专题08 体裁与意义的关联
语篇体裁是语言表达的 “形式框架”，语篇意义则是语篇传递的 “核心意图”，二者存在紧密的
互动关联。从语言学视角看，体裁作为社会文化实践的符号载体，承载着特定交际场景下的约定俗成规
则。例如，议论文通过论点、论据、论证的三段式结构构建逻辑闭环，借助转折连词（然而、因此）与
情态动词（应该、必须）强化观点的权威性；而记叙文则依赖时间轴推进叙事，运用直接引语和感官描
写营造沉浸式体验，将作者的情感态度隐匿于情节发展之中。
这些体裁特征不仅是语篇的表层结构，更是意义建构的深层密码。以新闻报道为例，倒金字塔结构
将最重要的事实置于开篇，通过客观陈述与信源引述塑造专业形象，但其潜在的价值取向往往隐藏在事
件选取与关键词使用中。反观书评体裁，作者常采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 框架，在批判性分析与个人感悟
间寻找平衡，评价性词汇（精妙、平庸）与对比手法的运用直接暴露其价值立场。
本专题聚焦于 “观点态度理解” 这一核心阅读目标，从语篇体裁的差异化特征出发，提炼可操作
的理解策略。学习者可通过建立体裁特征分析清单，系统识别语篇的结构模式（如说明文的分类列举、
故事的冲突解决模型）、语言标记（学术论文的被动语态、广告语的夸张修辞）和逻辑脉络（因果链、
对比矩阵）。在此基础上，结合语境要素对语篇进行多维解码，方能精准捕捉作者或语篇人物的立场、
情感与价值倾向，有效避免因忽略体裁差异导致的意义解读偏差。
策略分析
策略 1：议论文 “论点---论据” 定位法 —— 通过逻辑结构锁定作者核心立场
【策略操作】
议论文的核心目的是 “说服读者接受观点”，这决定了其语篇构建需遵循严密的逻辑链条与论证体
系。从结构特征来看，典型的议论文采用 “引言（提出论点）---主体（分论点 + 论据）---结论（重申
论点）” 的三段式架构：引言部分通过现象描述、设问或数据导入，在首段结尾处自然抛出核心论点；
主体段落则以分论点为骨架，运用事实案例、统计数据、权威理论、名人名言等多样化论据展开递进式
论证；结尾段通过总结升华，在尾段开头重申核心观点，同时呼应引言形成闭环。
在理解作者态度时，需构建系统化的阅读策略：首先通过首段结尾、尾段开头等黄金位置精准定位
策略分析
论点句，这些语句往往凝聚着作者的核心主张与价值判断。例如，在环保主题议论文中，论点句可能直
接表明 “人类活动必须与生态保护达成动态平衡”。随后，需深入剖析支撑论点的各类论据，通过分析
事实案例的选取角度、数据对比的倾向性、名人名言的引用语境，判断其对论点的 “支持 / 反驳” 态
度。若论据侧重列举生态恶化的具体数据与灾难性案例，则能侧面印证论点的紧迫性与严肃性，由此完
成对语篇情感基调与价值取向的精准把握。
【阅读语段】
“Some people argue that economic development should be prioritized over environmental protection,
claiming that poverty alleviation is more urgent. However, this view ignores the long-term damage of
environmental degradation. A 2023 UN report shows that 60% of global economic losses are caused by ecological
crises—such as floods and droughts. If we continue to sacrifice the environment for short-term gains, human
society will face irreversible consequences. Thus, environmental protection must be placed on an equal footing
with economic growth.”
【策略应用】
精准定位核心论点：在语篇的开篇布局中，作者运用 "However" 这一转折词，巧妙地构建起论证的
逻辑框架。通过对 "经济优先于环保" 这一传统观点的否定，制造认知冲突，引发读者思考。在文章结尾
部分，以 "Thus" 作为引导词，顺势推出核心论点 "environmental protection must be placed on an equal
footing with economic growth"，形成首尾呼应的论证闭环。这一论点的提出并非空穴来风，而是建立在全
文严密的论证基础之上，体现了作者对环保与经济关系的深刻洞察。
多维验证作者态度：为增强论证的可信度，作者援引联合国报告数据 "60% of global economic losses
are caused by ecological crises" 作为关键论据。这一客观数据的使用，不仅直观地展现了生态危机对经济
发展的负面影响，也为 "环保重要性" 提供了坚实的事实支撑。值得注意的是，作者在论述过程中始终保
持克制，避免使用极端情绪化的表达，通过理性的分析和客观的数据，传递出 "理性支持环保与经济平
衡" 的中立偏积极态度。这种论述方式既区别于片面强调经济发展的观点，也不同于激进的 "环保至上"
理念，展现出作者全面、辩证的思维方式。
策略 2：说明文 “客观描述 + 隐含评价” 区分法 —— 从细节措辞判断作者倾向
【策略操作】
说明文虽以 “客观介绍事物 / 现象” 为核心目的，但作者常通过语言细节与案例选择构建潜在立
场。在词汇层面，形容词与副词的情感倾向往往成为态度载体：用 “精妙绝伦”“突破性” 描述技术
成果，暗含赞赏；以 “荒诞不经”“漏洞百出” 评析理论观点，则流露否定态度。在案例选取上，作
者通过筛选正向或负向典型，暗示价值判断 —— 报道新能源汽车时，聚焦续航里程突破的成功案例，
或强调充电设施不足的负面案例，均折射出不同的评价视角。因此，读者需建立 “语篇细读” 意识，
既要捕捉数据、定义等客观信息，更要拆解 “中性表达” 下的态度密码，避免将 “事实陈述” 简单
等同于 “价值中立”，从而实现对语篇深层意义的精准解码。
【阅读语段】
AI-powered teaching tools have become increasingly popular in classrooms. These tools can automatically
grade homework, saving teachers up to 3 hours per day. For students, adaptive learning platforms can adjust to
individual learning paces—helping slow learners catch up and challenging advanced students. However, some
tools rely on rigid algorithms that fail to recognize creative answers, and a few have been criticized for collecting
excessive student data without consent.
