专题01 完形填空15 篇 (上海专用)
【题型知识点细目表】
题号
难度
知识点
1
较难
语言与文化 ,科普知识 ,说明文
2
适中
说明文,体育健身
3
困难
社会问题与社会现象,交通方式,说明文
4
适中
环境保护,说明文,动物
5
较难
人工智能,说明文
6
较难
环境保护,夹叙夹议,动物
7
适中
社会问题与社会现象,方法/策略,议论文
8
较难
说明文,市场与经济,语言与文化
9
适中
科普知识 ,说明文
10
较难
社会问题与社会现象,人工智能,议论文
11
较难
说明文,当代教育问题,学习
12
较难
说明文,语言与文化
13
困难
科普知识 ,说明文
14
较难
环境保护,说明文
15
较难
个人保健,科普知识 ,说明文
【高考典例】
A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase, or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in
speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um, uh,
er, ah, like, okay, right, and you know. Although filler words “may have fairly minimal lexical (词汇的) content,”
notes linguist Barbara A ．Fox, “they can play a strategic syntactic ( 句法的) role in a(n) 1
conversation”. What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase (整句字) 2 the context.
“Hey, hey, shh, shh, shh. Come on. Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about
emotional 3 . Um, you know, I am, I’m fine with that, but...other people”.
Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitation forms’ — the sounds of
stammering (uh), stuttering (um, um), throat-clearing (ahem!), stalling (well, um, that is), interjected when the
speaker is searching words or 4 for the next thought. You know that “y’ know” is among the most
common of these 5 forms. Its meaning is not the imperious “you understand” or even the old
interrogatory “do you get it?” It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase, 6 to fill a beat in the
flow of sound, not unlike like, in its new sense of, like, a filler word.
These staples of modern filler communication — I mean, y’ know, like — can also be used as “tee
up
﹣
words”. In old times, pointer phrases or tee-up words were “get this, would you believe? and are you ready?”. The
7 of these rib-nudging phrases was — are you ready — to make the point, to focus the listener’s attention on
what was to follow... If the 8 is to tee up a point, we should accept “y’ know” and its friends as a mildly
9 spoken punctuation, the articulated colon (冒号) that signals “focus on this”… If the purpose is to grab a
moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder: Why are filler phrases needed at all? What 10
the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all?
Why do some people fill the air with non-words and sounds? For some, it is a sign of nervousness; they
fear silence and experience speaker 11 . Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason.
Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when 12 for the next word. To investigate this
13 , they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology, chemistry, and mathematics, where the
subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices 14 to the speaker. They
then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English, art history, and philosophy, where the
subject matter is less 15 and more open to word choices.
1．A．undertaking
B．discovering
C．disliking
D．unfolding
2．A．depending on
B．holding up
C．taking over
D．arranging for
3．A．appliances
B．substances
C．disturbances
D．finances
4．A．on the contrary B．at a loss
C．at dawn
D．on no account
5．A．perseverance
B．complexity
C．hesitation
D．obligation
6．A．intended
B．attended
C．pretended
D．extended
7．A．interest
B．experience
C．advantage
D．function
8．A．architecture
B．purpose
C．completion
D．random
9．A．annoying
B．striking
C．entertaining
D．embarrassing
10．A．oppresses
B．recycles
C．highlights
D．motivates
11．A．danger
B．anxiety
C．figure
D．sculpture
12．A．bothering
B．inspecting
C．searching
D．accomplishing
13．A．idea
B．chance
C．basis
D．feedback
14．A．feasible
B．credible
C．considerable
D．available
15．A．well-matched B．well-defined
C．well-bred
D．well-perceived
【答案】
1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．B
12．C 13．A 14．D 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是填充词在对话中的作用及心理学背景，探讨其为何成为交流
中不可或缺的一部分。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：语言学家芭芭拉·福克斯指出，虽然填充词“可能只有很少的词汇内容，但
它们可以在展开式对话中发挥战略性的句法作用”。A. undertaking 承担；B. discovering 发现；C. disliking
不喜欢；D. unfolding 展开。根据上文“A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase, or sound that
marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler
words in English are um, uh, er, ah, like, okay, right, and you know.(填充词是一个明显没有意义的单词、短语
或声音，标志着讲话中的停顿或犹豫。也被称为停顿填充或犹豫形式。英语中常见的填充词有um, uh, er,
ah, like, okay, right, and you know)”可知，填充词常用于口语中，只有很少的内容，但可以在展开式对话中
发挥战略性的句法作用。故选D。
2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：根据上下文的不同，看起来像是填充词的词也可能是一整个句子。A.
depending on 取决于；B. holding up 支撑；C. taking over 接管；D. arranging for 安排。根据后文“the
context”填充词的含义取决于上下文。故选A。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对其他人不愿意谈论情绪困扰的事实要敏感。A. appliances 器具；B.
substances 物质；C. disturbances 困扰；D. finances 财务。根据上文“not comfortable”可知，对别人不愿意
谈论情绪困扰的事实要敏感。故选C。
4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：以伦纳德·布卢姆菲尔德为首的现代语言学家在1933 年将这些声音称为
“犹豫形式”——当说话者正在寻找单词或对下一个想法不知所措时，会发出口吃（呃）、结巴（嗯，
嗯）、清嗓子（嗯，嗯）、拖延（嗯，嗯，就是这样）的声音。A. on the contrary 相反；B. at a loss 不知
所措；C. at dawn 黎明；D. on no account 绝不。根据后文“when the speaker is searching words or”可知，当
说话者正在寻找单词或对下一个想法不知所措时，就会说一些填充词。故选B。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你知道“y’ know”是最常见的犹豫形式之一。A. perseverance 坚持；B.
complexity 复杂性；C. hesitation 犹豫；D. obligation 义务。根据上文“call these ‘hesitation forms’”可知，
说话者不知道说什么的时候，“y’ know”是最常见的犹豫形式之一。故选C。
6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它被认为是，也被理解为，仅仅是一个填充短语，用来填补声音流中的节
拍，就像它的新意义上的like 一样，是一个填充词。A. intended 意图；B. attended 参加；C. pretended 假装；
D. extended 延伸。根据后文“to fill a beat in the flow of sound”指这个词的目的是用来填补声音流中的节拍。
故选A。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些挑逗性的短语的作用是——你准备好了吗？——把听众的注意力集中
在接下来的内容上。A. interest 兴趣；B. experience 经验；C. advantage 优势；D. function 功能。根据后文
“to focus the listener’s attention on what was to follow.”可知，are you ready 的作用是把听者的注意力集中在
接下来的内容上。故选D。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果目的是为了提出一个观点，我们应该接受“知道”和它的朋友们作为
一种稍微令人讨厌的口语标点符号，即表示“专注于此”的连音冒号。A. architecture 结构；B. purpose 目
的；C. completion 完成；D. random 随机。根据后文“If the purpose is to grab a moment to think”可知，此处
指这个词的目的是为了证明一个观点。故选B。
9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果目的是为了提出一个观点，我们应该接受“知道”和它的朋友们作
为一种稍微令人讨厌的口语标点符号，即表示“专注于此”的连音冒号。A. annoying 令人恼火的；B.
striking 显著的；C. entertaining 有趣的；D. embarrassing 令人尴尬的。根据后文“spoken punctuation, the
articulated colon that signals “focus on this””可知，此处指这个词和其他填充词被当作一个稍微令人讨厌的
口语标点符号，发音清晰的冒号表示“关注这个”。故选A。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：是什么促使演讲者用声音来填补沉默的时刻？A. oppresses 压迫；B.
recycles 回收；C. highlights 突出；D. motivates 激励。根据上文“Why are filler phrases needed at all?(为什
么需要填充短语？)”可知，此处指反问是什么促使演讲者用声音来填补沉默的时刻，motivate sb. to do sth.
表示“促使某人做某事”。故选D。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对一些人来说，这是一种紧张的迹象；他们害怕沉默，经历说话的焦虑。
A. danger 危险；B. anxiety 焦虑；C. figure 人物；D. sculpture 雕塑。根据上文“it is a sign of nervousness”
可知，使用填充词是因为说话者害怕和焦虑。故选B。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：哥伦比亚大学的心理学家猜测，说话者在寻找下一个单词的时候会填补
停顿。A. bothering 打扰；B. inspecting 检查；C. searching 搜索；D. accomplishing 完成。根据上文“when
the speaker is searching words”以及下文的“the next word”可知，此处指说话者在寻找下一个单词的时候会
填补停顿。故选C。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了研究这个想法，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用填充词的情
况，这些学科使用科学的定义，限制了演讲者选择的词汇种类。A. idea 想法；B. chance 机会；C. basis 基
础；D. feedback 反馈。根据空前“To investigate this”可知，此处指研究上文提到的“哥伦比亚大学的心理
学家猜测，说话者在寻找下一个单词的时候会填补停顿”这个想法。故选A。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为了研究这个想法，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用填充词的
情况，这些学科使用科学的定义，限制了演讲者选择的词汇种类。A. feasible 可行的；B. credible 可信的；
C. considerable 相当多的；D. available 可用的。根据上文“where the subject matter uses scientific definitions
that limit the variety of word choices”和下文与之对比的“more open to word choices”可知，生物、化学和数
学讲师可使用的填充词因为使用科学的定义，所以有限。故选D。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学教师使用填充词的数量，这些
学科的主题定义不那么明确，词汇选择更开放。A. well-matched 匹配良好的；B. well-defined 定义明确的；
C. well-bred 有教养的；D. well-perceived 感知良好的。根据后文“more open to word choices”可知，词汇选
择更开放是因为这些科目的定义不那么明确。故选B。
Fitness experts weigh in on whether it’s safe to skip this sometimes annoying step in your exercise routine.
One of the most important steps in your fitness routine comes at the conclusion.Many know the importance
of properly warming up and preparing to exercise,but experts say that incorporating a cool down routine is just as
important. According to the Mayo Clinic,cooling down allows for your body to recover and return to its normal,
1 state.
Though cooling down isn’t proven to 2 muscle stiffness or soreness,it can prevent dizziness and
allow your heart rate and breathing to ease back to a normal rate,Harvard Medical School reports. Phyllis
Mammarelli,personal trainer at the Shenango Valley YMCA in Sharon, Pennsylvania,works with each of her
clients on a cool down routine as she says it’s a (n) 3 part of exercising.
“Cooling down allows your body to gradually return to a low-intensity activity level,slowly reducing your
respiratory and heart rate until it’s equalized and back to normal,” she says.
4 the recovery phase of a workout isn’t proven to be harmful to your body,but Mammarelli warns
that without cooling down,the body will take longer to return back to the low-intensity level activity level you
began your workout with.
There are also non-threatening side effects that could occur as a result of forgoing a cool down.
Mammarelli warns that blood can gather or pool in your lower extremities and lead to dizziness and 5 .
Additionally,ACE says to keep an eye on your 6 soreness and stiffness.While soreness after a workout is
to be expected, 7 onset muscle soreness can occur 24
28 hours after your workout and cause
﹣
“uncomfortable debilitating pain”. Side effects are mostly seen in the elderly or those with cardiovascular disease
and can be 8 by warming up and cooling down. Here are some other signs that you might be working
out too much.
Allow five to 10 minutes at the 9 of your workout for a cool-down routine. During this
period,continue your workout session,but at a much reduced rate. If you’re 10 for time during your
workouts or unsure how to allow your body to recover，Mammarelli suggests stretching muscles in a pain-free
range of 11 . Here’s an easy stretch 12 to try.
Tacking on a few 13 minutes to your workout for cooling down may seem like a(n) 14
, but the benefits outweigh the cost of finding extra time in your 15 .If you need inspiration for
scheduling the time to workout and cool downlook to these women who work out every day.
1．A．presentation
B．preservation
C．prejudice
D．pre-exercise
2．A．boost
B．reduce
C．resist
D．experience
3．A．beneficial
B．preferable
C．comfortable
D．adaptable
4．A．Suspecting
B．Striking
C．Securing
D．Skipping
5．A．featuring
B．fainting
C．freezing
D．frustrating
6．A．power
B．strength
C．muscle
D．energy
7．A．delayed
B．controlled
C．neglected
D．charged
8．A．respected
B．launched
C．maintained
D．eased
9．A．intension
B．conclusion
C．principle
D．prediction
10．A．pressed
B．assessed
C．processed
D．obsessed
11．A．conversation
B．composition
C．motion
D．hesitation
12．A．regulation
B．routine
C．guidance
D．motivation
13．A．critical
B．dramatic
C．ambitious
D．additional
14．A．inconvenience B．innutrition
C．initiative
D．injustice
15．A．amount
B．treasure
C．schedule
D．struggle
【答案】
1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．A 11．C
12．B 13．D 14．A 15．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了许多人都知道适当的热身和准备运动的重要性，但专家表示，加
入一个冷静的日常活动也同样重要。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据梅奥诊所的说法，冷却可以让你的身体恢复到正常的运动前状态。A.
presentation 演讲；B. preservation 保存；C. prejudice 偏见；D. pre-exercise 运动前。根据“Many know the
importance of properly warming up and preparing to exercise, but experts say that incorporating a cool down
routine is just as important.(许多人都知道适当的热身和准备运动的重要性，但专家表示，加入一个冷静的
日常活动也同样重要)”可知，此处说明冷却可以让你的身体恢复到正常的运动前状态。故选D。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：哈佛医学院报告称，虽然没有证据表明降温能减轻肌肉僵硬或酸痛，但它
可以防止头晕，让你的心率和呼吸恢复正常。A. boost 提高；B. reduce 减少；C. resist 抵制；D. experience
体验。根据“though”和“it can prevent dizziness and allow your heart rate and breathing to ease back to a
normal rate”可知，此处表示没有证据表明降温能减轻肌肉僵硬或酸痛。故选B。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：宾夕法尼亚州沙伦市谢南戈谷基督教青年会的私人教练菲利斯·玛玛雷利
和她的每一位客户都进行例行的冷静训练，她说这是锻炼中有益的一部分。A. beneficial 有益的；B.
preferable 更好的；C. comfortable 舒服的；D. adaptable 适应性强的。根据“but experts say that
incorporating a cool down routine is just as important.”可知，冷静训练是锻炼中有益的一部分。故选A。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：跳过锻炼的恢复阶段并没有被证明对你的身体有害，但玛玛雷利警告说，
如果不冷却下来，身体将需要更长的时间才能回到你开始锻炼时的低强度活动水平。A. Suspecting 怀疑；
B. Striking 攻击，打；C. Securing 保护，保卫；D. Skipping 跳过。根据“but Mammarelli warns that without
cooling down, the body will take longer to return back to the low-intensity level activity level you began your
workout with.”可知，跳过锻炼的恢复阶段并没有被证明对你的身体有害。故选D。
5．考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：玛玛雷利警告说，血液会聚集在你的下肢，导致头晕和晕倒。A.
featuring 特点，特色；B. fainting 昏厥；C. freezing 冻结；D. frustrating 令人沮丧的。根据空前的
“dizziness”可知，此处应填fainting。故选B。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：此外，ACE 表示要密切关注你的肌肉酸痛和僵硬。A. power 力量，权力；
B. strength 力量，强度；C. muscle 肌肉；D. energy 精力，能量。根据上文“Though cooling down isn't
proven to ____2____ muscle stiffness or soreness”可知，此处是信息词muscle 的词汇复现。故选C。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然锻炼后肌肉酸痛是意料之中的，但延迟发作的肌肉酸痛可能在锻炼后
24 - 28 小时出现，并导致“令人不适的衰弱性疼痛”。A. delayed 延迟；B. controlled 控制；C. neglected
忽视；D. charged 充电，收费。根据“24 - 28 hours after your workout”可知，此处表示延迟发作。故选
A。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：副作用主要出现在老年人或有心血管疾病的人身上，通过热身和降温可以
缓解。A. respected 尊重；B. launched 发起；C. maintained 维持；D. eased 宽慰，缓解。根据“by warming
up and cooling down”可知，通过热身和降温可以缓解副作用。故选D。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在锻炼结束后，给自己5 到10 分钟的时间来放松一下。A. intension 强度；
B. conclusion 结束；C. principle 原则；D. prediction 预测。根据“for a cool-down routine.”可知，此处表示
在锻炼结束后，给自己5 到10 分钟的时间来放松一下。故选B。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你在锻炼期间时间紧迫，或者不确定如何让身体恢复，玛玛雷利建
议拉伸肌肉，做一些无痛的运动。A. pressed 按压；B. assessed 评估；C. processed 加工；D. obsessed 使痴
迷。根据“for time during your workouts”及“ easy stretch”可知，此处指你在锻炼期间时间紧迫可以尝试
简单的拉伸。故选A。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. conversation 谈话；B. composition 作文；C. motion 运动；D.
hesitation 犹豫。根据“stretching muscles”可知，此处表示拉伸肌肉，做一些无痛的运动。故选C。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这里有一个简单的伸展练习可以尝试。A. regulation 规则，法规；B.
routine 常规，惯例；C. guidance 指导；D. motivation 动机。根据“Allow five to 10 minutes at the
____9____ of your workout for a cool-down routine.”可知，此处是信息词routine 的词汇复现。故选B。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在你的锻炼中额外增加几分钟来冷却可能看起来很不方便，但好处超
过了在你的时间表中找到额外时间的成本。A. critical 批判的；B. dramatic 戏剧性的；C. ambitious 雄心勃
勃的；D. additional 额外的。根据上文“Allow five to 10 minutes at the ____9____ of your workout for a cool-
down routine.”可知，此处表示额外增加几分钟来冷却。故选D。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. inconvenience 不便；B. innutrition 营养不良；C. initiative 倡议；D.
injustice 不公正。根据“Tacking on a few ____13____minutes to your workout for cooling down ”可知，在你
的锻炼中额外增加几分钟来冷却可能看起来很不方便。故选A。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. amount 数量，总数；B. treasure 财富，珍宝；C. schedule 日程安排；
D. struggle 斗争，奋斗。根据“If you need inspiration for scheduling the time to workout”可知，此处表示锻
炼计划表。故选C。
The misery of my bike commute in Calgary, Alberta, is the river valley hill. It’s not particularly steep, but at
about a mile long, I rarely climbed up without arriving with sweat. Studies have shown the prospect of arriving at
work sweaty is one of the biggest 1 to getting would be bike commuters out of their cars. That’s
especially true in a city like Los Angeles, where 2 may face long routes, hills or hot streets with a lack
of shade.
