专题 02 阅读理解说明文
1.【2024届广西柳州高中、南宁三中高三联考试题】
In Japan, the new year began with disaster as a 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula (能登半
岛) on the country’s western edge on Monday. More than 2,000 active fault lines (断层线) lie beneath Japan,
making it one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world.
Many scientists have long considered earthquake forecasting to be impossible. But given recent improvements
in artificial intelligence, some researchers have been studying whether that could change.
Last fall, researchers at the University of Texas at Austin increased such hopes for earthquake prediction with
a seven-month trial in China. In all, the algorithm (演算法) successfully forecast 14 earthquakes, each within about
200 miles of its actual epicenter (震中). Meanwhile, it missed one quake and predicted eight that never happened.
The trial was part of an international A．I.-design competition, one of a few such events held in recent years to
advance earthquake prediction technologies.
Sergey Fomel, a geoscientist at UT Austin and a member of the research team, says in a statement. “We’re not
yet close to making predictions for anywhere in the world, but what we achieved tells us that what we thought was
an impossible problem is solvable in principle.”
Additionally, machine learning could help detect hidden patterns in data or collect more data to better inform
earthquake forecasting, Hutchison writes for MIT Technology Review. For example, some researchers are showing
how A．I. might use recordings from a specific seismic site to anticipate an earthquake’s magnitude. One team has
built and trained neural networks to predict where aftershocks may occur after an initial strike. And others are using
machine learning to identify and extract seismic waves—the vibrations that spread through the earth during tectonic
activity (构造活动)—from other noises in the ground.
8．What’s the function of the first paragraph?
A．To explain a concept. B．To introduce a new topic.
C．To supply a summary. D．To provide an example.
9．What made some researchers optimistic about the earthquake forecasting?
A．The recent progress in theories. B．The use of traditional methods.
C．The increasing number of earthquakes. D．The advancements in artificial intelligence.
10．What do we know from the third paragraph?A．The trial was conducted by Chinese. B．The algorithm was totally successful.
C．A．I. shows promise in earthquake prediction. D．The A．I. competition only focused on
earthquakes.
11．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Japan’s Vulnerability to Earthquakes B．Helper in Predicting Earthquakes—A．I.
C．The Impossibility of Earthquake Prediction D．International Efforts to Predict Earthquakes
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．C 11．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了经过试验发现，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途，并给出详
细的例子。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“In Japan, the new year began with disaster as a 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck
the Noto Peninsula (能登半岛) on the country’s western edge on Monday. More than 2,000 active fault lines (断层
线) lie beneath Japan, making it one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world.(在日本，新的一年从灾
难中开始，周一，该国西部边缘的诺托半岛发生了7.5级地震。日本地下有2000多条活动断层带，使其成
为世界上地震最频繁的国家之一)”可推知，第一段的作用是引入一个新话题。故选B。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“But given recent improvements in artificial intelligence, some researchers have
been studying whether that could change.(但鉴于最近人工智能的进步，一些研究人员一直在研究这种情况是
否会改变)”可知，人工智能的进步让一些研究人员对地震预报持乐观态度。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段“In all, the algorithm (演算法) successfully forecast 14 earthquakes, each within
about 200 miles of its actual epicenter (震中). Meanwhile, it missed one quake and predicted eight that never
happened.(该算法总共成功预测了14次地震，每次地震都在震中200英里以内。与此同时，它错过了一次
地震，并预测了8次从未发生的地震)”可知，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途。故选C。
11．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Many scientists have long considered earthquake forecasting to be impossible.
But given recent improvements in artificial intelligence, some researchers have been studying whether that could
change.(许多科学家一直认为地震预报是不可能的。但鉴于最近人工智能的进步，一些研究人员一直在研究
这种情况是否会改变)”结合文章主要说明了经过试验发现，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途，并给出详
细的例子。可知，B选项“预测地震的帮手——人工智能”最符合文章标题。故选B。
2.【2024届江西省九江十校高三二联试题】
The world needs to invest more in agricultural know — how to enhance food production, reduce rural poverty
and fight climate change, according to a consensus reached by a global group of farming technology leaders onThursday.
Technological innovation is the crucial driver for transforming the global agri-food systems, according to the
Sanya Declaration of the 7th Global Forum of Leaders for Agricultural Science and Technology.
Progress in the area plays a crucial role in enhancing the world’s agricultural production capacity,
revolutionizing agricultural sectors, and promoting rural development, the declaration said.
Experts attending the forum called upon governments — especially those in developing countries and possibly
facing urgent food supply issues — and agricultural enterprises worldwide to step up funding for agricultural
research and technology spreading, such as by training more talent.
They promised to work more closely in agricultural science and technology, with the aim of helping reform
agri-food systems and addressing global challenges ranging from food insecurity to poverty to climate disasters,
and help achieve the goals of the China — proposed Global Development Initiative.
“Efforts should be made to turn global agri-food systems toward being more efficient, inclusive, resilient and
sustainable, through enhancing green agricultural technological innovation, climate change adaptation, carbon
emission reduction in agriculture, and reducing food losses and waste across the entire production chain,” the
declaration said, adding such expertise is the underlying pillar(台柱) for achieving “energy-efficient, emission-
reducing, green and low-carbon sustainable agricultural development”.
Participants applaud the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the forum’s organizer, for launching the
International Mega Science Project from Genotype to Phenotype Initiative, which helps with the sharing of crop
genetic resources and offers public products and platforms for molecular breeding (分子育种).
12．Where should the world invest more according to the article?
A．Techniques concerning farming. B．Measures to combat climate change.