【策略应用】
客观事实呈现：在描述 AI 教育工具特性时，语篇采用中性陈述方式。“save teachers up to 3 hours”
直观量化工具为教师节省的时间成本，“adjust to individual learning paces” 精准概括其在个性化学习方面
的适配能力，这些表述聚焦于技术优势本身，不掺杂主观褒贬。而 “fail to recognize creative answers” 如
实反映 AI 在理解开放性思维成果上的技术局限，“collect excessive data” 则清晰指出数据收集环节存在
的潜在问题，均以客观视角呈现技术应用的现实状况。
隐含态度解析：作者通过词汇选择巧妙传递价值判断。使用 “helping” 这一积极语义的动词，将
AI 工具优势与教育工作者减负、学生个性化学习需求满足等正向目标相联结，强化其社会价值属性。而
“rigid” 一词将 AI 评价体系的机械性具象化，配合 “criticized” 这类带有舆论压力暗示的被动语态，
既点明技术缺陷引发的负面效应，又暗含对行业伦理规范缺失的隐忧。这种措辞策略构建起辩证论述框
架，清晰展现作者 “肯定 AI 教育革新潜力，同时警惕技术异化风险” 的复合态度，避免陷入非黑即
白的简单评判，体现出对 AI 教育生态复杂性的深度认知 。
策略 3：记叙文 “情节 + 人物对话 / 心理” 分析法 —— 从故事发展推导人物态度
【策略操作】
记叙文（如小说节选、个人故事）通过 “情节推进” 和 “人物互动” 传递情感与态度，作者往
往采用 “隐藏式叙事”，将个人观点包裹在艺术化表达中。以海明威《老人与海》为例，圣地亚哥与马
林鱼的对抗过程中，其攥紧船桨的手部特写、喃喃自语的独白、面对鲨鱼群时的沉默抉择，都通过动作
与心理描写折射出坚韧的生命哲学；而在路遥《平凡的世界》里，孙少平与郝红梅的情感纠葛中，两人
欲言又止的对话、刻意躲避的眼神，结合时代背景下阶层差异的情节冲突，读者能清晰感知人物在理想
与现实间的撕裂感。这类语篇中，作者极少直接表态，需通过人物的对话隐喻、微表情刻画、潜意识行
为及情节的陡转与开放式结局，捕捉人物对事件、他人的深层态度，如《红楼梦》中林黛玉的葬花之
举，既展现其对生命无常的敏感，也暗含对封建礼教的隐性反抗；又如《孔乙己》中咸亨酒店众人的哄
笑，在荒诞的情节互动中揭示群体对知识分子的冷漠与异化。通过层层解析叙事肌理，读者方能还原作
者埋藏在语篇褶皱里的价值判断与情感倾向。
【阅读语段】
“When Lily failed her math test for the third time, she avoided Mr. Brown’s eyes, fearing he would scold her.
To her surprise, Mr. Brown sat down beside her and said softly, ‘Let’s look at your mistakes together—I know
you’ve been practicing every night.’ He pointed to a wrong formula and explained it again, patience in his voice.
Lily felt her eyes warm up; for the first time, she didn’t hate math class anymore.”
【策略应用】
人物动作 / 对话：在这段语篇中，Mr. Brown 的动作和语言细节充满温情。"sat down beside her"（在
她身旁坐下），这个动作打破了师生间惯常的站位距离，以平等姿态拉近与 Lily 的心理距离；"said
softly"（轻声说道），温和的语气像是冬日暖阳，瞬间驱散了 Lily 心中的不安；"explained it again,
patience in his voice"（再次耐心解释），重复讲解却毫无烦躁，配合舒缓的语调，展现出 Mr. Brown 对
Lily 细致入微的关怀。他没有因 Lily 的困惑而批评，反而用温柔的动作和耐心的话语，传递出 “关
心、鼓励” 的态度，让 Lily 在被尊重与理解中感受到支持。
人物心理：Lily 的心理变化是一条细腻且充满张力的情感线索。起初，她 "avoided his eyes, fearing
scold"（躲避他的目光，害怕被责骂），低垂的眉眼、瑟缩的姿态，将内心的恐惧展露无遗，这种对批评
的预期折射出她以往在学习中可能遭受的压力。然而，随着 Mr. Brown 耐心的引导，她的心理防线逐渐
瓦解，开始 "felt her eyes warm up, didn’t hate math"（眼眶发热，不再讨厌数学）。这一转变意义深远，
眼眶发热是被关怀触动后的感动，而对数学态度的改变，实则是对 Mr. Brown 信任与感激的具象化表
达。从 “害怕” 到 “信任与感激”，不仅是情感的转变，更是心灵在温暖教育下的治愈与成长，侧面
烘托出 Mr. Brown 教育方式的独特魅力与深远影响。
策略 4：新闻报道 “标题 + 导语 + 信源” 验证法 —— 通过体裁规范识别客观 / 偏向性
【策略操作】
新闻报道的核心原则是 “客观真实”，但不同类型的新闻（如硬新闻、软新闻、评论性新闻）态度
倾向差异显著：硬新闻（如时政要闻、灾难现场报道）需严格遵循 "中立陈述" 原则，通过时间、地点、
人物、事件、原因的 "五要素" 结构化呈现，避免使用带有价值判断的形容词（如将 "骚乱" 改为 "冲突
事件"）；软新闻（如人物专访、文化特写）则允许通过细节描写隐含情感，例如在美食报道中用 "琥珀
色的焦糖外壳裂开时发出悦耳脆响" 传递欣赏态度；评论性新闻更强调观点输出，往往通过反问句式、
权威数据对比强化立场。
在实际语篇分析中，需建立三维判断框架：其一，标题措辞是态度的风向标，硬新闻多采用 "主谓
宾" 直述结构（如《美联储宣布加息 25 个基点》），评论性新闻常使用疑问或感叹句式（如《数字经
济浪潮下，传统企业如何破局？》）；其二，导语立场通过首段信息排布暗示态度，软新闻可能以故事
化场景切入，而硬新闻通常在首句点明核心事实；其三，信息来源的多样性直接影响客观性，多方信源
交叉印证是硬新闻的典型特征，评论性新闻则会选择性引用符合论点的权威观点。
【阅读语段1】
Title: City X’s First Subway Line Opens to Public on Dec. 1
Lead: City X’s first subway line started operation on Friday, connecting the downtown area with the airport.
The line, which took 5 years to build, has 12 stations and can carry 800,000 passengers daily, according to the
city’s transportation bureau. Commuters interviewed said the subway would “greatly reduce travel time”.