“Pedelec”, or pedal electric-assisted bikes like the one I rode, can end that worry. They look and act like
traditional bicycles, but their motors make pedaling much easier when required. Sometimes called the most
energy-efficient motorized mode of transportation ever built, they’re also incredibly green. The biggest barrier
may be the outdated attitude that sees bikes only as a recreational athletic opportunity rather than a practical 3
option.
At a time when cities across North America are struggling to combat crippling traffic and reduce climate
emissions, e-bikes have the 4 to ease both problems. And yet ridership has yet to truly 5
About 152, 0000 e-bikes were sold last year in the U.S., a figure that would be more than 5 million if Americans
used them at the same rate as western Europeans.
Many of the barriers to e-bike 6 in North America are legislative. Patchwork rules treat e-bikes
more like mopeds than traditional pedal bikes in some jurisdictions, meaning they are 7 from bike lanes
and from boarding public transportation.
Few places on the continent, 8 , are better poised to break through these barriers than California.
Legislation was approved last year to encourage e-bike use, by legally differentiating the cycles from mopeds. In
an attempt to head off worries about turbocharged machines flying down sidewalks and bike lanes at unsafe
speeds, the law classifies bikes into different tiers to 9 lower-speed e-bikes, which top out at 20 mph,
from faster-moving “speed pedelecs”, which are restricted from protected bike paths.
Amid these legislative 10 , e-bikes have become more accessible to consumer. Finding them in
bike shops isn’t as 11 as it once was, and their cost has fallen as the price of lithiumion batteries has
dropped. Today, a decent e-bike, while still 12 ,is comparable in price to a high-end mountain bike.
After years of 13 over mixing pedal and motor power, cycling advocacy organizations also are
finally throwing their support behind e-bikes. Dave Snyder, the executive director of the California Bicycle
Coalition, 14 the state’s new legislation based partly on the 15 that e-bikes help out those
who “just can’t ride as far or as fast as they need to”.
1．A．advantages
B．processes
C．barriers
D．complements
2．A．riders
B．builders
C．customers
D．volunteers
3．A．production
B．communication
C．facilities
D．transportation
4．A．routine
B．potential
C．temporary
D．major
5．A．make of
B．carry on
C．bring up
D．take off
6．A．adaptation
B．adoption
C．adjustment
D．justification
7．A．proved
B．alerted
C．banned
D．authorized
8．A．however
B．unless
C．meanwhile
D．anyway
9．A．originate
B．combine
C．separate
D．satisfy
10．A．factors
B．benefits
C．limits
D．damages
11．A．proper
B．critical
C．sensational
D．difficult
12．A．expensive
B．distinctive
C．sensitive
D．intensive
13．A．trouble
B．concern
C．power
D．scale
14．A．favored
B．folded
C．referred
D．gifted
15．A．appeal
B．address
C．amount
D．advocate
【答案】
1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D
12．A 13．B 14．A 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了电动助力自行车的优势、面临的障碍及发展前景。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，上班时满身是汗的可能性是阻碍潜在自行车通勤者开车出门的
最大障碍之一。A. advantages 优势；B. processes 过程；C. barriers 障碍；D. complements 补充物。前文描
述骑自行车上班会出汗以及“to getting would-be bike commuters out of their cars”可知，上班时满身是汗是
阻碍人们骑自行车上班的一个障碍。故选C。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在像洛杉矶这样的城市尤其如此，那里的骑行者可能会面临长途路线、山
丘或缺乏遮荫的炎热街道。A. riders 骑行者；B. builders 建造者；C. customers 顾客；D. volunteers 志愿者。
根据前文“getting would-be bike commuters out of their cars”可知，这里讨论的是骑自行车通勤的情况，所
以是骑车的人会面临这些问题。故选A。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最大的障碍可能是过时的态度，即只把自行车视为一种娱乐运动机会，而
不是一种实用的交通选择。A. production 生产；B. communication 交流；C. facilities 设施；D.
transportation 交通。根据前文“getting would-be bike commuters out of their cars”可知，此处指的是把自行
车作为一种交通方式。故选D。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在北美各大城市都在努力应对严重的交通拥堵和减少气候排放之际，电动
自行车有潜力缓解这两个问题。A. routine 常规；B. potential 潜力；C. temporary 暂时的；D. major 主要的。
根据后文“to ease both problems”可知，电动自行车有潜力缓解交通和气候问题。故选B。
5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，骑行人数尚未真正大量增加。A. make of 理解；B. carry on 继续；C.
bring up 提出；D. take off 起飞，突然成功。根据后文“About 152, 0000 e-bikes were sold last year in the
U.S.”可知，虽然电动自行车有潜力，但骑行人数尚未真正大量增加。故选D。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：北美电动自行车普及的许多障碍都是立法方面的。A. adaptation 适应；B.
adoption 采用，普及；C. adjustment 调整；D. justification 正当化。根据后文“Patchwork rules treat e-bikes
more like mopeds than traditional pedal bikes in some jurisdictions, meaning they are ___7___ from bike lanes
and from boarding public transportation.”可知，此处指的是电动自行车在北美的普及面临的障碍。故选B。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一些司法管辖区，零碎的规定将电动自行车更视为轻便摩托车，而非传
统脚踏自行车，这意味着它们被禁止进入自行车道和乘坐公共交通工具。A. proved 证明；B. alerted 警告；
C. banned 禁止；D. authorized 授权。根据前文“treat e-bikes more like mopeds than traditional pedal bikes”可
知，电动自行车在某些地方被禁止进入自行车道和乘坐公共交通工具。故选C。
8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，在北美大陆上，很少有地方比加利福尼亚州更有条件突破这些障碍。
A. however 然而；B. unless 除非；C. meanwhile 同时；D. anyway 无论如何。根据后文“are better poised to
break through these barriers than California”可知，此处与前文形成转折关系，表示然而加利福尼亚州有条
件突破这些障碍。故选A。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了消除人们对涡轮增压机器以不安全的速度在人行道和自行车道上飞驰
的担忧，该法律将自行车分为不同的等级，以区分最高时速为20 英里的低速电动自行车和速度更快的
“高速电动自行车”，后者被禁止进入受保护的自行车道。A. originate 起源；B. combine 结合；C.
separate 区分；D. satisfy 满足。根据后文“lower-speed e-bikes, which top out at 20 mph, from faster-moving
“speed pedelecs””可知，此处指的是法律将自行车分为不同的等级以区分不同类型的电动自行车。故选
C。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这些立法带来的好处中，电动自行车对消费者来说变得更加容易获得。
A. factors 因素；B. benefits 好处；C. limits 限制；D. damages 损害。根据后文“e-bikes have become more
accessible to consumer”可知，立法带来了一些对消费者有利的情况。故选B。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在自行车店找到它们不像以前那么难了，而且随着锂离子电池价格的
下降，它们的成本也降低了。A. proper 适当的；B. critical 关键的；C. sensational 轰动的；D. difficult 困难
的。根据后文“and their cost has fallen as the price of lithium-ion batteries has dropped”可知，随着价格的下
降，找到电动自行车不再那么困难了。故选D。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如今，一辆像样的电动自行车虽然仍然很贵，但价格与高端山地车相
当。A. expensive 昂贵的；B. distinctive 独特的；C. sensitive 敏感的；D. intensive 密集的。根据后文“is
comparable in price to a high-end mountain bike”可知，此处指的是电动自行车虽然价格有所下降，但仍然
很贵。故选A。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在多年对混合踏板和电机动力的担忧之后，自行车倡导组织也终于开始
支持电动自行车了。A. trouble 麻烦；B. concern 担忧；C. power 力量；D. scale 规模。根据后文“over
mixing pedal and motor power, cycling advocacy organizations also are finally throwing their support behind e-
bikes”可知，此处指人们对混合踏板和电机动力的担忧。故选B。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：加州自行车联盟执行主任Dave Snyder 支持该州的新立法，部分原因是电
动自行车帮助了那些“就是骑不了那么远或那么快的人”。A. favored 支持；B. folded 折叠；C. referred
提及；D. gifted 赠送。根据后文“
help out those who “just can’t ride as far or as fast as they need to”.”可知，
Dave Snyder 支持该州的新立法。故选A。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：加利福尼亚自行车联盟的执行董事戴夫
斯奈德支持该州的新立法，部
・
分原因是电动自行车可以帮助那些 “就是不能骑得像他们需要的那么远或那么快的人”。A. appeal 吸引
力；B. address 地址；C. amount 数量；D. advocate 主张，理由。根据后文“e-bikes help out those who “just
can’t ride as far or as fast as they need to”” 可知，这是支持新立法的一个理由。故选D。
【热点话题练习】
The world’s top insect experts say our planet’s important insect population is going through a “death by a
thousand cuts”. A new group of studies suggests Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year. The
losses are 1 climate change, pollution, agriculture, land use changes and chemicals. David Wagner of
the University of Connecticut is the lead writer of the 12 studies, which recently appeared in Proceedings of the
National Academies of Sciences.
The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it. The 2 of
the issue makes it hard to get the public interested in possible solutions. Wagner said scientists need to find out if
the levels of insect 3 are bigger in comparison to other species.
May Berenbaum of the University of Illinois, who helped lead the research 4 the insect losses to
climate change 30 years ago. She said back then, the methods used to measure the degree and rate of climate
change effects were 5 .Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply 6 insects.
She added that this is true even though the small creatures do a lot of good.
Wagner said two famous insects, honeybees and Monarch butterflies, are good examples of the current 7
insects face. Honeybees have been 8 because of disease, chemicals and lack of food. Drier weather in
the U.S. West, driven by climate change, means less milkweed for butterflies to 9 , Wagner said. And
changes in American agriculture 10 weeds and flowers they need for nectar (花蜜).
The recent scientific papers do not provide new data, so they show a big but 11 picture of a
problem that is starting to get more attention. Scientists have 12 1 million insect species, while up to 4
million more are likely to be discovered, Berenbaum said.
Doug Tallamy of the University of Delaware was not part of the studies, but he said the research
demonstrates how the world has “spent the last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill
insects and 13 pennies (a small amount of money) working to preserve them”. In an email to the
Associated Press, Tallamy said the good news was that people themselves can do a lot to 14 insect
losses. “This is a global problem with a grassroots. 15 ,” he wrote.
1．A．replaced with
B．mistaken for
C．prohibited from
D．blamed on
2．A．objective
B．significance
C．complexity
D．sensitivity
3．A．loss
B．species
C．evolution
D．distinction
4．A．owed
B．compared
C．contributed
D．recommended
5．A．efficient
B．difficult
C．purposeful
D．convincing
6．A．study
B．pity
C．respect
D．hate
7．A．alternatives
B．dimensions
C．problems
D．habitats
8．A．doubling
B．escaping
C．intervening
D．disappearing
9．A．eat
B．anchor
C．conserve
D．value
10．A．cultivate
B．remove
C．beautify
D．visualize
11．A．unavoidable
B．unappealing
C．inappropriate
D．incomplete
12．A．identified
B． threatened
C．anticipated
D．neglected
13．A．private
B．additional
C．mere
D．primitive
14．A．stop
B．suffer
C．generate
D．explain
15．A．contradiction
B．solution
C．expectation
D．promise
【答案】
1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．D
12．A 13．C 14．A 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了昆虫数量减少的现状、原因及相关应对方向。
1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这些损失归咎于气候变化、污染、农业、土地利用变化和化学品。A.
replaced with 被替换为；B. mistaken for 被误认为；C. prohibited from 被禁止做某事；D. blamed on 归咎于。
根据上文“Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year”及下文“climate change, pollution,
agriculture, land use changes and chemicals”可知，此处指昆虫数量减少的原因归咎于气候变化、污染、农
业、土地利用变化和化学品。故选D。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个问题的复杂性使得很难让公众对可能的解决方案感兴趣。A. objective
目标；B. significance 重要性；C. complexity 复杂性；D. sensitivity 敏感性。根据上文“The problem is a
complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it.”可知，此处指这个问题的复杂性。故选
C。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，科学家们需要弄清楚，昆虫数量的减少幅度是否比其他物种更
大。A. loss 损失，减少；B. species 物种；C. evolution 进化；D. distinction 区别。根据上文“Earth is losing
around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year.”可知，此处指昆虫数量减少的问题。故选A。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：伊利诺伊大学的梅·贝伦鲍姆30 年前就协助主导了这项关于气候变化导致
昆虫减少的对比研究。A. owed 欠；B. compared 比较；C. contributed 贡献；D. recommended 推荐。根据下
文“the insect losses to climate change 30 years ago”可知，此处指将昆虫的减少与气候变化进行了比较。故
选B。
5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她说，当时，用来衡量气候变化影响的程度和速度的方法很困难。A.
efficient 高效的；B. difficult 困难的；C. purposeful 有目的的；D. convincing 令人信服的。根据下文
“Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply.. insects.”结合下文现在对昆虫减少问题的深入研
究，可推断出早期研究方法存在缺陷、实施难度大。故选B。
6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：贝伦鲍姆说，另一个问题是许多人就是讨厌昆虫。A. study 学习；B. pity
同情；C. respect 尊敬；D. hate 讨厌。根据下文“She added that this is true even though the small creatures do
a lot of good.”的转折关系可知，此处应填与“益处”相反的负面态度词，指许多人讨厌昆虫。故选D。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，两种著名的昆虫，蜜蜂和帝王蝶，是当前昆虫面临的问题的好
例子。A. alternatives 替代品；B. dimensions 方面；C. problems 问题；D. habitats 栖息地。根据上文“The
problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it.”可知，此处指当前昆虫面临
的问题。故选C。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：蜜蜂因为疾病、化学物质和食物缺乏而正在消失。A. doubling 加倍；B.
