专题07 阅读理解（说明文）
（一）
（2025·河南安阳·二模）
C
An organization called Ulum Dalska, located in a small Swedish town called Älvdalen, is on a mission. For
decades, members have been working hard to help save a language called Elfdalian, the remains of Old Norse.
Elfdalian, which press secretary Björn Rehnström said was hit by the popularity of Swedish about 100 years
ago, sounds nothing like the country’s national language — Swedish. At that point, Elfdalian became stigmatized.
Ulla Schütt, a Ulum Dalska member, saw the impact first-hand while growing up in Älvdalen. “My parents
spoke Elfdalian with everyone else around,” Schütt said. “But when they turned to me, they spoke Swedish.” That’s
what was spoken in schools. Students were even discouraged from speaking Elfdalian in the classroom.
Now, there’re only about 2,500 speakers left. But people are getting creative in the fight to change that trend.
The language is getting a boost on Minecraft. Musicians are releasing new songs with Elfdalian lyrics ( 歌词).
Several children’s books were also translated into Elfdalian. Additionally, Rehnström helps run a popular online
group that offers courses in the Elfdalian language, where he posts lessons to the group’s 1,800 global members.
The local government supports the teaching and preservation of Elfdalian. The language is also recognized
on an international level. In 2016, it was assigned an ISO language code, which helps the Internet distinguish one
language from another.
But the national government of Sweden is a different story. They currently consider Elfdalian a dialect of
Swedish, not its own language. Speaking in Elfdalian, Swedish MP Peter Helander recently asked Parliament ( 国
会)why that’s the case. But before Culture Minister Amanda Lind could answer the question, the parliamentary
speaker Luca interrupted them both to say that only Swedish may be spoken.
Schütt said every time a language dies — which some research suggests is as often as once every two weeks
— it is a sad moment. To her, losing Elfdalian would be an especially tragic loss. Getting Elfdalian recognized as a
language by the Swedish government, she added, is key to making sure that it doesn’t disappear.
28.What is the task of Ulum Dalska?
A．To promote a small Swedish town.
B．To protect an endangered language.
C．To figure out the remains of Old Norse.
D．To teach town residents a new language.
29.What does the underlined word “stigmatized” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Celebrated.
B．Disrespected.
C．Documented.
D．Reorganized.
30.What attitude does Rehnström probably hold towards Elfdalian?
A．Favorable.
B．Tolerant.
C．Objective.
D．Dismissive.
31.What does Schütt think is essential to the protection of Elfdalian?
A．Releasing more songs in Elfdalian.
B．Getting international recognition.
C．Setting up online language groups.
D．Seeking the national government’s support.
（二）
（2025·河南平汝名校·二模）
C
The nation’s biggest transit (交通) systems are using AI-enhanced cameras to keep bus lanes (车道) clear of
illegally parked cars. The company behind those cameras is a start-up called Hayden AI. The cameras are put inside
the front windshield (挡风玻璃), where they can take in everything happening in front of the bus. “The system
analyzes those images to decide if it’s looking at a vehicle,” said Charley Territo, the chief growth officer for
Hayden AI, “and whether that vehicle is stopped somewhere it shouldn’t be.”
In just three years, Hayden AI has launched services with transit agencies in New York, Washington, D ．
C．, Oakland, California, and Los Angeles. The company is organizing pilot programs in Seattle and Denver, and
it’s talking with other cities, including Philadelphia and Chicago.
The camera systems are using AI to help transit agencies catch and fine drivers who illegally block bus lanes
and bus stops. But Territo said that’s not the ultimate goal. “When you look at the reason for enforcement ( 执
行),it’s really not to write tickets. It’s to change driver behavior,” said Territo. “What we’ re seeing is a reduction in
the number of repeat lawbreakers.”
New York’s Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) said its buses were 5% faster on the routes where
it had been using the cameras, and they’d been involved in 20% fewer accidents. So the agency moved to expand
the program this year to 20 new bus routes.
But that expansion didn’t go quite as planned, as hundreds of drivers received erroneous tickets. “It wasn’t
anything too worrisome at first, because you realize you’ve parked in a legal spot,” said George Han, who lives on
the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Han said he’s careful about only parking in legal spots, so he was astounded
when the tickets kept coming in the mail.
The MTA said about 800 tickets were mistakenly issued because of a “programming error” by Hayden AI,
who said those programming errors had been fixed. “The problems in New York had nothing to do with the
technology. It was really a configuration (配置) issue,” said Hayden AI’s Charley Territo.
28.What can we know about the AI-enhanced system in paragraph 1?
A．The development of it.
B．The reasons why it is analyzed.
C．The disadvantages of it.
D．The way in which it works.
29.What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A．Hayden AI supports its branch companies.
B．The AI-enhanced system is becoming popular.
C．The smart vehicles are spreading worldwide.
D．The transit agencies need to be improved.
30.What is the final goal of using AI-enhanced cameras in Territo’s opinion?
A．To write tickets for lawbreakers.
B．To attract more passengers.
C．To encourage good driving habits.
D．To allow buses to run faster.
31.What does the underlined word “astounded” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Shocked.
B．Embarrassed.
C．Proud.
D．Grateful.
（三）
（2025·河南南阳完全学校·二模）
C
Never judge a book by its cover — even if the cover doesn’t say much at all. The first thing customers see
when they walk into the Strand Book Store in Manhattan is a table of nameless books with covers wrapped like
Christmas presents and titles replaced by general descriptions. The store calls it “Blind Date With a Book”.
People love it, Paul Colarusso, the communications director for the Strand, said, “We put it right at the front
of the store because it quite literally stops people in their tracks.” “People are attracted to the element of surprise,
which focuses attention and creates a dopamine (多巴胺) response,” Mr. Tobin, an associate professor at Case
Western University, said. Meanwhile, stores have found a new way to sell books that are overlooked because they
are not new, best-selling or penned by a famous author.
Much like real dating, there’s no perfect science, and an element of trial and error is involved. Fantasy and
mystery books work well. Forgotten books from the past are great too. When in Rome by Sarah Adams is disguised
as “Freshly Baked Slow Bum Rom-com”. Spoiler Alert by Olivia Dade becomes a “You’ve Got Mail-esque
Romance”.