【策略应用】在新闻报道类语篇中，标题采用纯事实陈述的方式，如《XX 地铁线路早高峰通行效
率提升 20%》，以直白的信息传递核心事件，避免价值判断。导语部分援引 "city’s transportation bureau"
官方数据及政策解读，同时融入 "commuters" 的真实乘车体验反馈，例如 "市民张女士表示：' 现在等车
时间明显缩短，车厢拥挤情况改善很多 '"。通过多方信源的交叉验证与客观引述，构建起权威且立体的
叙事框架，在字里行间不着痕迹地贯彻作者 "完全中立" 的报道立场，使读者能够基于事实信息自行形成
判断，充分彰显新闻体裁追求真实、客观的特质。
【阅读语段2】
Title: Campus Bullying: Schools Must Do More Than “Punish”
Lead: Last week, a 14-year-old student in City Y dropped out of school after months of bullying. While the
school punished the bullies with a warning, it failed to provide psychological support for the victim—a response
that is far from enough. Bullying is not just a ‘student conflict’; it’s a threat to children’s mental health, and
schools have a duty to take proactive measures.
【策略应用】
以标题 “must do more than ‘Punish’” 为例，该标题采用祈使句式，通过情态动词 “must” 构建强
烈的指令性语气，直截了当地传递出 “学校需突破单纯惩戒手段、加强多元行动” 的核心观点，在吸
引读者注意力的同时，为后续论述奠定明确基调。
导语部分则通过递进式语义构建，强化作者的批判与呼吁立场。首先，使用 “far from enough” 这
一否定评价短语，对学校现行措施进行消极定性，直接点明现有手段存在严重不足；继而引入 “threat to
children’s mental health” 这一极具冲击力的表述，将问题上升至危害儿童心理健康的严重层面，赋予事件
公共议题属性。这种将事实陈述与价值判断相结合的手法，既符合评论性新闻 “基于事实展开观点”
的写作规范，又通过情感化语言的运用，强化了 “批判学校应对不力，呼吁积极措施” 的态度表达，
充分彰显评论性新闻 “观点鲜明、立场坚定” 的体裁特征。通过标题与导语的协同作用，作者在语篇
开篇便成功建立起完整的意义传递链条，为后续深度论证做好铺垫。
策略 5：书评 “语篇引用 + 作者点评” 对照法 —— 通过 “原文与评论” 的互动把握评价倾向
【策略操作】
书评的核心是 “对作品的评价”，其行文逻辑往往呈现出严谨的论证结构。作者通常会先精准引用
原文内容，这些引用可以是扣人心弦的关键情节（如《百年孤独》中布恩迪亚家族的循环命运）、性格
鲜明的典型人物（如哈姆雷特的 “生存还是毁灭” 独白），或是富有特色的语言片段（如张爱玲笔下
充满意象的比喻）。通过引用建立分析基础后，再运用带有情感倾向的点评性语句，例如使用
“successfully conveys”“fails to resonate”“impressively portrays” 等短语，清晰表达对作品的肯定、否定或
优缺点并存的态度。
在阅读书评时，读者需重点关注 “引用内容” 与 “点评措辞” 之间的逻辑关联。例如，当书评
引用某部小说中冗长的心理描写段落，并搭配 “陷入叙事拖沓的窠臼” 的评价时，二者构成因果论证
关系；若引用诗歌中精妙的意象组合，同时以 “极具艺术感染力” 加以点评，则体现出正向的印证关
系。此外，还应避免混淆 “作品情节” 与 “书评作者态度”，例如不能将作者对悲剧结局的客观复
述，误读为其对作品的负面评价，需通过评价性词汇精准把握作者的价值判断。
【阅读语段】
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s The Little Prince tells the story of a prince traveling across planets, meeting
characters like a king and a businessman. What makes the book extraordinary is how it uses simple language to
explore deep themes—such as the importance of friendship and the emptiness of materialism. For example, when
the fox says, ‘You become responsible forever for what you’ve tamed,’ the line perfectly captures the book’s warm
view of human connection. However, some young readers may find the philosophical ideas too abstract, which
slightly limits its appeal to children under 8.
【策略应用】
肯定态度：在语篇分析中，作者通过 “extraordinary”（非凡的）、“perfectly captures”（完美体
现）、“warm view”（温暖的视角）等极具褒奖色彩的词汇，构建起积极的评价基调。结合对 “ the
importance of friendship” 这一主题的精准引用，不仅彰显出作者对作品内容的深刻理解，更明确传递出对
作品 “语言简洁凝练、主题深刻隽永” 的高度认可。这种评价方式，既从语言表达层面肯定了用词的
精妙，又从主题立意角度强调了作品的思想价值，展现出作品在情感共鸣与思想深度上的双重魅力。
客观不足：作者巧妙运用 “ however” 进行转折，以理性且客观的态度，指出作品中存在
“philosophical ideas too abstract”（哲学观点过于抽象）的问题。这种评价策略极具分寸感，在充分肯定
作品整体优势的基础上，不回避其存在的小缺陷，体现出 “以肯定为主，客观指出不足” 的辩证态
度。既避免了过度褒奖导致的片面性，也防止了因吹毛求疵影响对作品的整体判断，使整个评价更加全
面、立体，有助于读者从多个维度更深入地理解作品的特点与价值。
策略 6：广告 “目标受众 + 情感诉求” 定位法 —— 从营销逻辑判断作者（商家）态度
【策略操作】
广告的目的是 “说服消费者购买产品 / 接受服务”，这一核心诉求决定了作者（商家）必然采取
“积极推广” 的态度。然而，推广方式并非千篇一律，而是因目标受众的特征差异呈现显著变化：
家长群体：作为儿童产品或家庭服务的主要决策者，他们对产品的安全性、可靠性极为关注。因
此，面向家长的广告常以 “食品级材质认证”“多重安全防护设计” 等信息构建信任基础，通过权威
机构背书、真实用户案例等方式强化说服力。
年轻消费群体：这类受众更注重产品的个性化、潮流属性。广告往往以社交媒体热门话题、明星代
言、限量联名款为卖点，采用短视频、互动 H5 等新颖形式，激发年轻用户的情感共鸣与社交分享欲
望。
理解广告意图时，关键在于建立 “受众需求” 与 “广告卖点” 的对应关系：商家通过精准提炼
产品优势，既展现出对自身商品的高度 “自信”，又通过契合受众心理的营销话术实现 “迎合”。这
种双向策略不仅体现在内容设计上，还延伸至媒介选择 —— 例如针对上班族在通勤时段投放地铁广
告，针对 Z 世代活跃于短视频平台进行精准推送。 这种动态匹配过程，正是解码广告语篇深层意义的
重要线索。
【阅读语段】
For parents who worry about their kids’ feet growing too fast—our KidsFlex Shoes are here! Made with
stretchable fabric, they can fit feet that grow up to 2 sizes in 6 months—saving you money on frequent
replacements. Plus, the non-slip sole keeps your little ones safe while they run and play. Let your kids enjoy
comfort and safety, and let yourself enjoy peace of mind. Order now and get a 20% discount!