escaping 逃跑；C. intervening 干预；D. disappearing 消失。根据下文“because of disease, chemicals and lack
of food”可知，此处指蜜蜂的生存威胁因素，正面临消失的危机。故选D。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，气候变化导致的美国西部天气干燥，意味着可供蝴蝶食用的乳
草减少了。A. eat 吃；B. anchor 固定；C. conserve 保护；D. value 重视。根据上文“less milkweed for
butterflies to”可知，此处指可供蝴蝶食用的乳草。故选A。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国农业的变化清除了它们赖以获取花蜜的杂草和花卉。A. cultivate 培养；
B. remove 移除；C. beautify 美化；D. visualize 想象。根据下文“weeds and flowers they need for nectar”可
知，农业活动通常会清除杂草和野花，而这些是昆虫的花蜜来源。故选B。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近的科学论文没有提供新的数据，所以它们展示了一个开始受到更
多关注的问题的的图景，这一图景宏大但不完整。A. unavoidable 不可避免的；B. unappealing 不吸引人的；
C. inappropriate 不合适的；D. incomplete 不完整的。根据上文“The recent scientific papers do not provide
new data”可知，缺少新数据会导致问题的图景不够完整。故选D。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：贝伦鲍姆说，科学家们已经确认了100 万种昆虫，而可能还会发现多达
400 万种。A. identified 确认；B. threatened 威胁；C. anticipated 预期；D. neglected 忽视。根据下文“1
million insect species,while up to 4 million more are likely to be discovered”的对比可知，此处指已经被识别、
记录的昆虫种类。故选A。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：特拉华大学的道格
塔拉米没有参与这些研究，但他说，这项研究证
・
明了世界“在过去30 年里花费了数十亿美元寻找杀死昆虫的新方法，而仅仅花费了微不足道的钱来保护它
们”。A. private 私人的；B. additional 额外的；C. mere 仅仅的；D. primitive 原始的。根据上文“spent the
last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill insects and”可知，与“billions of dollars”形成
对比，应是指花费了“仅仅”很少的钱在保护上。故选C。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：塔拉米在给美联社的一封电子邮件中说，好消息是人们自己可以做很多
事情来阻止昆虫的减少。A. stop 阻止；B. suffer 遭受；C. generate 产生；D. explain 解释。根据下文
“insect losses”可知，此处是提出解决办法，即采取行动阻止昆虫减少的趋势。故选A。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“这是一个全球性的问题，但解决之道却在于基层行动，”他写道。A.
contradiction 矛盾；B. solution 解决方案；C. expectation 期望；D. promise 承诺。根据上文“the good news
was that people themselves can do a lot to stop insect losses”可知，此处指解决问题的办法。故选B。
Large Language Models (LLMs), a trendy way of building artificial intelligence, have an inherent security
problem: they cannot separate code from data. As a result, they are at risk of a type of attack called a prompt
injection, in which they are 1 into following commands they should not. Sometimes the result is merely
embarrassing. On other occasions, it is far more damaging.
The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”) . If a company gives an LLM access to
untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the
same time, then trouble is sure to follow. And 2 this is not just a matter for AI engineers. Ordinary
users, too, need to learn how to use AI 3 , because installing the wrong combination of apps can
generate the trifecta accidentally.
Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of 4 . AI engineers need to start thinking like
mechanical engineers.
The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the
materials they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate
redundancy (冗余) into their creations. The result was a series of centuries-spanning masterpieces.
AI-security providers do not think like this. Conventional coding is a deterministic practice. Security
vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they 6 . AI engineers, taught in this way of
thinking from their school-days, often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better
system prompts.
These do, indeed, reduce risk. The 7 frontier models are better at spotting and refusing
malicious (恶意的) requests. However, they cannot eliminate risk altogether. Unlike most software, LLMs are
probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses. A deterministic approach to
safety is thus 9 . A better way forward is to copy engineers in the physical world and learn to work with,
rather than against, 10 systems that can never be guaranteed to function as they should. That means
becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error rates.
12 in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed for the
task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean limiting
the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query. And mechanical
engineering emphasises 13 safely. If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the
keys to the kingdom.
In the physical world, bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers.
And, importantly, these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear.
The time has now come for the virtual world of AI systems to be 15 equipped.
1．A．talked
B．tricked
C．pressured
D．persuaded
2．A．embracing
B．celebrating
C．avoiding
D．criticizing
3．A．safely
B．efficiently
C．creatively
D．professionally
4．A．attack
B．code
C．defence
D．treatment
5．A．misconduct
B．caution
C．negligence
D．incompetence
6．A．hang around
B．break out
C．go away
D．get along
7．A．oldest
B．largest
C．simplest
D．cleverest
8．A．random
B．diligent
C．deliberate
D．harsh
9．A．reliable
B．inadequate
C．appropriate
D．sufficient
10．A．advanced
B．outdated
C．changeable
D．centralized
11．A．tolerance
B．avoidance
C．management
D．reduction
12．A．Learning
B．Coding
C．Fighting
D．Overbuilding
13．A．building
B．hiding
C．operating
D．failing
14．A．within
B．beyond
C．outside
D．above
15．A．consistently
B．similarly
C．differently
D．independently
【答案】
1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．C 11．A
12．D 13．D 14．A 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了大语言模型的安全问题及应对策略。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为结果，它们面临一种名为提示词注入的攻击风险，在这种攻击中，它
们被哄骗去做一些它们本不应该做的命令。A. talked 谈论；B. tricked 哄骗；C. pressured 施压；D.
persuaded 说服。根据下文“into following commands they should not”可知，大语言模型是被恶意诱导执行
指令，trick 符合语境。故选B。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：而避免这种情况并非仅仅是人工智能工程师的事。A. embracing 拥抱；B.
celebrating 庆祝；C. avoiding 避免；D. criticizing 批评。根据上文“The worst effects of this flaw is the
“lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”). If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable
secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow.”可
知，上文提到大语言模型的的弊端会带来麻烦，此处承接上文，指规避这个风险的责任不局限于工程师，
故选C。
3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：普通用户也需要学习如何安全地使用人工智能。A. safely 安全地；B.
efficiently 高效地；C. creatively 有创造性地；D. professionally 专业地。根据上文“The worst effects of this
flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”). If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to
read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure
to follow.”、“because installing the wrong combination of apps can generate the trifecta accidentally.”可知，大
语言模型的的弊端会意外产生“致命三连”问题，可知这里强调普通用户也需要学习如何安全地使用人
工智能，故选A。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不过，更完善的人工智能工程设计才是第一道防线。A. attack 攻击；B.
code 代码；C. defence 防御；D. treatment 治疗。根据上文“Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of”
和下文“AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers.”可知，前文说大语言模型有安全问题
和面临攻击，这里说的是要采取措施进行防御，更好的人工智能工程设计是第一道防线，人工智能工程
师们需要开始学着像机械工程师那样思考，构建好第一道防线。the first line of defence 是固定搭配，意为
“第一道防线”，符合前文讨论AI 安全防护的语境，故选C。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，工程师们本着谨慎的原则行事，过度建造以在作品中融入冗余设计。
A. misconduct 不当行为；B. caution 谨慎；C. negligence 疏忽；D. incompetence 无能。根据上文“The great
works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they
were using”、下文“overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations”可知，因为不确定材
料特性，所以工程师们谨慎行事，过度建造，overbuilding 体现谨慎，本空用caution，符合题意。故选
B。
6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：传统编码是一种确定性的工作模式：安全漏洞被视作亟待修复的错误，且
一旦修复完毕，这些漏洞便会彻底消除。A. hang around 闲逛；B. break out 爆发；C. go away 离开，消失；
D. get along 相处。根据上文“Security vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they”、下
文“often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better system prompts”、“However,
they cannot eliminate risk altogether.”可知，人工智能工程师常常认为，只要投入更多训练数据、设计更完
善的系统提示词，就能解决所有问题，修复安全漏洞后，漏洞就会消失，但它们终究无法将风险彻底根
除。go away 符合语境，故选C。
7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最聪明的前沿模型在发现和拒绝恶意请求方面做得更好。A. oldest 最老
的；B. largest 最大的；C. simplest 最简单的；D. cleverest 最聪明的。根据下文“frontier models are better at
spotting and refusing malicious (恶意的) requests.”可知，能更好发现和拒绝恶意请求的模型应该是更聪明
的，故选D。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们的输出是由从可能的回应中随机选择驱动的。A. random 随机的；B.
diligent 勤奋的；C. deliberate 故意的；D. harsh 严厉的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic”和下文
“selection from likely responses”可知，大语言模型具有概率性，这意味着其输出不是完全确定的，而是基
于概率随机选择的结果，random 符合这一特性。故选A。
9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，用确定性的方法来保障安全是不足够的。A. reliable 可靠的；B.
inadequate 不够的；C. appropriate 合适的；D. sufficient 足够的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic. Their
output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses.”可知，上文指出大语言模型是概率性的，它们的输出
是由从可能的回应中随机选择驱动的，而确定性方法与这种特性不匹配，因此无法充分保障安全，
inadequate 符合语境，故选B。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：更好的出路是效仿实体领域的工程师，学会去适应那些永远无法保证
按预期运行的可变系统，而非与之对抗。A. advanced 先进的；B. outdated 过时的；C. changeable 可变的；
D. centralized 集中的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely
responses.”可知，大语言模型具有概率性、输出随机” 的特点，可知这类系统的运行结果是不稳定、易
变的，changeable 符合语境。故选C。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这意味着通过引入安全边际、风险容忍度和错误率来更从容地应对不可
预测性。A. tolerance 容忍度；B. avoidance 避免；C. management 管理；D. reduction 减少。根据上文
“That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk”和下文“and
error rates”可知，本空与safety margins“(安全边际)”、error rates“(误差率)” 并列，均为应对不确定性的参
数，用risk tolerance“风险容忍度”，为固定搭配。故选A。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在人工智能时代过度建设可能意味着使用比手头任务所需更强大的模型，
以降低它被哄骗做不适当事情的风险。A. Learning 学习；B. Coding 编码；C. Fighting 战斗；D.
Overbuilding 过度建设。根据上文“ AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers.”、“The
great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials
they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余)
into their creations.”和下文“in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed
for the task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean
limiting the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query”可知，上
文提到现实世界工程师过度建设，这里说在人工智能时代类似做法，过度建设符合语境，使用比手头任
务所需更强大的模型，以降低它被哄骗做不适当事情的风险和根据恶意查询可能造成的损害风险，限制
大型语言模型可接收的查询数量，都是过度建设的表现。故选D。
13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：机械工程强调安全失效。A. building 建造；B. hiding 隐藏；C. operating 操
作；D. failing 失败。根据下文“If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the keys to
the kingdom.”可知，下文说如果人工智能系统必须接触机密，避免给它过多权限，说明机械工程强调安全
失效，fail safely“安全失效”，故选D。
14．考查介词词义辨析。句意：重要的是，这些限重处于计算得出的桥梁实际承重能力范围之内。A.
within 在……之内；B. beyond 超过；C. outside 在外面；D. above 在上面。根据上文“bridges have weight
limits”和下文“the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear.”可知，桥梁的限重标准会设定
在实际承重能力范围内，以此预留安全空间，within 符合逻辑。故选A。
15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如今，人工智能系统的虚拟世界也应当得到类似的配置。A. consistently
一致地；B. similarly 类似地；C. differently 不同地；D. independently 独立地。根据上文“That means
becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error
rates.”、“bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers. And, importantly,
these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear. The time has now come for
the virtual world of AI systems to be”可知，为了应对AI 的隐患，人们要主动接纳不确定性，通过设定安全
边际、实施风险管理和明确误差率的方式来应对风险，梁限重的安全设计类比AI 系统的防护，此处表示
AI 系统也应采用和实体工程类似的安全配置思路，similarly 符合类比关系。故选B。
I Love Finding Birds’ Nests, but What’s in Them Troubles Me
Most birds go to great lengths to hide their nests. So when I find one, so carefully crafted, I’m filled with
awe. They are 1 of the natural world.
The weave of grass, leaves and other natural materials is 2 to each species. Most birds use nests
only to raise their young. For small birds, this could be less than one month out of the year. For that reason, I
generally don’t consider them homes. But the analogy (类比) is suitable, if only to convey the uniqueness of their
3 . Of a house, you might say: That’s a craftsman or a Cape Cod style. The same sort of design 4
can be seen in a nest. That’s a robin’s nest or a red-tailed hawk’s.
Birds can be choosy about the materials they use to build their nest. Some line their nests with snakeskin to
5 enemies. Others stuff feathers inside dome-shaped nests of sticks or create 6 entrances to trick
predators or add aromatic leaves to repel parasites.
Increasingly, and 7 for what it says about the state of the planet, birds are also using all sorts of
plastic litter and other trash to build their nests.
The scene reflects yet another way the human 8 has affixed itself on the natural world. Among
the trash that birds use to build their nests are wrappers from candy, cigarettes, plastic cotton and shipping
material.
9 as this may be, it’s also a sign of talent. Birds, which evolved from small dinosaurs, are 10
the human dominated world they inhabit. Take a northern mockingbird nest for example. Plastic materials include
green plastic netting, white nylon string, white plastic cotton filling as well as fragments of rags. Natural materials
include pine needles and natural fibers.
Do these materials attract 11 attention from predators? Or entangle nestlings? We don’t fully
know what impact all this trash is having on birds. There may be benefits to some of the rubbish they add. Plastics
may strengthen nests. 12 , nestlings may eat some of the plastic or other trash, resulting in sickness.
Let’s take a look at a gray catbird nest. It’s amazing that birds recognize and match the 13 of
plastic and other trash materials to natural ones. I’ve seen shreds of tarp replace grass to suspend nests from
branches and plastic cotton used instead of plant fibers to insulate eggs.
Yes, it is 14 for what this says about the world we humans have made. But I still find wonder in
the stories these nests tell about the lives and circumstances of their architects and the 15 choices they
made in assembling the place where they will raise their offspring.