But not all bookstores have embraced the trend. Dozens of bookstore owners around the country said they
did not know what “Blind Date Books” were. Others didn’t participate in the trend because store policy prohibits
returns or exchanges which are necessary if someone has picked up a book they have already read.
On a warm Friday morning, the bookstore is packed. About half the customers stop at the “Blind Date
Books” display by the entrance, closely inspecting the neatly drawn, wrapped covers. Heather Toner buys one.
“Throwing caution to the wind and letting someone else choose for me just sort of feels like a nice change of pace,”
Ms. Toner, a reader, said. “I never went on a real blind date. ‘Blind Date With a Book’ is kind of my speed. ”
28.What makes “Blind Date With a Book” appealing to customers according to Mr. Tobin?
A．The ability to choose specific titles.
B．The attractiveness of the packaging.
C．The excitement of an unforeseen choice.
D．The identification of dopamine response.
29.How does “Blind Date With a Book” benefit bookstores?
A．It enriches customers’ choices.
B．It satisfies readers’ special needs.
C．It simplifies shopping procedures.
D．It helps market less-known books.
30.What does the underlined word “embraced” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Overlooked.
B．Blocked
C．Guided.
D．Adopted.
31.Which words best describe Heather Toner’s attitude towards “Blind Date With a Book”?
A．Open and adventurous
B．Cautious and reserved.
C．Tolerant and indecisive.
D．Dismissive and skeptical.
（四）
（2025·河南湘豫名校联考·二模）
C
In rural Africa, where livelihoods are often tied directly to the land, environmental decline poses a critical
threat to both ecosystems and people’s well-being. A new study co-authored by researchers at Stanford University
analyzes how various African communities have attempted to reverse this trend and offers valuable insights into
what works. The study in Sustainability Science emphasizes that long-term joint efforts among local communities,
governments, and organizations are essential to foster transitions to sustainability.
For decades, many African communities have faced the double challenge of addressing environmental
decline while improving people’s livelihoods. As land becomes less productive due to low soil fertilization (施肥),
deforestation, or climate change, the pressure on these communities intensifies. This led to top-down restoration
efforts with often limited success, according to the researchers.
More recently, in many areas, new efforts have been made to reverse these negative trends, often with
support from governments, NGOs, or international organizations. However, results have been mixed, with some
initiatives leading to significant improvements, while others fell short.
After examining 17 cases representing various initiatives to reverse land decline across 13 African countries,
the researchers found that successful interventions typically share a few key characteristics. First and foremost, they
often involve strong social arrangements between actors, supported by well-functioning institutions. In cases like
the Shinyanga region of Tanzania, where 90% of the population was involved in reforestation efforts, the results
were impressive. The region saw the restoration of about 1,100 to 1,900 square miles of woodland, which enhanced
livelihoods through the provision of resources like wood for fuel.
Another critical factor is the correspondence of incentives with environmental goals. In Burkina Faso, for
example, farmers began planting cashew trees, driven by the opportunity to sell their produce in international
markets. This not only provided a new income stream but also helped to combat desertification as more trees were
planted. These cases highlight the importance of ensuring that environmental restoration efforts also address the
economic and social needs of communities.
“It is possible to turn the tide on environmental decline,” Lambin said. “The key lies in creating long-term
interventions that are locally driven and integrate poverty-related concerns, supported by strong governance
structures and based on coalitions of actors.”
28.What does the study conducted by Stanford University focus on?
A．Economic development in rural Africa. B．The impact of urbanization on land use.
C．Strategies for reversing environmental decline.
D．The role of technology in agricultural productivity.
29.What is the function of the second paragraph?
A．Offering conclusions.
B．Providing background.
C．Presenting findings.
D．Introducing methodology.
30.Which is the key to reversing the land decline?
A．Top-down government initiatives.
B．Relying solely on NGOs for support.
C．Focus on international organizations.
D．High levels of community involvement.
31.What does the underlined word “incentives” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A．Rewards.
B．Obstacles.
C．Regulations.
D．Fines.
（五）
（2025·河南开封市等3 地·二模）
C
In an era dominated by keyboards and screens, the decline of handwriting has sparked debates about its
relevance. Yet research consistently highlights unique cognitive (认知的) advantages of writing by hand that digital
tools cannot imitate.
Numerous studies reveal that manual writing strengthens memory maintenance more effectively than typing.
Naomi Susan Baron, a linguistics professor, notes that people across Japan, Norway, and the U.S. recall information
better when jotting it down ( 草草记下) manually. For instance, adults learning Arabic letters via handwriting
outperformed typists in recognition and pronunciation speed. Similarly, students who take handwritten notes during
lectures demonstrate deeper comprehension compared to those typing, as handwriting forces the brain to actively
map sounds to letter shapes — a process critical for literacy development.
Neurological evidence supports these findings. Using EEG scans, Norwegian researchers observed that
handwriting activates broader brain networks, including regions linked to memory, attention, and motor skills,
while typing only stimulates localized areas. Theta (4-7Hz) and alpha (8-12.5Hz) brainwaves, associated with
learning and focus, were notably stronger during manual writing. This multi-sensory engagement — combining
touch, vision, and movement — enhances neural connectivity and information encoding.
Experts argue that handwriting’s tactile (触觉的) nature fosters deeper cognitive processing. Unlike typing,
which allows for quick corrections and auto-completions, writing by hand requires deliberate planning of each
stroke, promoting mindfulness and reducing mental shortcuts. Such “neural maintenance”, as Van der Meer terms
it, not only sharpens memory but also delays cognitive decline.
Educators are re-evaluating handwriting’s role. While some countries have dropped cursive ( 手写体的)
instruction, others like Norway and parts of the U. S. are reintegrating it into curricula to support brain
development. For adults, maintaining handwriting practice serves as a low-cost cognitive exercise, similar to
physical workouts for the mind.
In conclusion, handwriting remains a vital tool for optimizing brain function. Though digital tools excel in
efficiency, the sensory and motor demands of writing by hand cultivate richer learning experiences, fostering
creativity, focus, and long-term maintenance. As Baron emphasizes, preserving this skill safeguards not just
tradition, but the fundamental ways we process and retain knowledge.
28.According to the passage, what is one significant advantage of handwriting over typing in terms of cognitive
development?
A．Handwriting improves typing speed.
B．Handwriting enhances memory preservation.
C．Handwriting increases reliance on technology.