C．Researches of field investigation. D．Solution to the poverty issues.
13．What do experts appeal to the governments to do?
A．They appeal to the rich countries to help developing countries.
B．They appeal to all companies to invest more in innovation.
C．They call on governments to provide jobs for more talented people.
D．They call on governments to invest more in agricultural research.
14．Which of the following disagrees with the declaration?
A．Global agri-food system should be more efficient and sustainable.
B．Green agricultural technological innovation should be enhanced.C．Agri-food systems should be able to adapt to climate change.
D．Food losses and waste exist mainly in the part of food production.
15．What is participants’ attitude towards organizing the forum?
A．Contradictory. B．Favorable. C．Indifferent. D．Critical.
【答案】12．A 13．D 14．D 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了专家呼吁政府加强对农业技术的投资及相关科学论坛的举办。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“The world needs to invest more in agricultural know — how to enhance food
production, reduce rural poverty and fight climate change, according to a consensus reached by a global group of
farming technology leaders on Thursday.”（全球农业技术领袖周四达成共识，世界需要加大对农业技术的投
资，以提高粮食产量、减少农村贫困和应对气候变化。）可知，世界需要加强对农业技术的投资。故选A
项。
13．细节理解题。根据第四段“Experts attending the forum called upon governments — especially those in
developing countries and possibly facing urgent food supply issues — and agricultural enterprises worldwide to
step up funding for agricultural research and technology spreading, such as by training more talent.”（参加论坛的
专家呼吁各国政府——特别是那些可能面临紧急粮食供应问题的发展中国家的政府——以及世界各地的农
业企业加大对农业研究和技术传播的资助，例如通过培训更多的人才。）可知，专家呼吁政府要加大对农
业研究的投资。故选D项。
14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“Efforts should be made to turn global agri-food systems toward
being more efficient, inclusive, resilient and sustainable, through enhancing green agricultural technological
innovation, climate change adaptation, carbon emission reduction in agriculture, and reducing food losses and
waste across the entire production chain”（应该通过加强绿色农业技术创新、适应气候变化、减少农业碳排
放、减少整个生产链中的粮食损失和浪费，努力使全球农业粮食系统朝着更高效、更包容、更有弹性和更
可持续的方向发展。）可知，粮食损失和浪费存在于整个生产链中，故D项“粮食损失和浪费主要存在于
粮食生产环节。”说法与宣言内容不符。故选D项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Participants applaud the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the
forum’s organizer, for launching the International Mega Science Project from Genotype to Phenotype Initiative,
which helps with the sharing of crop genetic resources and offers public products and platforms for molecular
breeding ”（与会者对论坛组织者中国农业科学院启动“从基因型到显型”国际大型科学项目表示赞赏，该
项目有助于作物遗传资源的共享，并为分子育种提供公共产品和平台。）可知，与会者对论坛持支持赞成
的态度。故选B项。3.【2024届河南省开封市高三二测试题】
A fallacy is an error in reasoning based on opinion, misunderstanding, or intentional misdirection that makes
an argument invalid. Common causation (因果关系) fallacies include those of oversimplification and exaggeration,
which occur when actual ‘causes of an event are reduced to the point where connections between causes and effects
are blurred or buried.
Oversimplification is common, which means reducing multiple causes to just one or a few. Well-intentioned
writers and speakers can fall into the trap of oversimplification if not careful.
One motivation for simplification is the basic advice given to writers: Don’t get stuck in details. In the process,
however, a writer can leave out too many details, even critical information. Another contributing factor to
oversimplification is the overuse of an important tool in critical thinking called Oceam’s Razor, a principle that
states that the simplest explanation that fits the data is the preferable one. The problem is that the simplest
explanation might not always be the right-one.
A writer creating an argument can assume that based on Occam’s Razor, the simplest explanation is likely true,
but they must not assume that is always the case. They must look at all angles and complexities of an issue before
settling on the simplest explanation.
Here is an example of oversimplification:
School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video games featuring violence
were introduced. Therefore, video games with violence should be banned, resulting in school improvement.
This argument exhibits oversimplification because it assumes problems in schools (increasing violence,
decreasing academic performance can be attributed to a single cause: the time young people spend playing video
games that feature violence). Various other factors, including social and economic conditions that may contribute to
a child’s mental health, are ignored.
Related to the fallacy of oversimplification is the fallacy of exaggeration-multiplying a couple of causes into
many.
12．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on?
A．The causes of oversimplification.
B．The impact of oversimplification.
C．The definition of oversimplification.
D．The characteristics of oversimplification.
13．How do writers commit oversimplification when creating an argument based on Occam’s-Razor?A．They consider an issue to be complicated.
B．They look at an issue from different angles.
C．They believe the simplest explanation is likely true.
D．They have absolute trust in the simplest explanation.
14．Which of the following statements is an example of oversimplification?
A．The nation’s lack of moral standards is caused by multiple factors.
B．The latest currency policy takes full blame for the declining economy.
C．She was saved because of the seal belt as well as doctors’ timely saving.
D．The problem of education not just lies in teachers’ failure of doing their jobs.
15．What might the author discuss in the paragraphs that follow?
A．Ways to avoid oversimplification.
B．More examples of oversimplification.
C．Causes and examples of exaggeration.
D．The distinction between exaggeration and oversimplification.