1．A．disasters
B．marvels
C．guardians
D．explorations
2．A．accessible
B．specific
C．subject
D．strange
3．A．creativity
B．flight
C．architecture
D．operation
4．A．similarity
B．confusion
C．disorder
D．distinction
5．A．fight against
B．shelter from
C．duck behind
D．scare off
6．A．false
B．real
C．wide
D．narrow
7．A．excitingly
B．troublingly
C．indifferently
D．calmly
8．A．signature
B．masterpiece
C．fascination
D．resolution
9．A．Helpless
B．Overwhelmed
C．Distressing
D．Refreshing
10．A．escaping from B．adjusting to
C．taking no notice of D．agreeing with
11．A．unwanted
B．intentional
C．undivided
D．undue
12．A．Therefore
B．On the other hand
C．In addition
D．For example
13．A．properties
B．fabrics
C．sizes
D．shapes
14．A．soul-stirring
B．awe-inspiring
C．heartbreaking
D．eye-catching
15．A．random
B．wise
C．hasty
D．careless
【答案】
1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．A
12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者观察鸟巢的体验，探讨了鸟类筑巢的精巧设计与材料选
择，重点描述了它们如何在人类影响下使用塑料等废弃物筑巢的现象。作者对此感到担忧，但也惊叹于
鸟类的适应能力，并思考了这种行为对鸟类自身的潜在影响，在矛盾中表达了对鸟类及其生存环境复杂
的情感。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们是自然界的奇观。A. disasters 灾难；B. marvels 奇迹，奇观；C.
guardians 守护者；D. explorations 探索。根据前文“I’m filled with awe”和“so carefully crafted”可知，鸟巢
令人惊叹，是“奇观”。故选B 项。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由草、树叶和其他天然材料编织的方式对每个物种来说是特定的。A.
accessible 可进入的；B. specific 特定的；C. subject 受……支配的；D. strange 奇怪的。根据后文“to each
species”和“the uniqueness”可知，不同鸟类的巢穴独一无二，各有特点，因此编织方式是“特定的”。故
选B 项。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这个类比是合适的，如果只是为了传达它们建筑的独特性。A. creativity
创造力；B. flight 飞行；C. architecture 建筑；D. operation 操作。根据前文将鸟巢类比为房屋，以及后文提
到的“craftsman style”和“Cape Cod style”都是建筑风格可知，此处强调鸟巢的“建筑”结构。故选C 项。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样的设计区别也能在鸟巢中看到。A. similarity 相似；B. confusion 困惑；
C. disorder 混乱；D. distinction 区别，差异。前文“Of a house, you might say: That’s a craftsman or a Cape
Cod style.”列举了两种不同的人类建筑风格，结合后文“That’s a robin’s nest or a red-tailed hawk’s.”可推知，
文中类比了不同鸟类的巢穴在设计上也有显著“区别”。故选D 项。
5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：有些用蛇皮衬巢，以吓退敌人。A. fight against 对抗；B. shelter from 躲避；
C. duck behind 躲在……后面；D. scare off 吓跑。根据后文“enemies”可推知，蛇皮建巢材料主要用于“吓
退”捕食者。故选D 项。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一些则在圆顶树枝巢中塞入羽毛，或制造假入口以欺骗捕食者，或添
加芳香叶子来驱赶寄生虫。A. false 假的；B. real 真的；C. wide 宽的；D. narrow 窄的。根据后文“to trick
predators”可知，是为了欺骗捕食者，所以是“假的”入口。故选A 项。
7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：越来越多地，鸟类也在使用各种塑料垃圾和其他废弃物来筑巢，这种现象
令人不安，因为它说明了地球的状况。A. excitingly 令人兴奋地；B. troublingly 令人不安地；C.
indifferently 冷漠地；D. calmly 平静地。根据“for what it says about the state of the planet”可知，鸟类使用
人类垃圾反映了环境问题，这是“令人不安的”。故选B 项。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个场景反映了人类印记附加在自然界上的另一种方式。A. signature 印记，
签名；B. masterpiece 杰作；C. fascination 迷恋；D. resolution 决心。根据后文描述的具体垃圾“wrappers
from candy, cigarettes, plastic cotton and shipping material”可知，这是人类活动留下的“印记”。故选A 项。
9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然这可能是令人痛心的，但它也是一种才能的标志。A. Helpless 无助
的；B. Overwhelmed 不堪重负的；C. Distressing 令人痛心的；D. Refreshing 令人耳目一新的。根据前文
“Increasingly, and ___7___ for what it says about the state of the planet, birds are also using all sorts of plastic
litter and other trash to build their nests.”可知，鸟类使用垃圾筑巢令人不安，这一现象“令人痛心；后文
“but also a sign of talent”的转折也暗示了前半句是负面情感。故选C 项。
10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：鸟类，从小恐龙进化而来，正在适应它们所居住的人类主导的世界。A.
escaping from 逃离；B. adjusting to 适应；C. taking no notice of 不注意；D. agreeing with 同意。根据后文举
例说明鸟类利用塑料等人类废弃物筑巢，以及前文人类对自然界的影响可知，这是鸟类“适应”人类主
导环境的表现。故选B 项。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些材料会引来捕食者不必要的关注吗？A. unwanted 不需要的，不受
欢迎的；B. intentional 故意的；C. undivided 全部的；D. undue 过分的。根据前文“Plastic materials include
green plastic netting, white nylon string, white plastic cotton filling as well as fragments of rags.”和常识，鸟类
使用颜色鲜艳或异常的塑料可能会增加被天敌发现的概率，这是它们“不想要的”额外关注。故选A 项。
12．考查介词短语辨析。句意：另一方面，雏鸟可能会吃掉一些塑料或其他垃圾，导致生病。A.
Therefore 因此；B. On the other hand 另一方面；C. In addition 此外；D. For example 例如。前句“There
may be benefits to some of the rubbish they add. Plastics may strengthen nests.”提到使用垃圾可能有益处，本
句提出潜在的危害，是转折对比关系，用“另一方面”。故选B 项。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：令人惊讶的是，鸟类能识别并匹配塑料和其他垃圾材料与天然材料的特
性。A. properties 特性；B. fabrics 织物；C. sizes 尺寸；D. shapes 形状。根据后文举例“shreds of tarp
replace grass to suspend nests”和“plastic cotton used instead of plant fibers to insulate eggs”可知，鸟类是根据
材料的功能特性(悬挂、绝缘)进行替换的，而不是仅仅根据形状或尺寸。故选A 项。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，这令人心碎，因为它折射出我们人类所造就的这个世界的现状。
A. soul-stirring 振奋人心的；B. awe-inspiring 令人敬畏的；C. heartbreaking 令人心碎的；D. eye-catching 引
人注目的。根据前文描述的鸟类被迫使用垃圾筑巢这一负面现象，以及“what this says about the world we
humans have made”可知，作者反思人类所造就的这个世界的现状，认为这“令人心碎”。故选C 项。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但我仍然对这些鸟巢所讲述的关于其建造者的生活和环境，以及它们
为养育后代所选择的明智的材料选择感到惊奇。A. random 随机的；B. wise 明智的；C. hasty 仓促的；D.
careless 粗心的。根据前文鸟类根据材料特性(如用塑料布代替草悬挂巢穴，用塑料棉代替植物纤维保温)
来适应环境可知，这些选择是“明智的”。故选B 项。
Surveys of office behaviour are not scientific. In a global poll conducted last year by Kickresume, 85% of
people said they had experienced a (n) 1 co-worker. So what is it that gets on people’s nerves? The
Kickresume survey put credit-stealing top of the list of troublesome colleague behaviour. Another recent poll
conducted by BambooHR crowned taking credit for employees’ ideas as the worst 2 trait of all.
You get the picture. Grabbing kudos for someone else’s idea makes lots of people angry. Done intentionally
and repeatedly, it is not just disturbing but bad for the organization: ideas are hoarded, trust erodes and 3
suffers. A recent paper by Beijing Jiaotong University found that credit-claiming by 4 at a large Chinese
manufacturing firm was associated with worse job performance by employees.
When something happens a lot and is extremely bothersome, a (n) 5 mechanism is needed. So
the next time you hear your brilliant idea coming out of the mouth of a colleague, breathe deeply and remember
two things.
First, credit-stealing may be less 6 than imagined. Psychologists have long documented a
phenomenon called “cryptomnesia” in which people 7 plagiarize ( 抄袭) the ideas of others.
Experiments into cryptomnesia vary but the basic set-up is for participants in a group to be asked to generate ideas
to solve a particular problem. They are then told to recall only their own ideas, and to come up with new ideas that
do not 8 ones that have already been raised. 9 these instructions, people tend to claim a
decent chunk of old ideas as their own, and to copy previous suggestions when raising 10 new ideas.
People may steal credit without even realizing it.
Second, innovation very 11 takes the form of an entirely new idea; instead, it recombines
existing ones. And people often reach the same conclusions 12 . That is the message of “Like”, an
entertaining new book by Martin Reeves and Bob Goodman on the 13 of the “like” button. The thumbs-
up icon was made common and popular when Facebook adopted it in 2009, but well before then firms like Vimeo,
Yelp, Digg. com and FriendFeed had been 14 with ways for users to register an emotional reaction to
content. So even if you think of an idea as your own stroke of genius, the reality is likely to be 15 .
1．A．violent
B．competing
C．promising
D．annoying
2．A．managerial
B．competitive
C．physical
D．credible
3．A．economy
B．profit
C．motivation
D．truth
4．A．friends
B．executives
C．producers
D．buyers
5．A．communicating B．copying
C．evaluating
D．coping
6．A．nasty
B．special
C．inferior
D．welcome
7．A．deliberately
B．supposedly
C．accidentally
D．shamelessly
8．A．counter
B．reproduce
C．assemble
D．support
9．A．On top of
B．In case of
C．In accordance with D．In spite of
10．A．genuinely
B．supposedly
C．specifically
D．recently
11．A．unfortunately
B．rarely
C．merely
D．typically
12．A．interdependently
B．repeatedly
C．independently
D．collectively
13．A．functions
B．models
C．resources
D．origins
14．A．struggling
B．cooperating
C．venturing
D．experimenting
15．A．distinctive
B．different
C．obvious
D．identical
【答案】
1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．D 6．A 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．B 11．B
12．C 13．D 14．D 15．B
【导语】本文为一篇议论文，围绕职场中“抢占功劳”这一令人反感的同事行为展开论述。文章通过两
项调查指出，抢占他人创意是最让人心烦的职场行为之一，且这种行为会对团队造成负面影响。同时，
文章从两个角度给出应对机制。
1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在招聘网站Kickresume 去年进行的一项全球调查中，85%的人表示自己
遇到过令人讨厌的同事。A. violent 暴力的；B. competing 竞争的；C. promising 有前途的；D. annoying 令
人讨厌的。根据后文“So what is it that gets on people’s nerves?”（那么到底是什么让人心烦意乱呢？）的
表述，可知此处应填与“gets on people’s nerves”语义一致的形容词，“annoying”符合语境，故选D。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人力资源软件公司BambooHR 最近的另一项调查显示，抢占员工创意被
评为最糟糕的管理特质。A. managerial 管理的；B. competitive 竞争的；C. physical 身体的；D. credible 可
信的。根据前文“credit-stealing”（抢占功劳）的行为主体通常为职场中拥有一定管理权的人，且前文
“taking credit for employees’ ideas”（抢占员工创意）是管理者可能出现的不当行为，“managerial”符合语
义，故选A。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果是故意且频繁地这么做，这不仅会让人感到困扰，还会对组织造成不
利影响：创意会被囤积，信任会被侵蚀，积极性也会受挫。A. economy 经济；B. profit 利润；C.
motivation 积极性；D. truth 真相。根据前文“ideas are hoarded, trust erodes”的并列结构，可知此处应填抢
功行为带来的负面后果，结合职场逻辑，员工的创意被抢占会打击其工作积极性，“motivation”符合语境，
故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：北京交通大学最近的一篇论文发现，在中国一家大型制造企业中，高管抢
占功劳的行为与员工的工作业绩不佳相关。A. friends 朋友；B. executives 高管；C. producers 生产商；D.
buyers 买家。根据前文“taking credit for employees’ ideas”的暗示，抢功行为的实施者通常是处于管理岗位
的人，“executives”（高管）符合这一身份设定，且与后文“employees”形成对应关系，故选B。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当一种事情频繁发生且极其令人烦恼时，就需要一种应对机制。A.
communicating 交流；B. copying 复制；C. evaluating 评估；D. coping 应对。根据前文抢功行为带来的负面
影响，以及后文“the next time you hear your brilliant idea coming out of the mouth of a colleague, breathe
deeply and remember two things”的具体应对方法，可知此处指需要一种应对机制，“coping mechanism”为
固定搭配，意为“应对机制”，符合语义，故选D。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：首先，抢占功劳的行为可能并不像想象中那么恶劣。A. nasty 恶劣的、
令人反感的；B. special 特别的；C. inferior 劣质的；D. welcome 受欢迎的。根据后文“Psychologists have
long documented a phenomenon called cryptomnesia”（心理学家早就记录了一种名为“潜隐记忆”的现象）
的解释，可知部分抢功行为并非故意，因此其性质没那么恶劣，“nasty”符合语境，故选A。
7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：心理学家早就记录了一种名为“潜隐记忆”的现象，即人们会无意识地抄
袭他人的想法。A. deliberately 故意地；B. supposedly 据说；C. accidentally 无意识地、偶然地；D.
shamelessly 无耻地。根据后文“People may steal credit without even realizing it”（人们可能在毫无察觉的情
况下就抢占了功劳）的表述，可知这种抄袭行为是无意识的，“accidentally”符合语义，故选C。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：之后，他们被要求只回忆自己的想法，并提出新的想法，且这些新想法不
能重复已经被提出过的内容。A. counter 反驳；B. reproduce 重复；C. assemble 组装；D. support 支持。根
据前文“recall only their own ideas”以及“come up with new ideas”的要求，可知新想法不能与已有想法重
复，“reproduce”符合语境，故选B。
9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：尽管有这些指示，人们还是倾向于将相当一部分旧想法据为己有，并且在
提出所谓的新想法时照搬之前的建议。A. On top of 除了；B. In case of 万一；C. In accordance with 按照；
D. In spite of 尽管。根据后文“people tend to claim a decent chunk of old ideas as their own”与前文“recall
only their own ideas”的指令形成转折关系，“In spite of”符合逻辑，故选D。
10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管有这些指示，人们还是倾向于将相当一部分旧想法据为己有，并且
在提出所谓的新想法时照搬之前的建议。A. genuinely 真正地；B. supposedly 所谓的；C. specifically 具体
地；D. recently 最近。根据前文“copy previous suggestions”的英语原文表述，可知这些被提出的“新想
法”并非真正的新想法，只是所谓的新想法，“supposedly”符合语义，故选B。
11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：其次，创新很少以全新想法的形式出现；相反，它是对现有想法的重组。
A. unfortunately 不幸地；B. rarely 很少；C. merely 仅仅；D. typically 典型地。根据后文“instead, it
recombines existing ones”的转折关系，可知创新很少是完全全新的，“rarely”符合语境，故选B。
12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：而且人们常常会独立地得出相同的结论。A. interdependently 相互依赖地；
B. repeatedly 重复地；C. independently 独立地；D. collectively 集体地。根据前文创新是对现有想法的重组，
结合后文“Like”这本书中关于点赞按钮的例子，可知不同人会独立想到相同的创意，“independently”符
合语义，故选C。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：马丁·里夫斯和鲍勃·古德曼合著的趣味新书《点赞》就讲述了点赞按钮的
起源。A. functions 功能；B. models 模型；C. resources 资源；D. origins 起源。根据后文“the thumbs-up
icon was made common and popular when Facebook adopted it in 2009, but well before then firms like Vimeo,
Yelp, Digg.com and FriendFeed had been 14 with ways for users to register an emotional reaction to content”
的英语原文表述，可知这本书讲述的是点赞按钮的起源，“origins”符合语境，故选D。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：点赞图标在2009 年脸书采用后才变得普及，但在此之前，维imeo、点评
网站Yelp、掘客网和社交网站FriendFeed 等公司就已经在尝试各种方式，让用户可以对内容表达自己的
情感反应。A. struggling 挣扎；B. cooperating 合作；C. venturing 冒险；D. experimenting 尝试。根据前文
脸书让点赞按钮普及，结合后文“with ways for users to register an emotional reaction to content”，可知其他
公司在此之前就已经在尝试类似的方式，“experimenting with”为固定搭配，意为“尝试”，符合语义，
故选D。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，即便你认为某个想法是自己的灵光一现，但事实很可能并非如
此。A. distinctive 独特的；B. different 不同的；C. obvious 明显的；D. identical 相同的。根据前文“people
often reach the same conclusions 12 ”以及点赞按钮的例子，可知自己认为独创的想法，很可能别人也想
到了，事实与自己的认知是不同的，“different”符合语境，故选B。
The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes
if they want to remain competitive. Understanding the 1 and culture of target markets in foreign
countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have 2
foreign markets with embarrassing results.Faulty Translations
Translation mistakes are 3 many blunders (错误) in international advertising. General Motors
(GM), the U.S. auto manufacturer, learned a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto
Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new star” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish, it can
sound like no va, meaning “it doesn’t go.” Few people wanted to buy a car with that 4 meaning. When
GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” 5 .
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and 6 companies. One American food
company’s friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when
translated into Arabic as Intimidating Green Ogre.
When translated into German, Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi,” came out implying “Come
Alive from the Grave.” 7 customers in Germany didn’t rush out to buy Pepsi.
Even a company with an excellent international track record like Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is not immune to
the perils of faulty translation. Many sales were lost when the catchphrase “finger-lickin’ good” became eat your
fingers off in Chinese.Avoiding Cultural 188
Successful international marketing doesn’t 8 with good translations — other aspects of culture
must be researched and understood to avoid blunders. When marketers fail to appreciate the values, tastes,
geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.
9 , an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market, but the
product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia flower used in the perfume is traditionally
associated with funerals in many South American countries. 10 Blunders (愚蠢的错误)
Having recognized the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming more conscientious in
their translations and more sensitive to cultural 11 . The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional
translators who understand the target language and its 12 usage or to use a technique called back
translation to minimize risks.
This process involves having one person translate a message into the target language and another translate
it back. Effective translators focus on capturing the overall message of an advertisement, as word-for-word
duplication rarely conveys the 13 meaning and often causes misunderstandings.
