专题05 阅读理解(说明文)(二)
高频话题01 饮食与健康
Passage 1
(2025 浙江省金华市义乌市高三下学期三模)Italian cuisine may be one of the most recognized and loved in
the world — often imagined as a collection of ancient recipes and local traditions preserved by skillful
grandmothers over centuries. But now, a food historian is exposing common myths and false stories, arguing that
the Italian cuisine as we know it is barely a few decades old.
Grandi claims in his latest book, Italian Cuisine Doesn’t Exist, the idea that many beloved recipes and
products such as cheeses or cured meats have hundreds of years of history is pure fantasy. Most dishes have a
shorter history than most people imagine.
Migration is what made Italian cuisine what it is today. In the 19th and 20th Centuries, millions of people left
Italy, a poverty-stricken country with limited dietary options, emigrating to South America, North America and
European countries. The Italians who landed on New York’s Ellis Island left hunger and misery behind. And it was
in the “new world”, Grandi argues, that Italian immigrants found the wealth and ingredients to create the recipes
that eventually popularized Italian food worldwide.
However, many Italians are not familiar with this history. They might imagine that their beloved recipes were
born in Italy, passed down, unchanged, from generation to generation and eventually exported abroad by Italian
migrants.
Pizza is the most famous example of this. Born as a cheap street food in Naples, in the 19th Century it was
synonymous with poverty and dirt. It was in America, says Grandi, that pizza became “red”. While fresh tomatoes
were among the original toppings, Italian immigrants to the US popularized pizza prepared with tomato sauce, a
product that industrialization made easy to access and store. And it was in the US that pizzerias really started to
take off. Scholars call this process “the pizza effect”: when a product leaves its place of origin, gets profoundly
transformed and then returns to its place of origin to be fully embraced in a completely different form.
1. What does Grandi challenge in his book?
A. The role of Italian chefs.
B. The history of Italian cuisine.
C. The recipe for cured meats.
D. The process of cheese production.
2. How did Italian immigrants contribute to the spread of Italian cuisine?
A. By running Italian restaurants worldwide.
B. By promoting food industrialization in Italy.
C. By creating new recipes with local ingredients.
D. By preserving ancient recipes through generations.
3. What does the underlined phrase “was synonymous with” in the last paragraph mean?
A. Equaled.
B. Removed.
C. Caused.
D. Exposed.
4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A. The Migration of Italian Cuisine
B. The Origin of the Pizza Effect
C. The Secret of Traditional Recipes
D. The Truths Behind Italian Cuisine
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一位食品历史学家揭露了关于意大利美食的常见神话和虚
假故事，指出我们所知道的意大利美食只有几十年的历史，并解释了意大利美食的发展历程以及披萨这一
经典食物的起源和演变。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Grandi claims in his latest book, Italian Cuisine Doesn’t Exist, the idea that many
beloved recipes and products such as cheeses or cured meats have hundreds of years of history is pure fantasy. Most
dishes have a shorter history than most people imagine.(格兰迪在他的新书《意大利美食并不存在》中声称，
许多深受人们喜爱的食谱以及像奶酪或腌肉这类产品拥有数百年历史的这一观点纯属幻想。大多数菜肴的
历史比大多数人想象的要短。)”可知，Grandi 在他的书中对意大利美食的历史提出了质疑。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“And it was in the “new world”, Grandi argues, that Italian immigrants found the
wealth and ingredients to create the recipes that eventually popularized Italian food worldwide.(格兰迪认为，正是
在‘新大陆’，意大利移民获得了财富和食材，从而创造出了那些最终让意大利美食在全世界得以推广的
食谱。)”可知，意大利移民通过使用当地食材创造新食谱来促进意大利美食的传播。故选C。
3. 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Pizza is the most famous example of this. Born as a cheap street food in Naples,
in the 19th Century it was synonymous with poverty and dirt.(披萨就是这方面最著名的例子。19 世纪时，披萨
诞生于那不勒斯，是一种廉价的街头食品，那时它was synonymous with 贫穷与脏乱。)”可知，披萨在19
世纪诞生于那不勒斯，是一种廉价的街头食品，结合常识，廉价的街头食品与贫困和肮脏是等同的概念。
由此可知，was synonymous with 意思是“等同于”，与A 选项“Equaled(等同于)”意思一致。故选A。
4. 主旨大意题。文章第一段提到“a food historian is exposing common myths and false stories, arguing that the
Italian cuisine as we know it is barely a few decades old.(一位食品历史学家正在揭露常见的神话和虚假故事，
他认为我们所知道的意大利美食只有几十年的历史。)”，接着下文详细介绍了意大利美食的历史以及披萨
这一经典食物的起源和演变，由此可知，本文主要是讲述意大利美食背后的真相，所以选项D“The Truths
Behind Italian Cuisine”适合作为本文的标题。故选D。
Passage 2
(2025 浙江省温州市普通高中高三下学期第三次适应性考试)One of the top sources of added sugar in
children’s diets in America is in their breakfast cereal( 麦片). A study published in the American Journal of
Preventive Medicine shows that advertising drives sales of high-sugar cereals when it’s aimed directly at kids under
12-but not when it targets adults.
In the study, researchers looked at all cereals purchased by 77,000 U.S. households over a nine-year period,
between 2008 and 2017. They also looked at Nielsen ratings data, which closely monitored all the ads that people
in a household saw-both children and adults. What they found was a strong relationship between how much
advertising was targeted to kids and how much sugary cereal that households with children bought. By contrast,
there was no link to increased purchases when ads targeted adults. And these extensive data also showed that
behaviors that were learned in childhood could track into adulthood, which could lead to poor health outcomes over
a lifetime.
The study is the first to directly compare the influence of food advertising exposure by children with that of
adults. The findings offer novel evidence of how food marketing turns children into the “ultimate weapon” in
influencing family spending because they consistently ask their parents to purchase a concept known as “pester
power”.
The food industry launched the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative, a voluntary effort to
police itself. The 21 participating food companies made a commitment to cut back on marketing unhealthy foods to
children under 12 — later revised to under 13. A new study conducted in 2024 showed that children’s exposure to
cereal ads on TV programming aimed at kids has dropped dramatically.
But Lindsey Smith Taillie, a food policy researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says
these voluntary efforts aren’t making a difference. Advertisements, like kids’ eyeballs, are moving online, making it
even harder to know what marketing children are being exposed to, Taillie notes.
1. What did the study find about child-targeted food ads?
A. They had no connection with adults’ purchases.
B. They were less effective than adult-targeted ads.
C. They might affect children’s health in the long run.
D. They could reduce children’s interest in sugary food.
2. What does the underlined phrase “pester power” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Parents’ unconditional love.
B. Children’s uncontrolled spending.
C. Parents’ growing consumption.
D. Children’s repeated purchase requests.
3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. An expectation for further study.
B. The follow-up influence of the study.
C. A limitation of the research method.
D. The potential application of the findings.
4. What is Tallie’s attitude toward the voluntary efforts?
A. Favorable.
B. Tolerant.
C. Disapproving.
D. Reserved.
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了针对儿童的高糖麦片广告对家庭购买行为的影响及其长
期健康危害，并讨论了相关政策效果与局限性。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“What they found was a strong relationship between how much advertising was
targeted to kids and how much sugary cereal that households with children bought. By contrast, there was no link to
increased purchases when ads targeted adults. And these extensive data also showed that behaviors that were
learned in childhood could track into adulthood, which could lead to poor health outcomes over a lifetime. (他们发
现，针对儿童的广告投放量与有孩子的家庭购买的高糖麦片的数量之间存在着紧密的联系。相比之下，当
广告以成年人为目标群体时，广告投放量与家庭购买量的增加没有关联。而且这些广泛的数据还表明，童
年时期养成的行为习惯会延续到成年，这可能会在一生中导致不良的健康后果)”可知，研究发现针对儿童
的食品广告可能会影响儿童的长期健康。故选C。
2. 词句猜测题。根据画线短语所在句“The findings offer novel evidence of how food marketing turns children
into the “ultimate weapon” in influencing family spending because they consistently ask their parents to purchase a
concept known as “pester power”. (这些研究结果为食品营销如何将儿童变成影响家庭消费的“终极武器”提
供了新的证据，因为孩子们会不断要求父母购买，这就是所谓的pester power)”可知，研究发现食品营销如
何将儿童变成影响家庭消费的“终极武器”，因为孩子们不断地要求父母购买，即画线短语“pester
power”指的是孩子们反复的购买请求。故选D。
3. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“The food industry launched the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising
Initiative, a voluntary effort to police itself. The 21 participating food companies made a commitment to cut back
on marketing unhealthy foods to children under 12 — later revised to under 13. A new study conducted in 2024
showed that children’s exposure to cereal ads on TV programming aimed at kids has dropped dramatically. (食品行
业发起了“儿童食品和饮料广告倡议”，这是一项自愿的自我监管努力。21 家参与的食品公司承诺减少向
12 岁以下儿童推销不健康食品，后来这一年龄限制被修改为13 岁以下。2024 年进行的一项新研究表明，
儿童接触针对儿童的电视节目中的麦片广告大幅减少)”可知，第四段主要讲了研究的后续影响。故选B。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Lindsey Smith Taillie, a food policy researcher at the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, says these voluntary efforts aren’t making a difference. Advertisements, like kids’ eyeballs,
are moving online, making it even harder to know what marketing children are being exposed to, Taillie notes. (但
北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的食品政策研究员Lindsey Smith Taillie 表示，这些自愿的努力并没有起到什么
作用。Taillie 指出，广告就像孩子们的眼睛一样，正在向网络转移，这使得人们更难知道孩子们接触到了
什么样的营销)”可推知，Tallie 对自愿的努力持不赞成态度。故选C。
Passage 3
(2025 浙江省北斗星盟高三下学期三模)Lots of people snore. In the U. S., about 10% of the adult
population have it, and worldwide, the figure is a billion.
The problem isn’t the snoring, but the reason behind it. The most common type of sleep apnea (呼吸暂停) is
caused by weakened throat muscles relaxing too much during sleep, causing the airway to narrow or close. That
leads to snoring plus long pauses between breaths. And when breathing is affected this way, the brain isn’t getting
the oxygen it needs. Obesity and age are considered the biggest risk factors for sleep apnea. Other risk factors
include smoking, having a thick neck or narrow throat, family history and certain medical conditions.
Treating sleep apnea is far more important than just stopping snoring. The diagnosis requires several steps.
Besides a medical history and physical exam, doctors try to rule out other conditions, such as asthma ( 哮喘) or
thyroid (甲状腺) disorders, that can cause similar symptoms. And they recommend a sleep study to check on
breathing, heart rate and other functions during sleep.
Once the condition has been diagnosed, there are many options for treatment. For mild cases in people who
are overweight, lifestyle changes can be enough to reverse sleep apnea. Stopping smoking and drinking may help.
Even switching from sleeping on your back to on your side may offer relief.
When treatment is required, the most common is a machine called CPAP. “It’s a mask that prevents collapse
in the back of the throat,” explains Atul Malhotra, a professor and sleep medicine specialist at the University of
California. “It has an unnecessarily bad reputation, since it’s well tolerated by most patients. But you need to find
the right mask and the right pressure settings.” There’re also certain surgeries that can be done to keep the airways
open or to remove excess tissue, but these are a last-line treatment after less-invasive methods have failed. There’re
many trials underway to evaluate drug treatments.
1. What does Paragraph 2 mainly explain about sleep apnea?
A. Its risk factors.
B. Its underlying cause.
C. Its diagnostic process.
D. Its common symptoms.
2. Why do doctors check for other diseases during diagnosis?
A. To make diagnosis faster.
B. To exclude other possible causes.
C. To prove only sleep apnea exists.
D. To treat snoring instead of apnea.
3. What does the underlined word “reverse” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Control.
B. Cure.
C. Prevent.
D. Change.
4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. There is no special medicine for sleep apnea.
B. Surgeries are not recommended by the doctors.
C. The bitterness contributes to CAPA’s bad reputation.
D. CAPA is now the most effective treatment for sleep apnea.
【答案】1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。讲述了打呼噜引起的睡眠呼吸暂停症的成因及治疗。
1. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The most common type of sleep apnea (呼吸暂停) is caused by weakened throat
muscles relaxing too much during sleep, causing the airway to narrow or close. That leads to snoring plus long
pauses between breaths. And when breathing is affected this way, the brain isn’t getting the oxygen it needs.
Obesity and age are considered the biggest risk factors for sleep apnea. Other risk factors include smoking, having a
thick neck or narrow throat, family history and certain medical conditions.(最常见的睡眠呼吸暂停是由于喉咙肌
肉在睡眠中过度放松，导致气道狭窄或关闭。这会导致打鼾，再加上两次呼吸之间长时间的停顿。当呼吸
受到这种影响时，大脑就无法获得所需的氧气。肥胖和年龄被认为是睡眠呼吸暂停的最大危险因素。其他
危险因素包括吸烟、脖子粗或喉咙窄、家族史和某些医疗条件)”可知，本段讲的是睡眠呼吸暂停症的成因。
故选B 项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The diagnosis requires several steps. Besides a medical history and physical exam,
doctors try to rule out other conditions, such as asthma (哮喘) or thyroid (甲状腺) disorders, that can cause similar
symptoms. And they recommend a sleep study to check on breathing, heart rate and other functions during sleep.