D．Handwriting reduces the need for literacy development.
29.What can be inferred about the impact of the activation on learning in paragraph 3?
A．It enhances learning and focus.
B．It makes learning more difficult.
C．It only benefits children, not adults.
D．It has a significant impact on learning.
30.What is the likely reason for the reintroduction of cursive handwriting in some educational curricula?
A．To improve students’ typing skills.
B．To preserve traditional calligraphy techniques.
C．To increase the efficiency of note-taking in lectures.
D．To support brain development through multi-sensory engagement.
31.What is the main purpose of the article?
A．To highlight the cognitive benefits of handwriting over typing.
B．To provide a history of handwriting and its cultural significance.
C．To argue that digital tools should replace handwriting in education.
D．To describe the neurological differences between typing and handwriting.
（六）
（2025·河南新乡·二模）
C
The skin is the body’s largest organ. Look at it under a microscope, and you will see thousands of nerve
endings that help keep the brain connected to the outside world through touch, pressure, and pain. But Zhenan Bao
sees something more.
For Bao, a Stanford chemical engineer focusing on polymers (聚合物), the skin is not only a sensory organ
but also a flexible, stretchable, and self-healing material. Bao works in an emerging field that aims to develop
electronic skin, or e-skin, to recreate some functions of the human skin for use in artificial limbs ( 肢) as well as
robotics. For people who wear artificial limbs, a sense of touch would improve their quality of life immeasurably.
“Our current electronics are easily broken and difficult to bend or move. But if we can make them all like
skin, it can potentially change how humans interact and connect with electronics,” Bao says. Bao sees possible
applications for e-skin in wearable devices. “There is a lot of interest in wearable devices that go beyond just
measuring how many steps we walk each day, or the heart rate,” she adds.
The key to such delicate applications is that the electronics must be stretchable. That’s where polymers come
in. A polymer is a large molecule (分子) made up of smaller molecules that are linked together like a chain. By
changing the structure of the molecules, Bao and her team came up with a new flexible material that was perfect for
the job.
At Stanford, Bao and her colleagues worked on polymers for displays that can stretch and fold. After more
than three years of work, they published a proof-of-principle study in the journal Nature for a super-stretchy
polymer. The material can be eventually used for body-worn electronics that measure and display vital signs. Bao is
driven by the idea of developing electronics that could benefit medical diagnosis and health care. But she thinks the
road to commercialization is long.
28.Which is one of the goals of developing e-skin?
A．To touch robots.
B．To replace artificial limbs.
C．To aid some disabled individuals.
D．To improve humans’ sensory organs.
29.What does Bao expect of e-skin compared to current electronics?
A．It will be less convenient to wear.
B．It will be more durable and flexible.
C．It will be less interactive with humans.
D．It will be more bendable and breakable.
30.What can we learn about the super-stretchy polymer from the text?
A．It lacks proof of principle.
B．It can forecast the body’s vital signs.
C．It has been commercialized and sells well.
D．It is in the research and development stage.
31.What is the best title for the text?
A．Electronics: Becoming the Focus of Engineers
B．E-skin: Transforming Human-Tech Interaction
C．A Polymer: Acting as a Perfect Chemical Material
D．Applications: Changing the Structure of the Molecules
（七）
（2025·河南豫西北教研联盟·二模）
C
Smell is probably our most underappreciated sense. But a loss of smell has been linked to health problems
such as depression and cognitive (认知的)decline. And mounting evidence shows that smelling training may help
prevent that decline.
Now, a team of researchers led by Michael Leon, has successfully boosted cognitive performance by
exposing people to smells while they sleep. Twenty participants — all older than 60 and generally healthy —
received six months of overnight smell enrichment, and all significantly improved their ability to recall lists of
words.
The scientists are unsure about how the overnight smell may have produced this result. But Leon notes that
the neurons ( 神经元)involved in our smelling have “direct superhighway access” to brain regions related to
memory and emotion. In participants who received the treatment, the study authors observed the physical changes
in a brain structure that connects the memory and emotional centers — a pathway that often deteriorates as people
age.
Previous successful attempts to boost memory with smell typically relied on complicated interventions with
multiple exposures a day. If the nighttime treatment proves successful in large tests, it promises to be a convenient
way to achieve similar effects, says Vidya Kamath, a neuropsychologist at the Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine.
Larger experiments may also help answer some remaining questions. The new study used widely available
essential oils, but researchers aren’t sure if just any smell would get the same results. They don’t know how much
an essential oil’s qualities affect the cognitive gains. It is also unclear how much novelty plays a role, says Michael
Pieniak, a psychology researcher at the University of Wroclaw in Poland who has studied smelling training.
Overnight smells could be a strong line for further study. But Pieniak cautions fans of smell training from running
to try it. The results are promising, but just a start and should be repeated with more particular participants.
28.What’s Leon’s research intended to check?
A．If it can enhance cognitive ability.
B．If it can help cure sleeplessness.
C．If it can recover the sense of smell.
D．If it can improve physical health.
29.What happens to the participants in the experiment?
A．They suffer from depression.
B．They remember smell far better.
C．They become more emotional.
D．They have changes in their brains.
30.What does the underlined word “deteriorates” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Remains stable.
B．Recovers gradually.
C．Becomes worse.
D．Disappears completely.
31.What is Michael Pieniak’s attitude towards the findings?
A．Cautious.
B．Optimistic.
C．Critical.
D．Enthusiastic.
（八）
（2025·河南信阳高级中学·二模）
C
Ask students to describe their brain with a metaphor( 比喻) and they’re likely to suggest a computer,
command center, or maybe a lightning-fast communications network. But they’d be better off thinking of the brain
as a muscle that gets stronger with use. Researchers now understand that IQ isn’t fixed at birth. Just as we get more
physically fit from exercising, we can build brainpower through the act of learning.
Children who adopt what psychologist Carol Dweck calls a growth mindset understand that intelligence isn’t
fixed but can be developed through effort. In her book Mindset, Dweck explains why students who have a growth
mindset are more willing to tackle challenges, learn from failure, and see criticism as useful feedback rather than a
reason to give up. This is the kind of thinking that keeps students motivated, even when learning is hard work.
The good news is that even mindset isn’t fixed. A growth mindset can be learned and improved by messages
that praise persistence and set high expectations. For example, help students understand that challenging
assignments will stretch their “thinking muscles.” At the same time, provide them with necessary support so they
don’t get discouraged.
