专题20 完形填空说明文、议论文
考点
十年考情(2015-2024)
命题趋势
说明文
+议论文
(10 年
4 篇)
2022 年:3 篇
- 2022 全国乙卷(儿童捉迷藏行
为的心理学研究)
- 2022 浙江卷 6 月(信任在亲子
与职场中的重要性)
2016 年:1 篇
- 2016 上海卷(管理理论 X、Y
及现代管理趋势)
1. 题材聚焦社会科学与生活哲理:多围绕心理学现象
(如儿童行为研究)、人际关系(如信任的重要
性)、管理理念等,结合生活实际与学术视角,兼具
科学性与思辨性。
2. 结构注重逻辑与论证层次:说明文多采用 “提出
问题 — 分析解释 — 得出结论” 的结构,议论文则
以 “论点 — 论据 — 结论” 展开,通过举例、对
比等方式强化逻辑,设空侧重句间衔接(如因果、转
折)。
3. 考查重点偏向抽象词义与逻辑词:高频考查抽象名
词(如 belief、trust)、动词(如 comprehend、
develop)及连接词(如 similarly、however),强调对
语境中抽象概念和逻辑关系的理解。
4. 语言风格严谨客观:用词精准规范,避免口语化表
达,常出现学科相关词汇(如 egocentric、
empowerment),要求考生结合上下文推断词义,理
解专业概念。
5. 融入跨场景应用与现实意义:将理论知识与生活场
景(如育儿、职场管理)结合,引导考生思考社会现
象与人文哲理,体现学以致用的导向。
完形填空说明文、议论文
2024 年
Cloze 1
【2022 年全国乙卷】Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them,
there’s something highly exciting about ___21___ someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably ___22___ at hiding. They often cover only
their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies ___23___ .
For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was ___24___ as evidence that children are hopelessly
“egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our ___25___ research results in child developmental psychology
___26___ that idea.
We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each ___27___ sat down
with an adult who covered her own eyes or ___28___ . We then asked the child if she could ___29___ or hear
the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t. The same ___30___ happened when the adult covered
her own mouth: ___31___ children said that they couldn’t ___32___ to her.
A number of ___33___ ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results
were clear: Our young subjects ___34___ the questions and knew ___35___ what was asked of them. Their
___36___ to the questions reflected their true ___37___ that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They
simply ___38___ mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our ___39___ suggest when a child “hides” by
putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method ___40___
when others use it.
21. A. following
B. taking
C. escaping
D. directing
22. A. clever
B. bad
C. scared
D. quick
23. A. exposed
B. examined
C. untouched
D. imbalanced
24. A. supported
B. guaranteed
C. imagined
D. interpreted
25. A. disappointing
B. mixed
C. surprising
D. desired
26. A. explained
B. confirmed
C. contradicted
D. tested
27. A. parent
B. child
C. researcher
D. doctor
28. A. feet
B. nose
C. hands
D. ears
29. A. see
B. help
C. reach
D. fool
30. A. event
B. thing
C. action
D. accident
31. A. Yet
B. Now
C. Soon
D. Once
32. A. speak
B. listen
C. turn
D. wave
33. A. instructions
B. descriptions
C. experiments
D. assumptions
34. A. comprehended
B. predicted
C. explored
D. ignored
35. A. partly
B. honestly
C. vaguely
D. exactly
36. A. responses
B. approaches
C. contribution
D. sensitivity
37. A. ability
B. belief
C. identity
D. purpose
38. A. hold back
B. relate to
C. insist on
D. make up
39. A. limitations
B. requirements
C. theories
D. findings
40. A. tentative
B. impressive
C. creative
D. effective
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. B
31. B 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. D
【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要通过实验证明孩子们捉迷藏时,只遮住自己的眼睛并不是自
我中心主义的结果,而是孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重。
【21 题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:对他们来说,避开别人的目光,让自己无法被别人看到,这是一件非常令人兴
奋的事情。A. following 跟随;B. taking 取走;C. escaping 避开;D. directing 指导。根据上文“Young
children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek.”可知,儿童喜欢玩捉迷藏,避开别人的目光。
故选C 项。
【22 题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:然而,我们都看到学龄前儿童非常不善于隐藏。A. clever 聪明的;B. bad 不
擅长的;C. scared 害怕的;D. quick 快的。根据下文“They often cover only their eyes with their hands,
leaving the rest of their bodies”可知,儿童不擅长隐藏,be bad at sth.表示“不擅长某事”。故选B 项。
【23 题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:他们通常只用手遮住眼睛,其余的身体暴露在外。A. exposed 无遮蔽的;B.
