庭的戏码。)”可知，文章通过琼的经历引出社会对母亲完美的期望，
指出这既不公平也不现实，主要围绕完美母亲的神话与现实展开。故D 项“Perfect Mother Myths and
Reality (完美母亲的神话与现实)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选D 项。
11
In the vast symphony of human expression, few disciplines engage the mind and stir the soul quite like
music and physics. Surprisingly, these two areas are connected in ways that have been recognized for centuries.
Even the great Albert Einstein, whose ideas reshaped our understanding of the universe, famously stated that had
his path led him away from physics, he would have found joy in playing music.
As a scientist and musician, I’ve been privileged to journey between both disciplines, discovering the
profound connections beneath the surface. My journey began in the Bronx, where hip-hop culture and science
came together in exciting ways. Years later, at Imperial College London, I was once again immersed in a space
where creativity and inquiry integrated. I regularly stopped into the studio of the celebrated producer Brian Eno,
where I witnessed first-hand his unique combination of artistic expression and scientific exploration.
To bridge the gap between disciplines, I created The Jazz of Modern Physics course at Brown University in
Rhode Island, introducing students to the wonders of modern physics through the principles of music and sound.
The response was overwhelming, as students from diverse backgrounds embraced the opportunity to explore the
intersection of art and science in new and unexpected ways. They learned about the harmonics of string theory (弦
理论) and the rhythms of quantum mechanics (量子力学) expressed through mathematics and melody.
My mission continued with the founding of the Sound+Science after-school program, aimed at students
from underserved communities. In this program, students use electronic music equipment to explore the physics
of sound waves and harmonics. They work alongside PhD students in music and physics, discovering the beauty
of math and the excitement of audio experimentation.
In the connection between music and physics, we see that we are not just observers of the universe but
active participants in its ongoing symphony. Let us embrace this harmony, where science and music come together
to unlock the mysteries of the universe and the depths of our souls.
1．Einstein’s statement is mentioned in paragraph 1 to highlight ______.
A．his deep insights into music
B．the challenges of career switching
C．his influence in the field of science
D．time-tested links between art and science
2．Why did the writer create The Jazz of Modern Physics course?
A．To teach classical music theory.
B．To combine music and physics.
C．To introduce quantum mechanics.
D．To explore diverse opportunities.
3．How does the writer mainly support his viewpoint?
A．By referring to historical events.
B．By presenting scientific definitions.
C．By comparing experimental results.
D．By sharing career-related experiences.
4．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Music’s Role in Scientific Discovery
B．A Journey through Music and Science
C．Harmonizing Science and Music
D．Exploring the Physics of Sound
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者作为科学家和音乐家，发现音乐与物理的联系，通过
开设课程和创办项目等经历，倡导将科学与音乐融合去探索宇宙奥秘。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Surprisingly, these two areas are connected in ways that have been recognized
for centuries. Even the great Albert Einstein, whose ideas reshaped our understanding of the universe, famously
stated that had his path led him away from physics, he would have found joy in playing music.(令人惊讶的是，
这两个领域的联系已经被认识了几个世纪。就连伟大的阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，他的思想重塑了我们对宇宙
的理解，也有句名言说，如果他的人生道路不是选择了物理，他会在演奏音乐中找到乐趣)”可知，提到爱
因斯坦的话是为了强调艺术(音乐)和科学(物理)之间久经考验的联系。故选D 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“To bridge the gap between disciplines, I created The Jazz of Modern Physics
course at Brown University in Rhode Island, introducing students to the wonders of modern physics through the
principles of music and sound.(为了弥合不同学科之间的差距，我在罗德岛的布朗大学开设了‘现代物理的
爵士乐’课程，通过音乐和声音的原理向学生介绍现代物理的奇妙之处)”可知，作者开设该课程是为了弥
合不同学科之间的差距，将音乐和物理结合起来。故选B 项。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“As a scientist and musician, I’ve been privileged to journey between both
disciplines, discovering the profound connections beneath the surface. My journey began in the Bronx, where hip
hop culture and science came together in exciting ways. Years later, at Imperial College London, I was once again
immersed in a space where creativity and inquiry integrated.(作为一名科学家和音乐家，我有幸在这两个学科
之间探索，发现了表面之下的深刻联系。我的探索之旅始于布朗克斯，在那里嘻哈文化和科学以令人兴
奋的方式融合在一起。多年后，在伦敦帝国理工学院，我再次沉浸在一个创造力和探究精神相融合的环
境中)”以及后文提到的开设课程和创办项目等内容可知，作者主要通过分享与职业相关的经历来支持自己
的观点。故选D 项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段中“In the connection between music and physics, we see that we
are not just observers of the universe but active participants in its ongoing symphony. Let us embrace this
harmony, where science and music come together to unlock the mysteries of the universe and the depths of our
souls.(在音乐和物理的联系中，我们看到我们不仅仅是宇宙的观察者，更是其持续乐章中的积极参与者。
让我们拥抱这种和谐，在那里科学和音乐结合在一起，解开宇宙的奥秘和我们灵魂的深处)”可知，文章主
要强调要让科学和音乐和谐融合。故C 项“Harmonizing Science and Music(使科学与音乐和谐)”最适合做
文章标题。故选C 项。
12
Leonardo da Vinci did practically everything, and he did it all amazingly well. He was a painter, sculptor,
architect, engineer, and musician. Born in the town of Vinci, Italy, he was given the last name da Vinci, which
means “from Vinci”.