【答案】12．A 13．D 14．B 15．C
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了常见的因果关系谬论主要包括过于简单化和夸大的谬论，文章重点介
绍了造成过于简单化谬论的原因以及具体的例子。
12．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“One motivation for simplification is the basic advice given to writers(过于
简化的一个动机就是给作家的基本建议)”和“Another contributing factor to oversimplification is the overuse of
an important tool in critical thinking called Oceam’s Razor(另一个导致过于简单话的因素就是过度使用了一种
名为Oceam’s Razor的批判性思维)”可知，本段主要介绍了造成过于简单化的原因，故选A。
13．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Another contributing factor to oversimplification is the overuse of an
important tool in critical thinking called Oceam’s Razor, a principle that states that the simplest explanation that fits
the data is the preferable one. (另一个导致过度简单化的因素是过去使用一种名为Oceam’s Razor的批判性思
维，该原则指出，符合数据的最简单的解释就是最好的解释。)”可知，基于Oceam’s Razor，作家会认为符
合数据的最简单的解释就是最好的解释，而最简单的解释不一定就是准确的，因此过度简单化的作家会一
味地相信最简单的解释，故选D。
14．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段对文中提到的过于简单化的例子的评判“This argument exhibits
oversimplification because it assumes problems in schools (increasing violence, decreasing academic performancecan be attributed to a single cause: the time young people spend playing video games that feature violence). Various
other factors, including social and economic conditions that may contribute to a child’s mental health, are ignored.
(这一论点过于简单化，因为它假设学校存在问题（暴力事件的增加、学习成绩的下降可能归因于一个简单
的原因：年轻人玩以暴力为特征的电子游戏的时间。）但其他因素，包括可能有助于儿童心理健康的社会
和经济条件，都被忽视了。)”可知，简单化不懂得从各个角度来考虑问题，而是一味地将原因归咎在一件
事情上，故B项“最近的货币政策是导致经济下滑的全部原因”就是一个典型的过于简单化的例子，故选
B。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Related to the fallacy of oversimplification is the fallacy of exaggeration-
multiplying a couple of causes into many.(与过于简单化的谬论相关的就是将几个原因夸大为多个原因的谬
论。)”可知，文章末尾提到了与过于简单化的谬论相关的夸大谬论，且前文提到了过于简单化的原因并给
出了相关的例子，故接下来也将讲述夸大谬论的原因以及具体例子，故选C。
4.【2024届安徽省安庆市高三下学期二模试题】
Nobody knows yet what the best way of removing all that carbon will be, but scientists around the world are
developing a new method. The Swiss company Climeworks is building big extractor (抽油烟机) fans to remove
carbon.
But other scientists are looking to nature’s carbon cycle for inspiration. They’re looking for ways to improve
it, speed it up and help it take more carbon out of the air permanently.
One of those scientists is Professor Luke Mackinder, a plant biologist at the University of York. His research
into carbon removal is inspired by ocean algac (海藻). “About half of carbon absorption takes place in the ocean,”
he says. “Algae are extremely efficient at absorbin g it.”
In order to do this, his team has studied the genetic code (基因密码) of algae to work out which genes play a
vital role in carbon absorption. He believes they have now figured this out. “Now we have a list and we can start
thinking about how to bring them together in different living things,” he says. “We place the genes into those of
other plants. It’s genetic modification.”
Mackinder anticipates adding them to a range of crops and trees. The resulting increased production could be
good for food security. Alternatively, they could help to enhance the influence of climate change. It all depends on
what we do with the carbon once it’s trapped in those plants. Eating them would quickly return it to the atmosphere.
But if instead we find ways to store it, we could keep it out of the atmosphere for good.
Dave Hillyard, chief administrator of the Carbon Technology Research Foundation that is fundingMackinder’s research, says that it is important to fund work on a wide range of carbon removal methods, because
“some will not get the results they’re looking for and some will succeed. There are a lot of opportunities here but
very little funding and research going into it.”
12．What is discussed in the first paragraph?
A．An approach to carbon removal. B．A way to improve big extractor fans.
C．A means of joining a company. D．A method of doing scientific research.
13．Why does Professor Luke Mackinder focus on ocean algae?
A．It is secure. B．It is effective. C．It is sufficient. D．It is accessible.
14．What can we know about the genes of algae from the fourth paragraph?
A．They bring about great side effects. B．They are useless for carbon absorption.
C．They help increase food production. D．They have been put into other plants.
15．What is required according to Dave Hillyard?
A．The government’s permission. B．More scientists’participation.
C．Increasing experimental chances. D．The input into the research.
【答案】12．A 13．B 14．D 15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于利用藻类去除碳的研究。
12．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Nobody knows yet what the best way of removing all that carbon will be,
but scientists around the world are developing a new method. The Swiss company Climeworks is building big
extractor (抽油烟机) fans to remove carbon.(没有人知道去除所有碳的最佳方法是什么，但世界各地的科学家
正在开发一种新方法。瑞士公司Climeworks正在建造大型抽风机来去除碳)”可知，第一段讨论了一种去除
碳的方法。故选A项。
13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Algae are extremely efficient at absorbin g it.(藻类对它的吸收效率极高)”
可知，卢克·麦金德教授关注海洋藻类是因为它是有效的。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“We place the genes into those of other plants. It’s genetic modification.(我
们把这些基因植入其他植物的基因中。这是基因改造。)”可知，藻类的基因被植入到其他植物中。故选D
项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“There are a lot of opportunities here but very little funding and research
going into it.(这里有很多机会，但投入的资金和研究却很少。)”可知，根据Dave Hillyard的说法，对研究的
投入是需要的。故选D项。5.【2024届黑龙江省部分学校高三二模试题】
The study by University of Arizona researchers, published in the Creativity Research Journal, finds that
creative people are more likely to fruitfully use idle (空闲的) time by letting one idea lead to another.