(诊断需要几个步骤。除了病史和体格检查外，医生还试图排除其他可能导致类似症状的疾病，如哮喘或甲
状腺疾病。他们还建议进行睡眠研究，检查睡眠期间的呼吸、心率和其他功能)”可知，医生需要排除其他
可能导致类似症状的疾病(如哮喘或甲状腺疾病)，以确保准确诊断睡眠呼吸暂停。故选B 项。
3. 词句猜测题。根据第四段“For mild cases in people who are overweight, lifestyle changes can be enough to
reverse sleep apnea. Stopping smoking and drinking may help. Even switching from sleeping on your back to on
your side may offer relief.(对于超重人群中的轻度病例，改变生活方式足以reverse 睡眠呼吸暂停。戒烟和戒
酒可能会有所帮助。即使从仰卧睡姿改为侧卧睡姿也能缓解呼吸暂停)”可知，此处是在讲述通过改变生活
方式来改善呼吸暂停，所以reverse 含义和D 项“改变”意思相近。故选D 项。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“When treatment is required, the most common is a machine called CPAP. “It’s a
mask that prevents collapse in the back of the throat,” explains Atul Malhotra, a professor and sleep medicine
specialist at the University of California. “It has an unnecessarily bad reputation, since it’s well tolerated by most
patients. But you need to find the right mask and the right pressure settings.” There’re also certain surgeries that can
be done to keep the airways open or to remove excess tissue, but these are a last-line treatment after less-invasive
methods have failed. There’re many trials underway to evaluate drug treatments.(当需要治疗时，最常见的是一
种叫做CPAP 的机器。加州大学教授、睡眠医学专家阿图尔·马尔霍特拉解释说：“这是一种防止喉咙后部
塌陷的口罩。”“它有一个不必要的坏名声，因为大多数患者都能很好地耐受它。但你需要找到合适的口
罩和合适的压力设置。”也可以做一些手术来保持气道畅通或去除多余的组织，但这些都是在微创方法失
败后的最后一线治疗。目前正在进行许多评估药物治疗的试验)”可知，提到了CPAP 的机器治疗和手术治
疗，目前的治疗药物还在评估，并没有正式投入使用，所以事实是还没有专门的药物可以治疗睡眠呼吸暂
停症。故选A 项。
Passage 4
(2025 安徽省合肥市庐阳区合肥市第八中学高三下学期三模)A new study published in Nature
Communications reveals that viewing nature can ease pain by reducing brain activity linked to pain perception(感
知). Led by researchers from the University of Vienna and the University of Exeter, the study offers a promising
foundation for new non-drug pain treatments.
The study used an fMRI scanner(扫描仪) to monitor the brain activity of 49 participants in Austria as they
received pain through small electric shocks. When watching videos of natural scenes, participants reported feeling
less pain, and scans showed changes in brain responses associated with pain processing. Advanced machine-
learning analyzed brain networks related to pain, finding that raw sensory signals were reduced when viewing high-
quality virtual nature scenes.
The study confirms previous findings that nature can reduce subjective reports of pain and marks the first
clear demonstration of how natural environments influence the brain, protecting it from unpleasant experiences.
Lead author Max Steininger explained that numerous studies have shown people report less pain when exposed to
nature, but the fundamental reasons were previously unclear. The study provides evidence from brain scans that this
effect is genuine, although the pain-relieving effect was around half that of painkillers.
The paper also provides insights into the healing( 治愈的) potential of natural settings, addressing a
longstanding problem. Over forty years ago, an important study by American researcher Roger Ulrich showed that
hospital patients used fewer painkillers and recovered faster when their windows overlooked green space. The new
findings provide the first convincing explanation for why Ulrich’s patients might have experienced less pain and
demonstrate how virtual nature encounters could bring these benefits to anyone, anywhere.
Coauthor Dr. Alex Smalley concluded that the study highlights how virtual encounters can bring the healing
potential of nature to people when they can’t get outside. The study also serves as renewed evidence for the
importance of protecting healthy natural environments, encouraging people to spend time in nature for the benefit
of both the planet and people. The practical implications for non-drug treatments and new directions for research to
better understand how nature impacts our minds are significant.
1. What does the new study published in Nature Communications mainly reveal?
A. The pain-relieving effect of viewing nature.
B. The development of non-drug pain treatments.
C. The importance of protecting natural environments.
D. The influence of natural environments on hospital patients.
2. How did the researchers monitor the brain activity of the participants?
A. By using electric shocks.
B. By using an fMRI scanner.
C. By asking them to report their feelings.
D. By analyzing their brain networks related to pain.
3. How effective is viewing nature in reducing pain compared to the use of painkillers?
A. It is much stronger.
B. It is about the same.
C. It is half as effective.
D. It is much less effective.
4. What can we infer about the study from the last paragraph?
A. It suggests people should avoid using painkillers.
B. It shows people should rely heavily on virtual nature.
C. It emphasizes the significance of protecting nature.
D. It proves that virtual nature is better than real nature.
【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是一项发表在《自然通讯》上的新研究，该研究表明观赏自然
景色可以通过减少与疼痛感知相关的大脑活动来缓解疼痛。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study published in Nature Communications reveals that viewing nature can
ease pain by reducing brain activity linked to pain perception (感知).(发表在《自然通讯》上的一项新研究表明，
观看大自然可以通过减少与疼痛感知相关的大脑活动来缓解疼痛。)”可知，发表在《自然通讯》上的这项
新研究主要揭示了观赏大自然的止痛效果。故选A。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The study used an fMRI scanner (扫描仪) to monitor the brain activity of 49
participants in Austria as they received pain through small electric shocks.(这项研究使用功能磁共振成像扫描仪
监测了奥地利49 名参与者在受到小电击时的大脑活动。)”可知，研究人员通过fMRI 扫描仪监测参与者的
大脑活动，故选B。
3. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The study provides evidence from brain scans that this effect is genuine, although
the pain-relieving effect was around half that of painkillers.(这项研究提供了脑部扫描的证据，证明这种效果是
真实的，尽管其缓解疼痛的效果只有止痛药的一半左右。)”可知，与使用止痛药相比，观赏大自然在减轻
疼痛方面效果只有一半。故选C。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The study also serves as renewed evidence for the importance of protecting
healthy natural environments, encouraging people to spend time in nature for the benefit of both the planet and
people.(这项研究还为保护健康的自然环境的重要性提供了新的证据，鼓励人们为了地球和人类的利益而花
时间在大自然中。)”可知，从最后一段我们可以推断出研究强调了保护自然的重要性。故选C。
Passage 5
(2025 福建省厦门市高中毕业班第3 次质量检测)The ability to connect an event with its consequences —
experts use the term associative learning — is a crucial skill for adapting to the environment. Recent findings show
that adults fail to demonstrate the highest learning performance in this area. This paves the way for a fresh
perspective on associative learning disorders, which are linked to the development of mental illness later in life.
Researchers from Ruhr University Bochum conducted groundbreaking experiments across four age groups:
babies (0-3), primary school children (6-12), teenagers (13-19), and adults. Participants were required to identify
patterns between visual pictures and corresponding rewards through computer-based tasks. Several learning
sessions were then integrated to assess performance stability.
The research team was amazed by the results: “We’d initially assumed that associative learning improves
continuously with increasing age,” says Dr. Carolin Konrad. However, there was a clear peak in performance at
primary school: “Children at this age achieved the best results, learned most consistently and showed the least
variability in their learning behavior.” Although adults and teenagers learned faster than babies, they didn’t reach
the performance level of primary school children.
It also emerged that repeated exposure to the learned material plays a crucial role for babies and teenagers
since an additional learning session led to an improvement in learning performance in these age groups. Teenagers
improved 40% after additional practice sessions, whereas adults showed minimal progress. This finding highlights
the “sensitive period” phenomenon — the brain’s higher plasticity during childhood that allows more efficient
knowledge strength.
The study shows that associative learning is present across the lifespan but that the rates and quantities of
learning vary. “This mental capacity not only helps us avoid dangers but also influences emotional regulation
patterns,” concludes Konrad. “Early identification of association of associative learning difficulties could serve as
an indicator for future mental health risks.”
1. Which is an example of associative learning?
A. A baby grasps an object placed in its hand.
B. A student works harder after getting good grades.
C. A driver keeps speeding up when receiving a ticket.
D. A cook follows his recipe despite customer complaints.
2. What were the participants required to do in the experiments?
A. Identify the relationship between different groups.
B. Watch and record their own performance over time.
C. Assess their learning progress during the sessions.
D. Pair pictures with rewards through computer-based tasks.
3. What surprised the researchers about associative learning?
A. Adults possessed greater adaptability.
B. Primary schoolers outperformed others.
C. Teenagers peaked in learning performance.
D. Babies required frequent exposure to knowledge.
4. Why is the “sensitive period” phenomenon mentioned in paragraph 4?
A. To show learning ability differences across all ages.
B. To advise adults to learn efficiently in a gradual way.
C. To stress the significance of learning during childhood.
D. To demonstrate the brain’s ability to adapt in adulthood.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. B 4. C
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是不同年龄段在联想学习能力上的差异，以及儿童期学习的
高效性对心理健康的影响。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The ability to connect an event with its consequences — experts use the term
associative learning — is a crucial skill for adapting to the environment.(将事件与其结果联系起来的能力——专
家称之为联想学习——是适应环境的一项关键技能。)” 可知，联想学习是指将事件与其结果联系起来的能
力，B 选项中“学生因为取得好成绩而更加努力学习”符合这一定义，因为它体现了事件(取得好成绩)与
结果(更加努力学习)之间的关联。故选B 项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Participants were required to identify patterns between visual pictures and
corresponding rewards through computer-based tasks.(参与者需要通过计算机任务识别视觉图片与相应奖励之
间的模式。)” 可知，参与者需要通过计算机任务将图片与奖励配对。故选D 项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However, there was a clear peak in performance at primary school: “Children
at this age achieved the best results, learned most consistently and showed the least variability in their learning
behavior.” Although adults and teenagers learned faster than babies, they didn’t reach the performance level of
primary school children.(然而，小学阶段的表现出现了明显的峰值：“这个年龄段的孩子取得了最佳成绩，
学习最稳定，学习行为的差异性最小。”尽管成年人和青少年比婴儿学得更快，但他们的表现水平并未达
到小学生的程度。)”可知，研究人员惊讶地发现，小学生阶段的孩子取得了最佳成绩，学习最稳定，学习
行为的差异性最小，由此可知，小学生在联想学习中的表现优于其他年龄段的人群。故选B 项。
4. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“This finding highlights the “sensitive period” phenomenon — the brain’s
higher plasticity during childhood that allows more efficient knowledge strength.(这一发现突显了“敏感期”现
象——儿童时期大脑具有更高的可塑性，这使得他们能够更高效地巩固知识。)”可知，儿童时期大脑的高
可塑性使知识学习更高效，由此可知，第四段中提到“敏感期”为了强调儿童时期学习的重要意义。故选
C 项。
Passage 6
(2025 安徽省“皖南八校”高三第三次大联考)Growing up with a mother who introduced swedes(芜菁甘
蓝) to Indian cuisine, Hill-Maini developed an early appreciation for the transformative power of cooking. His
culinary( 烹饪的) adventures took him to New York City, where, at just 18, he was redesigning menus for
Manhattan restaurants. But the call of science beckoned(召唤), leading him through biochemistry at Harvard and
eventually to UC Berkeley, where he now combines his passions for cooking and research.
The star of Hill-Maini’s research is N. intermedia, the fungus(真菌) responsible for oncom — a traditional
Indonesian food made from soy pulp leftovers. What makes this fungus extraordinary is its ability to turn
indigestible plant waste into nutritious, flavorful food in just 36 hours.
But Hill-Maini and his team didn’t stop at soy pulp. They tested N. intermedia on about 30 different
agricultural waste products. The results were astonishing — the fungus thrived on almost all of these agricultural
waste products, proving its significant role in food recycling.
The science behind this fungal magic is fascinating. N. intermedia belongs to a group called filamentous
fungi, which produce enzymes(酶) that break down complex plant materials that human digestive systems struggle
with. In doing so, they not only make the waste edible but also increase its protein content and improve its flavor.
One of the most exciting discoveries was the existence of two distinct types of N. intermedia: wild types
found globally and types that have adapted specifically to human generated agricultural waste. This suggests a
fascinating co-evolution between the fungus and human food production practices.
However, would people actually accept it? To answer this, Hill-Maini worked with Rasmus Munk, head chef
of the Michelin two-star restaurant Alchemist in Copenhagen. They presented red oncom to 60 people who had
never encountered it before. “We found that, basically, people who had never tried this food before made positive
comments about it,” Hill-Maini said. “The results were pretty good.”
1. What attracts Hill-Maini’s interest in cooking?
A. An introduction to Indian food.
B. His experiences of redesigning menus.
C. His mother’s influence.
D. His research at Harvard.
2. What can N. intermedia do according the text?
A. Promote the growth of plants.
B. Make food out of useless farm produce.
C. Increase the output of farm products.
D. Protect human digestive system.
3. Which has the similar meaning to the underlined word “thrived” in paragraph 3?
A. Burned.
B. Starved.
C. Mushroomed.
D. Killed.
4. How do people feel about the red oncom after they tried it?
A. Satisfied.
B. Terrible.
C. Uncertain.
D. Worried.
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Hill Maini 结合烹饪与科研的经历，重点讲述了他对N.
intermedia 真菌的研究，该真菌能将农业废料转化为食物，且人们接受度良好。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Growing up with a mother who introduced swedes (芜菁甘蓝) to Indian
cuisine, Hill Maini developed an early appreciation for the transformative power of cooking.(Hill Maini 在一位将
芜菁甘蓝引入印度美食的母亲的陪伴下长大，他很早就对烹饪的变革力量产生了兴趣)”可知，是他母亲的
影响吸引了他对烹饪的兴趣。故选C 项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“What makes this fungus extraordinary is its ability to turn indigestible plant
waste into nutritious, flavorful food in just 36 hours.(这种真菌的非凡之处在于，它能在短短36 小时内将难以
消化的植物废料转化为营养丰富、美味可口的食物)”以及第三段中“They tested N. intermedia on about 30
different agricultural waste products. The results were astonishing — the fungus thrived on almost all of these
agricultural waste products, proving its significant role in food recycling.(他们在大约30 种不同的农业废料上测
试了N. intermedia 真菌。结果令人惊讶——这种真菌在几乎所有这些农业废料上都生长良好，证明了它在
食品回收中的重要作用)”可知，N. intermedia 能利用无用的农产品制造出食物。故选B 项。
3. 词句猜测题。根据前文“They tested N. intermedia on about 30 different agricultural waste products.