examined 已检查过的;C. untouched 未受影响的;D. imbalanced 失衡的。根据上文“They often cover only
their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies”可知,儿童只是用手遮住了眼睛,身体的其余部分
无遮蔽,是暴露在外的。故选A 项。
【24 题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:长期以来,这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为儿童是无可救药的“自我中心”生物
的证据。A. supported 支持;B. guaranteed 保证;C. imagined 想象;D. interpreted 解释。根据下文“as
evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” creatures.”可知,此处表示这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为证
据,证明儿童是以自我为中心的。故选D 项。
【25 题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:但我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊讶的研究结果与这一观点相矛盾。A.
disappointing 令人失望的;B. mixed 混合的;C. surprising 令人惊讶的;D. desired 渴望的。根据下文
“research results in child developmental psychology _6_ that idea.”可知,研究结果与之前的观点相矛盾,所
以研究结果是令人惊讶的。故选C 项。
【26 题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:但我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊讶的研究结果与这一观点相矛盾。A.
explained 解释;B. confirmed 证实;C. contradicted 相矛盾;D. tested 测试。根据下文“Our 19 suggest
when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider
this method _ 20 _ when others use it.”可知,研究结果与之前的观点是相矛盾的。故选C 项。
【27 题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:每个儿童都和一个成年人坐在一起,成年人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。A. parent
父母亲;B. child 儿童;C. researcher 研究员;D. doctor 医生。根据上文“We brought young children aged 2-
4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知,儿童参加实验,此处表示每个儿童和一个成年人坐在
一起。故选B 项。
【28 题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:每个儿童都和一个成年人坐在一起,成年人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。A. feet 脚;
B. nose 鼻子;C. hands 手;D. ears 耳朵。根据下文“or hear the adult”可知,实验中,儿童被询问是否能
听到成年人的声音,所以此处表示成年人遮住了自己的耳朵。故选D 项。
【29 题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:然后我们问儿童是否能看到或听到成年人的声音。A. see 看见;B. help 帮助;
C. reach 到达;D. fool 欺骗。根据上文“an adult who covered her own eyes”可知,成年人遮住了自己的眼
睛,所以此处儿童被询问是否能看见成年人。故选A 项。
【30 题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:当成年人捂住她自己的嘴时,同样的事情发生了:此刻孩子们说他们不能和她
说话。A. event 大事;B. thing 事情;C. action 行动;D. accident 事故。根据下文“children said that they
couldn’t _12_ to her.”可知,此处表示同样的事情发生了,孩子们表示不能和捂住嘴的成年人说话了。故选
B 项。
【31 题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意:当成年人捂住她自己的嘴时,同样的事情发生了:此刻孩子们说他们不能和她
说话。A. Yet 然而;B. Now 此刻;C. Soon 很快;D. Once 一次。根据语境,此处表示当成年人捂住自己的
嘴时,这时孩子们说不能和成年人说话了。故选B 项。
【32 题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:当成年人捂住她自己的嘴时,同样的事情发生了:此刻孩子们说他们不能和她
说话。A. speak 说;B. listen 听;C. turn 转;D. wave 挥手。根据上文“when the adult covered her own
mouth”可知,此处孩子们表示他们不能和成年人说话了。故选A 项。
【33 题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:许多实验排除了孩子们误解了他们被问到的问题。A. instructions 命令;B.