【策略应用】
语篇分析拆解法：对目标语篇进行逐段解构，标注出标题、导语、主体、结尾等关键结构，识别叙
述、说明、议论等体裁特征。例如分析新闻报道时，可通过倒金字塔结构定位核心事件，挖掘其隐含的
舆论导向；分析学术论文时，通过摘要与结论部分提取研究价值。
语境还原策略：将语篇置于特定社会文化、历史时期、专业领域等语境中理解。如解读《诗经》需
结合周代礼乐制度，分析科技说明文需关联行业技术发展，通过填补背景信息空缺，明确语篇在对应语
境下的交际意图与意义传递功能。
互文参照法：建立同体裁语篇的横向对比，或同一作者不同时期作品的纵向联系。对比不同作家的
书信体小说，可发现私人话语与公共议题的表达差异；对比同一品牌不同阶段的广告文案，能洞察其品
牌理念的演变，从而深化对语篇意义的理解维度。
读者角色代入：模拟目标受众视角进行阅读，分析语篇中预设的知识背景、情感共鸣点与行动号
召。在解读儿童绘本时以儿童认知水平分析图文叙事逻辑，解读商业计划书时以投资者关注点拆解数据
呈现策略，精准把握语篇的针对性意义建构。
受众定位：开头 “For parents who worry about...” 直接瞄准 “担忧孩子脚长得快、关注安全” 的家
长，体现商家 “精准迎合家长需求” 的态度。
产品态度：通过 “saving you money”“non-slip sole keeps safe”“comfort and safety” 等卖点，结合
“20% discount” 的优惠，传递商家对产品 “功能自信、性价比认可” 的积极推广态度，核心目的是激
发家长的购买欲望。
1
Is learning equally effective whether students study in a classroom, at home, or in a café? And do virtual
classrooms provide the same educational benefits as traditional in-person settings? Research increasingly suggests
the answer is “no.” These differences stem from factors like environmental distractions, psychological
engagement, and the social dynamics of physical spaces.
Studies indicate that for complex tasks requiring deep focus — such as mastering mathematical concepts or
analyzing literature — students perform better in structured environments like classrooms or libraries compared to
casual settings. Neuroscientists attribute this to “environmental anchoring,” where physical surroundings
subconsciously signal the brain to prioritize sustained attention. A 2022 meta-analysis of 50 studies found that
students retained 25% more information when learning in dedicated academic spaces versus informal locations.
The advantages of traditional classrooms extend beyond mere quietness. Physical classrooms provide
consistent sensory cues — the arrangement of desks, wall-mounted educational posters, and even classroom
lighting — that create neural pathways associated with academic focus. Students often unconsciously link specific
knowledge to where they learned it, a phenomenon called “context-dependent memory.”
Cognitive scientists propose the “engagement threshold theory (参与度阈值理论)” to explain why virtual
突破演练
learning often under-performs. This theory assumes that digital environments condition users to adopt a
“consumption mindset” similar to browsing social media, reducing willingness to engage in demanding cognitive
tasks. While video lectures allow pause-and-review functions, brain scans reveal lower activity in critical thinking
regions compared to live discussions.
Hybrid model — combining technology and traditional methods — show promise. For instance, a Stanford
experiment found that students using augmented reality (AR) textbooks in classroom settings outperformed peers
using either physical books alone or fully digital courses. Yet when the same AR tools were used at home,
performance dropped by 18%, suggesting that technology’s benefits depend on environmental support.
While digital tools enable access to global resources, educators should recognize that learning spaces
themselves are educational instruments. For cultivating analytical depth, the traditional classroom’s intentional
design — often refined over centuries — remains surprisingly irreplaceable.
1．What does the underlined term “environmental anchoring” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Physical spaces triggering focused mental states.
B．The brain’s ability to multitask in various settings.
C．Students’ preference for visually appealing classrooms.
D．The use of technology to enhance learning environments.
2．According to the “engagement threshold theory,” why might virtual learning be less effective?
A．Digital content is oversimplified.
B．Students approach it with lower mental effort.
C．Technical faults interrupt concentration.
D．It lacks structured assessment methods.
3．What did the Stanford AR experiment demonstrate?
A．Physical textbooks are becoming outdated.
B．AR requires expensive classroom upgrades.
C．Students dislike mixing physical and digital tools.
D．Technology’s effectiveness relies on context.
4．What conclusion does the author draw about traditional classrooms?
A．They waste resources on unnecessary design.
B．Their structure discourages creative thinking.
C．Their educational value is partially irreplaceable.
D．They should adopt more digital technologies.
2
Timothée Chalamet, the son of a French father and Russian Jewish mother, grew up in an artistic family. In
his early twenties, the New York native had already been a longtime working actor. Since 2017, this young talent
has become a household name.
While filming his big-screen debut ( 首次亮相), Christopher Nolan’s drama Interstellar, Timothée
Chalamet knew very little of Hollywood, let alone the world. The young man had completed two short films and a
role in a TV play Homeland, but at 17 did not yet know how to drive a car. Thankfully for him, his onscreen
father, Oscar winner Matthew McConaughey, was there to give Chalamet some guidance, through the fields of
corn and beyond.
Since Interstellar’s 2013 release, the actor has gotten his license, spent a year studying at Columbia
University, and worked on some films. He also learned to play a couple of musical instruments and picked up
Italian in preparation to star in the film Call Me By Your Name. The film conquered Sundance and became a
festival-circuit darling. To Chalamet, the whole scene was, understandably, strange. “Luca, Armie, and I were
watching the film together in a small box, which was a special moment in itself,” he said. “And when the credits
ended, they immediately put this blinding spotlight on us, so that we couldn’t see the audience, but we heard this
incredible reaction. I’m a theater guy at heart, so to have a film experience that mirrored the theater experience
was totally surreal.”
In a lengthy Instagram post, Chalamet said that the past year has changed the way he “see and feel about so
many things”. “I am learning that a good role isn’t the only criteria for accepting a job—that has become much
clearer to me in the past few months, having witnessed the birth of a powerful movement intended to end
injustice, inequality and, above all, silence,” he wrote.
1．What can be inferred about Timothée Chalamet when he filmed “Interstellar”?
A．He was already familiar with Hollywood culture.
B．He had difficulty operating a vehicle.
C．He had starred in multiple feature films.
D．He learned Italian for the role.
2．Why did Chalamet learn Italian?
A．To study at Columbia University.
B．To connect with his Russian Jewish heritage.