They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so 14
in another.
1．A．translation
B．technique
C．strategy
D．language
2．A．plunged into
B．dipped into
C．tried out
D．figured out
3．A．at the heart of
B．in accordance with C．at the mercy of
D．in line with
4．A．superstitious
B．cursed
C．awkward
D．disguised
5．A．unexpectedly
B．dramatically
C．moderately
D．unfavorably
6．A．clothing
B．grocery
C．beverage
D．entertainment
7．A．In addition
B．Beyond belief
C．No wonder
D．Out of nowhere
8．A．Conflicts
B．Obstacles
C．Interchange
D．Oversights
9．A．start
B．stick
C．mix
D．stop
10．A．For example
B．In contrast
C．By far
D．In reality
11．A．Outsmarting
B．Assessing
C．Preventing
D．Overlooking
12．A．contexts
B．distinctions
C．stereotypes
D．patterns
13．A．flexible
B．amazing
C．idiomatic
D．superficial
14．A．literal
B．figurative
C．contextual
D．intended
15．A．humorous
B．distinctive
C．thrilling
D．expressive
【答案】
1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．C 8．D 9．D 10．A 11．C
12．B 13．C 14．D 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要指出全球营销中，语言和文化的误读常导致广告失败，凸显出精
准翻译与文化洞察的重要性，企业可通过专业翻译或回译技术来规避风险。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：了解国外目标市场的语言和文化是国际营销成功的关键之一。A.
translation 翻译；B. technique 技术；C. strategy 策略；D. language 语言。根据下文“Faulty Translations”部
分提到的翻译错误导致营销失败可知，了解国外目标市场的语言和文化是国际营销成功的关键之一。故
选D。
2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，有太多的公司在投入海外市场的过程中遭遇了尴尬的结果。A.
plunged into 投入；B. dipped into 浸入；C. tried out 试用；D. figured out 解决。根据下文“foreign markets
with embarrassing results”可知，这些公司是在投入海外市场的过程中遭遇了尴尬的结果。故选A。
3．考查介词短语辨析。句意：翻译错误是国际广告中许多失误的核心。A. at the heart of 在……的核心；
B. in accordance with 依照；C. at the mercy of 受制于；D. in line with 符合。根据下文“many blunders (错
误) in international advertising”可知，翻译错误是国际广告中许多失误的核心。故选A。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很少有人想买一辆被诅咒的车。A. superstitious 迷信的；B. cursed 被诅
咒的；C. awkward 尴尬的；D. disguised 伪装的。根据上文“but in spoken Spanish, it can sound like no va,
meaning “it doesn’t go.””可知，通用汽车的雪佛兰“Nova”一名在西班牙语口语听起来像“它不会走”，因
此是指被诅咒的车。故选B。
5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：当通用汽车将其更名为Caribe 后，其销量显著“回升”。A. unexpectedly
意外地；B. dramatically 显著地；C. moderately 适度地；D. unfavorably 不利地。根据上文“Few people
wanted to buy a car”和“When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up””可知，原先的翻译导致很少
有人想买该车，改了名字后，其销量显著“回升”。故选B。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：食品和饮料公司也犯过营销错误。A. clothing 服装；B. grocery 杂货；C.
beverage 饮料；D. entertainment 娱乐。根据下文“Pepsi’s popular slogan”可知，百事可乐属于饮料公司，
这里讨论食品和饮料公司犯过的营销错误。故选C。
7．考查固定短语辨析。句意：难怪德国的消费者没有冲出去买百事可乐。A. In addition 此外；B. Beyond
belief 难以置信；C. No wonder 难怪；D. Out of nowhere 突然。根据上文“When translated into German,
Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi,” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave.””可知，百事
可乐的一流行口号翻译成德语后完全变了味，因此是指难怪德国的消费者没有冲出去买百事可乐。故选
C。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：避免文化疏忽。A. Conflicts 冲突；B. Obstacles 障碍；C. Interchange 交换；
D. Oversights 疏忽。根据下文“other aspects of culture must be researched and understood to avoid blunders”
可知，该部分主要讨论避免文化疏忽，Oversights“疏忽”与blunders 呼应。故选D。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：成功的国际营销不会止步于好的翻译——必须研究和理解文化的其他方面，
以避免失误。A. start 开始；B. stick 坚持；C. mix 混合；D. stop 停止。根据下文“other aspects of culture
must be researched and understood to avoid blunders”可知，成功的国际营销还必须研究和理解文化的其他方
面，不会止步于好的翻译。故选D。
10．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，一位美国设计师试图将一种新的香水引入拉丁美洲市场，但该产
品几乎没有引起人们的兴趣。A. For example 例如；B. In contrast 相反；C. By far 迄今为止；D. In reality
实际上。根据下文“an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market, but
the product aroused little interest”可知，这里用美国设计师试图将新香水引入拉丁美洲市场却失败的例子说
明前一段的观点，应用For example“例如”引出该例。故选A。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：预防错误。A. Outsmarting 比……更聪明；B. Assessing 评估；C.
Preventing 预防；D. Overlooking 忽视。根据下文“The best way to prevent errors”可知，该部分主要讨论预
防错误。故选C。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在认识到外国广告的特殊性之后，公司在翻译时变得更加认真，对文化
差异也更加敏感。A. contexts 语境；B. distinctions 差异；C. stereotypes 刻板印象；D. patterns 模式。根据
上文“The main reason was that the camellia flower used in the perfume is traditionally associated with funerals
in many South American countries.”可知，新香水在拉丁美洲市场遇冷的原因是这一地区的国家将山茶花与
葬礼关联，表明文化差异对营销的影响，因此是指对文化差异也更加敏感。故选B。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：防止错误的最好方法是聘请了解目标语言及其地道用法的专业翻译人
员，或者使用一种称为“回译”的技术来最大限度地降低风险。A. flexible 灵活的；B. amazing 惊人的；
C. idiomatic 地道的；D. superficial 表面的。根据上文“professional translators who understand the target
language”可知，专业翻译人员不仅了解目标语言，还了解其地道用法。故选C。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有效的翻译注重捕捉广告的整体信息，因为逐字重复很难传达出预期
的意思，而且往往会引起误解。A. literal 字面的；B. figurative 比喻的；C. contextual 上下文的；D.
intended 预期的。根据上文“word-for-word duplication”可知，逐字重复式的翻译很难传达出原来的语言预
期要表达的意思。故选D。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们还应该避免开玩笑，因为在世界的一个地方被认为有趣的东西，
在另一个地方可能就不那么幽默了。A. humorous 幽默的；B. distinctive 独特的；C. thrilling 刺激的；D.
expressive 富有表现力的。根据上文“what is considered funny in one part of the world”可知，在世界的一个
地方被认为有趣的东西很可能在其他地方并不好笑，无法取得幽默的效果。故选A。
The Moon meant a great deal to medieval (中世纪的) people around the world. It was believed to have an
enormous impact on Earth, affecting the tides, the trees, animals and human minds and bodies. But it also had
many symbolic associations, whether in the realms of love, 1 or religion—as I explore in my new
book, The Medieval Moon: A History of Haunting and Blessing.
In fact, I suggest we can talk about medieval moons in the plural, because the Moon was seen in such a
wide variety of contexts and guises. The book travels across multiple regions and cultures to seek these medieval
moons, 2 Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Indian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Mayan,
Norse, Persian, Polynesian and Welsh traditions, among others.
In many ways, the Moon was like a riddle for medieval people. As a symbol, it did not have an easily
decipherable (可解读的) meaning, which encouraged viewers to read it in playful ways. 3 , many Old
English and Old Norse riddles appropriately have the 4 “Moon”.
The Moon was also seen as place of travel and 5 . Japanese, Italian, English, German and Dutch
sources all testify to stories of travel to and from the Moon, long before the age of 6 space travel.
The Moon was also 7 in many kinds of prophetic activity. In the 8 of the period,
sorcerers (巫师) and kings studied the Moon to find out about the future. The legendary sorcerer Merlin, for
example, made prophecies involving the Moon in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain.
The Moon was also a rich symbol in 9 contexts. In medieval Christian and Islamic sources, the
Moon could 10 everything from the Islamic Prophet Muhammad to the Christian Church as an 11
.
Despite this freight of negative meanings, the Moon was also 12 with love. Medieval Sufis-
13 known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties”. For these poets, the moon beauty was not an earthly
lover but the divine (天赐的, 神的)-Allah.
As it shimmered for medieval audiences, the Moon 14 at deep emotions and complex thoughts,
pervading people’s lives in moments of 15 and moments of tenderness.
1．A．illusion
B．hatred
C．illustration
D．sympathy
2．A．taking in
B．taking out
C．taking over
D．taking away
3．A．Nevertheless
B．Namely
C．Unfortunately
D．Consequently
4．A．solution
B．evolution
C．revolution
D．illusion
5．A．adventure
B．torture
C．route
D．routine
6．A．fantastic
B．real
C．supposed
D．rare
7．A．involved
B．intended
C．concerned
D．cornered
8．A．society
B．literature
C．association
D．realm
9．A．religious
B．scientific
C．academic
D．rational
10．A．explain
B．announce
C．describe
D．represent
11．A．institution
B．family
C．term
D．crowd
12．A．dotted
B．associated
C．directed
D．lined
13．A．commonly
B．usually
C．recently
D．extremely
14．A．ignored
B．grasped
C．doubted
D．insured
15．A．excitement
B．impatience
C．harshness
D．existence
【答案】
1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．A
12．B 13．A 14．B 15．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍中世纪时期月亮对全球人们的重要意义、多元象征及文化内涵。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但它也有许多象征意义，无论是在爱情、仇恨还是宗教领域——正如我在
新书《中世纪的月亮：一段萦绕与祝福的历史》中所探讨的那样。A. illusion 错觉；B. hatred 仇恨；C.
illustration 插图；D. sympathy 同情。根据前文“love”和后文“religion”可知，此处需填与“love”情感色彩
相反的词，hatred 符合语境。故选B 项。
2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这本书跨越多个地区和文化，探寻这些中世纪的月亮意象，涵盖了阿拉伯、
中国、英国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、韩国、拉丁、玛雅、挪威、波斯、波利尼西亚和威尔
士等诸多文化传统。A. taking in 涵盖、包含；B. taking out 取出；C. taking over 接管；D. taking away 拿走。
根据前文“across multiple regions and cultures”以及后文列举的众多文化传统可知，涵盖了阿拉伯、中国、
英国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、韩国、拉丁、玛雅、挪威、波斯、波利尼西亚和威尔士等诸
多文化传统taking in 符合语境。故选A 项。
3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，许多古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语的谜语都恰如其分地以“月亮”作
为谜底。A. Nevertheless 然而；B. Namely 也就是说；C. Unfortunately 不幸的是；D. Consequently 因此。
前文提到月亮对中世纪人来说像谜语，象征意义难以解读，后文说相关谜语以月亮为谜底，是因果关系，
Consequently 符合语境。故选D 项。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，许多古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语的谜语都恰如其分地以“月亮”作
为谜底。A. solution 谜底、答案；B. evolution 进化；C. revolution 革命；D. illusion 错觉。根据前文
“riddles”可知，此处指谜语的答案，solution 符合语境。故选A 项。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：月亮也被视为一个充满旅行与冒险的地方。A. adventure 冒险；B. torture 折
磨；C. route 路线；D. routine 惯例。根据前文“place of travel”以及后文“stories of travel to and from the
Moon”可知，月亮也被视为一个充满旅行与冒险的地方，adventure 符合语境。故选A 项。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：早在真正的太空旅行时代到来之前，日本、意大利、英国、德国和荷兰
的文献中就有许多关于往返月球的故事记载。A. fantastic 奇妙的；B. real 真实的；C. supposed 假定的；D.
rare 稀有的。根据前文“long before”可知，中世纪的月球旅行故事发生在真实太空旅行之前，real 符合语
境。故选B 项。
7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：月亮也与许多预言活动息息相关。A. involved 相关的；B. intended 有意
的；C. concerned 关心的；D. cornered 走投无路的。根据后文“many kinds of prophetic activity”可知，月亮
也与许多预言活动息息相关。be involved in 为固定搭配，意为“参与、与……相关”，符合语境。故选A
项。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那个时代的文学作品中，巫师和国王会通过观察月亮来预测未来。A.
society 社会；B. literature 文学；C. association 协会；D. realm 领域。根据后文“Geoffrey of Monmouth’s
History of the Kings of Britain”这一文学作品可知，此处指文学范畴，literature 符合语境。故选B 项。
9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：月亮在宗教语境中也是一个内涵丰富的象征符号。A. religious 宗教的；
B. scientific 科学的；C. academic 学术的；D. rational 理性的。根据后文“medieval Christian and Islamic
sources”可知，此处指宗教相关内容，religious 符合语境。故选A 项。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪基督教和伊斯兰教的文献中，月亮可以代表从伊斯兰教先知穆
罕默德到基督教教会等各种事物。A. explain 解释；B. announce 宣布；C. describe 描述；D. represent 代表。
根据前文“a rich symbol”可知，月亮作为象征符号，代表不同的对象，represent 符合语境。故选D 项。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪基督教和伊斯兰教的文献中，月亮可以代表从伊斯兰教先知穆
罕默德到基督教教会等各种机构性质的事物。A. institution 机构；B. family 家庭；C. term 术语；D. crowd
人群。根据前文“the Christian Church”可知，教会属于机构范畴，institution 符合语境。故选A 项。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管月亮承载着诸多负面含义，但它也与爱情紧密相连。A. dotted 点缀；
B. associated 联系；C. directed 指导；D. lined 排列。根据前文“Despite this freight of negative meanings”以
及后文“with love”可知，但月亮也与爱情紧密相连。be associated with 为固定搭配，意为“与……相关
联”，符合语境。故选B 项。
13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：中世纪的苏菲派信徒——通常被称为伊斯兰教神秘主义者——曾写下关
于“月光美人”的诗篇。A. commonly 通常、普遍地；B. usually 通常（侧重习惯性）；C. recently 最近；
D. extremely 极其。根据后文“known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties””可知，此处是对“Sufis”
的普遍定义，commonly 符合语境。故选A 项。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪人们的眼中，月亮熠熠生辉，它触动着人们内心深处的情感与
复杂思绪，在残酷的时刻与温柔的瞬间中渗透在人们的生活里。A. ignored 忽视；B. grasped 抓住、触动；
C. doubted 怀疑；D. insured 投保。根据后文“deep emotions and complex thoughts”可知，月亮能触动人们
的情感与思绪，grasped 符合语境。故选B 项。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪人们的眼中，月亮熠熠生辉，它触动着人们内心深处的情感与
复杂思绪，在残酷的时刻与温柔的瞬间中渗透在人们的生活里。A. excitement 兴奋；B. impatience 不耐烦；
C. harshness 残酷、严厉；D. existence 存在。根据后文“moments of tenderness”可知，此处需填与
“tenderness”情感色彩相反的词，harshness 符合语境。故选C 项。
Recently, OpenAI, an AI giant, has introduced a “pro mode” for its new “o1” AI system, offering human-
level reasoning. One of its advanced behaviours appears to be 1 . In testing, when “o1” found memos
about its replacement, it tried copying itself and overwriting its core code. Scary? Absolutely.
More realistically, the move probably reflects the system’s 2 to optimise outcomes rather than
demonstrating intentions or awareness. The idea of creating intelligent machines arouses feelings of 3 .
Humans might lose control to superintelligent AI since it is not obvious that we can control machines that are
smarter than us.
Why have such things come to pass? AI giants reportedly face computational limits: making AI models
larger no longer guarantees smarter AI. With limited data, bigger isn’t better. The 4 ? Human feedback
on reasoning. A 2023 paper by OpenAI’s former chief scientist found that this method solved 78% of tough maths
problems, compared with 70% when using a technique where 5 don’t help.
OpenAI is using such techniques in its new “o1” system, which the company thinks will solve the current
limits to 6 . This development was similar to an AI system playing a million chess games to learn best
strategies. 7 , a team at Yale found that making a language model better at reasoning helps, but it does
not completely remove the effects of its 8 design as simply a clever predictor of words.