descriptions 说明;C. experiments 实验;D. assumptions 假设。根据语境,此处表示上文中的许多实验排除
了孩子们会误解问题这一情况。故选C 项。
【34 题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:结果很清楚:我们的年轻受试者理解了这些问题,并且确切地知道他们被问到
了什么。A. comprehended 理解;B. predicted 预测;C. explored 探索;D. ignored 忽略。根据下文“the
questions and knew _15_ what was asked of them”可知,儿童理解了问题,并能确切地知道自己被问了什么。
故选A 项。
【35 题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意:结果很清楚:我们的年轻受试者理解了这些问题,并且确切地知道他们被问到
了什么。A. partly 部分地;B. honestly 诚实地;C. vaguely 含糊地;D. exactly 确切地。根据下文“what was
asked of them. Their 16 to the questions reflected their true _17_ ”可知,孩子们确切地知道自己被问了
什么,他们的答案反映了他们真实的看法。故选D 项。
【36 题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:他们对这些问题的回答反映了他们真正的看法:“只有你也能看到我,我才能
看到你。”A. responses 回答;B. approaches 方法;C. contribution 贡献;D. sensitivity 敏感性。根据下文
“to the questions”可知,此处表示孩子们对于问题的回答。故选A 项。
【37 题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:他们对这些问题的回答反映了他们真正的看法:“只有你也能看到我,我才能
看到你。”A. ability 能力;B. belief 看法;C. identity 身份;D. purpose 目的。根据下文“I can see you only
if you can see me, too.”可知,此处表示孩子们真正的看法。故选B 项。
【38 题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意:他们只是坚持相互承认和尊重。A. hold back 阻止;B. relate to 有关联;C. insist
on 坚持;D. make up 弥补。根据上文“I can see you only if you can see me, too.”可知,孩子们的看法体现
了他们坚持相互的承认和尊重。故选C 项。
【39 题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:我们的研究结果表明,当孩子在头上盖一条毯子“隐藏”时,这并不是自我中
心主义的结果。A. limitations 限制;B. requirements 必要条件;C. theories 理论;D. findings 调查发现。根
据上文“We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知,此处表示实
验的研究结果表明孩子的“隐藏”并不是自我中心主义的结果。故选D 项。
【40 题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:事实上,当其他人使用这种方法时,孩子们认为它是有效的。A. tentative 实
验性的;B. impressive 令人印象深刻的;C. creative 创造性的;D. effective 有效的。根据上文“They simply
18 mutual recognition and regard.”可知,孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重,所以当其他人使用这种方法时,
孩子会认为它是有效的。故选D 项。
Cloze 2
【2022 年浙江卷6 月】Small children are easy to throw up in the air and catch-and they ___16___ it.
“Again, Daddy, again!” Jacky shouts as I throw him skywards and catch him on the way back down again. He
throws his arms and legs out ___17___ he were flying, his eyes wide with ___18___. His trust in me is
___19___ which is quite a nice feeling, but at the same time gives me a huge sense of ___20___ .
I hope Jacky will always trust me fully, but I know that, as he gets ___21___ , it will need more effort and
sound judgment____22____ . Trust is such an important part of a ___23___ relationship that it’s something that
can’t ___24___ to lose. Every time I ___25___ Jacky to something new, he’ll do it only because he trusts me and
feels ___26___ in the knowledge that he won’t get hurt .___27___ , teaching Jacky to swim means he has to
___28___ that, when he’s swimming in the big pool, I’ll come to his rescue if his doggy paddle lets him down.
___29___ in the workplace, trust is important for strong ___30___ . It is something that every manager
should work hard to ___31___ among their team. If people don’t trust you, they’re unlikely to ___32___ your
directions and willingly become a loyal (忠诚) team member. A ___33___ of trust can make people work against
you rather than for you. At the very least, it means that people are not going to be ___34___ you their best. Good