The
results were astonishing(他们在大约30 种不同的农业废料上测试了N. intermedia 真菌。结果是惊人的)”以及
后文“proving its significant role in food recycling(证明了它在食品回收中的重要作用)”可知，这种真菌在这
些农业废料上生长得很好。由此推知，划线词“thrived(茁壮成长，兴旺)”与“Mushroomed(迅速成长，大
量涌现)”意思相近。故选C 项。
4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“We found that, basically, people who had never tried this food before made
positive comments about it,” Hill Maini said. “The results were pretty good.”(Hill Maini 说：“我们发现，基本
上，那些以前从未尝过这种食物的人对它做出了积极的评价。结果相当不错。”)”可知，人们品尝red
oncom 后感到满意。故选A 项。
Passage 7
(2025 安徽省“皖南八校”高三第三次大联考)Chocolate is a favorite of many and can be found in many
desserts. But it is usually thought of as an unhealthy delight to be eaten only occasionally. Now Swiss scientists
have found a way to make chocolate healthier for you and for the planet too. The traditional method of chocolate
making only uses the seeds and that is wasteful and not sustainable. The new method uses the entire cocoa fruit
instead of just the seeds, and that makes it ecofriendly and sweet without using added sugar.
Researchers at Zurich’s Federal Institute of Technology recently published their work in the journal Nature
Food. The new chocolate does not need any added sugar due to the natural sweetness in the cocoa fruit. In fact, the
juice contains 14 percent sugar which is distilled(蒸馏) down to a concentrated syrup(糖浆) and then combined
with the fruit pulp to form a gel(凝胶). When the gel is added to cocoa beans to make chocolate, it is naturally
sweet.
The mixtures were tested by trained specialists using small pieces of chocolate that weighed just five grams
each to find out which one worked the best. But besides getting rid of added refined sugar( 精制糖) to the
chocolate, using the fruit also boasted the fiber content.
The traditional system of cocoa production in Africa and South America is not sustainable. The industry is
also suffering from the soaring price of cocoa beans and the poverty of the cocoa farmers. Using the entire fruit
could help ease these two issues. “Not only do the farmers get significantly extra income through using cocoa pulp,
but also the important industrial processing is happening in the country of origin. Creating jobs, creating value that
can be distributed in the country of origin,” Anian Schreiber said.
Chocolate producers in Africa, South America, and even in the US, are already contacting Mishra, the main
researcher of the study, about the new method. In Switzerland, chocolate producers including Lindt are starting to
use the entire cocoa plant and not just the beans, but none have completely removed refined sugar.
1. Which word best describes the traditional cocoa production system?
A. Efficient.
B. Promising.
C. Profitable.
D. Unsustainable.
2. What’s the strength of the new chocolate-making method?
A. It uses less energy.
B. It reduces water usage.
C. It maximizes cocoa fruit.
D. It lowers carbon emissions.
3. What might the writer talk about in the following passage?
A. The advantage of refined sugar.
B. The choice of origin of cocoa fruits.
C. The reason not to totally employ new process. D. The training plans of skilled workers.
4. Which of the following is the best title?
A. The History of Chocolate Making
B. Chocolate Producers’ New Challenges
C. The High Cost of Traditional Chocolate D. Swiss Scientists Make a Chocolate Breakthrough
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了瑞士科学家研发出一种新的巧克力制作方法，这种方法不
仅使巧克力更健康，还对地球更友好。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“The traditional method of chocolate making only uses the seeds and that is
wasteful and not sustainable.(传统的巧克力制作方法只使用巧克力籽，这既浪费又不可持续)”可知，传统的
可可生产系统是不可持续的。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据第一段“The traditional method of chocolate making only uses the seeds and that is
wasteful and not sustainable. The new method uses the entire cocoa fruit instead of just the seeds, and that makes it
ecofriendly and sweet without using added sugar.(传统的巧克力制作方法只使用巧克力籽，这既浪费又不可持
续。这种新方法使用了整个可可果实，而不仅仅是种子，这使得它既环保又甜，不需要添加糖)”可知，巧
克力制作新方法的优势就是它最大限度地利用可可豆。故选C。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Chocolate producers in Africa, South America, and even in the US, are already
contacting Mishra, the main researcher of the study, about the new method.(非洲、南美甚至美国的巧克力生产商
已经在联系这项研究的主要研究员米什拉，讨论这种新方法)”可推知，接下来作者有可能会谈及不完全采
用新工艺的原因。故选C。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Now Swiss scientists have found a way to make chocolate healthier for you and
for the planet too. The traditional method of chocolate making only uses the seeds and that is wasteful and not
sustainable. The new method uses the entire cocoa fruit instead of just the seeds, and that makes it ecofriendly and
sweet without using added sugar.(现在，瑞士科学家找到了一种方法，让巧克力对你和地球都更健康。传统
的巧克力制作方法只使用巧克力籽，这既浪费又不可持续。这种新方法使用了整个可可果实，而不仅仅是
种子，这使得它既环保又甜，不需要添加糖)”结合文章主要讲述了瑞士科学家研发出一种新的巧克力制作
方法，这种方法不仅使巧克力更健康，还对地球更友好。由此可知，D 项“瑞士科学家在巧克力上取得突
破”最符合文章标题。故选D。
Passage 8
(2025 福建省宁德市高中毕业班五月份质量检测)It’s all too easy to see your skin as just a barrier — the
external walls of your body — while giving your immune( 免疫) system all the credit for fighting against any
bacteria(细菌) that manage to get in. But recent research published in Nature has revealed the skin has its own
immune system ready to fight off infections at the point of entry.
Prof. Michael Fischbach and Dr. Djenet Bousbaine, bioengineers at Stanford University and co-authors of
the study, told BBC Science Focus, “Our discovery allowed us to develop needle-free vaccines(疫苗) that can be
delivered directly to the skin or inside the mouth instead of using a needle.”
The idea builds on their experiments showing that introducing a specially engineered bacteria to the skin of
mice stimulated immune responses in both the bloodstream and airway linings. These responses not only lasted for
over 200 days but also provided sustained immune protection during this period. The discovery could help to
develop vaccines that produce antibodies in key tissues, such as the insides of our noses and mouths.
Vaccines are usually given with a needle into the muscle, offering long-lasting protection throughout the
body. However, they are less effective at the places where infections start, like the surfaces in the nose, mouth, or
other body parts. Fischbach and Bousbaine argue that weak immune protection at these sites can still allow
vaccinated individuals to catch and spread diseases, thereby reducing the overall effectiveness of vaccines.
Their new approach addresses this gap by delivering vaccines directly to the skin and airway entrances,
potentially in the form of a cream. This method aims to strengthen immune defenses at the body’s first line of entry,
allowing the immune system to train and activate necessary responses right where infections start. Such vaccines
could prevent airway infections like flu from taking hold before they even enter the body, marking a significant step
toward containing outbreaks of serious diseases before they intensify into widespread infections.
1. What is the common misunderstanding about skin?
A. It just serves as a barrier to vaccine.
B. It readily helps us fight off infections.
C. It simply functions as a physical block.
D. It makes up the human immune system.
2. What is mainly presented in Paragraph 3?
A. Statistic analysis.
B. Experimental evidence.
C. Engineering model.
D. Theoretical assumption.
3. What is the advantage of the new vaccine?
A. It is efficient and highly-targeted.
B. It is defensive and muscle-specific.
C. It produces antibodies at a faster rate.
D. It deactivates responses in the blood.
4. Which is the best title for the text?
A. Skin Disease Prevention: A Way to a Healthier Life
B. Cream-based Vaccine: A Solution to Skin Disorders
C. Skin Immune Defense: A Key to Needle-free Vaccines
D. Skin Disease Treatment: A Strategy to Tackle Infection
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种皮肤免疫防御，可以直接注射到皮肤或口腔内，而不
是使用针头，并解释了其工作原理。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s all too easy to see your skin as just a barrier — the external walls of your body
— while giving your immune (免疫) system all the credit for fighting against any bacteria (细菌) that manage to
get in.(人们很容易把皮肤看作是一道屏障——身体的外墙——而它却赋予了免疫系统抗击任何入侵细菌的
全部荣誉)”可知，皮肤的常见误解是认为它只是作为一个物理块。故选C。
2. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“ The idea builds on their experiments showing that introducing a specially
engineered bacteria to the skin of mice stimulated immune responses in both the bloodstream and airway linings.
These responses not only lasted for over 200 days but also provided sustained immune protection during this
period. The discovery could help to develop vaccines that produce antibodies in key tissues, such as the insides of
our noses and mouths.(这个想法建立在他们的实验基础上，实验表明，将一种特殊的工程细菌引入老鼠的皮
肤，可以刺激血液和气道内壁的免疫反应。这些反应不仅持续了200 多天，而且在此期间提供了持续的免
疫保护。这一发现可能有助于开发在关键组织中产生抗体的疫苗，比如我们的鼻子和嘴巴内部)”可知，第
三段的主要内容是实验证据。故选B。
3. 细节理解题。根据第三段“These responses not only lasted for over 200 days but also provided sustained
immune protection during this period.(这些反应不仅持续了200 多天，而且在此期间提供了持续的免疫保护)”
以及最后一段“Their new approach addresses this gap by delivering vaccines directly to the skin and airway
entrances, potentially in the form of a cream. This method aims to strengthen immune defenses at the body’s first
line of entry, allowing the immune system to train and activate necessary responses right where infections start.(他
们的新方法通过将疫苗直接输送到皮肤和气道入口，可能以乳霜的形式解决了这一空白。这种方法旨在加
强人体第一道防线的免疫防御，让免疫系统在感染开始的地方训练和激活必要的反应)”可知，这种新疫苗
的优点是效率高，针对性强。故选A。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Prof. Michael Fischbach and Dr. Djenet Bousbaine, bioengineers at Stanford
University and co-authors of the study, told BBC Science Focus, “Our discovery allowed us to develop needle-free
vaccines (疫苗) that can be delivered directly to the skin or inside the mouth instead of using a needle.”(斯坦福大
学的生物工程师迈克尔·菲施巴赫教授和杰内特·布斯贝恩博士是这项研究的共同作者，他们告诉BBC 科学
聚焦：“我们的发现使我们能够开发出无针疫苗，这种疫苗可以直接注射到皮肤或口腔内，而不是使用针
头。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了一种皮肤免疫防御，可以直接注射到皮肤或口腔内，而不是使用针头，并
解释了其工作原理。由此可知，C 选项“皮肤免疫防御：无针疫苗的关键”适合作文章最佳标题。故选
C。
Passage 9
(2025 福建省宁德市高中毕业班五月份质量检测)Our memories, especially our positive ones, play
important roles in personality formation and decision making. People who recall happy, positive memories tend to
be happier and more positive. A bedtime practice of looking back on joyful experiences in your life can also boost
life satisfaction, according to a blog post on Psychology Today.
Now, a groundbreaking study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests
that one day, it may be possible to replace bad memories with good ones, simply by sleeping on them. This research
could open the door to new possibilities for improving mental well-being and reshaping how we experience
memories.
In a recent study, 37 participants were asked to memorize a list of random words paired with negative images
and had a full night’s sleep.
The next day, researchers paired half of the random words with positive images. Participants were again
asked to memorize the words and images. That night, as participants slept, researchers played a recording of the
words during the non-rapid eye movement sleep phase, which is known to play an important role in memory
storage. They measured the brain activity of participants using an EEG(脑电图). Data showed that brain activity
associated with emotional memory processing was significantly higher in response to the positive word
associations.
Participants then completed questionnaires(问卷) about their memories. Researchers found that those who
took part in the study were more likely to remember the positive images associated with the words, rather than the
negative ones.
The study demonstrated that the brain can weaken negative memories by reactivating positive ones.
However, the research has limitations, and it’s unclear if such an approach would be as effective for traumatic(创伤
性的) experiences as it is for merely negative pictures, reported Fast Company. Still, researchers hope that findings
from the initial study will open the door for treating traumatic memories.