“In psychology and neuroscience, most studies on human thoughts either prompt (提示) participants to think
in a certain way or ask them to report on thoughts they experienced, but less is known about how thoughts naturally
arise and unfold over time in unprompted contexts,” said Jessica Andrews-Hanna, an associate professor in the
Department of Psychology and senior author of the paper. “This is where our study comes in.”
The researchers divided the study into two parts. For the first experiment, the researchers asked each
participant to sit alone in a room for 10 minutes without any access to digital devices. In the absence of any
particular prompt, the participants were asked to voice their thoughts aloud in real time. The recorded files from 81
participants were then transcribed (转录) and analyzed.
The first experiment found that creative people were more engaged in their thoughts when they were left alone
without distractions, such as cell phones and the Internet. “Creative people rated themselves as being less bored,
even over those 10 minutes. They also spoke more words overall, which indicated that their thoughts were more
likely to move freely,” said Andrews-Hanna.
For the second experiment, over 2,600 adults answered questions through a smartphone app called Mind
Window, developed by Andrews-Hanna and her graduate student Eric Andrews. Participants who self-identified as
being creative reported being less bored during the idle time.
The researchers are continuing this line of work using their Mind Window app. They encourage people to
download and use the app to help scientists understand how people across the world think in their everyday lives.
“Understanding why different people think the way they do may lead to promising interventions to improve health
and well-being,” said Andrews-Hanna.
8．What do Andrews-Hanna’s words in paragraph 2 focus on?
A．The necessity of the study. B．The value of former studies.
C．The participants of the study. D．The process of former studies.
9．What did the participants do in the first experiment of the study?
A．They spoke out what they thought. B．They recorded their own voices.
C．They remembered some prompts. D．They finished a number of reports.
10．What did the study find about creative people?
A．They made better use of digital devices.B．They enjoyed idle time more than others.
C．They were more likely to understand others.
D．They were more willing to share their thoughts.
11．Which word best describes Mind Window app according to the researchers?
A．Educational. B．Fashionable. C．Expensive. D．Beneficial.
【答案】8．A 9．A 10．D 11．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，主要介绍了新的科学研究发现有创造力的人更有可能有效地利用空闲时间，
而不会感觉无聊。
8．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段““In psychology and neuroscience, most studies on human thoughts either
prompt (提示) participants to think in a certain way or ask them to report on thoughts they experienced, but less is
known about how thoughts naturally arise and unfold over time in unprompted contexts,” said Jessica Andrews-
Hanna, an associate professor in the Department of Psychology and senior author of the paper. “This is where our
study comes in.”(“在心理学和神经科学中，大多数关于人类思想的研究要么促使参与者以某种方式思考，
要么要求他们报告他们所经历的想法，但关于想法是如何在无提示的情况下自然产生和展开的，我们知之
甚少，”心理学系副教授、该论文的资深作者杰西卡·安德鲁斯-汉纳说。“这就是我们研究的意义所
在。”)”可知，文章第二段可知，Andrews-Hanna的话重点说明了这项研究的必要性。故选A项。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“For the first experiment, the researchers asked each participant to sit alone in
a room for 10 minutes without any access to digital devices. In the absence of any particular prompt, the
participants were asked to voice their thoughts aloud in real time.(在第一个实验中，研究人员要求每个参与者
单独坐在一个房间里10分钟，不接触任何数字设备。在没有任何特别提示的情况下，参与者被要求实时大
声说出他们的想法)”可知，试验中第一组参与者被要求说出他们的想法。故选A项。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The first experiment found that creative people were more engaged in their
thoughts when they were left alone without distractions, such as cell phones and the Internet. “Creative people rated
themselves as being less bored, even over those 10 minutes. They also spoke more words overall, which indicated
that their thoughts were more likely to move freely,” said Andrews-Hanna.(第一个实验发现，有创造力的人在没
有手机和互联网等干扰的情况下更专注于思考。“有创造力的人认为自己不那么无聊，即使是在那10分钟
里。总的来说，他们说的话也更多，这表明他们的思想更容易自由流动。”)”可知，有创造力的人在没有
手机和互联网等干扰的情况下更专注于思考，说的话也更多，这说明更愿意分享自己的想法。故选D项。
11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The researchers are continuing this line of work using their Mind
Window app. They encourage people to download and use the app to help scientists understand how people acrossthe world think in their everyday lives. “Understanding why different people think the way they do may lead to
promising interventions to improve health and well-being,” said Andrews-Hanna.(研究人员正在使用他们的Mind
Window应用程序继续这项工作。他们鼓励人们下载并使用这款应用程序，以帮助科学家了解世界各地的
人们在日常生活中是如何思考的。安德鲁斯-汉纳说：了解为什么不同的人会有不同的想法，可能会导致有
希望的干预措施，以改善健康和福祉。”)”可推知，Mind Window软件有助于研究者的研究，可得出Mind
Window软件对于研究者来说是有好处的。故选D项。
6.【2024届甘肃省白银市名校高三二模试题】
Electrically powered vertical-take-off-and-landing (eVTOL) aircraft—flying cars are an idea whose time has
not quite yet come, but is fast approaching. Many firms are offering various designs. None of these, however, will
be Jetson-like family flying cars. Pivotal, based in Silicon Valley, by contrast has crafted something that people can
purchase and pilot themselves. Helix is a single-seat vehicle, so “flying motorbike” might be more accurate. From
next year, many people will be able to order one for personal use, though they will not be able to take delivery until
June.
Marcus Leng founded Pivotal in 2011, and some back-of-the-envelope calculations he made suggested that
electric lift-off of a human-carrying craft, using motors powered by the lithium-ion batteries ought to work. He thus
built a model and flew it in the garden of his house in Warkworth, Ontario.