___35___, like good parenting, is a long-term commitment.
16. A. deserve
B. miss
C. love
D. know
17. A. as if
B. in case
C. even though
D. so that
18. A. fear
B. excitement
C. doubt
D. astonishment
19. A. reasonable
B. limited
C. absolute
D. important
20. A. relief
B. satisfaction
C. achievement
D. responsibility
21. A. older
B. busier
C. quieter
D. healthier
22. A. on my behalf
B. on my part
C. in my honor
D. in my name
23. A. long-distance
B. high-risk
C. parent-child
D. teacher-student
24. A. afford
B. choose
C. wait
D. expect
25. A. attach
B. compare
C. adjust
D. introduce
26. A. safe
B. happy
C. proud
D. grateful
27. A. Above all
B. In addition
C. At first
D. For example
28. A. admit
B. believe
C. suggest
D. imagine
29. A. However
B. Therefore
C. Similarly
D. Fortunately
30. A. affection
B. determination
C. friendship
D. leadership
31. A. assess
B. organize
C. develop
D. understand
32. A. repeat
B. follow
C. change
D. forget
33. A. gesture
B. measure
C. bond
D. lack
34. A. telling
B. giving
C. selling
D. sending
35. A. management
B. personality
C. communication
D. education
【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。短文论述了信任的重要性。
16.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:孩子很喜欢被抛到空中并被抓住——而且他们喜欢这样做。A.
deserve 值得;B. miss 错过;C. love 爱;D. know 知道。根据下文“Again, Daddy, again!”可知,孩子很喜
欢被抛到空中并被抓住。故选C 项。
17.A【解析】考查连词短语词义辨析。句意:他伸出胳膊和腿,好像在飞,他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。
A. as if 好像;B. in case 以防;C. even though 即使;D. so that 以便。根据“he were flying”可知,本句为
虚拟语气,好像在飞。故选A 项。
18.B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:他伸出胳膊和腿,好像在飞,他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。A.
fear 害怕;B. excitement 兴奋;C. doubt 怀疑;D. astonishment 惊讶。根据上文“He throws his arms and legs
out
2
he were flying,”可知,他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。故选B 项。
19.C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:他对我的信任是绝对的,这是一种很好的感觉,但同时也给了
我巨大的责任感。A. reasonable 合理的;B. limited 有限的;C. absolute 完全的,绝对的;D. important 重要
的。根据上文“Again, Daddy, again!”可知,孩子要求一次次被仍向空中,由此可知,他对父亲是完全信
任的。故选C 项。
20.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:他对我的信任是绝对的,这是一种很好的感觉,但同时也给了我
巨大的责任感。A. relief 宽慰;B. satisfaction 满意;C. achievement 成就;D. responsibility 责任。结合语境,
此处指孩子对父亲的信任也成为了父亲的责任,即他有让孩子信任自己的责任。故选D 项。
21.A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:我希望杰基能永远完全信任我,但我知道,随着他长大,这需
要我付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。A. older 年龄较大的;B. busier 较为忙的;C. quieter 较安静的;D.
healthier 较健康的。根据下文“it will need more effort and sound judgment ____7____”可知,随着他长大,
这需要作者付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。故选A 项。
22.B【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意:我希望杰基能永远完全信任我,但我知道,随着他长大,这
需要我付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。A. on my behalf 代表我;B. on my part 就我来说;C. in my honor
以我的名誉;D. in my name 以我的名义。本段在探讨作者与儿子之间的关系,所以需要“我”付出更多努
力和做出正确的判断。故选B 项。
23.C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:信任是亲子关系中非常重要的一部分,它是一种不能失去的东
西。A. long-distance 长途的;B. high-risk 高风险的;C. parent-child 父母子女的;D. teacher-student 师生的。
本段在探讨作者与儿子之间的关系,所以是一中亲子关系。故选C 项。
24.A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:信任是亲子关系中非常重要的一部分,它是一种不能失去的东西。
A. afford 支付得起;B. choose 选择;C. wait 等待;D. expect 期望。根据上文“Trust is such an important part
of a ____8____ relationship”可知,它是一种不能失去的东西。afford to do sth“能够做某事”。故选A
项。
25.D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:每次我给杰克介绍新东西,他都会去做,只是因为他相信我,觉
得安全,因为他知道自己不会受伤。 A. attach 贴上;B. compare 对比;C. adjust 调整; D. introduce 介绍。
根据下文“to something new”可知,作者介绍给儿子新的东西。故选D 项。
26.A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:每次我给杰克介绍新东西,他都会去做,只是因为他相信我,
觉得安全,因为他知道自己不会受伤。A. safe 安全的;B. happy 快乐的;C. proud 自豪的; D. grateful 感
激的。根据上文“he trusts me”可知,只是因为他相信作者,觉得安全。故选A 项。
27.D【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意:例如,教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时,
如果他溺水,我能去救他。A. Above all 首先重要的是;B. In addition 除此之外;C. At first 首先;D. For
example 例如。根据下文“teaching Jacky to swim means he has to ____13____ ”可知,作者在举例子。
故选D 项。
28.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:例如,教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时,如
果他溺水,我能去救他。A. admit 承认;B. believe 相信;C. suggest 建议;D. imagine 想象。根据上文
“because he trusts me”可知,教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时,如果他溺水,作者能
去救他。这是父子信任的一个很好的例子。故选B 项。
29.C【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:同样,在工作场所,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。A.