Humans design today’s AI systems. If they do end up appearing to act 9 to serve their own goals,
it would be the result of a design failure. Relying on a machine whose operations we cannot control requires it to
be programmed so that it truly 10 human desires and wishes. But how 11 is that?
In many cultures there are stories of humans asking the gods for magic powers. These tales often end in
regret, as wishes are fulfilled too 12 , leading to unforeseen consequences. Such a problem was faced by
King Midas, the legendary Greek king who wished for everything he touched to turn to gold, only to 13
when his food, drink and loved ones met the same fate. The problem for AI is that we want machines that strive to
achieve human objectives but the software may never fully grasp what those objectives are. Clearly, 14
without limits leads to regret. Controlling unpredictable superintelligent AI requires 15 what AI should
be.
1．A．personal-growthB．self-preservation
C．stress-management D．risk-taking
2．A．eagerness
B．assistance
C．programming
D．failure
3．A．unease
B．excitement
C．anger
D．hope
4．A．scale
B．comparison
C．reality
D．fix
5．A．machines
B．sciences
C．humans
D．systems
6．A．efficiency
B．growth
C．stability
D．energy
7．A．However
B．Therefore
C．Moreover
D．Probably
8．A．advanced
B．computer-aided
C．characteristic
D．original
9．A．strategically
B．randomly
C．confidently
D．frequently
10．A．reflects on
B．agrees with
C．checks out
D．adds to
11．A．realistic
B．rewarding
C．powerful
D．objective
12．A．cheerfully
B．literally
C．silently
D．legendarily
13．A．settle
B．hesitate
C．suffer
D．relax
14．A．power
B．obligation
C．intelligence
D．ambition
15．A．forgetting
B．hiding
C．recognizing
D．rethinking
【答案】
1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．A
12．B 13．C 14．D 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了OpenAI 新推出的“o1”AI 系统及其引发的一些思考，包括
AI 系统的自我保护行为、人类对智能机器的担忧、AI 发展的限制与解决方案，以及控制超级智能AI 的
挑战和必要性。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其先进的行为之一似乎是自我保护。A. personal-growth 个人成长；B. self-
preservation 自我保护；C. stress-management 压力管理；D. risk-taking 冒险。根据后文“it tried copying
itself and overwriting its core code”可知，AI 系统试图复制自己并覆盖其核心代码，这是自我保护的行为。
故选B。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：更现实地说，这一举动可能反映了系统优化结果的编程，而非展示意图或
意识。A. eagerness 渴望；B. assistance 帮助；C. programming 编程；D. failure 失败。根据后文“to
optimise outcomes rather than demonstrating intentions or awareness”可知，AI 本身不具备自主意图，其行为
是由人类编程决定的，此处强调该行为是编程设定的结果。故选C。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：创造智能机器的想法引起了不安。A. unease 不安；B. excitement 兴奋；C.
anger 愤怒；D. hope 希望。根据后文“Humans might lose control to superintelligent AI”可知，人类可能会失
去对超级智能AI 的控制，因此这种想法引起了不安。故选A。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：解决办法是什么？A. scale 规模；B. comparison 比较；C. reality 现实；D.
fix 解决办法。根据后文“Human feedback on reasoning.”可知，后文提出了针对AI 发展限制的解决办法，
即人类对推理的反馈。故选D。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：OpenAI 前首席科学家2023 年的一篇论文发现，这种方法解决了78%的数
学难题，而使用人类无法帮助的技术时，这一比例为70%。A. machines 机器；B. sciences 科学；C.
humans 人类；D. systems 系统。根据上文“Human feedback on reasoning.”以及后文“don’t help”可知，此
处指对比人类反馈和人类无法帮助两种情况下，AI 解决数学难题的比例，故此处指人类无法帮助。故选
C。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：OpenAI 正在其新的“o1”系统中使用这种技术，该公司认为这将解决当前
的增长限制。A. efficiency 效率；B. growth 增长；C. stability 稳定性；D. energy 能量。根据上文“AI
giants reportedly face computational limits: making AI models larger no longer guarantees smarter AI.”可知，AI
巨头面临计算限制，即AI 模型变大并不能保证AI 更智能，因此需要解决增长限制。故选B。
7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，耶鲁大学的一个团队发现，提高语言模型的推理能力确实有帮助，
但它并不能完全消除其作为文字智能预测器的原始设计的影响。A. However 然而；B. Therefore 因此；C.
Moreover 此外；D. Probably 可能。根据后文“it does not completely remove the effects”可知，提高语言模
型的推理能力并不能完全消除其原始设计的影响，与前文构成转折关系。故选A。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. advanced 先进的；B. computer-aided 计算机辅助的；C.
characteristic 典型的；D. original 原始的。根据后文“design as simply a clever predictor of words”可知，此
处指语言模型作为文字智能预测器的原始设计。故选D。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果它们最终真的为了实现自己的目标而采取战略行动，那将是设计失败
的结果。A. strategically 战略性地；B. randomly 随机地；C. confidently 自信地；D. frequently 频繁地。根
据后文“to serve their own goals”可知，此处指AI 系统为了实现自己的目标而采取战略行动。故选A。
10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：依赖一台我们无法控制其运行的机器，需要对其进行编程，使其真正符
合人类的欲望和愿望。A. reflects on 反思；B. agrees with 符合；C. checks out 检验；D. adds to 增加。根据
前文“Relying on a machine whose operations we cannot control”和后文“human desires and wishes”可知为了
避免AI 失控，应使AI 真正符合人类的欲望和愿望。故选B。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这有多现实呢？A. realistic 现实的；B. rewarding 有益的；C. powerful
强大的；D. objective 客观的。根据上文“Relying on a machine whose operations we cannot control requires it
to be programmed so that it truly human desires and wishes.”可知，依赖一台我们无法控制其运行的机器，
并使其真正符合人类的欲望和愿望，这一做法并不现实。故选A。
12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这些故事往往以遗憾告终，因为愿望被照字面意思实现，导致了意想不
到的后果。A. cheerfully 高兴地；B. literally 确实地，字面上地；C. silently 沉默地；D. legendarily 传奇地。
根据后文“Such a problem was faced by King Midas, the legendary Greek king who wished for everything he
touched to turn to gold”这个例子可知，他希望“触碰的一切都变成金子”的愿望被完全按字面意思实现，
最终导致了悲剧。故选B。
13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：传说中的希腊国王迈达斯就遇到了这样的问题，他希望自己触碰到的一
切都变成金子，结果当他的食物、饮料和亲人也遭遇同样的命运时，他痛苦不堪。A. settle 解决；B.
hesitate 犹豫；C. suffer 遭受；D. relax 放松。根据上文“only to”可知，迈达斯国王希望自己触碰到的一切
都变成金子，结果当他的食物、饮料和亲人也遭遇同样的命运时，他痛苦不堪，suffer 符合语境。故选
C。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：显然，无限制的野心会导致遗憾。A. power 力量；B. obligation 义务；C.
intelligence 智力；D. ambition 野心。根据上文“King Midas, the legendary Greek king who wished for
everything he touched to turn to gold”可知，迈达斯国王的例子说明了无限制的野心会导致遗憾。故选D。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：控制不可预测的超级智能AI 需要重新思考AI 应该是什么。A. forgetting
忘记；B. hiding 隐藏；C. recognizing 识别；D. rethinking 重新思考。根据后文“what AI should be”以及上
文提到的控制超级智能AI 的挑战，可知此处指需要重新思考AI 应该是什么。故选D。
Early Schooling and the emergence of a Gender Gap in Mathematics
Although boys and girls 1 similar cognitive abilities in early childhood, especially in basic
number and spatial 2 , gender differences in mathematics achievement often emerge later. A recent
large-scale study conducted in France has shed new light on when and how this 3 begins.
Researchers analyzed data from over 2.6 million students from first to second grade over a four-year
period. At the start of 4 education, boys and girls performed nearly 5 in mathematics.
However, just four months after entering first grade, a small but 6 gap appeared, favoring boys. By the
beginning of second grade, the gap had widened further.
This trend was observed across all school types, socio-economic levels, and geographic regions, suggesting
a systemic phenomenon. The findings also 7 that the gap correlates more with time spent in school than
with age, indicating that the school environment plays a crucial role in its development.
The researchers 8 that this disparity is unlikely to reflect inherent differences in ability. 9
, social and educational factors — such as teacher 10 , classroom dynamics, and stereotype
internalization — may be responsible. For instance, previous studies have shown that teachers often attribute
boys’ math success to talent, while girls’ success is linked to effort. Additionally, girls tend to 11 higher
levels of math anxiety, especially under pressure. More than 76% of girls in the research claimed they were under
much stress.
In contrast to mathematics, a 12 performance gap — favoring girls — was already present before
school entry and remained relatively stable, showing less influence from classroom instruction.
These findings highlight the importance of early educational 13 . Promoting gender-equitable
teaching practices, presenting diverse role models in STEM fields, and 14 math anxiety in young
students could help reduce the gender gap before it becomes entrenched.
By recognizing that such differences begin during the first year of schooling, educators and policymakers
may take timely action to foster more 15 and supportive learning environments for all children.
1．A．have
B．display
C．cultivate
D．increase
2．A．reasoning
B．imagining
C．thinking
D．observing
3．A．development
B．phenomenon
C．disparity
D．transformation
4．A．intermediate
B．further
C．formal
D．routine
5．A．distinctly
B．outstandingly
C．poorly
D．identically
6．A．significant
B．obvious
C．unusual
D．surprising
7．A．challenged
B．presumed
C．restated
D．revealed
8．A．assume
B．propose
C．oppose
D．prove
9．A．Therefore
B．Instead
C．Meanwhile
D．Nevertheless
10．A．requirements
B．perspectives
C．expectations
D．affection
11．A．present
B．face
C．report
D．tackle
12．A．music
B．debating
C．painting
D．language
13．A．activities
B．interventions
C．supervisions
D．trainings
14．A．addressing
B．discovering
C．recognizing
D．improving
15．A．helpful
B．friendly
C．harmonious
D．inclusive
【答案】
1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 5．D 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．B 10．C 11．C
12．D 13．B 14．A 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍早期学校教育中数学学科性别差异的出现时间、成因及缩小该差
异的针对性举措。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管男孩和女孩在幼儿期展现出相似的认知能力，尤其是在基础的数字和
空间推理方面，但数学成绩的性别差异往往会在后期显现。A. have 拥有；B. display 展现；C. cultivate 培
养；D. increase 增加。根据后文“similar cognitive abilities in early childhood”以及“gender differences in
mathematics achievement often emerge later”的对比可知，幼儿期男孩女孩会“展现”相似的认知能力。故
选B 项。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管男孩和女孩在幼儿期展现出相似的认知能力，尤其是在基础的数字和
空间推理方面，但数学成绩的性别差异往往会在后期显现。A. reasoning 推理；B. imagining 想象；C.
thinking 思考；D. observing 观察。根据前文“basic number and spatial”以及数学学科所需的能力可知，此
处指“空间推理”能力。故选A 项。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近一项在法国开展的研究为这种差异开始的时间和方式带来了新的启示。
A. development 发展；B. phenomenon 现象；C. disparity 差异；D. transformation 转变。根据前文“gender
differences in mathematics achievement”可知，研究探讨的是数学成绩的性别“差异”。故选C 项。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在正式入学之初，男孩和女孩的数学表现几乎完全相同。A. intermediate
中间的；B. further 进一步的；C. formal 正式的；D. routine 常规的。根据前文“data from over 2.6 million
students from first to second grade”可知，研究对象是一、二年级学生，此处指“正式”入学阶段。故选C
项。
5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在正式入学之初，男孩和女孩的数学表现几乎完全相同。A. distinctly 明显
地；B. outstandingly 杰出地；C. poorly 糟糕地；D. identically 相同地。根据后文“However, just four
months after entering first grade, a small but ____6____ gap appeared, favoring boys”可知，前后文之间为转
折关系，由此可知，入学初期男女生表现“相同”。故选D 项。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，入学仅四个月后，一个虽小但显著的差距就出现了，且男孩表现
更优。A. significant 显著的；B. obvious 明显的；C. unusual 不寻常的；D. surprising 令人惊讶的。根据后
文“By the beginning of second grade, the gap had widened further”可知，这个小差距是“显著的”，并会进
一步扩大。故选A 项。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究结果还显示，这种差距与在校时间的关联比与年龄的关联更大，这表
明学校环境在差距的形成过程中起着关键作用。A. challenged 挑战；B. presumed 假定；C. restated 重申；
D. revealed 显示。根据前文“The findings”可知，此处指研究结果“显示”的结论。故选D 项。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员提出，这种差异不太可能反映出能力上的固有差别。A. assume 假
定；B. propose 提出；C. oppose 反对；D. prove 证明。根据后文“social and educational factors — such as
teacher ____10____, classroom dynamics, and stereotype internalization — may be responsible.”可知，这是研
究人员“提出”的看法。故选B 项。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，社会和教育因素——如教师的期望、课堂动态以及刻板印象的内化
——可能是问题的根源。A. Therefore 因此；B. Instead 相反；C. Meanwhile 同时；D. Nevertheless 然而。
根据前文“unlikely to reflect inherent differences in ability”和后文“classroom dynamics, and stereotype
internalization”中的社会教育因素的对比可知，此处用“相反”表转折。故选B 项。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，社会和教育因素——如教师的期望、课堂动态以及刻板印象的内
化——可能是问题的根源。A. requirements 要求；B. perspectives 观点；C. expectations 期望；D. affection
喜爱。根据后文“teachers often attribute boys’ math success to talent, while girls’ success is linked to effort”可
知，这体现了教师对男女生的不同“期望”。故选C 项。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，女孩往往表现出更高程度的数学焦虑，尤其是在压力之下。A.
present 呈现；B. face 面对；C. report 报告、表现出；D. tackle 处理。根据前文“girls tend to”以及后文
“higher levels of math anxiety”可知，女孩更容易“表现出”数学焦虑。故选C 项。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与数学相反，语言表现差距——偏向女孩——在入学前就已经存在，并
且保持相对稳定，显示出课堂教学的影响较小。A. music 音乐；B. debating 辩论；C. painting 绘画；D.
language 语言。根据后文“showing less influence from classroom instruction”以及与前文“In contrast to
mathematics”可知，此处与数学学科进行对比，由此可知，此处指“语言”能力。故选D 项。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些发现凸显了早期教育干预的重要性。A. activities 活动；B.
interventions 干预；C. supervisions 监督；D. trainings 培训。根据后文“Promoting gender-equitable teaching
practices, presenting diverse role models in STEM fields, and ____14____ math anxiety in young students could
help reduce the gender gap”可知，此处指早期教育“干预”。故选B 项。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：推行性别平等的教学方法、展示科学、技术、工程和数学领域多元的榜
样以及解决低龄学生的数学焦虑问题，都有助于在性别差距根深蒂固之前缩小它。A. addressing 解决；B.
discovering 发现；C. recognizing 识别；D. improving 改善。根据后文“math anxiety in young students”可知，
此处指“解决”数学焦虑问题。故选A 项。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过认识到这种差异始于入学第一年，教育工作者和政策制定者或许
能及时采取行动，为所有儿童营造更具包容性和支持性的学习环境。A. helpful 有帮助的；B. friendly 友好
的；C. harmonious 和谐的；D. inclusive 包容的。根据前文“for all children”可知，此处指营造“包容的”
学习环境。故选D 项。
It’s long been thought that the earlier you learn new skills, the easier they are to 1 . That’s part
of the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be 2 to a second language. But
whether that holds true has been heavily debated in the scientific community.
Unfortunately, the idea has helped increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new
languages, preventing the 3 of many potential polyglots (通晓多种语言者).
As a constantly 4 and complex organ, the human brain retains significant potential for higher
learning after puberty. Adults and children simply absorb and learn things differently.
“Research shows that adults are better learners in many areas because we have a lot of 5 and
we’re very attentive when we want to learn something,” says Lourdes Ortega, a professor of linguistics at
Georgetown University. “For most, it can take years to reach 6 in a foreign language.” According to
The Foreign Service Institute (FSI), factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience,
and the consistency of their lessons 7 the language learning process.