1. Which can be influenced by our memories?
A. Our lifestyle.
B. Our resolution.
C. Our appearance.
D. Our communication.
2. Why did the researchers play a recording of the words?
A. To assess the participants’ brain activity. B. To complete questionnaires on memories.
C. To measure the participants’ sleep quality.
D. To transform the participants’ memories.
3. How did the researchers draw the conclusion?
A. By recording participants’ speech.
B. By classifying participants’ emotions.
C. By comparing participants’ memories.
D. By observing participants’ eye movement.
4. What is the main idea of the text?
A. Positive people have positive memories. B. Positive memories benefit mental well-being.
C. Negative memories can turn into positive ones.
D. A new method is found to decrease bad memories.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究人员发现了一种可以减少糟糕记忆的方法，解释了研
究开展的经过以及研究的重要意义。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Our memories, especially our positive ones, play important roles in personality
formation and decision making.(我们的记忆，尤其是积极的记忆，在性格形成和决策过程中扮演着重要的角
色。)”可知，我们的决议会受到我们记忆的影响。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段“That night, as participants slept, researchers played a recording of the words
during the non-rapid eye movement sleep phase, which is known to play an important role in memory storage. They
measured the brain activity of participants using an EEG (脑电图). Data showed that brain activity associated with
emotional memory processing was significantly higher in response to the positive word associations.(当天晚上，
当参与者睡觉时，研究人员播放了非快速眼动睡眠阶段的单词录音，众所周知，这在记忆储存中起着重要
作用。他们用脑电图(EEG)测量了参与者的大脑活动。数据显示，与情绪记忆处理相关的大脑活动在积极
词汇联想的反应中明显更高。)”可知，研究人员播放这些单词的录音是为了评估参与者的大脑活动。故选
A。
3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The next day, researchers paired half of the random words with positive images.
(第二天，研究人员将一半的随机单词与积极的图像配对。)”可知，研究人员通过比较参与者的记忆得出这
个结论。故选C。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Now, a groundbreaking study published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences suggests that one day, it may be possible to replace bad memories with good ones, simply by
sleeping on them. This research could open the door to new possibilities for improving mental well-being and
reshaping how we experience memories.(现在，发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项开创性研究表明，
有一天，美好的记忆可能会取代糟糕的记忆，只需要睡一觉就可以了。这项研究可能为改善心理健康和重
塑我们的记忆体验开辟新的可能性。)”结合文章主要说明了研究人员发现了一种可以减少糟糕记忆的方法，
解释了研究开展的经过以及研究的重要意义。可知，这篇文章的主旨是发现了一种减少糟糕记忆的新方法。
故选D。
Passage 10
(2025 河南省部分学校高三下学期三模)When radiologist Pouneh Razavi reads a patient’s chest X-ray, she
hunts for blips( 光点) in the X-ray image that could indicate breast cancer. Then, a second reader, artificial
intelligence (AI), looks at the image, and the two compare results.
Images from Razavi’s practice could help train the AI on blips it missed, so it improves over time. Razavi’s
colleagues are still collecting data, but they are excited about it.
Chest X-rays aren’t the only type of medical imaging getting AI assistance. Doctors are using the technology
to analyse ultrasound videos of babies’ hearts and more. AI technology in medicine is growing rapidly. “Imaging is
leading the way,” said Stanford University radiologist Curtis Langlotz.
It’s not unusual for Langlotz to arrive at the hospital early on Saturday mornings to find at least 150 patient
images waiting for him to review. He’ll examine chest X-rays carefully, looking for abnormal nodules(结节) in the
lungs. It’s a tiring job that takes training and attention to detail, but even experts can make mistakes. “We need
help,” Langlotz said.
What can be extremely challenging for humans may be a ripe opportunity for AI. With massive quantities of
high-quality digital images, scientists can train AI computer models to seek out specific features in a person’s scan,
like signs of lung disease on an X-ray. Such models may help improve radiologists’ accuracy and efficiency, so
doctors can prioritize cases based on which ones may need immediate attention.
The model isn’t ready for widespread roll-out. The researchers first need to train it on more data. “With too
many variables that might confuse it, the researchers estimate that more training plus trials to confirm the model
works could take five years,” says Julia Vogt, a computer scientist at ETH Zurich.
“Using AI tools thoughtfully could ultimately make health care more efficient,” Vogt says. “AI is not magic
or perfect, but it has the potential to solve some problems. By easing workloads, for example, AI could give doctors
more time with their patients. That would be a huge achievement.”
1. What is the main function of AI in Pouneh Razavi’s work?
A. To collect data for research.
B. To train doctors in imaging.
C. To detect breast cancer indicators.
D. To find out the blips in her images.
2. What does Langlotz’s busy Saturday morning show?
A. His devotion to work.
B. His excellent medical skills.
C. A lack of doctors in the local hospital.
D. The desire for AI’s application in his work.
3. What does the underlined word “roll-out” in paragraph 6 mean?
A. Reaction.
B. Launch.
C. Research.
D. Attention.
4. What is Vogt’s attitude to AI?
A. Objective.
B. Uncertain.
C. Negative.
D. Uncaring.
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能(AI)在医学影像领域的应用及其潜力。文章通
过具体例子，如放射科医生Pouneh Razavi 如何与AI 合作读取患者的胸部X 光片，以及AI 如何帮助分析
婴儿心脏的超声视频等，来说明AI 技术在医学中的快速发展和广泛应用。
1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When radiologist Pouneh Razavi reads a patient’s chest X-ray, she hunts for
blips(光点)in the X-ray image that could indicate breast cancer. Then, a second reader, artificial intelligence(AI),
looks at the image, and the two compare results.(当放射科医生Pouneh Razavi 阅读病人的胸部X 光片时，她会
在X 光图像中搜寻那些可能表明患有乳腺癌的光点。然后，另一个“阅片者”——人工智能(AI)会查看这
张图像，接着这两者会比较各自的诊断结果。)”可知，放射科医生Pouneh Razavi 在看病人胸部X 光片时寻
找可能表明乳腺癌的光点，之后人工智能也会看图像，并且两者要比较结果，这说明人工智能也是在X 光
图像中寻找可能表明乳腺癌的光点，即检测乳腺癌的指标。故选C。
2. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“He’ll examine chest X-rays carefully, looking for abnormal nodules(结节)in
the lungs. It’s a tiring job that takes training and attention to detail, but even experts can make mistakes. “We need
help,” Langlotz said.(他会仔细检查胸部X 光片，寻找肺部的异常结节。这是一项累人的工作，需要经过专
业训练，并且要注意细节，但即使是专家也可能会犯错。Langlotz 说：“我们需要帮助。”)”可知，检查
胸部 X 光片是一项累人的工作，即使是专家也会犯错，他们需要帮助。所以Langlotz 忙碌的星期六上午
表明他们医生对人工智能在工作中的应用的渴望。故选D。
3. 词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在语境“The model isn’t ready for widespread roll-out. The researchers first
need to train it on more data. “With too many variables that might confuse it, the researchers estimate that more
training plus trials to confirm the model works could take five years,” says Julia Vogt, a computer scientist at ETH
Zurich.(目前该模型还未准备好大规模……。研究人员首先需要用更多的数据来训练它。苏黎世联邦理工学
院的计算机科学家Julia Vogt 说：“由于存在太多可能会让模型混淆的变量，研究人员估计，进一步的训练
以及通过试验来确认模型的有效性可能需要五年时间。”)”可知，研究人员还需要用更多数据来训练该模
型，因为它存在很多可能使模型混淆的变量，可能还需要五年时间，所以，这种模式还没有做好广泛推广
的准备，划线词“roll-out”的意思是“推广，推出”，与B 项“launch”意思相近。故选B。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Using AI tools thoughtfully could ultimately make health care more
efficient,” Vogt says. “AI is not magic or perfect, but it has the potential to solve some problems. By easing
workloads, for example, AI could give doctors more time with their patients. That would be a huge
achievement.”(Vogt 说：“谨慎地使用人工智能工具最终可能会让医疗保健变得更高效。人工智能并非神奇
或完美无缺，但它有解决一些问题的潜力。例如，通过减轻工作量，人工智能可以让医生有更多时间陪伴
病人。这将是一项巨大的成就。”)”可知，Vogt 既指出了人工智能不是完美的，又肯定了其在医疗保健方
面的潜力和作用。因此，Vogt 的态度是客观的。故选A。
高频话题02 环境保护
Passage 1
(2025 浙江省金华市义乌市高三下学期三模)Adriano Lippo is on his small boat, staring out over the dark
blue waters of the Mar Piccolo. “I don’t think it will happen this year,” he says, shaking his head. “Everything is
dead.”
For the past decade, Lippo has made the same journey at the end of every summer, steering his boat to
transfer mussels(贻贝) across the Mar Piccolo, a semi-enclosed bay located between the city and the open sea.
Once the lifeblood of a centuries-old tradition, the Mar Piccolo supported generations of mussel farmers, producing
60,000 tons of mussels annually in the early 2000s. However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy
toll, pushing the business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.
Now, mussel farmers are pinning their hopes on a plan to restore the polluted Mar Piccolo through
phytoremediation(植物修复). In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot
project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone. After a
year of planting, chemical analyses revealed significant improvements, demonstrating the method’s ability to
address both organic and inorganic pollution. The process can treat soil up to 5m deep at a small part of the cost of
traditional remediation methods.
Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant professor at the University of
Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as large as the Mar Piccolo. He
adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be combined with other more
traditional remediation methods.”
“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely erased by the continuation of
polluting activities,” Uricchio remains full of fight. “I want to act; I want to remediate as much as possible.”
1. What has happened to mussel farming in the Mar Piccolo in recent years?
A. It has suffered a serious drop.
B. It has lost the support of young people.
C. It has failed to remain profitable.
D. It has caused pollution in nearby waters.
2. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A. The economic benefits of Monviso clones.
B. Farmers’ efforts to rebuild the Mar Piccolo.
C. A test program using plants to clean polluted soil.
D. Scientists’ work on developing phytoremediation.
3. What is Nissim’s attitude toward depolluting Mar Piccolo with phytoremediation?
A. Cautious.
B. Dismissive.
C. Unclear.
D. Appreciative.
4. What mainly ensures the success of remediation?
A. Expanding area for Monviso clones.
B. Reducing ongoing pollution actions.
C. Mixing traditional and modern methods. D. Raising public environmental awareness.
【答案】1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了马里皮科洛湾的贻贝养殖业因污染和热浪而衰落，以及科学家
们尝试用植物修复技术来清理污染的努力。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy toll, pushing the
business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.(然而，污染和热浪已经造成了严重的影响，导
致该行业急剧下滑，农民不得不为此付出代价。)”可知，近年来马里皮科洛湾的贻贝养殖业遭受了严重的
下滑。故选A。
2. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot
project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone.(2024 年
初，地质学家维托·乌里基奥和他的研究团队启动了一个试点项目，该项目侧重于使用Monviso 克隆体等植
物来清理一公顷的污染土地。)”可知，第三段主要讲的是一个用植物清理污染土壤的试验项目。故选C。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant
professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as
large as the Mar Piccolo. He adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be
combined with other more traditional remediation methods.”(尽管目前的研究显示出希望，但米兰比可卡大学
的助理教授Werther Nissim 表示，仅靠植物修复技术不太可能完全清理像马里皮科洛湾这样大的区域。他
补充说：“需要很长时间是另一个瓶颈。这项技术应该与其他更传统的修复方法相结合。”)”可知，
Nissim 认为植物修复技术不能完全清理像马里皮科洛湾这样大的区域，而且需要很长时间，这项技术应该
与其他更传统的修复方法相结合，由此可推测出，他对用植物修复技术清理马里皮科洛湾污染的态度是谨
慎的。故选A。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely
erased by the continuation of polluting activities.(即使进行了最好的修复，持续的污染活动也会完全抹去其益
处。)”可知，减少持续的污染行为是确保修复成功的关键。故选B。
Passage 2
(2025 安徽省合肥市示范中学高三5 月教学质量检测三模)Each year, an estimated 53,000 tourists visit
Antarctica, and they could each be unintentionally contributing to the melting of 83 tonnes of snow, according to a
new study published in Nature Communications.
The culprit is black carbon, created when fossil(化石) fuels and biomass are burnt. Black carbon settles on
the snow, causing it to darken in colour. This increases the absorption of heat from the sun and quickens melting.
Due to its remoteness, Antarctica has a low background level of black-carbon pollution compared to other
parts of the world. However, the new study indicates that black carbon from Antarctic tourism and research
activities has nevertheless had a notable effect on the icy landscape.
The international research team measured black carbon concentrations in snow collected from 28 sites along
a 2,000-kilometre stretch of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. The researchers found that black carbon levels were
higher near research facilities and landing sites for tourist ships than at more remote regions of the peninsula.
The study estimates that, in heavily impacted areas, black carbon pollution is causing snowpack to decrease
by up to 23 millimetres each year. Altogether, an estimated 4.4 megatonnes per year of snow is melting more
quickly in the summer due to the impacts of black carbon from tourism alone — translating to 83 tonnes per visitor.
Although these figures are striking, the real impact could be more complex than the data suggest.
“It is likely that local emissions(排放) account for most of the black carbon content in samples collected
around research facilities and popular shore tourist-landing sites,” the paper states.
Ships, aero planes, helicopters, generators and trucks are known sources of black carbon that can settle on
snow. The study authors suggest that tourist cruises( 巡航) and fuel-powered equipment at scientific research
stations are likely the largest sources of black-carbon pollution in the study area. That’s despite efforts in recent
years to reduce the environmental footprint of Antarctic tourism, such as switching to marine diesel(船用柴油) or
deep cycle battery power.
“Our results show that more remains to be done to reduce the impacts of tourism and ships in Antarctica,”
the authors write.