Now, after ameliorating it, the firm thinks it has something marketable. The aircraft has, nevertheless,
changed little in its fundamentals over the years. It has two pairs of wings and eight propellers (螺旋桨), making it
slightly resemble a squashed “H” when seen in the sky from below. And there is no undercarriage. Instead, its belly
is curved in a way similar to a humpback whale’s, so it rocks to stability after landing.
Pilot’s licence or not, buyers will still need some training to fly a Helix. Pivotal insists on this. For the same
reason, the craft’s software will stop the pilot doing anything that does not fit its safety rules. And if, despite this,
something does go wrong, it is fitted with a parachute（降落伞）.
The Helix’s top speed is a respectable 100 kph, but its range is only 30 km. And refueling it is a bit of a pain.
Filling up from the mains takes four and a half hours, though a special high-power system similar to those
employed for electric cars can bring that down to 75 minutes. While Helix still doesn’t compare to the flying car
from the Jetsons, it could be a step forward.
12．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．Helix has been used in Warkworth widely.B．Flying cars won’t be allowed for personal use.
C．Leng was the first person to design flying cars.
D．Helix is only suitable for one person to drive.
13．What does the underlined word “ameliorating” in paragraph 3’mean?
A．Testing. B．Driving. C．Improving. D．Repairing.
14．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．Helix’s relative devices. B．Helix’s training process.
C．Helix’s safety measures. D．Helix’s working principle.
15．What is the author’s attitude towards Helix?
A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Cautious.
【答案】12．D 13．C 14．C 15．B
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家名为Pivotal的硅谷公司开发的电动垂直起降飞行器Helix，对其
设计、特点、市场前景等方面进行了介绍。
12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Helix is a single-seat vehicle, so “flying motorbike” might be more
accurate. (Helix是一辆单座汽车，所以“会飞的摩托车”可能更准确。)”可知，Helix只适合一人驾驶。故
选D。
13．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“the firm thinks it has something marketable.(公司认为它有了市场)”可
推测，在改进之后，公司认为它有了市场。划线单词ameliorating指的是“提高、改进”之意。选项
A“Testing (测试)”；选项B“Driving (驾驶)”；选项C“Improving (改善)”；选项D“Repairing (修理)”。故选
C。
14．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Pilot’s license or not, buyers will still need some training to fly a Helix.
Pivotal insists on this. For the same reason, the craft’s software will stop the pilot doing anything that does not fit
its safety rules. And if, despite this, something does go wrong, it is fitted with a parachute（降落伞）.(无论是否有
飞行员执照，买家仍然需要一些训练来驾驶螺旋。Pivotal坚持这一点。出于同样的原因，飞行器的软件会
阻止飞行员做任何不符合安全规则的事情。尽管如此，如果出了什么问题，它还配备了降落伞。)”可知，
文章第四段主要讲述的是Helix的安全措施。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The Helix’s top speed is a respectable 100 kph, but its range is only 30
km. And refueling it is a bit of a pain. Filling up from the mains takes four and a half hours, though a special high-
power system similar to those employed for electric cars can bring that down to 75 minutes. While Helix stilldoesn’t compare to the flying car from the Jetsons, it could be a step forward.( Helix的最高时速可达100公里，
但续航里程只有30公里。加油是一件很痛苦的事。从主电源加满电需要四个半小时，不过一种类似于电动
汽车的特殊大功率系统可以把这个时间缩短到75分钟。虽然Helix仍然无法与《杰森一家》中的飞行汽车
相比，但它可能是向前迈出的一步。)”以及全文内容可知，作者在文章中客观地介绍了Helix的设计、特
点、市场前景等方面，没有表达出明显的怀疑、冷漠或谨慎的态度。相反，作者通过提供技术细节和背景
信息，帮助读者更好地理解和评估这款新型飞行器。因此，可以认为作者对于Helix的态度是客观的。故
选B。
7.【2024届贵州省黔东南州高三下学期二模试题】
A team of physicists at the University of Edinburgh, working with an infection and immunity specialist, has,
via experimentation, validated a theory to explain why paint dries at the same rate regardless of humidity (湿度)
levels.
Generally, paint should dry faster on an outdoor fence on a dry day than when it is humid because evaporation
(蒸发) occurs faster when the air around a liquid source is drier. But evidence suggests this is not the case for paint
and some other liquids. Chemist Salmon and his colleagues developed a theory to explain why. They suggested it is
because large molecules in the liquid are pulled to the surface during evaporation, forming a “polarization layer”
that prevents evaporation, and by extension, drying. In this new effort, the research team worked to test this theory.
The researchers drilled five holes into a short cylinder (圆柱体) and inserted glass tubes in a horizontal
position — each was then sealed in place. They then added a quantity of PVA, a kind of chemical substance, into
the cylinder, which they placed on a scale. They poured a thin layer of oil on top of the liquid to prevent surface
evaporation. The final touch involved placing an air flow box over the top of the cylinder to allow for controlling
humidity levels. The team then ran multiple 17-hour trials to determine evaporation rates, using the scale to
measure how much liquid evaporated from the tubes at different humidity levels, ranging from 25% to 90%.
The researchers found that as expected, evaporation rates remained constant for approximately three hours.
But then, rates plummeted, as was theorized by Salmon, regardless of humidity levels. The evaporation rate didn’t
decrease as humidity increased during the initial three hours. However, the theory only appeared to hold for
humidity levels up to 80% — at rates higher than that, evaporation did slow down, which the team suggested was
likely due to some other forces.