It is widely believed that all brains are not equal because context and ability influence learning. The brain
connects new information to old and can be changed by experience.
Effective teaching strategies help students move toward higher-order thinking, or what neurologists call
executive(执行) function. As neurologist turned teacher Judy Willis, MD explains, “When you provide students
with opportunities to apply learning, especially through real, personally meaningful activities with formative
assessments and corrective feedback throughout a unit, facts move from rote( 死记硬背) memory to become
integrated into related memory bank, instead of being cut away from disuse.”
Of course, all this brain activity is happening in a unique way for each student. By addressing learners’
individual needs, educators can help students strengthen the connections that will lead to deeper understanding.
28.Why does the author compare the brain to a muscle?
A．Both work as a complex network.
B．Both transport information quickly.
C．Both are important organs of the body.
D．Both become stronger through practice.
29.Which of the following students may have the growth mindset?
A．Student A abandoned his project half-way.
B．Student B changed his major after a failure.
C．Student C adjusted his way of learning new words.
D．Student D refused to accept his teacher’s criticism.
30.What can we infer about growth mindset from Paragraph 3?
A．It is born-with.
B．It is easy to get.
C．It can be predicted.
D．It can be strengthened.
31.Who are the probable target readers of this text?
A．Educators.
B．Parents.
C．Students.
D．Officials.
（九）
（2025·河南郑州中原区郑州中学·二模）
C
Humor plays a great role in helping one deal with stress, anger, fear, anxiety and other difficult emotions.
Sometimes, that means purposefully shoring up defenses against hard times to come. Other times it can mean
laughing when you want to cry, or cracking an illogical joke when it feels like the sky is falling and Earth is on fire.
To psychologists, humor is an unconscious coping mechanism, a kind of strategic behavior or thought. Not
all of these strategies are beneficial: Drinking or overeating, for example, are more dangerous coping mechanisms,
whereas humor taps creativity into stress, which can enable a viewpoint shift and block distressing emotions.
And of course, there’s the physical reaction of humor: laughter. With it comes better breathing, muscle
relaxation and a higher pain tolerance. “The stress is there; you just don’t feel it as much,” says psychologist
Sultanoff.
Of course, humor isn’t foolproof: Making the wrong joke in the wrong way is just as likely to increase stress
and disconnection. Mean-spirited or disparaging (贬低的) humor actually causes people to be further apart and
increases division.
“Humor can arise during stress without cause or effort to make it. But humor can also be played
consciously,” Sultanoff says, adding that he sometimes travels with a clown nose to find fun in life’s everyday
routine. “Joyful use of humor builds psychological antibodies (抗体),” he says.
But taking up the power of humor doesn’t mean ignoring the negatives. The point is not to never feel
difficult emotions. “Stress is there for a reason, and it’s to call your attention to a problem that needs to be solved,”
Sultanoff says. “When you experience a negative emotion like sadness or anger or frustration, it’s important to
recognize why that’s there.” Turning to humor too soon may prevent someone from processing emotions in a
healthy way, increasing stress rather than decreasing it. “By expressing humor you give yourself a break. And we
all need a little break,” Sultanoff says.
28.How is humor helpful as a coping mechanism?
A．It prevents hard times coming.
B．It means an emotional release.
C．It generates positive mindsets.
D．It inspires artistic creativity.
29.Why does the author talk about laughter?
A．To correct a misunderstanding.
B．To illustrate an effect of humor.
C．To distinguish humor from it.
D．To warn the danger of stress.
30.Which of the following is called disparaging humor in paragraph 4?
A．Making your friend look stupid.
B．Telling a story in a funny way.
C．Wearing clown clothes at a party.
D．Laughing at your own mistakes.
31.What does Sultanoff think of a difficult emotion?
A．It’s something we should avoid.
B．It’s a reminder of our problems.
C．It draws our attention to humor.
D．It gives us a break from routine.
（十）
（2025·河南安阳·二模）
D
For hundreds of years, the island of Santiago has been home to a unique population of free-ranging monkeys,
creating a popular natural laboratory for researchers. In 2017, a hurricane significantly impacted the island,
destroying more than two-thirds of plants.
Even now, tree cover remains far below pre-hurricane levels, which makes shade a precious resource for the
monkeys. In response to the violent changes caused by the hurricane, they increased tolerance and decreased
attacks towards each other, a new study found.
The researchers were motivated by a finding in their previous work on the same monkey population: The
animals became more accepting of one another and built new relationships despite insufficient resource availability.
But this time, the team wanted to explore whether the monkeys were simply passively engaging in these shade-
sharing behaviors due to the fact that they were being “forced” into limited space.
For 10 years in a row, the researchers collected behavioral data across seven social groups. They constructed
networks for each group to draw comparisons before and after the hurricane. “Before the hurricane, tolerating
others had no impact on the risk of death,” first author Testard says. “Afterwards, the monkeys that displayed more
than average social tolerance and were therefore better able to share shade, were 42% less likely to die than those
that were less tolerant.”
This represents a sudden change in “selection pressure”, the evolutionary ( 进化的) benefits or costs of
different characteristics or behaviors. “To access shade, they need to tolerate and be tolerated by others, and we
found that this tolerance influences other daily interactions,” says Testard. “Monkeys that began sharing shade also
spent time together in the mornings, before the day’s heat forces them to seek shade.”
Professor Brent adds that “monkeys are known for living in an aggressive (好斗的) and highly competitive
society. But in the heat caused by ecological changes, they cooperatively coped with disturbances in the
environment. We were surprised that the monkeys’ social behavior was so flexible, making them quickly adjust to
this environmental change.”
32.How did the hurricane affect the monkeys?
A．They had a higher death rate.
B．They were more friendly to companions.
C．They developed resistance to disasters.
D．They moved to places with more shade.
33.What’s the purpose of the new study?
A．To find out how the monkeys shared shade.
B．To confirm the interactions between the monkeys.
C．To study the impacts of resources on monkeys.
D．To explore the reasons for the monkeys’ tolerance.
34.What led to monkeys’ changing behavior?
A．The chance of better survival.
B．The larger population of monkeys.
C．The easy availability of resources.
D．The increasing human disturbances.