1. What does the underlined word “culprit” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Main cause.
B. Harmful gas.
C. Useful energy.
D. Unexpected result.
2. How is black carbon produced in Antarctica?
A. From winds blowing in foreign dust.
B. From volcanic activities under the ice.
C. From natural changes in temperature.
D. From fuel use in tourism and research.
3. What do the figures in paragraph 5 most likely imply?
A. They exactly show each visitor’s carbon footprint.
B. The impact of human activity may be underestimated.
C. They suggest that Antarctica tourism should be banned.
D. The data may overstate the snowpack melting problem.
4. What do the authors think of current environmental efforts in Antarctica?
A. They still show limited effect.
B. They paint a rosy picture.
C. They are a drop in the bucket.
D. They boost Antarctica tourism.
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明南极旅游活动通过黑碳排放加速雪层融化，目
前的环保措施尚未有效遏制黑碳污染，研究者呼吁加强减排行动。
1. 词句猜测题。画线词的上文“Each year, an estimated 53,000 tourists visit Antarctica, and they could each be
unintentionally contributing to the melting of 83 tonnes of snow, according to a new study published in Nature
Communications. (每年约有5.3 万名游客到访南极。根据《自然·通讯》发表的最新研究，每位游客可能无
意中导致83 吨积雪融化)”指出前往南极的游客会导致积雪融化，画线词的下文“Black carbon settles on the
snow, causing it to darken in colour. This increases the absorption of heat from the sun and quickens melting. (黑碳
沉降在雪面上，导致雪的颜色变深。这会增强对太阳热量的吸收，从而加速冰雪融化)”说明黑碳对雪层的
影响机制，因此这里是指黑碳是积雪融化的诱因。由此猜测，画线词意思应该是“主要原因，主因”。故
选A 项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, the new study indicates that black carbon from Antarctic tourism and
research activities has nevertheless had a notable effect on the icy landscape. (然而，这项新研究表明，南极旅游
和科研活动产生的黑碳仍对这片冰雪景观产生了显著影响)”可知，黑碳是由旅游和研究中使用的燃料产生
的。故选D 项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“The study estimates that, in heavily impacted areas, black carbon pollution is
causing snowpack to decrease by up to 23 millimetres each year. Altogether, an estimated 4.4 megatonnes per year
of snow is melting more quickly in the summer due to the impacts of black carbon from tourism alone —
translating to 83 tonnes per visitor. (研究表明，在污染严重的区域，黑碳污染导致积雪每年减少多达23 毫米。
仅旅游活动产生的黑碳影响，就导致每年约440 万吨积雪在夏季加速融化——相当于每位游客造成83 吨的
积雪消融)”可知，这些数据表明黑碳污染导致的积雪融化量非常巨大，暗示了人类活动的影响可能被低估
了。故选B 项。
4. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“That’s despite efforts in recent years to reduce the environmental footprint
of Antarctic tourism, such as switching to marine diesel (船用柴油) or deep cycle battery power. (尽管近年来已采
取多项措施来减少南极旅游的环境足迹——例如改用船用柴油或深循环电池供电——但问题依然存在)”和
最后一段中该研究的作者们所说的话“Our results show that more remains to be done to reduce the impacts of
tourism and ships in Antarctica (我们的研究结果表明，要减少旅游活动和船舶对南极洲的影响，仍需付出更
多努力)”可知，现有的环保措施尚未有效遏制黑碳污染，需要更多的努力来解决这一问题。由此可知，作
者们认为这些努力的效果仍然有限。故选A 项。
Passage 3
(2025 安徽省合肥市示范中学高三5 月教学质量检测三模)Electric vehicles (EV) are a key component of
the global shift toward sustainable energy, but a new study highlights a significant challenge: the refining(提纯) of
critical minerals for EV batteries could lead to pollution hotspots near manufacturing centers.
The study reveals that fully domesticating the supply chains for EV production could drive national sulfur
dioxide (SO2) emissions up by as much as 20% compared to current levels. Most of these emissions would stem
from the refining and production of nickel and cobalt(镍和钴), essential materials for modern EV batteries.
The researchers argued that if left unaddressed, pollution from battery manufacturing will become an
increasingly global challenge as EV adoption rates rise. Even if some countries were to outsource battery
manufacturing, without strategies to reduce SO ₂ emissions, they would simply be offloading the problem to
another country.
For countries like India who is in the early stages of supply chain development, the lowest-hanging fruit
would be to focus first on cleaning up pollution from the power sector. This would require enforcing stricter
SO ₂ pollution control measures for thermal power plants, using mature technologies like flue-gas
desulfurization. For others, which already have strict emissions control s for the power sector, the focus needs to
shift to mitigating SO ₂ emissions from the battery manufacturing process.
In addition to their policy recommendation for proactive air pollution standards, which would likely happen
at the national or subnational level, the researchers also examined how changing the battery chemistry in EV could
avoid unwanted SO ₂ emissions at a more global scale. While most EV batteries today rely on cobalt and nickel,
the rise of alternative chemistries that use iron and phosphate( 磷酸铁锂电池) could circumvent some of the
concerns associated with mining and refining nickel and cobalt.
In all events, the findings serve as a reminder to keep people at the top of mind when designing
decarbonization plans, as even the most promising technologies could come with unwanted and unintended
consequences.
1. Why does the author write the text?
A. To compare different types of EV batteries.
B. To warn about the pollution risk from EV batteries.
C. To call for global cooperation in EV development.
D. To explain why EV development has slowed down.
2. What would happen if EV battery manufacturing were fully domestic?
A. It would promote the national economy.
B. It would speed up EV battery production.
C. It would boost nickel and cobalt refining.
D. It would cause more domestic SO ₂ emissions.
3. Why does the author mention India in the passage?
A. To criticize India's current emission control measures.
B. To suggest that developing countries face pollution risks.
C. To show that countries need tailored pollution strategies.
D. To illustrate India's progress in supply chain development.
4. How does the author feel about promising green technologies like EVs?
A. Cautiously optimistic about their future.
B. Fully confident in their economic benefits.
C. Disappointed in their environmental impact.
D. Deeply alarmed by their potential side effects.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨电动汽车(EV)电池制造过程中关键矿物提纯可能导致的污
染问题，并提出应对策略。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Electric vehicles (EV) are a key component of the global shift toward
sustainable energy, but a new study highlights a significant challenge: the refining ( 提纯) of critical minerals for
EV batteries could lead to pollution hotspots near manufacturing centers.(电动汽车(EV)是全球向可持续能源转
变的关键组成部分，但一项新的研究强调了一个重大挑战：电动汽车电池关键矿物的提纯可能导致制造中
心附近的污染热点)”以及全文对污染风险的多次警示，可推知作者旨在警告读者关注EV 电池的污染风险。
故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“ The study reveals that fully domesticating the supply chains for EV
production could drive national sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions up by as much as 20% compared to current levels.
(该研究表明，与目前的水平相比，完全实现电动汽车生产供应链的国产化可能会使全国二氧化硫(SO₂)排
放量增加20%)”可推知，完全本土化生产电动汽车电池会导致更多国内SO₂ 排放。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“ For countries like India who is in the early stages of supply chain
development, the lowest-hanging fruit would be to focus first on cleaning up pollution from the power sector.(对于
像印度这样处于供应链发展早期阶段的国家来说，最容易实现的目标是首先集中精力清理电力部门的污
染)”及后文对不同国家差异化策略的描述，可推知作者以印度为例说明各国需定制化污染治理策略。故选
C。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In all events, the findings serve as a reminder to keep people at the top of
mind when designing decarbonization plans, as even the most promising technologies could come with unwanted
and unintended consequences.(无论如何，这些发现都提醒我们，在设计脱碳计划时，要把人放在首位，因
为即使是最有前途的技术也可能带来意想不到的后果)”可知，研究结果提醒人们，设计脱碳计划时需以人
为先，以及前文“While most EV batteries today rely on cobalt and nickel, the rise of alternative chemistries that
use iron and phosphate ( 磷酸铁锂电池) could circumvent some of the concerns associated with mining and
refining nickel and cobalt.(虽然目前大多数电动汽车电池依赖于钴和镍，但使用铁和磷酸盐的替代化学物质
的兴起可能会规避与开采和精炼镍和钴相关的一些担忧)”对替代电池技术的探讨。由此推知，作者对绿色
技术持谨慎乐观态度，既认可潜力也关注潜在问题。故选A。
Passage 4
(2025 安徽省蚌埠市高三下学期适应性考试)A worldwide study published last month in the journal Nature
Climate Change found global warming responsible for 37 percent of heat-related deaths between 1991 and 2018.
As temperatures climb ever higher, that figure may well rise.
The following is what happens if you’re one of the next people whom extreme heat kills, according to W.
Lawrence Kenney, an expert at Penn State University.
First, your brain sends a series of messages to your sweat glands( 腺) telling them to increase sweat
production. Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is also directed away
from some of your internal organs. That’s your body attempting to make your skin hotter than the air outside, in
hopes of creating a convection(对流) phenomenon that moves heat away from you. Sometimes that alone is enough
to create problems for a weak or aging heart.
If heat attack occurs, your body might get so hot and shift so much oxygen-rich blood to the skin that it
suffocates(窒息) those vital internal organs, which become oxygen-starved. Surviving the organ failure that follows
might require an emergency transplant.
If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb to somewhere closer to 104
degrees and 105 degrees. “These are the situations where people die of classical heat attack,” Kenney said.
At that temperature, the tissue s in the brain become affected. You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before
long, you might not know where you are or what time it is. You might collapse. Left untreated, what follows is a
series of organ failure that leads to all but certain death.
We are learning more about how to avoid overheating. The most likely guarantee against dying of extreme
heat is preventing the rise of global temperatures. However, achieving that goal requires rapidly and dramatically
reducing fossil fuel use and finding ways to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than we release. Efforts so
far have remained awfully insufficient. Global oil demand, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
predicted last month, will jump greatly.
1. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A. The function of sweat glands.
B. The body’s heat-loss principle.
C. The working principle of skin.
D. The cause of an aging heart.
2. What directly claims people’s lives?
A. Heat waves.
B. Lack of oxygen.
C. Dull headache.
D. Organ failure.
3. How does the author feel about human’s current efforts to prevent global warming?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disappointed.
D. Satisfied.
4. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. How Heat Waves Destroy the Human Body
B. Global Warming Leads to More Problems
C. How Extreme Weather Affects Our Life
D. Global Warming Attracts Public Attention
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了全球变暖使高温致死率上升，文章阐述极端高温下人体反应及
致死过程，呼吁应对全球变暖。
1. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“First, your brain sends a series of messages to your sweat glands (腺) telling them
to increase sweat production. Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is
also directed away from some of your internal organs. That’s your body attempting to make your skin hotter than
the air outside, in hopes of creating a convection (对流) phenomenon that moves heat away from you. (首先，你的
大脑会向汗腺发送一系列信息，告诉它们增加汗液的分泌。然后你的心脏开始跳动得更快，将血液输送到
皮肤，同时血液也从你的一些内脏器官流走。这是你的身体试图让你的皮肤比外面的空气更热，希望能产
生一种对流现象，将热量从你身上带走。)”可知，该段主要讲述了身体的散热原理。故选B 项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段“If heat attack occurs, your body might get so hot and shift so much oxygen-rich
blood to the skin that it suffocates (窒息) those vital internal organs, which become oxygen-starved. Surviving the
organ failure that follows might require an emergency transplant.(如果发生中暑，你的身体可能会变得非常热，
将大量富含氧气的血液转移到皮肤上，以至于使那些重要的内脏器官窒息，这些器官会缺氧。要在随后的
器官衰竭中存活下来，可能需要紧急移植。)”以及第五段“If your body fails to cool you down, its internal
temperature might start to climb to somewhere closer to 104 degrees and 105 degrees. “These are the situations
where people die of classical heat attack,” Kenney said.(如果你的身体不能让你降温，它的内部温度可能会开
始上升到接近 104 华氏度和105 华氏度。“这些就是人们死于典型中暑的情况，”肯尼说。)”和第六段
“Left untreated, what follows is a series of organ failure that leads to all but certain death.(如果不加以治疗，接
下来就是一系列的器官衰竭，几乎肯定会导致死亡。)”可知，直接夺走人们生命的是器官衰竭。故选D 项。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“We are learning more about how to avoid overheating. The most likely
guarantee against dying of extreme heat is preventing the rise of global temperatures. However, achieving that goal
requires rapidly and dramatically reducing fossil fuel use and finding ways to remove more carbon from the
atmosphere than we release. Efforts so far have remained awfully insufficient. Global oil demand, the Organization
of Petroleum Exporting Countries predicted last month, will jump greatly.(我们对如何避免过热了解得越来越多。
防止死于极端高温最有可能的保证是防止全球气温上升。然而，要实现这一目标，需要迅速大幅减少化石
燃料的使用，并找到从大气中清除比我们排放的更多碳的方法。到目前为止，这些努力仍然远远不够。石
油输出国组织上个月预测，全球石油需求将大幅增长。)”可知，作者认为目前防止全球变暖的努力远远不
够，并且全球石油需求还将大幅增长，由此可推断作者对人类目前防止全球变暖的努力感到失望。故选C
项。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The following is what happens if you’re one of the next people whom extreme
heat kills, according to W. Lawrence Kenney, an expert at Penn State University.(宾夕法尼亚州立大学的专家
W・劳伦斯・肯尼说，如果你是下一个被极端高温致死的人，以下就是会发生的情况。)”以及下文对中暑
时身体各个阶段变化的描述可知，文章主要讲述了热浪是如何破坏人体的。所以A 选项How Heat Waves
Destroy the Human Body (热浪是如何破坏人体的)适合作为文章标题。故选A 项。
Passage 5
(2025 福建省泉州市高中毕业班4 月适应性练习卷)Early solar expansion often came at agriculture's
expense. Farmers and ranchers watched as fields once used for grazing(放牧) were fenced off, their livelihoods
threatened by the growth of renewable energy. By the 2010s, conflicts peaked: in Texas alone, over 200,000 acres
of grassland were changed into solar farms, reducing grazing capacity by nearly 40%, generating debates over
“clean energy vs cattle.”