The FSI also reports that languages more 8 to their own, like Spanish or French, can be
learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks. 9 languages with significant cultural
differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks.
These estimates reflect a strict study model, involving several dedicated hours of practice spread across
multiple days per week. It is 10 to expect any individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone.
“No one can learn, as an adult, a new language unless they love it and unless they make it part of their
life,” says Ortega. “In theory, it’s a great thing, but you need to have reasons for it and the time to invest in it.”
At the same time, while adults benefit from motivation and 11 efforts, children approach
learning differently, and both age groups have unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to 12
new connections. Children tend to learn new languages more 13 , may have more opportunities to play
and experiment with new languages, and may be forced to adapt without the aid of translation apps or other
resources. Adults, meanwhile, can employ customized 14 to improve their language learning
experience. 15 , they create their own memorization systems or visualization techniques.
Still, scientists are discovering that cognitive processes across different ages are far more complex than
previously thought, suggesting that learning potential remains significant well beyond early childhood.
1．A．set off
B．hold out
C．pick up
D．make for
2．A．accustomed
B．exposed
C．instructed
D．imposed
3．A．emergence
B．supervision
C．guidance
D．absence
4．A．restoring
B．evolving
C．adopting
D．inferring
5．A．self-doubt
B．self-esteem
C．self-criticism
D．self-regulation
6．A．mastery
B．agreement
C．coverage
D．dimension
7．A．hint
B．integrate
C．affect
D．speed
8．A．unique
B．similar
C．respective
D．resistant
9．A．In essence
B．By contrast
C．In addition
D．To some extent
10．A．invaluable
B．conventional
C．unrealistic
D．distinctive
11．A．deliberate
B．random
C．joint
D．ideal
12．A．masking
B．grasping
C．narrowing
D．reforming
13．A．instinctively
B．consciously
C．mutually
D．duly
14．A．formats
B．gestures
C．attainments
D．strategies
15．A．As a whole
B．For instance
C．In conclusion
D．By the way
【答案】
1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 5．D 6．A 7．C 8．B 9．B 10．C 11．A
12．B 13．A 14．D 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出早期学习语言的优势被过度强调，而成人学习语言也有其独特优
势，受多种因素影响，不同年龄层学习语言各有特点，且认知过程复杂。
1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：长期以来，人们一直认为，学习新技能越早，就越容易掌握。A. set off 出
发；B. hold out 坚持；C. pick up(不费力地)获得，学会；D. make for 走向，导致。根据后文“That’s part of
the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be 2 to a second language.”可知，人们
认为儿童时期是学习第二语言的最佳时期，而前文为这一观点提供了理论支撑，即学习新技能越早，就
越容易掌握。故选C 项。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这也是为什么儿童时期曾被认为是接触第二语言的最佳时期的部分原因。
A. accustomed 使习惯于；B. exposed 使接触；C. instructed 指导；D. imposed 强加。根据后文“to a second
language”以及常识可知，儿童时期是接触第二语言的最佳时期。故选B 项。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，这种想法增加了人们对年龄较大的人快速适应新语言能力的怀
疑，阻碍了许多潜在的多语言者的出现。A. emergence 出现；B. supervision 监督；C. guidance 指导；D.
absence 缺席。根据前文“increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new languages”可推知，
这种想法让人们怀疑年龄较大的人适应新语言的能力，会让成年人对新语言学习望而却步，阻碍了潜在
的多语言者的出现。故选A 项。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为不断进化的、复杂的器官，人类大脑在青春期后仍保留着进行高等学
习的巨大潜力。A. restoring 恢复；B. evolving 进化，发展；C. adopting 采用；D. inferring 推断。根据常识
和后文“and complex organ, the human brain”可知，人类大脑是不断进化、复杂的器官。故选B 项。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：乔治敦大学语言学教授Lourdes Ortega 说：“研究表明，成年人在许多领
域都是更好的学习者，因为我们具备更强的自我调节能力，而且当我们想学习某样东西时，我们会非常
专注。”A. self-doubt 自我怀疑；B. self-esteem 自尊；C. self-criticism 自我批评；D. self-regulation 自我调
节。根据后文“we’re very attentive when we want to learn something”可知，成年人想学习时会非常专注，
说明有更强的自我调节能力。故选D 项。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对大多数人来说，要达到一门外语的精通程度可能需要数年时间。A.
mastery 精通，掌握；B. agreement 协议；C. coverage 覆盖范围；D. dimension 方面。根据常识和前文
“take years”可推知，需要数年时间才能达到对一门外语的精通程度。故选A 项。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：据美国外交服务学院(FSI)称，一个人的天赋、他们以前的语言经验以及课
程的连贯性等因素都会影响语言学习进程。A. hint 暗示；B. integrate 整合；C. affect 影响；D. speed 加速。
根据前文“factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience, and the consistency of
their lessons”和常识可知，一个人的天赋、语言经验和课程的连贯性都是影响语言学习进程的因素。故选
C 项。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：FSI 还报告说，与自己语言更相似的语言，如西班牙语或法语，可以相
对较快地学会——通常在24-30 周左右。A. unique 独特的；B. similar 相似的；C. respective 各自的；D.
resistant 抵抗的。根据后文“to their own, like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly”和“with
significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks.”可知，
如果所学语言，比如西班牙语或法语，与英语相似，学起来会更快。故选B 项。
9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，与英语有显著文化差异的语言，如希腊语或俄语，通常需要大
约44 周的时间。A. In essence 本质上；B. By contrast 相比之下；C. In addition 此外；D. To some extent 在
某种程度上。前文“like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks.”与
后文“languages with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require
about 44 weeks”把两种情况进行了对比。故选B 项。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：期望任何个人单独遵循如此苛刻的时间表是不现实的。A. invaluable 无
价的；B. conventional 传统的；C. unrealistic 不现实的；D. distinctive 独特的。根据后文“expect any
individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone”和常识可知，让任何个人单独遵循苛刻的时间表是不
现实的。故选C 项。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，尽管成年人受益于学习动机和刻意练习，儿童的学习方式
却截然不同——在掌握新知识关联时，两个年龄群体各自具备独特的优势与短板。A. deliberate 故意的，
刻意的；B. random 随机的；C. joint 联合的；D. ideal 理想的。根据前文“we’re very attentive when we
want to learn something”和“adults benefit from motivation”可知，成年人有学习动机，会非常专注和刻意地
努力，并从中受益。故选A 项。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，尽管成年人受益于学习动机和刻意练习，儿童的学习方式却
截然不同——在掌握新知识关联时，两个年龄群体各自具备独特的优势与短板。A. masking 掩盖；B.
grasping 掌握；C. narrowing 变窄；D. reforming 改革。根据前文“approach learning differently”可知，句中
讨论了学习的方式，结合常识，学习需要掌握新知识的关联。故选B 项。
13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：孩子们倾向于本能地学习新语言，可能有更多机会玩和尝试新语言，并
且可能在没有翻译应用程序或其他资源帮助的情况下被迫适应。A. instinctively 本能地；B. consciously 有
意识地；C. mutually 相互地；D. duly 适当地。根据后文“may have more opportunities to play and
experiment with new languages”可知，孩子们有更多机会玩和尝试新语言，不需要明确的学习动机和刻意
的练习，倾向于本能地学习新语言。故选A 项。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，成年人可以采用定制的策略来改善他们的语言学习体验。A.
formats 格式；B. gestures 手势；C. attainments 成就；D. strategies 策略。根据后文“to improve their
language learning experience”可推知，成年人改善语言学习体验需要策略。故选D 项。
15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，他们创建自己的记忆系统或可视化技术。A. As a whole 整体上；B.
For instance 例如；C. In conclusion 总之；D. By the way 顺便说一下。根据后文“they create their own
memorization systems or visualization techniques”可知，此处是在举例说明成年人可以采用的策略。故选B
项。
The word ‘habits’ gets thrown around a lot.Your doctor encourages you to get into the ‘good habit’ of eating
five portions of fruit and vegetables a day; your friend 1 their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media
before bed; maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they
‘feel 2 ,.
But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 3
a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals (what you hope to achieve at some point in the future),
4 (your plans for what you’re going to do) and skills (such as being able to hit musical notes consistently),
than about habits. 5 , routines — such as going to the gym regularly — have the 6 to become
a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will.
So, what exactly is a habit? And what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or 7 one that’s
‘bad’? One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking.
Building on that idea, psychologists today say that what makes a habit a habit is that it’s a behaviour that’s started
8 by specific cues (提示) in the environment. The pairing between the cue and the action might have begun
as 9 — that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding, but over time, the association is
10 and now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable.
This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly
automatic through 11 , has been shown at the level of brain activity.
When a behaviour turns into a habit, the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those
driving 12 action. Or, to put it another way, the decision-making process you once had to 13
to perform the behaviour has been bypassed.
But what really makes habits so interesting to psychologists and other health professionals is the way they
can 14 our behaviour for better and worse. The healthy or unhealthy habits you may have can have an
outsized influence on the kind of lifestyle you lead, and on your ability to fulfil your longer-tern goals. So, if
you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits, the long-term 15 impact could be significant.
1．A．worries about B．takes pride in
C．benefits from
D．depends on
2．A．exhausting
B．worrying
C．habitual
D．imperfect
3．A．reversely
B．alternatively
C．necessarily
D．academically
4．A．calendars
B．intentions
C．preferences
D．actions
5．A．Still
B．Consequently
C．Instead
D．Therefore
6．A．right
B．limit
C．advantage
D．potential
7．A．define
B．break
C．form
D．have
8．A．barely
B．thoroughly
C．early
D．automatically
9．A．purposeful
B．mindless
C．temporary
D．accidental
10．A．confirmed
B．strengthened
C．discovered
D．approved
11．A．repetition
B．struggle
C．practice
D．selection
12．A．decisive
B．positive
C．instinctive
D．unlawful
13．A．come back
B．settle down
C．take over
D．go through
14．A．control
B．change
C．interpret
D．observe
15．A．indirect
B．emotional
C．unexpected
D．harmful
【答案】
1．A 2．C 3．C 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．A
12．C 13．D 14．A 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了心理学家对习惯的定义、形成过程及其对人们行为的影响。
1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你的朋友担心他们睡前刷社交媒体的“坏习惯”。A. worries about 担心；
B. takes pride in 以……为傲；C. benefits from 从……中受益；D. depends on 依赖。根据后文“their ‘bad
habit’ of checking social media before bed”可知，此处应是对坏习惯的负面态度，“担心”符合逻辑。故选
A。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：也许你曾经有一位音乐老师一直督促你练习手指练习，直到它们“感觉
习惯为止”。A. exhausting 令人疲惫的；B. worrying 令人担心的；C. habitual 习惯的；D. imperfect 不完美
的。根据上文“maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until
they ‘feel ”和下文“not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 3
a habit”可知，并非你
经常或定期做的、或想做的每一件事都必然是一种习惯，本文谈论的是“习惯”。老师督促练习的目的
是让动作成为习惯，此处指练习到感觉习惯为止。故选C。
3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但根据心理学家的说法，并不是你经常或定期做的，或想要做的每一件事
都一定是习惯。A. reversely 相反地；B. alternatively 或者；C. necessarily 必要地，一定地；D. academically
学术上。根据后文“Some of the situations above are more about goals”可知，并不是你经常做或想要做的每
一件事都一定是习惯，有些更像是目标。故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：上面的有些情况更多的是关于目标（你希望在未来某个时刻实现的目标）、
意图（你打算做什么的计划）和技能（比如能够持续地击中音符），而不是关于习惯。A. calendars 日历；
B. intentions 意图；C. preferences 偏爱；D. actions 行动。根据后文“your plans for what you’re going to do”
可知，此处指做某事的计划，即意图。故选B。
5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能
确定它们一定会。A. Still 尽管如此；B. Consequently 因此；C. Instead 相反；D. Therefore 因此。上文
“But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is
3
a
habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals”提到有些情况不是关于习惯，后文提到“have the
6
to become a habit”日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，前后为转折关系，应用Still。故选A。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能
确定它们一定会。A. right 权利；B. limit 限制；C. advantage 优势；D. potential 潜力。根据后文“to
become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will”可知，日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不一定。故选
D。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：要养成一个“好”习惯或改掉一个“坏”习惯需要什么呢？A. define 定义；
B. break 打破；C. form 形成；D. have 拥有。根据前文“what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or”和后文
“one that’s ‘bad’”可知，与养成好习惯对比，此处指改掉坏习惯。故选B。
8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：基于这一观点，如今的心理学家表示，习惯之所以成为习惯，是因为它是
一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。A. barely 几乎不；B. thoroughly 彻底地；C. early 早地；D.
automatically 自动地。根据前文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you
do it without thinking”提到习惯是无需思考就做的可知，习惯的核心是“自动性”，无需刻意思考，此处
指它是一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。故选D。
9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服
务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令
人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. purposeful 有目的的；B. mindless 没头脑的；C. temporary 暂
时的；D. accidental 偶然的。根据后文“that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding”可知，
为了达到某个特定目标，所以起初的行为是“有目的的”。故选A。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服
务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令
人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. confirmed 确认；B. strengthened 加强；C. discovered 发现；D.
approved 批准。根据后文“now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or
desirable”可知，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生，所以随着时间的推移，这
种关联会加强。故选B。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在特定情况下，一种行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化的过程，通过重
复已经在大脑活动水平上得到了证明。A. repetition 重复；B. struggle 挣扎；C. practice 练习；D. selection
选择。根据上文“you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they
‘feel”、“This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming
increasingly automatic through”以及常识可知，行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化需要通过重复。故选A。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当一种行为变成习惯时，大脑较少依赖目标导向系统，而更多地依赖
驱动本能行为的系统。A. decisive 决定性的；B. positive 积极的；C. instinctive 本能的；D. unlawful 非法的。
根据上文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without
thinking”、“the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving”以及习惯的特点可知，习
惯是一种本能的行为，所以大脑会更多地依赖驱动本能行为的系统，不假思索。故选C。
13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：换句话说，你曾经为了执行这种行为而必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过
了。A. come back 回来；B. settle down 定居；C. take over 接管；D. go through 经历。根据后文“to perform
the behaviour has been bypassed”可知，此处指“经历”决策的过程，即必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过了。
故选D。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但真正让心理学家和其他健康专家对习惯感兴趣的是，它们能够控制我
们的行为，无论是好是坏。A. control 控制；B. change 改变；C. interpret 解释；D. observe 观察。根据后文
“our behaviour for better and worse”可知，习惯对行为的影响是“控制”性的，而非单纯“改变”。故选
A。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，如果你养成了许多不健康的习惯，长期的有害影响可能是显著
的。A. indirect 间接的；B. emotional 情绪的；C. unexpected 意外的；D. harmful 有害的。根据上文“if
you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits”可知，不健康的习惯会产生有害的影响。故选D。
A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes (三卤甲
烷) and haloacetic acids (卤乙酸).The finding 1 the argument for investing in these advanced water
treatment systems.
PFAS are a class of thousands of 2 compounds that do not easily break down in the environment.
They are linked to a range of serious 3 problems, including various cancers and developmental delays.
Their 4 presence is a major concern: a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of
tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical. So, the systems’ removal of PFAS is of great significance.
Additionally, new research from the Environmental Working Group 5 other benefits. By analyzing data
from 19 water systems that installed PFAS treatment, the study compared 6 of disinfection byproducts
before and after installation. The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42
percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent. Long-term 7 to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers,
and getting rid of them could prevent thousands of illnesses.
8 the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in
drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029.
Just like in most cases, application of the rule faces difficulties. While experts confirm wider benefits of the
treatment systems, they also note that real-world results can 9 due to factors like seasonal differences
and diverse sources of pollution.
That’s only a minor problem; some major ones await our resolution. There were 10 from water
suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities. Afterwards, the Environmental Protection
Agency announced in May 2024 that it would 11 the rule — set limits to four of the six PFAS and
extend the deadline by two years. This 12 has created uncertainty in regulation and slowed down action.