35.What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Natural disasters are the main danger facing wild animals.
B．Monkeys rely on human intervention to survive disasters.
C．Aggression is the primary social behavior in monkey groups.
D．Environmental pressure drives animals’ rapid behavioral evolution.
（十一）
（2025·河南平汝名校·二模）
D
The air around us contains a powerful solution for making agriculture more sustainable. Researchers at
Stanford University and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia have developed a device
that can produce ammonia ( 氨) — a key component of fertilizer — using wind energy. The approach they
developed, if perfected, might remove the need for a century-old method that produces ammonia by combining
nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressures and temperatures. The older method consumes 2% of global energy and
contributes 1% of annual carbon dioxide release from its reliance on natural gas.
“This breakthrough allows us to use the nitrogen in our air and produce ammonia sustainably,” said study
senior author Richard Zare, professor of chemistry at the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.
To design their device, the researchers studied how different environmental factors, like wind speed, salt
levels, and acidity affect ammonia production, and also looked at how the size of water droplets, the concentration
of the solution, and the contact of water with materials that don’t react with water impact the process. Lastly, they
tested the best mix of iron oxide and an acid polymer to determine the ideal conditions for producing ammonia.
The Stanford team’s process applies the surrounding air to get nitrogen and hydrogen from water vapor ( 蒸
气). By passing air through a mesh (网格) coated with chemicals to facilitate the necessary reaction, the researchers
produced enough ammonia with a sufficiently high concentration to serve as a hydroponic fertilizer in greenhouse
settings. Unlike traditional methods, the new technique operates at room temperature and standard atmospheric
pressure.
In laboratory experiments, the team demonstrated further potential by recycling water, achieving ammonia
concentrations sufficient to fertilize plants grown in a greenhouse after just two hours.
The device is 2-3 years away from being market-ready, according to study co-author Chanbasha Basheer of
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Meanwhile, the researchers plan to use increasingly large mesh
systems to produce more ammonia. “There’s much room to develop this,” Basheer said.
32.What is the significance of the new ammonia production method?
A．It requires high pressures.
B．It leads to using less fertilizer.
C．It employs fuels extensively.
D．It reduces environmental impacts.
33.What does paragraph 3 talk about?
A．Ways of testing the amount of ammonia. B．The complexity of the production approach.
C．The preparations for designing the device.D．Examples of water reaction with materials.
34.How does the new device produce ammonia?
A．By applying natural gas to achieve high temperatures.
B．By using wind energy to draw air through a
mesh.
C．By changing the pressure in the atmosphere.
D．By burning fuels to create a lot of energy.
35.What did Basheer say about the device?
A．It has a promising future.
B．It is self-powered.
C．It barely benefits agriculture.
D．It has been on the market.
（十二）
（2025·河南许昌·二模）
D
Researchers at the Tokyo University of Science (TUS) have developed a groundbreaking sweat biosensor
that opens up new possibilities for real-time health monitoring.
Wearable sensors, typically worn directly on the skin, can monitor vital signs such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and muscle activity. However, designing chemical sensors for detecting substance in bodily liquid, like
sweat, has proven more complex due to issues of skin irritation (刺激) and accuracy when integrated into clothing.
Addressing these challenges, the research team at TUS used a technique called “heat-transfer Printing” to fix
a thin, flexible chloride ion (氯离子) sensor onto a clothing base and then integrated it into clothes such as T-shirts.
Further, health signs such as chloride ion concentration in sweat can be measured by simply wearing them. By
moving the sensor outside of the clothing piece, skin irritation is prevented. The wicking effect (芯吸效应) of fiber
helps distributing sweat evenly between the sensor’s electrodes ( 电极), ensuring stable electrical contact and
therefore improving the accuracy.
Additionally, the team carefully selected skin-friendly materials and conducted various experiments using
artificial sweat to prove the sensor’s accuracy in measuring chloride ion concentration. To assess its practicality, the
team tested the sensor on a volunteer who engaged in a 30-minute exercise on a still bicycle. Measurements of
bodily liquid were taken every five minutes and compared with the data collected by the sensor. The wearable
sensor reliably measured the concentration of chloride ions in sweat. Moreover, the sensor has the capability to
deliver data wirelessly, enabling real-time health monitoring.
This breakthrough can boost the development of advanced healthcare devices that offer precise and
convenient monitoring of important health indicators. With the power of these tiny electronics, researchers are
pushing the boundaries of healthcare innovation to improve disease prevention and overall well-being.
32.What is the main purpose of the sweat biosensor developed by TUS?
A．To measure muscle activity.
B．To monitor heart rate and blood pressure.
C．To detect chloride ions in sweat for health monitoring.
D．To prevent skin irritation caused by wearable sensors.
33.Why is designing sweat-based chemical sensors more complex?
A．Direct skin placement demands.
B．Limitations in heat-transfer printing technology.
C．Difficulties in manufacturing chloride ion sensors.
D．Skin irritation and accuracy challenges in clothing integration.
34.What method did TUS use to prevent skin irritation caused by the sensor?
A．By using skin-friendly materials.
B．By moving the sensor outside clothing.
C．By improving the accuracy of the sensor.D．By conducting experiments using artificial sweat.
35.How was the practicality of the sensor assessed?
A．Conducting experiments using artificial sweat.
B．Measuring chloride ion concentration in sweat reliably.
C．Testing the sensor on a volunteer and comparing results.
D．Selecting skin-friendly materials for the sensor.
（十三）
（2025·河南南阳完全学校·二模）
D
Exhausted by the rising cost of living in the United States and non-stop advertisements, some young adults
on TikTok are pushing back.
“When every moment of your life feels like you are being sold something and the price of that item keeps
going up, people will burn out on spending money,” said Kara Perez, an influencer and financial educator.
Social media has long showcased picture — perfect homes, luxurious closets and various beauty products.
But a new trend, known as “underconsumption core”, is moving in the opposite direction - encouraging more
economical lifestyles and prioritizing quality over quantity. For example, many people on social media proudly
display their well-worn shoes that have been with them since middle school, along with their commitment to using
the last drop of their makeup. Others opt for repurposing old mason jars instead of buying new food storage
containers.