Then came a transformative idea: agrivoltaics. Pioneered in the 2020s, this approach reimagined solar farms
not as competitors to agriculture, but as partners. The concept combines solar energy production with sustainable
land use. JR Howard, a Texas rancher who first offered his sheep to solar operators in 2021, later founded Texas
Solar Sheep — a booming business tending over 8,000 sheep across multiple solar sites, employing dozens of
workers in rural communities where jobs were rare. His story reflects a broader restoration, as agricultural
traditions find new purpose in the renewable energy era.
The benefits extend beyond economics. Each grazing sheep represents one less gallon of gasoline used by
mowers( 割草机), a part of habitat preserved for ground-nesting birds, and a living proof of sustainable land
management. Researchers note another unexpected advantage — the solar panels provide shade that improves
animal welfare, creating microclimates where sheep grow healthily even in Texas' heat.
This marriage of agriculture and energy now covers over 60 projects nationwide. The U.S. Department of
Agriculture reports a 22% rise in lamb production in solar-grazing regions since 2020, alongside a 35% reduction in
land maintenance costs for energy companies.
However, important questions remain. Scientists like Nuria Gomez-Casanovas from Texas A&M stress
that the long-term effects on soil health and food production need more study. Will these double-use lands maintain
fertility(肥沃)? Will this model be effective in different climates and agricultural systems?
Nonetheless, agrivoltaics shows a promising model of coexistence. Each solar panel generates energy and
serves as shelter for farm animals during heatwaves. Sheep droppings improve soil, enhancing grassland health. As
solar fields and. farm animals grow well together, agrivoltaics proves that progress doesn't have to erase tradition
— it can support both.
1. What initially caused conflicts between solar farms and farmers?
A. The abandonment of farmland.
B. Pollution from solar panel production.
C. The high cost of gas-powered mowers.
D. The occupation of grazing land by solar panels.
2. What does solar grazing bring to farmers?
A. New income opportunities.
B. Increased lamb prices.
C. Higher land maintenance costs.
D. Free solar energy access.
3. What can be inferred about agrivoltaics' environmental impact?
A. It relies on fuel-driven equipment.
B. It balances energy and ecology.
C. It harms soil quality by overgrazing.
D. It increases competition for resources.
4. Which title best summarizes the passage?
A. The Rise of Solar Energy in Texas
B. Challenges in Grazing Industry
C. Agrivoltaics: Where Sheep and Solar Panels Meet
D. Agrivoltaics: How Tech Innovation Connects Farms
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C
【知识点】发明与创造 、环境保护、说明文
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农业光伏(agrivoltaics)这一创新模式如何将太阳能发电与
农业放牧结合，解决土地资源竞争问题，并带来经济和生态双重效益。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Farmers and ranchers watched as fields once used for grazing (放牧) were fenced
off, their livelihoods threatened by the growth of renewable energy. By the 2010s, conflicts peaked: in Texas alone,
over 200,000 acres of grassland were changed into solar farms, reducing grazing capacity by nearly 40%,
generating debates over “clean energy vs cattle.”(农民和牧场主看着曾经用于放牧的土地被围起来，他们的生
计受到可再生能源发展的威胁。到 2010 年代，冲突达到顶峰：仅在得克萨斯州，就有超过20 万英亩的草
地变成了太阳能农场，放牧能力下降了近 40%，引发了关于 “清洁能源与养牛业” 的争论)” 可知，最
初太阳能农场和农民之间的冲突是由太阳能板占用放牧土地引起的。故选D。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段“JR Howard, a Texas rancher who first offered his sheep to solar operators in 2021,
later founded Texas Solar Sheep — a booming business tending over 8,000 sheep across multiple solar sites,
employing dozens of workers in rural communities where jobs were rare. His story reflects a broader restoration, as
agricultural traditions find new purpose in the renewable energy era. (JR・霍华德是得克萨斯州的一位牧场主，
他在 2021 年首次将自己的羊提供给太阳能运营商，后来创立了“得克萨斯太阳能羊”公司 —— 这是一
家蓬勃发展的企业，在多个太阳能场地饲养着 8000 多只羊，在就业机会稀缺的农村社区雇佣了几十名工
人。他的故事反映了一种更广泛的复苏，因为农业传统在可再生能源时代找到了新的用途)”可推知，太阳
能放牧为农民带来了新的收入机会。故选A。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The benefits extend beyond economics. Each grazing sheep represents one less
gallon of gasoline used by mowers (割草机), a part of habitat preserved for ground-nesting birds, and a living proof
of sustainable land management. Researchers note another unexpected advantage — the solar panels provide shade
that improves animal welfare, creating microclimates where sheep grow healthily even in Texas' heat.(好处不仅限
于经济方面。每只放牧的羊意味着割草机少用一加仑汽油，为地面筑巢的鸟类保留了一部分栖息地，也是
可持续土地管理的生动证明。研究人员还注意到另一个意想不到的好处 —— 太阳能电池板提供了阴凉，
改善了动物的福利，创造了微气候，即使在得克萨斯州的高温下，羊也能健康成长)”以及最后一段
“Sheep droppings improve soil, enhancing grassland health. As solar fields and farm animals grow well together,
agrivoltaics proves that progress doesn't have to erase tradition — it can support both.(羊粪改善土壤，增强草原
健康。随着太阳能场地和农场动物共同茁壮成长，农业光伏证明了进步不一定会抹去传统 —— 它可以兼
顾两者)”可推知，农业光伏模式平衡了能源与生态。故选B。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Then came a transformative idea: agrivoltaics. Pioneered in the 2020s, this
approach reimagined solar farms not as competitors to agriculture, but as partners. The concept combines solar
energy production with sustainable land use.(然后出现了一个变革性的想法：农光互补。这种方法在 21 世纪
20 年代开创，它将太阳能农场重新想象为农业的合作伙伴，而不是竞争对手。该概念将太阳能生产与可
持续土地利用相结合)”以及最后一段“Each solar panel generates energy and serves as shelter for farm animals
during heatwaves. Sheep droppings improve soil, enhancing grassland health. As solar fields and farm animals
grow well together, agrivoltaics proves that progress doesn't have to erase tradition — it can support both.(每块太
阳能电池板都能发电，并在热浪期间为农场动物提供庇护。羊粪改善土壤，增强草地健康。随着太阳能场
和农场动物共同良好生长，农业光伏证明了进步不一定要抹去传统 —— 它可以兼顾两者)”可知，文章重
点介绍了农业光伏模式下，太阳能板与农业(以羊为例)相互结合、相互促进的情况。由此可知，C.
Agrivoltaics: Where Sheep and Solar Panels Meet(农业光伏：羊与太阳能板相遇之处)适合作本文最佳标题。
故选C。
Passage 6
(2025 福建省厦门市高中毕业班第3 次质量检测)Researchers at Rutgers University-New Brunswick have
developed an AI tool that will help predict the habitats of endangered whales, guiding ships along the Atlantic coast
to avoid them. The tool is designed to prevent deadly accidents and inform conservation strategies and responsible
ocean development.
The AI program analyzes patterns from two large databases, improving the ability to monitor the distribution
of endangered marine(海洋的) species like the North Atlantic right whale. The marine sciences professors, Ahmed
Ezzat and Josh Kohut, likened the output to what might be learned by tracking people’s movements in a house and
determining whether there is food in the kitchen. Such factors might evaluate why people are where they are at
certain times of the day. Detecting certain patterns conveys predictive power. “With this program, we’re correlating
the position of a whale in the ocean with environmental conditions,” Kohut said. “This allows us to predict whale
locations with higher probability, enabling us to carry out effective protection strategies.”
Unlike typical computer programs, where instructions are written out, this new machine learning program
analyzed large data sets to discover patterns and relationships. As the AI program encountered more data, it
adjusted its internal model to make better predictions or classifications. “The outcome of the machine-learning
model is a prediction of where you may encounter a marine mammal(哺乳动物),” Ezzat said, describing what he
characterized as a “probability map”.
Initially, the researchers sought to develop high-resolution models of the North Atlantic right whale presence
to support responsible offshore wind farm development and operation. However, Ezzat noted that these tools could
benefit various industries in the blue economy, such as fishing and shipping. “This approach can support a wise and
environmentally responsible use of these waters,”Ezzat said.
“For decades, we’ve had whale location data and environmental records, but AI finally connects them,”
Kohut emphasized. “This demonstrates the power of employing AI methodologies to advance our ability to predict
or estimate where these whales are. We can achieve our economic goals while minimizing harm to the
environment.” This innovation safeguards whales and advances responsible ocean development — a critical step as
climate pressures intensify.
1. What do we know about the AI tool?
A. It can predict whale locations.
B. It can avoid coastal pollution.
C. It can monitor the research progress.
D. It can prevent deadly marine diseases.
2. What does the underlined word “likened” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Owed.
B. Compared.
C. Applied.
D. Submitted.
3. What can we learn from Kohut’s words in the last paragraph?
A. Whales boost blue economy.
B. Climate change harms whales.
C. AI is key to sustainable oceanic exploration.
D. Technological innovation takes constant efforts.
4. What is the author’s attitude toward the AI tool?
A. Positive.
B. Dismissive.
C. Conservative.
D. Objective.
【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了罗格斯大学新不伦瑞克分校的研究人员开发了一种人工智能
工具，该工具能够分析数据模式来预测濒危鲸鱼的栖息地，从而防止致命事故发生，并为海洋保护策略和
合理的海洋开发提供信息。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers at Rutgers University-New Brunswick have developed an AI tool that
will help predict the habitats of endangered whales, guiding ships along the Atlantic coast to avoid them.(罗格斯大
学新不伦瑞克分校的研究人员开发了一种人工智能工具，它将有助于预测濒危鲸鱼的栖息地，引导大西洋
沿岸的船只避开它们)”以及第二段中“With this program, we’re correlating the position of a whale in the ocean
with environmental conditions,“Kohut said.”This allows us to predict whale locations with higher probability,
enabling us to carry out effective protection strategies.(科胡特说：“通过这个程序，我们将鲸鱼在海洋中的位
置与环境条件联系起来。这使我们能够更有可能预测鲸鱼的位置，从而使我们能够实施有效的保护策
略”)”可知，该人工智能工具可以预测鲸鱼的位置。故选A 项。
2. 词义猜测题。根据第二段“The marine sciences professors, Ahmed Ezzat and Josh Kohut, likened the output
to what might be learned by tracking people’s movements in a house and determining whether there is food in the
kitchen. Such factors might evaluate why people are where they are at certain times of the day.”(海洋科学教授艾
哈迈德・埃扎特和乔希・科胡特将该程序的输出结果likened 通过跟踪人们在房子里的活动并确定厨房里是
否有食物所了解到的情况。这些因素可以评估人们在一天中的某些时候为什么会在某个地方。)可知，这里
是把人工智能工具的输出结果和跟踪人们在房子里的活动作类比。划线词意为“和……比较”，故选B 项。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段 “For decades, we’ve had whale location data and environmental records, but AI
finally connects them,“Kohut emphasized.”This demonstrates the power of employing AI methodologies to
advance our ability to predict or estimate where these whales are. We can achieve our economic goals while
minimizing harm to the environment.(科胡特强调：“几十年来，我们一直有鲸鱼位置数据和环境记录，但人
工智能最终将它们联系起来了。这证明了使用人工智能方法来提高我们预测或估计这些鲸鱼位置的能力的
力量。我们可以在实现经济目标的同时，将对环境的危害降到最低)”可知，人工智能在连接鲸鱼位置数据
和环境记录方面起到了关键作用，有助于在实现经济目标的同时保护环境，所以可推断出人工智能是可持
续海洋探索的关键。故选C 项。
4. 推理判断题。根据第一段 “The tool is designed to prevent deadly accidents and inform conservation
strategies and responsible ocean development.(该工具旨在防止致命事故的发生，并为保护策略和负责任的海
洋开发提供信息)”，最后一段又指出 “This innovation safeguards whales and advances responsible ocean
development — a critical step as climate pressures intensify.(这项创新保护了鲸鱼，并推动了负责任的海洋开
发 —— 这是在气候压力加剧的情况下的关键一步)”，可以看出作者认为该人工智能工具对保护鲸鱼和促
进海洋开发有积极作用，所以作者对其持积极态度。故选A 项。
Passage 7
(2025·江西景德镇·三模)People often visit national parks to catch a glimpse of wildlife. But how does our
presence impact the animals we hope to see? A study has found that even in remote, rarely visited national parks,
the presence of just a few humans impacts the activity of wildlife that lives there.
The research team based its study in Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, a coastal area in southeast
Alaska that is accessible only by boat or plane. Most visitors arrive on cruise ships, but the boats don’t dock on
shore, and the park has very little human foot traffic. With only about 40, 000 visitors each year, Glacier Bay is an
ideal place to explore the lower limits where humans start to affect wildlife behaviour.
By controlling where and when people could access certain areas of Glacier Bay and then measuring wildlife
responses to the differing levels of human activity, the researchers discovered that wildlife detections plummeted
once visitors appeared in an area, showing an obvious low tolerance wildlife had for the presence of people nearby.
Of the animal species studied, wolves were most likely to disappear from cameras when people were around.
Brown bears were the least impacted by human presence. Moose, however, were most active during the times of
day and at locations where people were seen. The researchers think that moose might be using humans as a
protection from predators.