C．To communicate with his co-stars in “Hostiles”.
D．To prepare for his role in “Call Me By Your Name”.
3．What does the underlined word “surreal” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Boring.
B．Confusing.
C．Dreamlike.
D．Frightening.
4．What is the primary focus of the passage?
A．Chalamet’s evolving career and reflections on artistic growth.
B．Chalamet’s struggles with addiction and social issues.
C．The challenges of Chalamet’s learning new languages for film roles.
D．The cultural impact of “Call Me By Your Name”.
3
At 18, British writer Lara Prior-Palmer chose an extraordinary path: the Mongol Deroy, an extremely
challenging 1,000-kilometer horse race across Mongolia’s wilderness.
In her first book, Rough Magic, Prior-Palmer describes her ride in all its pain, boredom, and ultimate
success. “Somehow,” she writes at the beginning, “against all the odds, I won a race labeled the longest and
toughest in the world and became the youngest person, and first female, ever to have done so.” Yet her story
avoids overused phrases of self-praise, balancing vivid landscapes with honest words about painful saddle (马鞍)
wounds and bad-smelling outdoor toilets, making it an unusual pleasure to read.
For much of the book, she and her horses — 25 in all, a new horse every 40 km — drag slowly with great
effort across a landscape that resists Prior-Palmer’s sight. She’s especially gifted with metaphor (隐喻) — when it
rains, “there appears a smooth path behind us, as though the earth is water and we have been fish, until now,” and
the clouds are “piled high as if lining up for a funeral”. For every gorgeous metaphor, there’s a pair of wet riding
trousers or a toilet that’s only “a smelly hole in the ground with wet boards above to stop you from slipping into
it.”
By the end of Rough Magic, Prior-Palmer is amazed by the land around her. “Living in desertion,” she
writes, “the land knows what I don’t: no one can carve a story into earth or sky. The wind sweeps the clouds away,
the stage clears for another day.” She keeps competing, while trying to persuade herself to be more patient, and
humbler. Her final hope is not to win the race — though she wants that, too — but to let the race make her free.
Rough Magic seems to stand as proof that she succeeded. And as I read it from the skyless comfort of my
couch, I briefly felt a bit freer, too.
1．How did Prior-Palmer feel about her performance in Mongol Derby?
A．Unsatisfied.
B．Pitiful.
C．Expected.
D．Proud.
2．What is the language style of Rough Magic?
A．Plain.
B．Humorous.
C．Descriptive.
D．Logical.
3．Why does the land impress Prior-Palmer?
A．It blocks heavy winds.
B．It mirrors human evolution.
C．It varies with time and weather.
D．It is inclusive and ever-changing.
4．What is Rough Magic about?
A．A bittersweet journey.
B．A well-grounded theory.
C．An inspiring fairy tale.
D．An impressive landscape.
4
Doctor Dolittle, the well-known, fictional naturalist who famously possesses the ability to converse with
animals and understand their languages has now inspired a high-paying science prize aimed at cracking the
challenge of interspecies communication. A grand prize of $500,000, awaits whichever research team can make
real progress: not just decoding the language of another species but using it to draw a reply from an animal. Last
week, an initial $100,000 went to a US team studying dolphin whistles — after decades of recording bottlenose
dolphins in Florida, they identified around 20 distinct messaging whistles.
The Coller Dolittle Challenge financed by Jeremy Coller, a vegan and animal lover, is unashamedly
modelled on the Turing test (图灵测试). That 20th-century test promotes efforts to design a machine capable of
imitating human conversation, and became a touchstone in the evolution of AI. It also became a focus for
concerns about machines tricking, even taking over, humans. The ability to commune with other species is likely
to raise similar, unsettling questions as research progresses. If we were able to decode animal chatter, should this
knowledge change how we treat them, whether as pets, labour or food? The prize presents a moral challenge and it
forces us to reconsider our relationships with other species.
Philosopher Jonathan Birch, also a judge of the Jeremy Coller Centre, stressed that the Challenge is looking
beyond the interspecies communication we have with pets, or that a farmer has with a sheepdog. Those
relationships involve signalling and behavioural responses, Birch explains, “but that’s not telling us how animals
communicate with each other... this prize is about understanding it so well that we can start to join the
conversation.”
While Coller hopes his charity will reshape our attitude to animals, the truth is that even groundbreaking
research has largely failed to move the dial on their welfare. Recent work on cephalopod’s ( 头足类动物)
intelligence has not stopped plans to farm the creatures. We might one day be able to understand what animals are
saying — but there is no guarantee we will listen.
1．Why is Turing test mentioned in the passage?
A．To stress its role and value in AI progress.
B．To show its difference from the Challenge.
C．To warn of concerns the Challenge may face. D．To show its use in interspecies communication.
2．Which research would Birch approve of to win the prize?
A．People communicating with their pets.
B．People directing sheepdogs during work.
C．Researchers recording how cattle communicate.
D．Researchers interacting with birds using whistles.
3．What does the “move the dial” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Make a change.
B．Win the prize.
C．Slow the process.
D．Continue the research.
4．What’s the author’s attitude toward the practical effect of the research?
A．Optimistic.
B．Doubtful.
C．Objective.
D．Dismissive.
5
The Himalayan wolf and snow leopard are top predators (捕食者) in alpine ecosystems. Across the diverse
landscapes of the Asian highlands, herding (放牧) communities exhibit varying attitudes toward snow leopards
and wolves. Although snow leopards cause greater livestock loss, these communities generally show greater
tolerance and acceptance toward snow leopards. This illustrates the predator paradox, where the more damaging
predator is contradictorily more tolerated.
Attitude toward snow leopards and wolves in the Himalayas are shaped by factors like religion and culture.
Snow leopards hold significant cultural and spiritual value, especially in Buddhism. Local folk tales boost snow
leopards’ awe, portraying them as holy beings linked to spiritual beliefs of the communities. In contrast to the awe
for snow leopards, wolves are widely disliked and feared. This negative view stems from folklore, where wolves
are portrayed as sly (狡猾的) and merciless predators. These tales shape public view, fostering hostility (敌意)
and fear toward wolves.
Conservation efforts in the Himalayas primarily concentrate on snow leopards, often overlooking other
sympatric carnivores ( 食肉动物), like wolves. Consequently, programs for population monitoring, habitat
preservation, and livestock insurance mainly benefit snow leopards, leaving wolves with minimal attention or
resources. Additionally, key policy documents prioritize snow leopard conservation efforts, neglecting the
ecological significance of wolves. This mistake slows down carnivore protection and makes local communities
feel bitter toward wolves.