Leonardo loved to draw. He apprenticed (师从) with a famous painter and sculptor in Florence. He would
mix colors, clean brushes, and ready the walls or wood for painting. Young Leonardo was so talented that one day
he painted a very realistic-looking angel. His teacher threw down his paintbrush in jealousy, declaring he would
never paint again. Royalty, wealthy patrons, and even the Pope asked Leonardo to paint for them. He took on a lot
of work, but he was easily distracted. He often didn’t finish what he promised.
Leonardo had a never-ending thirst for knowledge. At night he would secretly cut apart dead bodies that he
got from hospitals or prisons to learn humananatomy, which helped him learn how the body and its organs fit
together and made his paintings look more realistic. Leonardo did not outline his people. His study of nature made
him realize that people and animals don’t have outlines. He used a technique called sfumato, which comes from
the Latin word that means “smoky.” With sfumato, one color is blended into another in a soft, hazy way.
TheMona Lisais the most famous painting of Leonardo, and her smile is the most famous smile. Who was
she? She was the wife of a wealthy man from Florence who hired Leonardo to paint her portrait. She had to sit
completely still for many hours, day after day, Leonardo brought in clowns and musicians to entertain her. This
painting is so famous that it was stolen right off the wall of the Louvre in 1911. After a lot of detective work,
theMona Lisawas discovered in Italy two years later, and the art thief was arrested.
1．We can learn from the passage that ________.
A．Leonardo was keen on nature
B．Leonardo was no more than a painter
C．Leonardo was named after his hometown
D．Leonardo was completely a self-taught famous painter
2．The underlined word “anatomy” in paragraph 3 refers to ________.
A．an artistic method for a realistic drawing
B．a group of essential organs of the human body
C．an attractive technique to draw the human bodies
D．a scientific study of the structure of human bodies
3．The words ________ can best describe Leonardo da Vinci.
A．gifted & considerate
B．practical & cautious
C．enthusiastic & optimistic
D．successful & reliable
4．The passage is mainly about ________.
A．the early life of Leonardo da Vinci
B．a famous painting of Leonardo da Vinci
C．a general introduction to Leonardo da Vinci
D．a demonstration of the painting style of Leonardo da Vinci
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇人物简介，主要介绍了达·芬奇名字的由来、学习经历以及代表作。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Born in the town of Vinci, Italy, he was given the last name da Vinci, which
means “from Vinci”.”可知，他出生在意大利的达·芬奇镇，他的名字是以家乡的名字命名的，故C 项正确。
2．词义猜测题。画线词前说晚上达·芬奇会通过切开从医院或监狱里弄来的尸体来学习，再根据画线词后
的“which helped him learn how the body and its organs fit together”可知，这帮助他了解身体和器官是如何
结合在一起的，由此可知画线词指的是“解剖学”，也就是人体结构的科学研究，故D 项正确。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Young Leonardo was so talented that one day he painted a very realistic-
looking angel.”可知，达·芬奇很有天赋；根据第四段中的“She had to sit completely still for many hours, day
after day, Leonardo brought in clowns and musicians to entertain her.”可知，创作《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》的时候，
这幅画的原型不得不一动不动地坐上几个小时，日复一日，达·芬奇带来小丑和音乐家来逗她开心，可见
他很体贴，由此可知，达·芬奇是有天赋和体贴的，故A 项正确。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了达·芬奇名字的由来、学习经历以及代表作，由此可知，
本文是达·芬奇的简介，故C 项正确。