“I expect that similar results could be found in other national parks. I wouldn’t be surprised if more and more
people seek out less popular national parks to explore, which will have important implications for park
management and wildlife. , ” said lead author Mira Sytsma. The researchers hope this study can help park managers
consider different approaches to making parks accessible both to humans and animals. For example, managers
could consider concentrating paths and human use in certain areas to reduce their total footprint or put restrictions
on the time of year or days in which people can visit.
1. Why was Glacier Bay chosen for the study?
A. It is easily accessible by boat and plane. B. It has a low number of tourists.
C. It is popular for its natural beauty.
D. It has a wide variety of wildlife.
2. What does the underlined word “plummeted” probably mean?
A. Decreased.
B. Increased.
C. Returned.
D. Occurred.
3. Which species is most likely to enjoy the company of humans according to the research findings?
A. Black bears.
B. Moose.
C. Wolves.
D. Brown bears.
4. What does this study suggest park managers should do?
A. Limit human access to certain areas and times.
B. Encourage wildlife to adapt to human presence.
C. Allow unrestricted access to all areas of the park.
D. Close the park to protect wildlife from humans.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，一项研究发现，即使在偏远、人迹罕至的国家公园，少量人类的存在也会
影响野生动物的活动。文章以冰川湾国家公园保护区为例，介绍了研究过程、结果及对公园管理的启示。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“With only about 40, 000 visitors each year, Glacier Bay is an ideal place to explore
the lower limits where humans start to affect wildlife behavior. (每年只有约4 万名游客，冰川湾是探索人类开
始影响野生动物行为的下限的理想场所。)”可知，冰川湾被选作研究地点是因为它游客数量少，便于研究
人类对野生动物行为的影响，故选B 项。
2. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“showing an obvious low tolerance wildlife had for the presence of people nearby
(表明野生动物对附近人类的存在明显耐受性较低)”可知，当游客出现在一个区域时，野生动物对人类存在
耐受性低，由此可推测野生动物的出现次数会下降，所以“plummeted”意思是“减少，下降”，与
decreased 意思相符，故选A 项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Moose, however, were most active during the times of day and at locations where
people were seen. The researchers think that moose might be using humans as a protection from predators. (然而，
驼鹿在人们出现的时间段和地点最为活跃。研究人员认为，驼鹿可能把人类当作抵御捕食者的保护。)”可
知，研究人员认为，驼鹿可能把人类当作抵御捕食者的保护，可推理出驼鹿最有可能喜欢人类的陪伴，故
选B 项。
4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“For example, managers could consider concentrating paths and human use in
certain areas to reduce their total footprint or put restrictions on the time of year or days in which people can visit.
(例如，管理人员可以考虑将道路和人类活动集中在某些区域，以减少整体影响，或者对人们可以参观的年
份或日期进行限制。)”可知，这项研究建议公园管理者限制人类进入某些区域和时间，故选A 项。
Passage 8
(2025 河南省部分学校高三下学期三模)Much of the methane(甲烷) in air comes from human activities.
But methane has natural sources too. Microbes(微生物) in wetland soils and trees also release methane.
Vincent Gauci, an environmental scientist, knew the trees in wet places, like the tropics, give off methane
from their trunks. Then, he wanted to study its release from trees in drier soils. “We were surprised to see the exact
opposite,” says Gauci. The trees were actually taking in methane.
Trees taking in and releasing gases is gas exchange. Researchers typically measure methane exchange low
on the trunk, near the ground. But Gauci’s team measured higher up on the tree, thinking this would better estimate
how much methane the whole tree might send out.
Gauci’s two students measured methane release from trees in the UK and Panama, setting up a gas-exchange
chamber on a tree to monitor how much methane it’s absorbing or sending out. They expected methane emissions
would drop as they measured higher up the trunk. Their guess at first seemed to hold. Higher up the trunk, methane
release dipped. But at chest height, the numbers dropped below zero — here, trees were absorbing methane.
To further check their findings, the team analyzed trees from four regions — Brazil, Sweden, Panama and
the UK. The result was the same at all sites. Overall, the trees took up more methane than they released. Using data
from the four sites, the team estimated all the world’s forests may be absorbing 50 million tons of methane every
year.
The scientists believe methane is taken in by microbes that live in tree bark. On average, trees absorbed more
methane than they released, with faster uptake in warmer climates.
Gauci says, “People release far more methane than what nature can remove. So we have to cut back on fossil
fuels. Trees are even more important for climate than we thought. We must be aware of the need for immediate
action to safeguard this vital natural resource.”
1. What aspect of the research surprised Gauci?
A. Its theory.
B. Its process.
C. Its findings.
D. Its functions.
2. What can we learn from the research?
A. Its data was measured globally.
B. It was done by Gauci and his coworkers.
C. Its participants were the same as before. D. It involved methods different from typical ones.
3. What does Gauci stress in the last paragraph?
A. Trees can remove all methane.
B. Protecting trees is crucial.
C. Methane has no natural sources.
D. Methane is important to climate.
4. Which of the following may be the best title for the text?
A. Trees may be big climate heroes
B. Gauci found out trees’ growth secret
C. Researchers studied trees in four areas
D. Microbes can release and absorb methane
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕科学家Vincent Gauci 及其团队对树木吸收和释放甲烷的研
究展开。指出了甲烷的来源，对树木吸收甲烷原因的分析，并强调了树木对气候的重要性以及减少化石燃
料使用、保护森林资源的必要性。
1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Vincent Gauci, an environmental scientist, knew the trees in wet places, like
the tropics, give off methane from their trunks. Then, he wanted to study its release from trees in drier soils. “We
were surprised to see the exact opposite,” says Gauci. The trees were actually taking in methane.( 环境科学家
Vincent Gauci 知道，在潮湿地区(比如热带地区)的树木会从树干释放甲烷。然后，他想研究在更干燥的土
壤中树木释放甲烷的情况。Gauci 说：“我们惊讶地看到了完全相反的情况。”实际上，树木在吸收甲
烷。)”可知，Gauci 原本知道潮湿地区(如热带地区)的树木会从树干释放甲烷，他想研究更干燥土壤中树木
甲烷的释放情况，但结果却发现树木实际上在吸收甲烷，这与他预期的情况相反，所以是研究结果让他感
到惊讶。故选C。
2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Researchers typically measure methane exchange low on the trunk, near the
ground. But Gauci’s team measured higher up on the tree, thinking this would better estimate how much methane
the whole tree might send out.(研究人员通常在靠近地面的树干低处测量甲烷交换情况。但Gauci 的团队在树
木更高的位置进行测量，他们认为这样能更好地估算整棵树可能释放的甲烷量。)”可知，通常研究人员在
靠近地面的树干低处测量甲烷交换，而Gauci 的团队在树上更高的位置测量，研究方法与典型的测量方法
不同。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Gauci says, “People release far more methane than what nature can
remove. So we have to cut back on fossil fuels. Trees are even more important for climate than we thought. We
must be aware of the need for immediate action to safeguard this vital natural resource.”(Gauci 说：“人类释放的
甲烷远远超过了大自然能够清除的量。所以我们必须减少化石燃料的使用。树木对气候的重要性比我们想
象的还要大。我们必须意识到，需要立即采取行动来保护这一至关重要的自然资源。”)”可知，Gauci 说人
类释放的甲烷远远超过大自然能够清除的量，所以必须减少化石燃料的使用，并且树木对气候的重要性比
我们想象的还要大，我们必须意识到需要立即采取行动来保护树木这一至关重要的自然资源。也就是说他
强调了树木对气候的重要性以及保护树木这一自然资源的必要性。故选B。
4. 主旨大意题。文章开篇提到空气中甲烷的来源，接着详细讲述了Gauci 及其团队的研究发现，即树木不
仅会释放甲烷，还会吸收甲烷，且树木吸收的甲烷量比释放的多，最后强调了树木对气候的重要性以及保
护树木的必要性。文章主要围绕树木对甲烷的吸收和释放展开，表明树木对气候有重要作用。选项
A“Trees may be big climate heroes(树木可能是对抗气候变化的大英雄)”符合文章主旨，适合作文章标题。故
选A。
Passage 9
(2025 河南省豫西北教研联盟(许平洛济)高三下学期三模)Governments worldwide are experimenting
with “green nudges(助推) ” — minor policy intervention(干预) designed to encourage behavioral economics to
promote sustainability without restricting freedom of choice. A landmark 2024 study published in Nature
Sustainability systematically analyzed the effectiveness of 23 green nudges across 15 nations, showing both
promise and hidden trouble.
The research focused on two strategies: default(默认) options (e. g., automatically engaging citizens in green
energy programs unless they drop out) and social comparison (e. g., informing households of their energy use level
compared to their neighbors). Results showed that default options increased green energy adoption by 72%, while
social comparison reduced household carbon emissions(排放) by 12% on average.
However, the study also revealed limitations. Defaults worked best in cultures sharing collective
responsibility, while individualistic societies showed resistance. Social comparison backfired when participants felt
ashamed rather than motivated. “The key is balancing psychological causes with cultural sensitivity,” noted lead
researcher Dr. Elena Marquez.
An experiment in Sweden tested “carbon footprint labels” (red = high, green = low emissions) on 15,000
supermarket products. Initially, red-labeled products displaying emissions data saw a 23% sales drop compared to
unlabeled counterparts. Surprisingly, this effect faded over time as consumers adapted and gradually turned to
price-driven choices. “Immediate visual reminders arouse awareness, but long-term habits require deeper structural
changes,” Marquez added.
As Dr. Marquez concluded, “Nudges aren’t cure-alls but vital ‘gateway interventions’.” With climate
urgency growing, the research with them offers governments a stepping stone between action and policy.
1. What is the main purpose of green nudges?
A. To control individual shopping choices.
B. To carry out strict environmental laws.
C. To change traditional policy-making entirely.
D. To guide eco-choices by slight adjustments.
2. What can we learn about default options?
A. They receive worldwide resistance.
B. Their effect depends on cultural values.
C. Their success is proved in various societies.
D. They demand active participation of citizens.
3. What does the underlined word“backfired” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Aroused widespread motivation.
B. Required much additional attention.
C. Decreased energy consumption.
D. Caused unexpected negative emotion.
4. Which is the best title for the passage?
A. Green Nudges: Policy Meets Action
B. Default Options or Social Comparison
C. Cultural Barriers to Global Sustainability
D. The Rise of New Environmental Policies
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了政府推行的 “绿色助推” 政策，包括其策略、效果、局限
性等，以及该政策在行动和政策之间起到的桥梁作用。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Governments worldwide are experimenting with “green nudges(助推) ” —
minor policy intervention (干预) designed to encourage behavioral economics to promote sustainability without
restricting freedom of choice. (全球各国政府都在尝试“绿色助推”—— 即一些小型政策干预措施，旨在鼓
励运用行为经济学，在不限制选择自由的前提下推动可持续发展。)”可知，“绿色助推”是一种轻微的政
策干预，旨在鼓励行为经济学在不限制选择自由的情况下促进可持续性，即通过轻微调整来引导生态选择。
故选D 项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Defaults worked best in cultures sharing collective responsibility, while
individualistic societies showed resistance. (在共同承担责任的文化中，默认选项效果最佳，而个人主义社会
则表现出抵触情绪。)”可知，默认选项在具有集体责任文化的社会中效果最好，而个人主义社会则表现出
抵制。这表明默认选项的效果取决于文化价值观。故选B 项。
3. 词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的一句“Defaults worked best in cultures sharing collective responsibility,
while individualistic societies showed resistance. (在共同承担责任的文化中，默认选项效果最佳，而个人主义
社会则表现出抵触情绪。)以及划线词后面的“when participants felt ashamed rather than motivated (当参与者
感到羞愧而非受到激励时)”可知，当参与者感到羞愧而不是受到激励时，社会比较产生了不好的结果。所
以“backfired”意思应该是引起意想不到的负面情绪。故选D 项。
4. 主旨大意题。纵览全文，文章主要介绍了“绿色助推”政策，包括其目的、策略(默认选项和社会比较)、
效果、局限性等，再结合最后一段“As Dr. Marquez concluded, “Nudges aren’t cure-alls but vital ‘gateway
interventions’.” With climate urgency growing, the research with them offers governments a stepping stone
between action and policy. (正如马尔克斯博士所总结的，“助推并非万能之策，但却是至关重要的‘入门干
预措施’。”随着气候紧迫性日益加剧，对这些措施的研究为各国政府在行动与政策之间提供了一块垫脚
石。)”可知，“绿色助推”不是万能的，但却在行动和政策之间提供了一个垫脚石。因此，A 选项“Green
Nudges: Policy Meets Action (绿色助推：政策与行动相结合)”，符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选A 项。
Passage 10
(2025·河南新乡·三模)Dressed in protective clothing, Peter Nyongesa walked through the mangroves(红树
林) to monitor his beehives( 蜂巢) along the Indian Ocean coastline. The 69-year-old Nyongesa recalled his
unsuccessful attempts to persuade loggers to spare the mangroves, urging them to cut only mature trees and leave
the young ones undamaged.
Armed with beehives strategically placed among the mangroves, Peter Nyongesa now deters loggers who
previously dismissed his appeals to spare the trees. “They would argue that the trees belonged to no one but
nature,” he recalled.
His innovative approach forms part of the Mombasa conservation effort, where hives along the coastline
protect against mangrove destruction for firewood and construction. Nyongesa observes how short-term benefits
blind people to long-term damage. “When people realize that something is beneficial to them, they do not consider
the harm that comes with it,” Nyongesa said of the loggers.