For a long time, young people in the West have commonly made use of “Buy Now, Pay Later” plans, which
have intensified consumption. They have developed a behavior of spending down to their last pound on a fashion
item. It is an addiction tied to the pressure “to show who we are through possessions”. However, years of inflation
(通货膨胀) have forced many to conclude that they cannot keep up with the spending habits of those on their social
media feeds.
“The social media trend of ‘underconsumption’ is a way for Gen Z to make the most of their money and be
environmentally friendly at the same time,” said Ashley Ross, head of Bank of America.
Low-consumption brick-and-mortar (实体的) initiatives attract a broader range of people across different
profiles and generations. Anjali Zielinski, 42, joined a “Mending 101” workshop in Georgetown, DC, hoping to
acquire new skills. She brought her 7-year-old daughter, Mina, along with her. In addition to providing an outlet for
Mina’s creativity, she hopes the craft will teach her daughter the “value of our possessions and the work that goes
into them.”
But some are still doubtful. It remains to be seen whether “underconsumption core” is simply a mood or a
lasting movement. “The lifespan of this trend depends, in many ways, on how long the economy continues to slow
and incomes remains below price gains,” Brett House, an economics professor at Columbia Business School, told
CNBC．
32.What is the cause of some Americans’ cutting back on spending?
A．The commercial activities.
B．Their social media feeds.
C．Their material satisfaction.
D．The economic downturn.
33.What is the philosophy of “underconsumption core”?
A．Spending money as you like.
B．Doing more with less.
C．Keeping up with the Joneses.
D．Buy Now, Pay Later.
34.How does the author tell us the trend’s popularity among people?
A．By giving examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By listing numbers.
D．By citing research data.
35.What is Brett House’s attitude to the “underconsumption core” trend?
A．Doubtful.
B．Reserved.
C．Objective.
D．Disapproving.
（十四）
（2025·河南湘豫名校联考·二模）
D
AI fakery (伪造) is quickly becoming one of the biggest problems confronting us online. Deceptive pictures,
videos and audio are increasing as a result of the rise and misuse of generative artificial intelligence tools.
With AI deepfakes cropping up almost every day, it’s getting harder to tell what’s real from what’s not. Video
and image generators like DALL-E, make it easy for people without any technical skills to create deepfakes — just
type a request and the system spits it out.
These fake images might seem harmless. But they can be used to carry out fraud and identity theft. Here is
how to avoid being cheated by deepfakes.
Face-swapping is one of the most common deepfake methods. Experts advise looking closely at the edges of
the face. Does the facial skin tone match the rest of the head or the body? Are the edges of the face sharp enough?
If you suspect video of a person speaking has been doctored, look at their mouth. Do their lip movements match the
audio perfectly?
Sometimes the context matters. Take a beat to consider whether what you’re seeing is reasonable. The
Poynter journalism website advises that if you see a public figure doing something that seems “exaggerated,
unrealistic or not in character”, it could be a deepfake.
Another approach is to use AI to fight AI. Microsoft has developed an authenticator tool that can analyze
photos or videos to give a confidence score on whether it’s been manipulated ( 操控). Chipmaker Intel’s Fake
Catcher uses algorithms (算法) to analyze an image’s pixels (像素) to determine if it’s real or fake.
All this being said, artificial intelligence has been advancing with breakneck speed and AI models are being
trained on Internet data to produce increasingly higher-quality content with fewer flaws. That means there’s no
guarantee that this advice will still be valid even a year from now.
Experts say it might even be dangerous to put the burden on ordinary people to become digital Sherlocks
because it could give them a false sense of confidence as it becomes increasingly difficult, even for trained eyes, to
spot deepfakes.
32.What is the concern regarding AI fakery?
A．The decline in artistic creativity.
B．The difficulty in identifying truth.
C．The ease of technical skill acquisition.
D．The rise in AI-generated entertainment.
33.Which image is likely generated by AI deepfake technology?
A．An image with consistent skin tones.
B．An image with proper public figure action.
C．An image with unclear edges around the face. D．An image with perfect lip movement with audio.
34.Which of the following is the method for an AI tool to detect fake media?
A．Training AI models on Internet data.
B．Applying machine learning algorithms.
C．Evaluating the likelihood of media manipulation.
D．Producing higher-quality content with fewer flaws.
35.What is the author’s attitude towards the public’s ability to detect deepfakes?
A．Optimistic.
B．Pessimistic.
C．Neutral.
D．Dismissive.
（十五）
（2025·河南开封市等3 地·二模）
D
There are between 10 and 50 billion potentially habitable worlds in our galaxy, says Bill Diamond. He is the
chief executive of the US-based research organization Seti, which is short for Search for Extraterrestrial (地球以外
的) Intelligence. “Seti is looking for science and technology beyond the solar system as evidence of life and
intelligence, and that’s by and large a needle in a haystack (草垛) problem,” Mr Diamond says.
But the ability of AI to both handle massive datasets and to spot abnormal phenomena is transforming the
hunt for intelligence. Mr Diamond points to AI enabling the search for new types of radio signals from aliens.
Traditionally, Seti has looked for narrowband signals like those used by humans. “But there was always the
question, ‘What if there’s an alien advanced technology that is using wideband radio?’ And if that’s the case, our
traditional methods wouldn’t work; it would look like a bunch of noise on the screen.” However, Mr Diamond says
that the ability of AI to handle massive amounts of data means it’s possible to take millions of “snapshots” of this
snowy audio picture over time, and to start to look for patterns.
Researcher Peter Ma developed an AI system to examine telescope data and distinguish between possible
alien signals and interference. His team simulated both types of noise and trained the AI to differentiate them. Mr
Ma says that an alien signal would, for example, “only appear when we point our telescopes at it and disappear
when we point away”. The project has already identified eight potential alien signals that went undetected by
traditional analysis. However, Mr Ma believes that as the observations haven’t yet been repeated, they are probably
false positives.
It’s early days, and any promising results generated by AI need to be validated by other observations, or by
physics-based models, before they can be shouted from the rooftops. But as more and more data is collected and
analyzed, the chances of detecting alien life — if it exists — are increasing all the time.
32.What does Mr Diamond stress in Paragraph 1?
A．The ability of artificial intelligence.
B．The difficulty of finding aliens.
C．The existence of alien intelligence.
D．The effort to explore the solar system.
33.What does Mr Diamond want to prove by mentioning “wideband radio” in Paragraph 2?
A．The high IQ of aliens.