The researchers suggested their work could have medical applications as recent research efforts have shown
that respiratory droplets (呼吸道飞沫) tend to form skins similar to those seen in the experimental equipment.12．What is Salmon’s theory aimed at proving?
A．The link between evaporation and drying time.
B．The connection between humidity and dryness.
C．The structure of the “polarization layer” on paint.
D．The impact of humidity on the drying rate of paint.
13．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The test result. B．The post-test evaluation.
C．The research prediction. D．The experimental process.
14．What does the underlined word “plummeted” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Fell. B．Kept. C．Disappeared. D．Accelerated.
15．How do the researchers find the study?
A．It is tentative. B．It is effortless.
C．It is promising. D．It is controversial.
【答案】12．D 13．D 14．A 15．C
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了爱丁堡大学的一组物理学家通过实验验证了一个理论，该理论解释了为什么无论
湿度水平如何，油漆都会以相同的速度干燥。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“A team of physicists at the University of Edinburgh, working with an infection
and immunity specialist, has, via experimentation, validated a theory to explain why paint dries at the same rate
regardless of humidity(湿度)levels(爱丁堡大学的一个物理学家团队与一位感染和免疫专家合作，通过实验验
证了一种理论，解释了为什么无论湿度水平如何，油漆都会以相同的速度干燥)”可知，萨蒙的理论试图证
明湿度对油漆干燥速率的影响，故选D项。
13．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The researchers drilled five holes into a short cylinder(圆柱体)and inserted glass
tubes in a horizontal position—each was then sealed in place (研究人员在一个短圆柱体上钻了五个孔，并在水
平位置插入玻璃管，然后将每个玻璃管密封到位)”、“They then added a quantity of PVA, a kind of chemical
substance, into the cylinder, which they placed on a scale.(然后，他们在圆柱体中加入一定量的PVA，一种化
学物质，并将其放在天平上)”以及“The final touch involved placing an air flow box over the top of the cylinder
to allow for controlling humidity levels(最后一点是在气缸顶部放置一个气流箱，以控制湿度水平)”可推理
出，本段按照实验步骤讲述了实验的过程，故选D项。
14．词句猜测题。根据第二段“They suggested it is because large molecules in the liquid are pulled to thesurface during evaporation, forming a “polarization layer” that prevents evaporation, and by extension, drying. In
this new effort, the research team worked to test this theory(他们认为，这是因为在蒸发过程中，液体中的大分
子被拉到表面，形成了一个“偏振层”，阻止蒸发，进而阻止干燥。在这项新的研究中，研究小组努力验
证这一理论)”以及第四段“as was theorized by Salmon, regardless of humidity levels(正如萨蒙所推测的那样，
无论湿度水平如何)”可推理第四段出划线词的含义为“下降”，故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers suggested their work could have medical applications as
recent research efforts have shown that respiratory droplets(呼吸道飞沫)tend to form skins similar to those seen in
the experimental equipment.( 研究人员认为他们的研究可能有医学应用，因为最近的研究表明，呼吸道飞沫
往往会形成与实验设备中观察到的类似的表皮)”可推理出，研究人员认为这项研究室有前途的，故选C
项。
8.【2024届甘肃省天水市麦积区高三二检试题】
Remember Malcolm Gladwell’s famous “10,000-hour rule” from his bestselling book Outliers? It proposes
that achieving mastery in any field requires roughly 10,000 hours of practice, emphasizing the importance of early
professionalization and intensive practice for becoming an elite in a particular field.
This approach, known as “deliberate practice”, encourages setting goals from a young age, investing time and
specializing in a specific field. On paper, it sounds like a good path to success, but when we look at the lives of elite
athletes, musicians and scholars, we find a different story. In reality, many individuals who have risen to the top of
their respective fields took a more diverse and winding route. They often explored a wide range of activities, gained
a broad skill set, and only specialized at a later stage in life. In other words, the idea that one must know one’s
specialization from a young age is fundamentally wrong.
Studies have shown that an approach called the “sampling period” is often more effective for achieving
success. During this phase, individuals try various activities, gain diverse skills, identify their strengths and
weaknesses, and only choose a field to specialize in once they have a clearer understanding of their passions and
abilities.
Elite athletes, for example, rarely specialize in a single sport at a very young age. Instead, they engage in a
variety of sports during their formative years, which allows them to acquire broad physical skills and discover their
interests and talents. These early diversification experiences provide valuable lessons that can be applied to their
chosen sports.
Consider the journey of Roger Federer, one of the greatest tennis players of all time. At the age of 6, hedabbled in rugby, skiing and wrestling, only returning to tennis later. The trial period benefited him not just because
he found his true passion but also because his experiences in various sports enriched his tennis game with a unique
set of skills.
8．What does the author think of “10,000-hour rule”?
A．It’s effective. B．It’s costly. C．It’s unpractical. D．It’s unproven.
9．“Deliberate practice” stresses the importance of the following aspects except ______.
A．early goal-setting B．diverse skills
C．focused practice D．field specialization
10．Why is Roger Federer mentioned in the last paragraph?
A．To show the difficulty to be an elite athlete.
B．To prove the advantage of the “sampling period”.
C．To give an example of applying “deliberate practice”.
D．To tell us one of the greatest tennis players of all time.
11．Which statement would the author probably agree with?
A．Kids should try many kinds of activities.B．Passion can be found at a young age.
C．Many failures can lead to successes. D．Learn to be an athlete since young.