Mangroves, which thrive in salty water, help in preventing erosion and absorbing the impact of severe
weather events such as cyclones. But more than half of the world’s mangrove ecosystems are at risk of collapse.
They are threatened by illegal logging, climate change, rising seas, pollution and urban development. About 40% of
mangroves along the Indian Ocean coast are degraded(退化).
Such overall degradation has slowed in Kenya, which has developed a 10-year plan to have community
conservation efforts manage mangroves. But the efforts have been incomplete because of insufficient resources.
Communities are doing what they can. James Kairo, a research scientist at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries
Research Institute, said initiatives such as beekeeping are helping. Their honey also brings in community income.
Each liter earns beekeepers $6, a valuable source of income. “Mangrove honey is also classified as top quality and
medicinal,” he added.
The bees also play a crucial role as pollinators( 授粉者). As they fly among the mangrove flowers, they
transfer pollen from one flower to another, facilitating plants’ reproduction. “The healthier the mangroves are,
probably the more productive the honey production will be. It’s a winwin,” said Jared Bosire, project manager for
the UNEP-Nairobi Convention.
1. What does the underlined word “deters” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Attracts.
B. Stimulates.
C. Discourages.
D. Monitors.
2. What does Nyongesa think of the logging?
A. It should be prohibited in a one-size-fits-all way.
B. Its negative effects are too insignificant to notice.
C. It will influence the habitat and survival of bees.
D. Its benefits overshadow the harm it can bring.
3. What does Bosire stress about the beekeeping initiative?
A. Its potential to stop global mangrove decline.
B. Its unique role in local ecological transformation.
C. Its influence on mangrove health and honey production.
D. Its integration with environmental campaigns for mangrove protection.
4. What is the best title for the text?
A. Kenya’s Efforts in Protecting Bees
B. The Importance of Mangroves in Ecosystem
C. Mangrove Protection: Fighting Degradation in Kenya
D. Beehives: A Surprising Protector for Mangrove Survival
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了Peter Nyongesa 利用蜂巢保护红树林免受砍伐，以及这
种保护方式对红树林生态和蜂蜜生产的积极影响。
1. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“ Armed with beehives strategically placed among the mangroves, Peter
Nyongesa now deters loggers who previously dismissed his appeals to spare the trees. (Peter Nyongesa 在红树林中
巧妙地放置了蜂箱，现在他deters 那些以前对他保护树木的呼吁置之不理的伐木工人。)”可知，Peter
Nyongesa 在红树林中巧妙地放置了蜂箱，这阻止了伐木工人，deters 的意思是“阻止”，与discourages 意
思相近。故选C。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中““When people realize that something is beneficial to them, they do not
consider the harm that comes with it,” Nyongesa said of the loggers. (Nyongesa 在谈到那些伐木者时说：“当人
们意识到某样东西对自己有益时，他们就不会去考虑随之而来的危害了。”)”可知，Nyongesa 认为伐木的
好处掩盖了它可能带来的危害。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中““The healthier the mangroves are, probably the more productive the honey
production will be. It’s a winwin,” said Jared Bosire, project manager for the UNEP-Nairobi Convention. (UNEP-
Nairobi Convention 项目经理Jared Bosire 说：“红树林越健康，蜂蜜产量很可能就越高。这是双赢的局
面。”)”可知，Bosire 强调了养蜂计划对红树林健康和蜂蜜生产的影响。故选C。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段“Armed with beehives strategically placed among the
mangroves, Peter Nyongesa now deters loggers who previously dismissed his appeals to spare the trees. “They
would argue that the trees belonged to no one but nature,” he recalled. (Peter Nyongesa 在红树林中精心安置了蜂
巢，以此来威慑那些曾对他保护树木的呼吁置之不理的伐木者。“他们会争辩说这些树木属于大自然，不
属于任何人。”他回忆道。)”可知，文章主要讲述了Peter Nyongesa 利用蜂巢保护红树林免受砍伐，以及
这种保护方式对红树林生态和蜂蜜生产的积极影响，因此D 选项“Beehives: A Surprising Protector for
Mangrove Survival (蜂巢：红树林生存的惊人保护者)”最符合文章主旨，适合作标题。故选D。
Passage 11
(2025 河南省开封市等2 地高三下学期三模)More than half of the world’s largest lakes have lost
significant amounts of water over the last three decades, and roughly one-quarter of the world’s population lives in
the basin of a drying lake, according to a new study by a team of international scientists, which pins the blame
largely on climate change and excessive(过度的)water use.
While lakes cover only around 3% of the planet, they hold nearly 90% of its liquid surface freshwater and
are primary sources of drinking water, irrigation and power, and they provide vital habitats(栖息地) for animals and
plants.
Across the world, the most significant lakes are seeing sharp declines. The Colorado River’s Lake Mead in
Southwest US has shrunk dramatically due to a megadrought(大干旱) and decades of overuse. The Caspian Sea,
between Asia and Europe the world’s largest inland body of water has long been declining.
The shrinking of many lakes has been well documented by environmental groups, but the reasons behind it
have been hardly examined, said Fangfang Yao, the study’s lead author and a visiting scholar at the Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder.
The researchers used satellite measurements of nearly 2,000 of the world’s largest lakes, which together
represent 95% of Earth’s total lake water storage. Examining more than 250,000 satellite images spanning from
1992 to 2020, along with climate models, they were able to reconstruct the history of the lakes going back decades.
“The results were staggering,” Yao said. “It’s a little scary to see how many freshwater systems are unable to
store as much water as they used to.”
“As many parts of the world become hotter and drier, lakes must be managed properly. Otherwise climate
change and human activities can lead to drying sooner than we think,” Yao added.
1. What might be the author’s purpose in writing the second paragraph?
A. To broaden readers’ horizons.
B. To encourage readers to protect wildlife.
C. To lighten readers’ worries over water shortage.
D. To show shrinkage of lakes should be taken seriously.
2. What has environmental groups ignored?
A. The recording of shrinking lakes.
B. The influence of water shortage.
C. Causes of the shrinkage of many lakes.
D. Measures to stop the shrinkage of lakes.
3. What can we learn about the new study from Paragraph 5?
A. It’s scientifically-grounded.
B. It’s much-debated.
C. It’s commercially-successful.
D. It’s partially-acceptable.
4. Which does the underlined word “staggering” probably mean in Paragraph 6?
A. Puzzling.
B. Shocking.
C. Inspiring.
D. Amazing.
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B
【知识点】环境保护、说明文
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。根据一个国际科学家团队的一项新研究，在过去三十年中，世界上一半以
上的最大湖泊都失去了大量的水，大约四分之一的世界人口生活在干涸的湖泊流域，该研究将主要归咎于
气候变化和过度用水。
1. 推理判断题。根据第二段“While lakes cover only around 3% of the planet, they hold nearly 90% of its liquid
surface freshwater and are primary sources of drinking water, irrigation and power, and they provide vital
habitats(栖息地) for animals and plants(虽然湖泊只覆盖了地球的3%左右，但它们容纳了近90%的地表液态
淡水，是饮用水、灌溉和电力的主要来源，为动植物提供了重要的栖息地。)”可知本段讲了湖泊是饮用水、
灌溉和电力的主要来源，为动植物提供了重要的栖息地，说明了湖泊的重要性，可推理出作者写第二段的
目的是表明湖泊萎缩应受到重视，故选D 项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The shrinking of many lakes has been well documented by environmental groups,
but the reasons behind it have been hardly examined(环保组织已经充分记录了许多湖泊的缩小，但其背后的原
因几乎没有得到研究。)”可知，环保组织忽视了湖泊萎缩的原因，故选C 项。
3. 细节理解题。根据第五段“The researchers used satellite measurements of nearly 2,000 of the world’s largest
lakes, which together represent 95% of Earth’s total lake water storage. Examining more than 250,000 satellite
images spanning from 1992 to 2020, along with climate models, they were able to reconstruct the history of the
lakes going back decades.(研究人员对世界上近2000 个最大的湖泊进行了卫星测量，这些湖泊合计占地球湖
泊总蓄水量的95%。通过检查1992 年至2020 年的25 万多张卫星图像，以及气候模型，他们能够重建几十
年前湖泊的历史)”可知，研究人员使用科学方法，通过检25 万多张卫星图像并结合气候模型进行研究，可
知这个研究有科学依据，故选A 项。
4. 词义猜测题。根据划线词下文“It’s a little scary to see how many freshwater systems are unable to store as
much water as they used to.(看到有多少淡水系统无法像过去那样储存水，这有点可怕)”可知，淡水系统如果
无法储存水，那将是很可怕的，可推理出划线词的含义为“令人震惊的”，故选B 项。
Passage 12
(2025 湖北省高中名校联盟高三第三次联合测评)Community and environmental groups near the
petrochemical(石化产品) plants have long argued that it is unfair that places such as the Houston shipping channel,
the upper Ohio Valley and the area near the church in southern Louisiana known as “Cancer Alley” have high
concentrations of polluting petrochemical facilities in neighborhoods that are economically and politically ignored.
“They are low-income, minority communities that often are sitting right in the same spot where we’ve seen
historic prejudice by facilities for years on years,” Beyond Petrochemicals Campaign Executive Heather Toney
said.
“When you see industry continually identifying your community as a sacrifice so that the rest of the world
can have their plastic fork with their takeout, it begs the question, are we really focusing on the health and well-
being of all of our citizens?” Toney asked.
She joined representatives from fence-line communities to the latest United Nations negotiations on a global
plastics treaty(条约) in Busan, South Korea, late last month. Those talks ended without an agreement for a treaty,
yet another round of talks is scheduled for 2025. The treaty negotiators are considering a range of policy actions to
limit the environmental and human health damage from plastic waste, including improvements to waste collection,
the removal of the most harmful plastics and ways to boost the unacceptable low rates of plastic recycling. But for
the people living near petrochemical plants, one policy approach is far more important. “We have to get to a place
where we’re turning off the tap or at least turning down the production to deal with the plastic waste we have and
stop creating as much,” Toney said. “Honestly, this is not a situation we can recycle our way out of.”
A proposed cap on plastic production proved to be the most difficult sticking point in the negotiations, as the
petrochemical industry and oil-producing nations such as Saudi Arabia objected to it. But Toney and her colleagues
from fence-line communities remarked, “The talks have given us a sense that a strong and effective treaty could
potentially ease the pollution burden we face due to plastics.”
1. What is the main concern of people near the petrochemical plants?
A. The historic prejudice.
B. The high cost of living.
C. The lack of job opportunities.
D. The severe neighborhood pollution.
2. Why are petrochemical plants located in certain communities according to Toney?
A. To earn local governments’ support.
B. To take advantage of forgotten areas.
C. To enhance the convenience of takeout. D. To stimulate the growth of plastic industry.
3. What does Toney think is the most important policy?
A. Raising recycling rates.
B. Banning harmful plastics.
C. Improving waste collection.
D. Limiting new plastic production.
4. How do the fence-line communities feel about the prospect of the negotiations?
A. Hopeful.
B. Doubtful.
C. Pessimistic.
D. Overjoyed.
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A
【知识点】环境污染、社会问题与社会现象、说明文
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了石化工厂附近社区的人们所遭受的污染问题，以及他们
希望解决这些环境污染问题。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Community and environmental groups near the petrochemical (石化产品) plants
have long argued that it is unfair that places such as the Houston shipping channel, the upper Ohio Valley and the
area near the church in southern Louisiana known as “Cancer Alley” have high concentrations of polluting
petrochemical facilities in neighborhoods that are economically and politically ignored.(石化工厂附近的社区和环
保组织长期以来一直认为，休斯敦航道、俄亥俄上游河谷和路易斯安那州南部教堂附近被称为“癌症巷”
的地区，在经济和政治上被忽视的社区中，高度集中了污染严重的石化设施，这是不公平的)”可知，石化
厂附近社区的人们长期以来认为在他们所处的社区有高浓度污染的石化设施，且所在社区在经济和政治上
被忽视，所以他们主要关注的是社区严重的污染问题，而不是历史偏见、生活成本高或者缺乏工作机会。
故选D。
2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“When you see industry continually identifying your community as a sacrifice so
that the rest of the world can have their plastic fork with their takeout, it begs the question, are we really focusing
on the health and well-being of all of our citizens?(当你看到行业不断将你的社区视为一种牺牲，以便世界其
他地方可以用塑料叉子吃外卖时，这就引出了一个问题，我们真的关注我们所有公民的健康和福祉吗？)”
和第一段内容可推断，石化厂利用了这些被遗忘的区域来建厂。故选B。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段““We have to get to a place where we’re turning off the tap or at least turning
down the production to deal with the plastic waste we have and stop creating as much,” Toney said.(托尼说：“我
们必须关闭水龙头，或者至少降低产量，以处理我们现有的塑料垃圾，并停止制造这么多塑料垃圾。”)”
可知，托尼认为最重要的政策是限制新的塑料生产，而不是提高回收率、禁止有害塑料或者改善垃圾收集。
故选D。
4. 推理判断题。根据第五段“But Toney and her colleagues from fence-line communities remarked, “The talks
have given us a sense that a strong and effective treaty could potentially ease the pollution burden we face due to
plastics. ”(但托尼和她的同事们表示，“会谈让我们感觉到，一项强有力的有效条约可能会减轻我们因塑料
而面临的污染负担。”)”并结合文章第四段“Those talks ended without an agreement for a treaty, yet another
round of talks is scheduled for 2025.(会谈结束时没有达成协议，而另一轮会谈定于2025 年举行)”可推断，
fence-line 社区居民对谈判的前景是抱有希望的。故选A。