B．The potential for the application of AI.
C．The appearance of new patterns.
D．The noisy narrowband signal sources.
34.What will Mr Ma depend on to judge his discovery?
A．The identified data.
B．The simulated noise.
C．The repetitive signals.
D．The traditional analysis.
35.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．Before they can be celebrated grandly.
B．Before they can be talked about privately.
C．Before they can be modeled by physicists.
D．Before they can be proved under observation.
（十六）
（2025·河南新乡·二模）
D
From an airplane, cars moving slowly down the highway look like ants. But unlike cars, ants manage to
avoid the problem of stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects’ helpful ways to learn how to
further program self-driving cars that run more efficiently and don't get stuck in traffic.
The free flow of traffic becomes not stable as the number of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per
mile per lane (车道), one driver hitting their brakes can start a long-lasting wave of traffic jams.
The previous research of Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo, had shown that ants
looking for food can keep their flow even at high densities (密度). In a recent study, researchers recorded ants on
their way to find food and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants
don't get stuck because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at almost the same speed while keeping good
distances between one another, and they don't speed up to go past others.
Human drivers during the rush hour are hardly likely to follow such rules. “We’re trying to get the most
benefits for ourselves, which is why, at a certain point, we start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola
Pugno. But self-driving cars, if they one day become very common, could have more cooperative programming.
This vehicle network would be like ants on a trail, which use smell to work together in their behaviors. In
both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of system can be very strong and able to recover quickly, according to
Nishinari.
Still, ants can do things that cars-even self-driving ones-can’t. Plus, unlike cars, ants don't crash; they can
actually walk over one another. Today's drivers can learn from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam: Keep a safe
distance from the car in front. By doing this, drivers can deal with braking in heavy traffic conditions that would
otherwise become a big traffic jam.
32.Why do researchers study ants' behaviors?
A．To upgrade certain autonomous vehicles.
B．To create a very stable environment for ants.
C．To understand the social interaction among ants.
D．To analyze the differences between ants and cars.
33.What does paragraph 3 focus on?
A．How ants compete for food.
B．How ants keep traffic flowing.
C．How ants get stuck in traffic jams.
D．How ants move at different speeds.
34.What does Nicola Pugno stress as the cause of traffic jams?
A．The profit motive of humans.
B．The inefficiency of traffic rules.
C．The high density of vehicles on the road. D．The poor performance of self-driving cars.
35.What can we conclude from ants' behaviors?
A．Slow and steady wins the race.
B．Two heads are better than one.
C．Actions speak louder than words.
D．United we stand, divided we fall.
（十七）
（2025·河南豫西北教研联盟·二模）
D
I give a lot of advice to my graduate students, most of whom are on the job market. I find that some young
people are extremely anxious about the question, “How do I make a good impression in an interview?”
People make judgments based on information they process in a second, below the level of consciousness.
That does not mean, however, that anyone is sure to fail by a naturally serious behavior, a shy character, or plain
old nervousness. On the contrary, a little understanding of the science of first impressions can help anyone improve
the ways they affect the brains of people they meet, and better understand others as well.
Close behind in speed, at 100 milliseconds, comes a consistent estimation of trustworthiness. Once again,
this makes sense: you might not kill me outright, but I should still figure out if you’re trying to take advantage of
me before I interact with you. (This rapid processing also involves, for example, how your brain decides whether to
make direct eye contact with that person staring at you on the subway.) Improving our accuracy of impression of
others’ competence takes us longer because we need more time to be confident in our judgments; quite commonly,
our rapid initial judgments may be inconsistent with what we later decide.
You might be thinking that judgments made this quickly are open to a lot of errors. The potential cost of
incorrectly seeing someone as a threat is low, but the price of mistaking them as not a threat could be enormous. So,
it’s no surprise that first impressions tend to be inaccurate. Researchers in 2010 asked participants in an experiment
to view photos of strangers, and based on initial impressions, to judge aspects of their personality. The researchers
found that their subjects claimed confidence in their judgments 70 to 80 percent of the time, but their actual
accuracy was either modest or statistically nonexistent.
People may arrive at incorrect judgments about you for many different reasons. For example, if you’re
nervous when first meeting, your facial expression and behavior might not fairly represent your true character,
purpose, and competence.
32.It can be inferred that the initial estimation of trustworthiness is ______ .
A．usually from active interaction
B．faster than other information
C．after judgements about competence
D．almost as fast as other judgements
33.Why are first impressions often inaccurate?
A．People rely too much on statistical data.
B．Emotion plays a vital role in impression.
C．People lack patience to make judgments.
D．The time to make judgements is too short.
34.How is the text mainly developed?
A．By analyzing causes and effects.
B．By giving opinions and evidence.
C．By comparing different examples.
D．By offering acceptable solutions.
35.What might the author continue talking about?
A．How to make you trustworthy.
B．How to leave a good impression.
C．How to control facial expressions.
D．How to remove an observer’s alarm.
（十八）
（2025·河南信阳高级中学·二模）
D
In the animal kingdom, mimics (模仿) are not rare. Stick insects pretend to be twigs. Hawk moth caterpillars
resemble poisonous snakes. The examples, though, are visual. Auditory mimicry is rarer. Danilo Russo of the
University of Naples Federico II thinks he has found a novel case of it, as he describes in Current Biology. Some
bats, he believes, mimic angry bees in order to scare away owls that might otherwise eat them.
Dr. Russo first noticed bat buzzing a few years ago. The noise struck him as similar to the sound of some
bees. He wondered whether bat buzzing was a form of mimicry which helped to frighten away would-be predators.
To test this idea, he and his colleagues first recorded the buzzing that captured bats made. Then, with
protective clothing, they began the more dangerous task of recording the buzzing made by different bees. Computer
analysis revealed that bees’ and bats’ buzzing were, indeed, similar.
Then the researchers recruited several owls. They put the owls, one at a time, in an enclosure with branches
for them to stay on, and two boxes with holes in them. They placed a loudspeaker alongside one of the boxes, and
after the birds had settled in, broadcast through it five seconds of uninterrupted bat buzzing and a similar amount of
insect buzzing three times in a row for each noise. As a control, they broadcast in like manner several non-buzzing
sounds made by bats.