However 然而;B. Therefore 因此;C. Similarly 相似地;D. Fortunately 幸运地。作者从父子之间的信任转移
到职场,所以同样,在工作场所,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。故选C 项。
30.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:同样,在工作场所,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。A.
affection 感情;B. determination 决定;C. friendship 友谊;D. leadership 领导力。根据下文“It is something
that every manager”可知,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。故选D 项。
31.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:这是每个管理者都应该努力在团队中培养的品质。A. assess 评估;
B. organize 组织;C. develop 发展,培养;D. understand 理解。根据常识可知,信任需要培养。故选C 项。
32.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:如果人们不信任你,他们就不太可能听从你的指示,并不愿意成
为忠诚的团队成员。A. repeat 重复;B. follow 跟随;C. change 改变; D. forget 忘记。根据上文“If people
don’t trust you”可知,人们不信任你,他们就不太可能听从你的指示。故选B 项。
33.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:缺乏信任会让人们与你作对,而不是帮助你。A. gesture 姿势;B.
measure 测量;C. bond 纽带;D. lack 缺少。根据下文“make people work against you rather than for you”可
知,缺乏信任会让人们与你作对。故选D 项。
34.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:至少,这意味着人们不会给你最好的回应。A. telling 告诉;B.
giving 给;C. selling 卖;D. sending 发送。其他人不信任你,所以不会给你最好的回应。故选B 项。
35.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:好的管理,就像好的育儿一样,是一种长期的承诺。A. management
管理;B. personality 个性;C. communication 交流;D. education 教育。根据上文“in the workplace”以及
“manager”客户,作者在说管理。故选A 项。
Cloze 3
【2022 年浙江卷6 月】Small children are easy to throw up in the air and catch-and they ___16___ it.
“Again, Daddy, again!” Jacky shouts as I throw him skywards and catch him on the way back down again. He
throws his arms and legs out ___17___ he were flying, his eyes wide with ___18___. His trust in me is
___19___ which is quite a nice feeling, but at the same time gives me a huge sense of ___20___ .
I hope Jacky will always trust me fully, but I know that, as he gets ___21___ , it will need more effort and
sound judgment____22____ . Trust is such an important part of a ___23___ relationship that it’s something that
can’t ___24___ to lose. Every time I ___25___ Jacky to something new, he’ll do it only because he trusts me and
feels ___26___ in the knowledge that he won’t get hurt .___27___ , teaching Jacky to swim means he has to
___28___ that, when he’s swimming in the big pool, I’ll come to his rescue if his doggy paddle lets him down.
___29___ in the workplace, trust is important for strong ___30___ . It is something that every manager
should work hard to ___31___ among their team. If people don’t trust you, they’re unlikely to ___32___ your
directions and willingly become a loyal (忠诚) team member. A ___33___ of trust can make people work against
you rather than for you. At the very least, it means that people are not going to be ___34___ you their best. Good