【答案】8．C 9．B 10．B 11．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是“一万小时”定律以及其不实际性。同时研究表明，一
种被称为“抽样周期”的方法通常更有效地取得成功。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“On paper, it sounds like a good path to success, but when we look at the lives of
elite athletes, musicians and scholars, we find a different story. In reality, many individuals who have risen to the
top of their respective fields took a more diverse and winding route. They often explored a wide range of activities,
gained a broad skill set, and only specialized at a later stage in life. In other words, the idea that one must know
one’s specialization from a young age is fundamentally wrong.(从表面上看，这听起来像是一条通往成功的好
途径，但当我们观察精英运动员、音乐家和学者的生活时，我们会发现一个不同的故事。实际上，许多在
各自领域登上顶峰的人走的是一条更加多样化和曲折的道路。他们经常探索各种各样的活动，获得广泛的
技能，只有在生命的后期才会专业化。换句话说，一个人必须从小就了解自己的专业的想法从根本上是错
误的)”可知，作者认为“一万小时规则”是不实际的。故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“It proposes that achieving mastery in any field requires roughly 10,000 hours of
practice, emphasizing the importance of early professionalization and intensive practice for becoming an elite in aparticular field.(它提出，要在任何领域达到精通，都需要大约1万个小时的练习，强调早期专业化和密集练
习对于成为某一领域的精英的重要性)”以及第二段“This approach, known as “deliberate practice”, encourages
setting goals from a young age, investing time and specializing in a specific field.(这种方法被称为“刻意练
习”，鼓励人们从小就设定目标，投入时间，专攻某一特定领域)”可知，“刻意练习”没有强调多种技能
的重要性。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Consider the journey of Roger Federer, one of the greatest tennis players of all
time. At the age of 6, he dabbled in rugby, skiing and wrestling, only returning to tennis later. The trial period
benefited him not just because he found his true passion but also because his experiences in various sports enriched
his tennis game with a unique set of skills.(想想有史以来最伟大的网球运动员之一罗杰·费德勒的经历吧。6岁
时，他开始涉足橄榄球、滑雪和摔跤，后来才重新回到网球上。这段试用期让他受益，不仅因为他找到了
自己真正的激情，还因为他在各种运动中的经历丰富了他的网球比赛，使他拥有了一套独特的技能)”可推
知，最后一段提到了罗杰·费德勒是为了证明“抽样周期”的优势。故选B。
11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Instead, they engage in a variety of sports during their formative years,
which allows them to acquire broad physical skills and discover their interests and talents.(相反，他们在成长过程
中参加各种各样的运动，这使他们获得广泛的身体技能，发现他们的兴趣和才能)”可知，作者认为孩子们
应该尝试各种各样的活动。故选A。
9.【2024届新疆维吾尔自治区塔城地区二模试题】
Billions of insects are moving together over the sky like a black cloud. It’s a swarm of locusts. Many insects
move in huge swarms. They form swarms for different reasons. Some move together to look for food or to find new
homes. Sometimes insects swarm for protection. These enormous swarms can destroy food crops and harm other
living things.
When something disturbs a red fire ants’ nest, out they will come. Not just one or two, but thousands of them.
The fire ants swarm all over their victim. Their stings burn like fire. Each ant in the swarm can sting over and over
again. The fire ants hold onto their victim with their mouth parts. Then they inject their prey with poison. Most
small animals cannot survive the stings from a swarm of fire ants.
When army ants are on the move, anything in their path is prey. Even snakes can’ t escape a swarm of these
stinging ants. Army ants move together to look for food. They can’t see their prey, but they use smells and sounds
to find their way. If they come to a river, they make a bridge with their bodies. They cling together with their legs.Then the rest of the ants can cross the bridge. There is not much that can stop these fierce and cruel ants from
chasing their prey.
Insects are not the only animals that swarm. There are many others that do. Most are not harmful to people.
Being close to a huge swarm of animals can be scary and dangerous. Some scientists have studied animal swarms.
They have found that many swarms follow simple rules. They work together to solve problems. When they work
together they are a very strong team.
4．What does the underlined word “swarm” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A．To force a liquid into something. B．To hold onto something tightly.
C．To move together in a large group. D．To watch over something.
5．What can we learn about fire ants from the text?
A．Their stings contain a kind of poison and are deadly to most small animals.
B．They can destroy food crops and are harmful to other living things.
C．When they move together, they are called “a swarm of locusts”.
D．They move in swarms to make new nests in different places.
6．Which of the following can be the proper feature of army ants according to the text?
A．Blind and smelly. B．Angry and violent.
C．Scary and dangerous. D．Strong and fast.
7．What is the most suitable title for the text?