Interestingly, this difference exists despite both snow leopard and Himalayan wolf being globally classified
as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Both snow leopards and wolves are crucial to the Himalayan ecosystem, but conservation has
overwhelmingly favored snow leopards. This imbalance in attention and resources worsens the challenges faced
by wolves, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to conserve both species effectively.
1．What phenomenon does the “predator paradox” describe in paragraph 1?
A．Top predators always cause livestock loss.
B．More harmful predators are more accepted locally.
C．Locals tolerate different top predators equally.
D．Conservation focuses on more tolerated predators.
2．How do Himalayan herding communities view wolves?
A．As sacred Buddhist beings.
B．As tricky, fearsome hunters.
C．Less threatening than snow leopards.
D．As necessary contributors to the ecosystem.
3．What effect may the overlook of wolf conservation have?
A．It puts snow leopards in danger.
B．It worsens locals’ bitterness of wolves.
C．It improves the alpine ecosystem balance.
D．It slows the protection of carnivores overall.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Why Protect Snow Leopards More?
B．Who’s More Tolerated?
C．How to Save Wolves?
D．Where’s the Balance?
6
What is subjectively experienced as deliberate choice emerges, beyond doubt, from neural machinery
operating unseen. That we feel ourselves to be choosing freely stands in stark contrast to what brain science
reveals: actions supposedly decided by us are, in reality, predetermined by self-governing neural sequences.
Predictable patterns in firing neurons — detected by scanners up to 10 seconds before conscious awareness of any
decision arises — demonstrate this. Not only simple reflexes (膝跳反应) but also those complex judgments we
believe to be carefully constructed share, as rigorous studies confirm, identical automatic characteristics, differing
merely in their neural architecture.
Initiation of this process occurs where emotions originate: within the amygdala, dual almond-shaped
formations (杏仁状核) buried in the brain's depths. Sensory data streaming in are, with lightning speed, assigned
emotional significance by this structure. Signals radiating outward then generate primal impulses — to flee,
combat, immobilize, or grasp — dictated by the amygdala’s appraisal of stimuli encountered.
Prior to action taking place, however, modification of these signals by conscious thought systems ordinarily
occurs. Regions dedicated to recognition perform object identification; those handling memory retrieve analogous
past events; zones governing logic, evaluation, and foresight jointly formulate potential responses. Selection and
implementation of the optimal strategy follow, assuming unimpaired functioning — breakdowns in which result
either in hesitation or erroneous behavior.
Distinctive to each decision phase are specific brain wave patterns. Gamma waves (25-100 cycles/second),
by which heightened consciousness of multiple relevant factors is produced, dominate initial stages. During
sandwich selection, for instance, gamma activity within gustatory areas simultaneously activates and contrasts
remembered tastes of ham, chickpea paste, whole-grain bread, fermented dough, etc. Paradoxically, though
comprehensive option awareness appears beneficial, decisional efficiency is inversely affected by information
overload, causing unconscious dismissal of peripheral elements.
Thereafter observed is a critical transition: beta waves (12-30 cycles/second) become predominant,
suppressing most gamma activity. Left isolated is but one gamma cluster, signifying the neural commitment made.
While no external controller directs these mechanisms, improvement in decision quality can be achieved
through environmental manipulation. Engagement in mentally or physically stimulating activities immediately
beforehand facilitates gamma wave generation, thereby enhancing conscious representation of competing
alternatives. Excessive excitement, conversely, obstructs the essential shift to beta dominance, rendering singular
option isolation profoundly difficult.
1．Why does the writer mention “knee-jerk reactions” in the first paragraph?
A．To introduce the finding of the latest brain imaging studies.
B．To illustrate that decisions are not consciously thought out.
C．To call attention to a kind of neural reaction that is not very complex.
D．To show the difference between decision-making and other brain activity.
2．What does the amygdala do according to the passage?
A．It works out conscious thoughts and emotions.
B．It selects the best action plan for a given situation.
C．It dismisses factors that are irrelevant to the decision to be made.
D．It processes sensory information and generates emotional responses.
3．What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5?
A．Slow-wave activity usually lasts longer than fast-wave activity.
B．The brain prioritizes information before settling on a final choice.
C．Decision-making is difficult when slow-wave activity occurs first.
D．The brain needs as much information as possible to make a decision.
4．How does engaging in stimulating activities help the decision-making process?
A．By preparing the brain to single out the most reasonable choice.
B．By helping the brain switch to slow-wave activity more quickly.
C．By getting the brain to focus on those most relevant alternatives.
D．By making the brain more aware of the factors and choices involved.
7
Years ago I spoke with a 16-year-old girl who was considering the idea of having a computer companion in
the future, and she described the upside to me. It’s not that the robot she had imagined was so inspiring. It’s that
she had already found people to be so disappointing. And now, for the first time, she explained to me, people have
options. Back then I thought her comments seemed prescient (预见未来的) . Now I find them timely.
This girl had grown up in a time when conversational machines were presented as empathy devices that
could understand her. And so it seemed natural to her that other machines would expand the range of conversation.
But there is something she may have been too young to understand or, like a lot of us, tend to forget when we talk
to machines. These robots can perform empathy in a conversation about your friend, your mother, or your child,
but they have no experience of any of these relationships. Their conversations about life occupy the realm of the
as-if.
In our manufacturing and marketing of these machines, we encourage children to develop an emotional tie
that is sure to lead to an empathetic dead end. On top of this, it has become fashionable for psychologists to
critique empathy, a unique form of human connection, just at a time when we are starting relationships with
objects with none to give. The coincidence is too convenient: children will lose the ability to have empathy if they
relate too consistently with objects that cannot form empathetic ties.
Technology challenges us to look at our human values. We can try to use technology to cure Parkinson’s or
Alzheimer’s, which would be a blessing, but that blessing is not a reason to move from artificial brain
enhancement to artificial intimacy (亲密).
And yet that is the kind of talk that one hears these days. The narrative begins with the idea that
compassionate robots would be “better than nothing”, better because there aren’t enough people to teach, love,
and tend to people. But that idea quickly shifts into another: robots would be better than almost anything. Unlike
people, they would not abandon you or get sick and die. They might not be capable of love, but they won’t break
your heart.
From better than nothing to better than anything. These are stations on our voyage to forgetting what it
means to be human. But the forgetting begins long before we have a robot companion in place; it begins when we
even think of putting one in place. To build the robots, we must first rebuild ourselves as people ready to be their
companions.