___35___, like good parenting, is a long-term commitment.
16. A. deserve
B. miss
C. love
D. know
17. A. as if
B. in case
C. even though
D. so that
18. A. fear
B. excitement
C. doubt
D. astonishment
19. A. reasonable
B. limited
C. absolute
D. important
20. A. relief
B. satisfaction
C. achievement
D. responsibility
21. A. older
B. busier
C. quieter
D. healthier
22. A. on my behalf
B. on my part
C. in my honor
D. in my name
23. A. long-distance
B. high-risk
C. parent-child
D. teacher-student
24. A. afford
B. choose
C. wait
D. expect
25. A. attach
B. compare
C. adjust
D. introduce
26. A. safe
B. happy
C. proud
D. grateful
27. A. Above all
B. In addition
C. At first
D. For example
28. A. admit
B. believe
C. suggest
D. imagine
29. A. However
B. Therefore
C. Similarly
D. Fortunately
30. A. affection
B. determination
C. friendship
D. leadership
31. A. assess
B. organize
C. develop
D. understand
32. A. repeat
B. follow
C. change
D. forget
33. A. gesture
B. measure
C. bond
D. lack
34. A. telling
B. giving
C. selling
D. sending
35. A. management
B. personality
C. communication
D. education
【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。短文论述了信任的重要性。
16.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:孩子很喜欢被抛到空中并被抓住——而且他们喜欢这样做。A.
deserve 值得;B. miss 错过;C. love 爱;D. know 知道。根据下文“Again, Daddy, again!”可知,孩子很喜欢
被抛到空中并被抓住。故选C 项。
17.A【解析】考查连词短语词义辨析。句意:他伸出胳膊和腿,好像在飞,他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。
A. as if 好像;B. in case 以防;C. even though 即使;D. so that 以便。根据“he were flying”可知,本句为虚
拟语气,好像在飞。故选A 项。
18.B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:他伸出胳膊和腿,好像在飞,他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。A.
fear 害怕;B. excitement 兴奋;C. doubt 怀疑;D. astonishment 惊讶。根据上文“He throws his arms and legs
out
2
he were flying,”可知,他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。故选B 项。
19.C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:他对我的信任是绝对的,这是一种很好的感觉,但同时也给了
我巨大的责任感。A. reasonable 合理的;B. limited 有限的;C. absolute 完全的,绝对的;D. important 重要
的。根据上文“Again, Daddy, again!”可知,孩子要求一次次被仍向空中,由此可知,他对父亲是完全信任
的。故选C 项。
20.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:他对我的信任是绝对的,这是一种很好的感觉,但同时也给了我
巨大的责任感。A. relief 宽慰;B. satisfaction 满意;C. achievement 成就;D. responsibility 责任。结合语境,
此处指孩子对父亲的信任也成为了父亲的责任,即他有让孩子信任自己的责任。故选D 项。
21.A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:我希望杰基能永远完全信任我,但我知道,随着他长大,这需
要我付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。A. older 年龄较大的;B. busier 较为忙的;C. quieter 较安静的;D.
healthier 较健康的。根据下文“it will need more effort and sound judgment ____7____”可知,随着他长大,
这需要作者付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。故选A 项。
22.B【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意:我希望杰基能永远完全信任我,但我知道,随着他长大,这
需要我付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。A. on my behalf 代表我;B. on my part 就我来说;C. in my honor
以我的名誉;D. in my name 以我的名义。本段在探讨作者与儿子之间的关系,所以需要“我”付出更多努
力和做出正确的判断。故选B 项。
23.C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:信任是亲子关系中非常重要的一部分,它是一种不能失去的东
西。A. long-distance 长途的;B. high-risk 高风险的;C. parent-child 父母子女的;D. teacher-student 师生的。
本段在探讨作者与儿子之间的关系,所以是一中亲子关系。故选C 项。
24.A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:信任是亲子关系中非常重要的一部分,它是一种不能失去的东西。
A. afford 支付得起;B. choose 选择;C. wait 等待;D. expect 期望。根据上文“Trust is such an important part
of a ____8____ relationship”可知,它是一种不能失去的东西。afford to do sth“能够做某事”。故选A 项。
25.D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:每次我给杰克介绍新东西,他都会去做,只是因为他相信我,觉
得安全,因为他知道自己不会受伤。 A. attach 贴上;B. compare 对比;C. adjust 调整; D. introduce 介绍。
根据下文“to something new”可知,作者介绍给儿子新的东西。故选D 项。
26.A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:每次我给杰克介绍新东西,他都会去做,只是因为他相信我,
觉得安全,因为他知道自己不会受伤。A. safe 安全的;B. happy 快乐的;C. proud 自豪的; D. grateful 感
激的。根据上文“he trusts me”可知,只是因为他相信作者,觉得安全。故选A 项。
27.D【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意:例如,教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时,
如果他溺水,我能去救他。A. Above all 首先重要的是;B. In addition 除此之外;C. At first 首先;D. For
example 例如。根据下文“teaching Jacky to swim means he has to ____13____ ”可知,作者在举例子。故
选D 项。
28.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:例如,教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时,如
果他溺水,我能去救他。A. admit 承认;B. believe 相信;C. suggest 建议;D. imagine 想象。根据上文
“because he trusts me”可知,教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时,如果他溺水,作者能
去救他。这是父子信任的一个很好的例子。故选B 项。
29.C【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:同样,在工作场所,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。A.