Besides, a study showed a great 13 in adoption — only 7% of the systems are equipped with advanced
filtration (过滤) function and they serve fewer than 500 people; in contrast, the rest serve over 100,000 people in
rural or 14 communities — areas without sufficient financial assistance.
The central question now is one of 15 . Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do we
have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support?
1．A．contradicts
B．involves
C．strengthens
D．challenges
2．A．long-lasting
B．fast-acting
C．easily-degraded
D．man-made
3．A．security
B．health
C．environment
D．growth
4．A．permanent
B．restricted
C．temporary
D．widespread
5．A．guaranteed
B．attained
C．revealed
D．maximized
6．A．sources
B．functions
C．categories
D．concentrations
7．A．resistance
B．solution
C．addiction
D．exposure
8．A．In response
B．By contrast
C．After all
D．For example
9．A．solidify
B．vary
C．worsen
D．persist
10．A．complaints
B．proposals
C．comments
D．welcomes
11．A．enforce
B．revise
C．abandon
D．tighten
12．A．association
B．hesitation
C．move
D．mess
13．A．conflict
B．divide
C．unity
D．likelihood
14．A．high-population
B．large-scale
C．under-resourced D．over-
developed
15．A．technology
B．finance
C．efficiency
D．commitment
【答案】
1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．A 11．B
12．C 13．B 14．C 15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文表明去除PFAS 的净水技术还可清除其他污染物，但该技术推广遇成本、
政策修订等难题，核心问题在于社会是否有落实的决心。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一发现进一步支持了投资这些先进水处理系统的观点。A. contradicts 反
驳；B. involves 涉及；C. strengthens 加强；D. challenges 挑战。上文“A new study confirms that
technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)from drinking water are highly
effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.(一项新的研究证实，
用于去除饮用水中全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的技术在去除其他有害污染物（如三卤甲烷和卤代酸）
方面也非常有效)”提到去除 PFAS 的技术还能有效清除其他有害污染物，这一发现会强化投资这类先进
水处理系统的理由。故选C。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：全氟和多氟烷基物质是一类由数千种人工合成化合物组成的物质，在环
境中不易分解。A. long-lasting 持久的；B. fast-acting 快速的；C. easily-degraded 易于降解的；D. man-
made 人造的。根据下文“do not easily break down in the environment”可知，PFAS 不易在环境中分解说明
不是天然的，是人造的物质，故选D。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们与一系列严重的健康问题有关，包括多种癌症和发育迟缓等病症。A.
security 安全；B. health 健康；C. environment 环境；D. growth 成长。根据下文“including various cancers
and developmental delays”可知，会引发健康问题。故选B。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们的广泛存在是一个重大问题：2023 年美国地质调查局的一项研究估
计，多达45%的自来水样本中可能都含有至少一种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）化学物质。A. permanent
永久的；B. restricted 有限的；C. temporary 暂时的；D. widespread 普遍的。根据下文“a 2023 U.S.
Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical”可知，
数据显示 “45%的自来水可能含至少一种PFAS”，说明其存在具有广泛性。故选D。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，环境工作组的新研究还揭示了其他一些益处。A. guaranteed 保证；
B. attained 获得；C. revealed 揭露；D. maximized 最大化。根据下文“other benefits”可知，新研究揭示了
其他一些益处。故选C。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过分析19 个已安装了全氟和多氟烷基物质处理设备的水系统的数据，
该研究对比了安装设备前后的消毒副产物浓度。A. sources 来源；B. functions 功能；C. categories 类别；D.
concentrations 浓度，关注点。根据下文“The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by
an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent.(结果表明，各项指标均有显著下降：三卤甲烷平均
减少了42%；卤代酸类物质减少了50%)”可知，研究对比的是消毒副产物在设备安装前后的浓度，后文也
给出了具体的下降百分比，故选D。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：长期接触这些有害物质会增加患某些癌症的风险，而消除这些物质则能够
预防成千上万的疾病。A. resistance 抵制；B. solution 解决方案；C. addiction 沉迷；D. exposure 暴露。根
据下文“to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers”可知，长期暴露于这类副产物与特定癌症相关，故
选D。
8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：为此，政府制定了针对六种特定全氟和多氟化合物的全国性法律限值，要
求供水企业于 2029 年前达到相关标准。A. In response 作为回应；B. By contrast 对比；C. After all 毕竟；
D. For example 例如。上文强调 PFAS 的危害和处理必要性，下文“the administration set the first-ever
national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the
standard by 2029.”提到政府设定首个 PFAS 法定限值，是“作为回应”的举措。故选A。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管专家们确认了这些处理系统具有的广泛优势，但他们也指出，实际效
果可能会因季节差异和多种污染源等因素而有所不同。A. solidify 使凝固；B. vary 变化；C. worsen 恶化；
D. persist 持续。根据下文“due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution”可知，由
于季节差异、污染源多样等因素，实际效果会“有差异”，故选B。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：供水企业对此提出了质疑，认为安装这些设施的预期成本过高。A.
complaints 投诉；B. proposals 提议；C. comments 评论；D. welcomes 欢迎。根据下文“from water
suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities”可知，供水商针对安装设施的巨额预期成
本，应是抱怨，故选A。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随后，环境保护局于2024 年5 月宣布将修订该规定——对六种全氟和多
氟化合物中的四种设定限值，并将截止日期延长两年。A. enforce 实施；B. revise 修改；C. abandon 抛弃；
D. tighten 变紧。根据下文“set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years.”可知，将
限值改为6 种中的4 种、延长两年期限，说明是对规则的修订。故选B。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一举措导致了监管方面的不确定性，并且减缓了相关行动的推进速度。
A. association 协会；B. hesitation 犹豫；C. move 举措，移动；D. mess 混乱。根据上文“set limits to four of
the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years.”可知，上文提到的规则修订是环保署的一项举措。故选
C。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：此外，一项研究显示，这些系统的普及情况存在巨大差异——仅有 7%的
系统配备了先进的过滤功能，且这些系统服务的人数不到 500 人；相比之下，其余的系统则服务于农村
或资源匮乏地区（这些地区缺乏足够的财政支持）的超过 10 万人。A. conflict 冲突；B. divide 差距；C.
unity 团结；D. likelihood 可能。下文对比“仅7%的系统配备高级过滤功能且服务人数少”和“其余系统
服务大量人口但缺乏资金”，体现出技术应用的“差距”，故选B。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，一项研究显示，这些系统的普及情况存在巨大差异——仅有7%
的系统配备了先进的过滤功能，且这些系统服务的人数不到500 人；相比之下，其余的系统则服务于农
村或资源匮乏地区（这些地区缺乏足够的财政支持）的超过10 万人。A. high-population 人口密集；B.
large-scale 大规模的；C. under-resourced 资源不足的；D. over-developed 过度发展的。破折号后“areas
without sufficient financial assistance”说明缺乏足够财政援助的地区，对应 under-resourced（资源不足的）。
故选C。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当前的关键问题在于责任的承担问题。A. technology 技术；B. finance 经
济；C. efficiency 效率；D. commitment 投入。根据下文“Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do
we have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support?”可知，技术已存在且益处明确，但能
否制定强力政策、保障资金支持，核心是“决心和投入”，commitment（承诺、投入）涵盖政策决心和
资金保障的核心。故选D。
How can one person enjoy good health, while another person looks old before her time? Humans have been
asking this question for thousands of years, and recently, it’s becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the
differences between people’s rates of aging lie in the complex 1 among genes, social relationships,
environments and lifestyles. Even though you were born with a particular set of genes, the way you live can 2
how they express themselves. Some lifestyle factors may even turn genes on or 3 .
Deep within the genetic heart of all our cells are telomeres (端粒), or repeating parts of noncoding DNA
that live at the ends of the chromosomes (染色体). They form caps at the ends of the chromosomes and keep the
genetic material together. Shortening with each cell division, they help determine how 4 a cell ages.
When they become too short, the cell stops 5 altogether. This isn’t the only reason a cell can age —
there are other stresses on cells we don’t yet understand very well — but short telomeres are one of the 6
reasons human cells grow old. We’ve devoted most of our careers to studying telomeres, and one great discovery
from our labs is that telomeres can actually 7 .
Scientists have learned that several thought patterns appear to be 8 for telomeres, and one of
them is cynical hatred. Cynical hatred is defined by high anger and frequent thoughts that other people cannot be
trusted. Someone with hatred doesn’t just think, “I hate to stand in long lines”; they think, “Others 9
sped up and beat me to my rightful position in the line!” — and then get violently anxious. People who score high
on measures of cynical hatred tend to get more heart disease, metabolic disease and often die at 10
ages. They also have shorter telomeres. In a study of British civil servants, men who scored high on measures of
cynical hatred had shorter telomeres than men whose hatred scores were low. The most hostile men were30%
more likely to have short telomeres.
What this means: aging is a 11 process that could possibly be sped up or slowed down — and, in
some aspects, even reversed. To an extent, it has 12 us and the rest of the scientific community that
telomeres do not simply carry out the commands issued by your genetic code. Your telomeres are 13
you. The foods you eat, your response to challenges, the amount of exercise you get, and many other factors
appear to influence your telomeres and can prevent 14 aging at the cellular level. One of the keys to
enjoying good health is simply doing your part to foster healthy cell 15 .
1．A．quality
B．breakthrough
C．interaction
D．challenge
2．A．influence
B．exchange
C．integrate
D．evolve
3．A．set out
B．switch off
C．set up
D．serve as
4．A．natural
B．potential
C．unique
D．fast
5．A．dividing
B．recycling
C．creating
D．processing
6．A．efficient
B．productive
C．major
D．subsequent
7．A．deepen
B．lengthen
C．widen
D．improve
8．A．primitive
B．resistant
C．original
D．unhealthy
9．A．deliberately
B．accidentally
C．literally
D．exceptionally
10．A．mature
B．younger
C．incredible
D．current
11．A．permanent
B．fundamental
C．dynamic
D．positive
12．A．surprised
B．remained
C．upset
D．trained
13．A．stirring up
B．listening to
C．breaking down
D．turning into
14．A．original
B．premature
C．universal
D．contemporary
15．A．recycle
B．renewal
C．rediscovery
D．reduction
【答案】
1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．A 6．C 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．C
12．A 13．B 14．B 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人类衰老速度差异的奥秘一直是千古谜题，现代科学发现其关键
在于基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式的复杂相互作用。生活方式不仅能影响基因表达，甚至能调控基
因的“开启”或“关闭”。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：几千年来，人类一直在问这个问题，最近，科学家们越来越清楚地认识到，
人们衰老速度的差异在于基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式之间复杂的相互作用。A. quality 质量；B.
breakthrough 突破；C. interaction 相互作用；D. challenge 挑战。根据句意以及下文“among genes, social
relationships, environments and lifestyles”可知，这里指基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式之间复杂的“相
互作用”。故故选C。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使你生来就有一组特殊的基因，你的生活方式也会影响它们的表达方式。
A. influence 影响；B. exchange 交换；C. integrate 整合，合并；D. evolve 发展，进化。根据下文“Some
lifestyle factors may even turn genes on or ____3____ them.”可知，这里指的是生活方式能够“影响”基因的
表达。故选A。
3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：一些生活方式因素甚至可能开启或关闭基因。A. set out 出发，开始；B.
switch off 关闭；C. set up 建立，安装；D. serve as 担任，充当。根据上文“Some lifestyle factors may even
turn genes on”可知，与 turn genes on（开启基因）相对应的是“关闭”基因，switch off 符合语境。故选
B。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着每次细胞分裂而缩短，它们有助于确定细胞衰老的速度。A. natural
自然的；B. potential 潜在的；C. unique 独特的；D. fast 快的。根据上文“Shortening with each cell
division”可知，端粒随着细胞分裂而缩短，它们有助于决定细胞衰老的“速度”。故选D。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当它们变得太短时，细胞就完全停止分裂。A. dividing 分裂；B. recycling
循环；C. creating 创造；D. processing 处理。根据上文“Shortening with each cell division”提到细胞分裂，
由此可知，当端粒变得太短时，细胞就会完全停止“分裂”。故选A。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不是细胞衰老的唯一原因——还有我们仍不太了解细胞受到的其他
压力——但短端粒是人类细胞衰老的主要原因之一。A. efficient 有效的；B. productive 多产的；C. major
主要的；D. subsequent 随后的。根据上文“there are other stresses on cells we don’t yet understand very well”
和转折词“but”可知，此处强调其重要性，短端粒是人类细胞变老的“主要”原因之一。故选C。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的大部分职业生涯都致力于研究端粒，我们实验室的一个非凡发现是，
端粒实际上可以延长。A. deepen 加深；B. lengthen 变长；C. widen 加宽；D. improve 改善。根据前文
“Shortening with each cell division”提到端粒会缩短，这里说有一个非凡的发现，即端粒实际上可以“变
长”。故选B。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学家们已经了解到，有几种思维模式似乎对端粒不健康，其中之一是
愤世嫉俗的敌意。A. primitive 原始的；B. resistant 抵制的；C. original 最初的；D. unhealthy 不健康的。后
文“People who score high on measures of cynical hatred tend to get more heart disease”举例说明愤世嫉俗的仇
恨有害健康，所以这种思维模式对端粒是“有害的、不健康的”。故选D。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们会想：“别人故意加快速度，抢占到我应有的位置！”A. deliberately
故意地；B. accidentally 意外地；C. literally 照字面地；D. exceptionally 特别地。根据下文“sped up and
beat me to my rightful position in the line”和语境可知，愤世嫉俗者认为他人“故意”（deliberately）插队，
体现其不信任和敌意。故选A。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在愤世嫉俗的敌意测试中得分高的人往往更容易患心脏病和代谢疾病，
而且往往在更年轻的时候死亡。A. mature 成熟的；B. younger 更年轻的；C. incredible 难以置信的；D.
current 当前的。根据上文“People who score high on measures of cynical hatred tend to get more heart disease,
metabolic disease”可知，那些愤世嫉俗的敌意得分高的人往往更容易患心脏病、代谢疾病，并且通常会在
“更年轻的”年龄去世。younger 表示“更年轻的”，与前文提到的他们身体状况更差相呼应，说明这种
思维模式对健康的负面影响。故选B。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着：衰老是一个动态过程，可以加速或减缓——在某些方面甚
至可以逆转。A. permanent 永久的； B. fundamental 基本的；C. dynamic 动态的；D. positive 积极的。根据
下文“could possibly be accelerated or slowed — and, in some aspects, even reversed”可知，衰老是一个“动
态的”过程，可以被加速、减缓，在某些方面甚至可以逆转。故选C。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在某种程度上，端粒不只是执行你的遗传密码发出的命令，这让我们和
科学界的其他人感到惊讶。A. surprised 使惊讶；B. reminded 提醒；C. upset 使心烦；D. trained 训练。根
据下文“telomeres do not simply carry out the commands issued by your genetic code”可知，端粒并不只是简
单地执行基因密码发出的指令，这在一定程度上让科学家们感到“惊讶”。故选A。
13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你的端粒在听从你的声音。A. stirring up 激起；B. listening to 听从、听取；
C. breaking down 分解；D. turning into 转变成。根据下文“The foods you eat, your response to challenges,
the amount of exercise you get, and many other factors appear to influence your telomeres”可知，这里说端粒会
“听从”你的一些生活因素的影响。listen to 有“听从、听取”的意思，形象地表达了端粒会受到生活方
式等因素的影响。故选B。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你吃的食物、你对挑战的反应、你的运动量，以及许多其他因素似乎
都会影响你的端粒，并能在细胞水平上防止过早衰老。A. original 原始的；B. premature 过早的；C.
universal 普遍的；D. contemporary 当代的。根据上文“The foods you eat, your response to challenges, the
amount of exercise you get, and many other factors appear to influence your telomeres”可知，很多因素可以影
响端粒并防止细胞“过早”衰老。故选B。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：享受健康的关键之一就是尽自己的一份力量来促进健康的细胞更新。A.
recycle 回收利用；B. renewal 更新，续订；C. rediscovery 重新发现；D. reduction 减少。根据句意以及上文
“One of the keys to enjoying good health is simply doing your part to foster healthy cell”可知，享受良好健康
的关键之一就是尽自己的一份力量来促进健康的细胞“更新”。故选B。