Being human today is about the struggle to remain genuinely empathetic. Ourselves-to remember why it
matters, to remember what we cherish. These says, to be human is to keep one’s mind on the glory that one is.
1．The author mentions the 16-year-old girl mainly to .
A．draw a comparison
B．provide an example
C．evaluate a comment
D．introduce a topic
2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A．Technology unexpectedly advances empathy studies.
B．Psychologists accidentally ignore the needs of children.
C．The criticism of empathy is scientifically valid but poorly timed.
D．The tech industries may benefit from the timing of psychological cycles?
3．Which of the following statements might the author agree with?
A．Technological progress clarifies human values through challenges.
B．Artificial intimacy reflects technological progress yet threatens empathy.
C．Technology’s medical benefits justify its application in emotional domains.
D．Future technologies like AI companions require stricter moral regulations.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．Empathy at Risk: Psychology’s New Frontier
B．Why Humans Prefer Robots: An Analysis of Social Failure
C．Faking Intimacy: When Machines Decrease Our Humanity
D．The Rise of Robot Companions: A Technological Revolution
8
Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer
appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward.
Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle
“He possesses two out of the three qualities necessary for the ideal detective. He has the power of
observation and that of deduction. He is only wanting in knowledge.”
There is little doubt that Sherlock Holmes is the most famous detective in literature. Arthur Conan Doyle’s
stories now exist in over 70 languages, and Holmes is the most portrayed literary character in film and television
history.
As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective
of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion.
There are many advantages to this. First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short
story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into
something less tiring for the reader.
On a literary level, having the story told by the companion helps keep the reader in suspense. If we had
access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening. By seeing the Victorian
world through Watson’s eyes, not only are we provided a picture that non-detectives can comprehend, but we get
to enjoy Sherlock’s exciting adventures, free of spoiler (剧透).
The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald
“Yet high over the city, our line of yellow windows must have contributed their share of human secrecy to
the casual watcher in the darkening streets, and I was him too, looking up and wondering. I was within and
without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.”
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s best-known work is a meditation on class in the supposedly egalitarian (平等主义)
United States, the excesses of the 1920s, and how horrible it can be when the American Dream comes true. The
story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of
becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom. As the title suggests, the real hero of the story is his
mysterious neighbor, Jay Gatsby.
The difficulty of the story centers on Gatsby’s attempts to pursue Nick’s married cousin Daisy, his dreams
of reliving the past, and his efforts to climb into the upper-class of American society. Nick, who is an unreliable
narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers
himself an observer rather than a driver of those events.
This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into
the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do. The resulting commentary
on the life of the American upper crust (症结) has been debated for a century.
1．If written from the perspective of Sherlock Holmes instead of Dr. John Watson, the book Sherlock Holmes
would be ________.
A．short and to the point
B．incomprehensible and long
C．full of spoiler and suspense
D．interesting but too professional
2．What can be inferred from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald?
A．Nick Carraway is not just as observer but a driver of the story events.
B．The real mysterious hero behind the title of the novel is Nick Garraway.
C．Readers will know more about the American upper class from Jay Gatsby’s perspective.
D．The unreliable narrator prevents readers grasping the harms of pursuing the American Dream.
3．Quotes from Sherlock Holmes and The Great Gatsby given below the title respectively in order to
________.
A．stick to the traditional pattern of a famous novel
B．indicate the side character’s role as the narrator
C．remind readers of the theme and plot of the novels
D．explain the main character’s neglect of deep truths
4．What message does the author want to convey through the two books mentioned?
A．Side characters in novels are usually dismissed as unimportant.
B．Classical novels must have quotes that have enduring power among readers.
C．Stories told from the most important character’s perspective are still the mainstream.
D．Individual, or historical eras can be deeply explored from a unique sideline perspective.
9
At a summit in Paris in February, 2025, tech bosses issued the grandest claims about artificial intelligence.
Dario Amodei, CEO of Anthropic, said it would lead to the “largest change to the global labor market in human
history”. Jensen Huang, CEO of NVidia, envisioned a future where workers “are all going to be CEOs of AI
agents”.
Such predictions draw on an established thought. As large language models gained popularity in the early
2020s, economists and bosses were hopeful that AI would help promote equality, benefiting lower-skilled workers
most.
Despite such optimism about AI as an equalizer in labor market, more recent findings have cast doubt on
this vision. They instead suggest a future where high-flyers fly still higher, and the rest are left behind. Rather than
narrowing gaps, AI is likely to widen workforce divides in the long term. For example, for air-traffic controllers,
AI processes flight data while leaving decisions to humans, thus keeping salaries high. By contrast, self-check-out
systems simplify cashiers’ ( 收银员) roles, automating tasks like calculating change, which lowers the skill
requirements, causing wages to decline.
Apart from its replacement of routine jobs, AI may extend its reach to creative work. At A&O
Shearman, a law firm, AI can analyze contracts and suggest revisions within 30 seconds, handling much of the
work once done by associate lawyers. In contrast, top performers have been best at using technology to make
strategic decisions. Therefore, it is junior staff who are the most at risk.
Labor markets have always been defined by the destruction of old roles and the creation of new ones. In the
Industrial Revolution, engineers mastering machinery saw their wages skyrocket while laborers lost out. The
Computer Age then rewarded software engineers and outdated typists. AI appears to follow a similar path,
benefiting those with judgment and expertise to handle complex, information-rich environments.
Today’s AI are just the beginning. As it grows more complicated, workplaces might be transformed, making
every worker a CEO of sorts, as Jensen Huang has predicted. But there will be no equalizing: the most talented
will still make the best CEOs.
1．What is the tech bosses’ attitude towards the future of AI?
A．Doubtful.
B．Ambitious.
C．Pessimistic.
D．Unconcerned.
2．What can we infer about the long-term impact of AI?
A．AI will slow the global economic growth.
B．AI will narrow the gap of wage inequality.
C．AI will disadvantage lower-skilled workers.
D．AI will enhance creative work opportunities.
3．Why does the author mention labor market changes in paragraph 5?
A．To recommend stable jobs.
B．To stress advanced technology.
C．To picture an uncertain future.
D．To illustrate an irresistible trend.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．What Defines the Future Labor Markets
B．When AI Surpasses Human Intelligence
C．How AI will Divide the Best from the Rest
D．Where Humans Still Have an Edge over AI
10
Every time I told Joan what a great mother she was, she would respond with the story of a “bad-mother”
day. She told me about waking up once in the middle of the night, foggy-brained, unable to remember if she had
put her two-year-old to bed. She got up and was horrified to find the baby’s crib ( 摇篮) empty. Racing crazily
through the house, she finally found Patty in the kitchen, sound asleep in her high chair. “At least I had fastened
her in the seat,” Joan said.