A．Moving Nests B．Stinging Fire Ants
C．A Moving Army D．Swarms of Animals
【答案】4．C 5．A 6．B 7．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自然界中动物尤其是火蚊、行军蚁成群结队地行动的场景及原
因，并指出在自然界中，动物群集行动形成了强大的动物军团，能够更好地解决诸如觅食、防御等问题。
4．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“They form swarms for different reasons. Some move together to look for
food or to find new homes. (它们形成群体的原因各不相同。有些一起搬家去寻找食物或寻找新家)”可知，此
处指出解释它们形成群体原因有所不同，并列举具体原因。由此推知，画线词所在句表示“有时昆虫成群
结队地寻求保护”，画线词的含义为“一起移动，蜂拥而至”。A. To force a liquid into something迫使液体
进入某物；B. To hold onto something tightly紧紧抓住某物；C. To move together in a large group一大群一起
移动；D. To watch over something看管某物。故选 C。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Then they inject their prey with poison. Most small animals cannot survive thestings from a swarm of fire ants. (然后给猎物注射毒药。大多数小动物都无法在一群火蚁的叮咬下存活下来)”
可知，它们的刺中含有一种毒素，对大多数小动物来说都是致命的。故选 A。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“There is not much that can stop these fierce and cruel ants from chasing their
prey. (没有什么能阻止这些凶猛而残忍的蚂蚁追逐猎物)”可知，它们凶猛而残忍。故选B。
7．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Billions of insects are moving together over the sky like a black
cloud. It’s a swarm of locusts. Many insects move in huge swarms. They form swarms for different reasons. Some
move together to look for food or to find new homes. Sometimes insects swarm for protection. These enormous
swarms can destroy food crops and harm other living things. (数以十亿计的昆虫一起在天空上移动，就像一朵
乌云。那是一群蝗虫。许多昆虫成群结队地活动。它们形成群体的原因各不相同。有些人一起搬家去寻找
食物或寻找新家。有时昆虫成群结队地寻求保护)”可知，文章主要介绍了自然界中动物尤其是火蚊、行军
蚁成群结队地行动的场景及原因，并指出在自然界中，动物群集行动形成了强大的动物军团，能够更好地
解决诸如觅食、防御等问题。选项D“Swarms of Animals (动物群集)”符合文章大意，适合作为标题。故选
D。
10.【2024届吉林省吉林市高三二模试题】
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over 80 million American adults are
constantly sleep deprived (睡眠不足), meaning they sleep less than the recommended minimum of seven hours a
night. If you’re one of those people who are proud of being able to fall asleep quickly just about anywhere, it’s too
early to gloat — it’s a distinct sign, especially if you’re less than 40 years old, that you’re severely sleep deprived.
During our lifetimes, about a third of us will suffer from at least one diagnosable sleep disorder, ranging from
constant insomnia (失眠) to restless leg syndrome to much rarer and stranger conditions.
Insomnia is by far the most common problem, the main reason 4 percent of U.S. adults take sleeping pills in
any given month. Insomniacs generally take longer to fall asleep, wake up for long periods during the night, or
both. They have a high risk of depression, psychosis, and stroke. Lack of sleep is also directly tied to obesity:
Without enough sleep, the stomach and other organs overproduce the hunger hormone (荷尔蒙), causing us to eat
more. If sleep is such a natural phenomenon, why do so many of us have such trouble with it?
The problem is that in the modern world our ancient, inborn wake-up call is constantly set off by non-life-
threatening situations like anxiety before an exam, worries about finances, or every car alarm in the neighborhood.
Before the industrial revolution, which brought us alarm clocks and fixed work schedules, we could often handle
insomnia simply by sleeping in. No longer, now.
Power naps don’t solve the problem; nor does sleeping medicine. “Sleep is not a single issue.” says JeffreyEllenbogen, a sleep scientist at Johns Hopkins University who directs the Sound Sleep Project, “It’s a thousand
different things. It’s fascinating to regulate sleep with drugs or devices, but we don’t yet understand sleep enough to
artificially intervene in it.”
28．What does the underlined word “gloat” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．be worried. B．be delighted. C．be concerned. D．be surprised.
29．What can we learn about insomniacs in paragraph 3?
A．They take sleeping pills on a daily basis.B．They fall asleep faster than others.
C．They will become underweight. D．They probably come down with mental diseases.
30．Why are so many people suffering sleep deprivation nowadays?
A．Because of the long-standing pressure of survival.
B．Due to the continuously existing threats to life.
C．Because of the loss of the natural wake-up call.
D．Due to the disturbance to the natural sleeping patterns.
31．What do Jefferey Ellenbogen’s words suggest?
A．Taking some sleeping pills works perfectly.
B．Artificial intervention can’t tackle insomnia thoroughly.
C．Devices help people get enough sleep undoubtedly.
D．Sleeping during the day should be conducted carefully.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．D 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了当下人们所面临的睡眠问题。
28．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“it’s a distinct sign, especially if you’re less than 40 years old, that you’re
severely sleep deprived.(这是一个明显的迹象，特别是如果你不到40岁，你严重睡眠不足)”可知，在任何地
方迅速入睡，你不要因此而太早地感到高兴，因为这是严重缺少睡眠的迹象。由此可知，划线词gloat与
be delighted“感到高兴”意思接近。故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They have a high risk of depression, psychosis, and stroke.(他们患抑郁
症、精神病和中风的风险很高)”可知，失眠症患者可能会患上精神疾病。故选D。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The problem is that in the modern world our ancient, inborn wake-up call is
constantly set off by non-life-threatening situations like anxiety before an exam, worries about finances, or every
car alarm in the neighborhood.(问题是，在现代社会中，我们与生俱来的警钟总是被一些不危及生命的情况
所触发，比如考试前的焦虑、对财务状况的担忧，或者邻居家的汽车警报)”可推知，由于自然睡眠模式受
到干扰，现在很多人都在遭受睡眠不足的折磨。故选D。31．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Sleep is not a single issue.” says Jeffrey Ellenbogen, a sleep scientist
at Johns Hopkins University who directs the Sound Sleep Project, “It’s a thousand different things. It’s fascinating
to regulate sleep with drugs or devices, but we don’t yet understand sleep enough to artificially intervene in it.”(“睡
眠不是一个单一的问题。”约翰霍普金斯大学的睡眠科学家Jeffrey Ellenbogen说，他指导了“健全睡眠项
目”，“这是一千种不同的东西。用药物或设备来调节睡眠是很有趣的，但我们对睡眠的了解还不够，无
法进行人为干预。”)”可推知，Jeffrey Ellenbogen的话表明，人为干预并不能彻底解决失眠问题。故选B。