During the broadcasts and for five minutes thereafter, they videoed the owls. After analysis, the results were
unequivocal. When they heard both the bat buzzing and the bee buzzing, the owls moved as far from the speakers
as they could. In contrast, when the non-buzzing bat sounds were played, they crept closer.
Dr. Russo believes this is the first reported case of a mammal using auditory mimicry to scare away a
predator. They strongly suspect, however, that it is not unique. Anecdotes suggest several birds also make buzzing
noises when their nests are disturbed. And with the result of the experiment, he therefore predicts that auditory
mimicry is far more widespread than currently realized.
32.What was Dr. Russo’s hypothesis of the study?
A．Bats imitate the voice of angry bees to frighten away enemies.
B．The buzzing of bats is similar to the sound of some bees.
C．Auditory mimicry is rather common in the animal kingdom.
D．Only some bats have the capacity of auditory mimicry.
33.How did Dr. Russo test his idea?
A．By consulting experts in this field.
B．By referring to other scholars’ analysis.
C．By collecting computer data.
D．By conducting series of scientific experiments.
34.What does the underlined word “unequivocal” in paragraph 5 possibly mean?
A．Disappointing. B．Controversial.
C．Definite.
D．Uncertain.
35.What is the main idea of the text?
A．Bats get a new trick to scare away owls.
B．Bats mimic buzzing to frighten away predators.
C．Bats are no longer victim to owls.
D．Bats’ auditory mimicry behavior is widespread among animals.
（十九）
（2025·河南郑州·二模）
D
Just as damaged teeth can be replaced with gold crowns (齿冠), scientists are exploring how gold can be
used to repair damaged parts of the brain.
Scientists at Linkoping University in Sweden said that a “brain of gold” might just be what we need to fight
nervous system diseases. The plan is to put gold electrodes (电极) into the affected part of the brain. They will act
as “telephone operators” between nerve cells and electronic medical devices, enabling communication so that the
nervous system can function normally.
Treatment plans that involve connecting medical devices to the brain already exist. However, the electrodes
used are usually made of hard metals, while the brain is like a jelly that “shakes” at the body’s slightest movement.
“As the body is constantly in motion, achieving close contact between something that is hard and something
that is soft and breakable becomes a problem,” explained Klas Tybrandt, one of the scientists.
This is why the Swedish scientists are using a new material called “gold nanowires” ( 金纳米线). As the
name suggests, these are long, extremely thin gold threads — 1,000 times thinner than human hair. By putting them
into rubber, the scientists have successfully created electrodes that are soft enough to connect comfortably with the
human brain.
Gold can be made into structures as small as nanowires. According to Live Science, gold can be stretched,
pressed or even rolled into all kinds of shapes without breaking. What’s more, gold doesn’t react with other
chemicals in the human brain, making it a safe choice. Once placed in the brain, gold nanowires can last for at least
three years, which is longer than many materials currently in use.
32.What role will gold electrodes play in treating nervous system diseases?
A．Replacing damaged nerve cells.
B．Serving as a communication link.
C．Activating different brain regions.
D．Protecting the brain’s unaffected parts.
33.What can we learn about gold nanowires?
A．They are harder than rubber.
B．They are as thin as human hair.
C．They can be placed into the brain.
D．They are in the final stage of development.
34.Why is gold a safe choice for use in the brain?
A．It can be stretched by the brain.
B．It can be made into various shapes.
C．It is being used to create soft electrodes. D．It has no negative impact on the brain’s functions.
35.What is the main idea of the passage?
A．The unique properties of gold nanowires.
B．The history of gold use in the medical field.
C．The current applications of gold in the brain.
D．The potential use of gold in nervous system treatment.
（二十）
（2025·河南郑州市中原区郑州中学·二模）
D
A Northwestern University-led team of researchers has developed a new fuel cell that harvests energy from
microbes (微生物) living in dirt. About the size of a standard paperback book, the soil-powered technology could
fuel underground sensors used in modern agriculture and green infrastructure. This could potentially offer a
sustainable, renewable alternative to batteries that release harmful chemicals into the ground.
To test the new fuel cell, the researchers used it to power sensors measuring soil condition and detecting
touch, a capability that could be valuable for tracking passing animals. To enable wireless communications, the
researchers also equipped the soil-powered sensor with a tiny antenna to transmit (传输) data to a neighboring base
station by reflecting existing radio frequency signals. Not only did the fuel cell work in both wet and dry
conditions, but its power also outlasted similar technologies by 120%.
The research was published on Jan. 12 in the Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and
Ubiquitous Technologies.
“The number of electronic devices used in modern agriculture as a way to improve crop productions is
constantly growing,” said Northwestern’s Bill Yen, who led the work. “If we imagine a future with numerous
devices like these, we cannot build every one of them out of lithium (锂) and heavy metals that are dangerous to the
environment. We need to find alternatives that can provide low amounts of energy to power a widespread network
of devices.”
In a search for solutions, the researchers turned to soil microbial fuel cells(MFC), which use special
microbes to break down soil and generate a low amount of energy to power sensors. As long as there is organic
carbon in the soil for the microbes to break down, the fuel cell can potentially last forever.
“These microbes are common; they already live in soil everywhere,” said Northwestern’s George Wells, a
senior author of the study. “We can use very simple engineered systems to collect their electricity. We’re not going
to power entire cities with this energy, but we can collect tiny amounts of energy to fuel practical, low-power
applications.”
The researchers plan to develop a soil-based MFC made from fully biodegradable (生物可降解的) materials
as their next step.
32.What can we know from the new fuel cell?
A．It was not limited by soil conditions.
B．The power it produced increased by 20%.
C．It was made from fully biodegradable materials.
D．It will completely replace conventional batteries soon.
33.What can we infer from Bill Yen’s words in paragraph 4?
A．Electronic devices are widely used in industries.
B．It is essential for our environment to develop the new fuel cell.
C．Lithium and heavy metals are dangerous to the environment.
D．Current electronic devices can’t provide large amounts of energy.
34.What is George Wells’ attitude toward the fuel cell?
A．Doubtful.
B．Dismissive.
C．Pessimistic.
D．Approving.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Conventional Batteries Are Giving Way to New Fuel Cell.
B．Microbes Can Break Down Soil and Generate Energy.
C．New Fuel Cell Harvests Energy from Microbes in Soil.
D．New Fuel Cell Fuels Underground Sensors in Agriculture.