Nobody’s perfect, we knew, but mothers are somehow expected to exceed all human limits. This ideal is
especially ridiculous since mothers are likely to have more bad days on the job than most professionals,
considering the hours around the clock, seven days a week, fifty-two weeks a year, no sick days. Given the
punishing rules and the disrespectful labels for any mom who breaks them, mothers are reluctant to admit having
bad days. We all have them, of course, a secret that only makes us feel more guilty. But once my friends and I
started telling the truth, we couldn’t stop.
But however painful or compromising the reality of motherhood, we preferred it to the national game of
“Let’s Pretend”, the fantasy in which we are all supposed to be perfect mothers in perfect families. Once I’d given
birth to my sons, there were no guarantees. That first burst of love expanded over the next two decades, along with
the growing realization that I could not possess them for long, keep them safe, or ensure their happy lives. Joy/
pain...joy/pain... the heartbeat of motherhood.
1．Why did Joan feel horrified after she got up?
A．Joan had a nightmare about losing Patty.
B．Joan didn’t find Patty in the baby’s crib.
C．Patty was stuck in the high chair.
D．Patty cried loudly in the kitchen.
2．How does the author view the social expectation of mothers being perfect?
A．It is unfair and unrealistic.
B．It is practical and necessary.
C．It encourages better parenting.
D．It denies the importance of motherhood.
3．What do we know about mothers from the text?
A．They went through inner struggles.
B．They ensured their children’s safety.
C．They enjoyed every part of raising kids.
D．They referred to motherhood as effortless.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Mothers’ Emotional Issues
B．Mothers’ Social Contributions
C．Family Structures and Parenting
D．Perfect Mother Myths and Reality
11
In the vast symphony of human expression, few disciplines engage the mind and stir the soul quite like
music and physics. Surprisingly, these two areas are connected in ways that have been recognized for centuries.
Even the great Albert Einstein, whose ideas reshaped our understanding of the universe, famously stated that had
his path led him away from physics, he would have found joy in playing music.
As a scientist and musician, I’ve been privileged to journey between both disciplines, discovering the
profound connections beneath the surface. My journey began in the Bronx, where hip-hop culture and science
came together in exciting ways. Years later, at Imperial College London, I was once again immersed in a space
where creativity and inquiry integrated. I regularly stopped into the studio of the celebrated producer Brian Eno,
where I witnessed first-hand his unique combination of artistic expression and scientific exploration.
To bridge the gap between disciplines, I created The Jazz of Modern Physics course at Brown University in
Rhode Island, introducing students to the wonders of modern physics through the principles of music and sound.
The response was overwhelming, as students from diverse backgrounds embraced the opportunity to explore the
intersection of art and science in new and unexpected ways. They learned about the harmonics of string theory (弦
理论) and the rhythms of quantum mechanics (量子力学) expressed through mathematics and melody.
My mission continued with the founding of the Sound+Science after-school program, aimed at students
from underserved communities. In this program, students use electronic music equipment to explore the physics
of sound waves and harmonics. They work alongside PhD students in music and physics, discovering the beauty
of math and the excitement of audio experimentation.
In the connection between music and physics, we see that we are not just observers of the universe but
active participants in its ongoing symphony. Let us embrace this harmony, where science and music come together
to unlock the mysteries of the universe and the depths of our souls.
1．Einstein’s statement is mentioned in paragraph 1 to highlight ______.
A．his deep insights into music
B．the challenges of career switching
C．his influence in the field of science
D．time-tested links between art and science
2．Why did the writer create The Jazz of Modern Physics course?
A．To teach classical music theory.
B．To combine music and physics.
C．To introduce quantum mechanics.
D．To explore diverse opportunities.
3．How does the writer mainly support his viewpoint?
A．By referring to historical events.
B．By presenting scientific definitions.
C．By comparing experimental results.
D．By sharing career-related experiences.
4．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Music’s Role in Scientific Discovery
B．A Journey through Music and Science
C．Harmonizing Science and Music
D．Exploring the Physics of Sound
12
Leonardo da Vinci did practically everything, and he did it all amazingly well. He was a painter, sculptor,
architect, engineer, and musician. Born in the town of Vinci, Italy, he was given the last name da Vinci, which
means “from Vinci”.
Leonardo loved to draw. He apprenticed (师从) with a famous painter and sculptor in Florence. He would
mix colors, clean brushes, and ready the walls or wood for painting. Young Leonardo was so talented that one day
he painted a very realistic-looking angel. His teacher threw down his paintbrush in jealousy, declaring he would
never paint again. Royalty, wealthy patrons, and even the Pope asked Leonardo to paint for them. He took on a lot
of work, but he was easily distracted. He often didn’t finish what he promised.
Leonardo had a never-ending thirst for knowledge. At night he would secretly cut apart dead bodies that he
got from hospitals or prisons to learn humananatomy, which helped him learn how the body and its organs fit
together and made his paintings look more realistic. Leonardo did not outline his people. His study of nature made
him realize that people and animals don’t have outlines. He used a technique called sfumato, which comes from
the Latin word that means “smoky.” With sfumato, one color is blended into another in a soft, hazy way.
TheMona Lisais the most famous painting of Leonardo, and her smile is the most famous smile. Who was
she? She was the wife of a wealthy man from Florence who hired Leonardo to paint her portrait. She had to sit
completely still for many hours, day after day, Leonardo brought in clowns and musicians to entertain her. This
painting is so famous that it was stolen right off the wall of the Louvre in 1911. After a lot of detective work,
theMona Lisawas discovered in Italy two years later, and the art thief was arrested.
1．We can learn from the passage that ________.
A．Leonardo was keen on nature
B．Leonardo was no more than a painter
C．Leonardo was named after his hometown
D．Leonardo was completely a self-taught famous painter
2．The underlined word “anatomy” in paragraph 3 refers to ________.
A．an artistic method for a realistic drawing
B．a group of essential organs of the human body
C．an attractive technique to draw the human bodies
D．a scientific study of the structure of human bodies
3．The words ________ can best describe Leonardo da Vinci.
A．gifted & considerate
B．practical & cautious
C．enthusiastic & optimistic
D．successful & reliable
4．The passage is mainly about ________.
A．the early life of Leonardo da Vinci
B．a famous painting of Leonardo da Vinci
C．a general introduction to Leonardo da Vinci
D．a demonstration of the painting style of Leonardo da Vinci