However 然而;B. Therefore 因此;C. Similarly 相似地;D. Fortunately 幸运地。作者从父子之间的信任转移
到职场,所以同样,在工作场所,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。故选C 项。
30.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:同样,在工作场所,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。A.
affection 感情;B. determination 决定;C. friendship 友谊;D. leadership 领导力。根据下文“It is something
that every manager”可知,信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。故选D 项。
31.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:这是每个管理者都应该努力在团队中培养的品质。A. assess 评估;
B. organize 组织;C. develop 发展,培养;D. understand 理解。根据常识可知,信任需要培养。故选C 项。
32.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:如果人们不信任你,他们就不太可能听从你的指示,并不愿意成
为忠诚的团队成员。A. repeat 重复;B. follow 跟随;C. change 改变; D. forget 忘记。根据上文“If people
don’t trust you”可知,人们不信任你,他们就不太可能听从你的指示。故选B 项。
33.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:缺乏信任会让人们与你作对,而不是帮助你。A. gesture 姿势;B.
measure 测量;C. bond 纽带;D. lack 缺少。根据下文“make people work against you rather than for you”可知,
缺乏信任会让人们与你作对。故选D 项。
34.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:至少,这意味着人们不会给你最好的回应。A. telling 告诉;B.
giving 给;C. selling 卖;D. sending 发送。其他人不信任你,所以不会给你最好的回应。故选B 项。
35.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:好的管理,就像好的育儿一样,是一种长期的承诺。A. management
管理;B. personality 个性;C. communication 交流;D. education 教育。根据上文“in the workplace”以及
“manager”客户,作者在说管理。故选A 项。
2016 年完形填空说明文、议论文
Cloze 1
【2016 年上海卷】In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management,
developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work
and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,
53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be
imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures,
particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or
work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western
companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some
experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach
common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own
without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60
the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just
a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public.
Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and
delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and
that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet
work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of
what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire
B. seek
C. lose
D. dislike
52. A. contrary
B. expectation
C. degree
D. extreme
53. A. vice versa
B. for example
C. however
D. otherwise
54. A. outside
B. inside
C. below
D. above
55. A. replacing
B. assessing
C. managing
D. encouraging
56. A. refer
B. contribute
C. object
D. apply
57. A. agreement
B. practice
C. election
D. impression
58. A. bossy
B. experienced
C. western
D. male
59. A. asking
B. training
C. warning
D. firing
60. A. doubling
B. maintaining
C. reducing
D. estimating
61. A. honored
B. left
C. crowded
D. compared
62. A. economically
B. traditionally
C. inadequately
D. occasionally
63. A. deny
B. admit
C. assume
D. ensure
64. A. virtual
B. ineffective
C. day-to-day
D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion
B. risk
C. performance
D. attractiveness
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C
61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C
【解析】试题分析:本文是说明文,介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。
51.D 考查动词辨析。根据后半句"....will do anything to avoid it"可知人们本能上不喜欢工作,他们为逃避
工作可以做任何事情。故D 项正确。
52.A 考查名词辨析。to the contrary 相反的;to the degree 在某种程度上;to the extreme 走向极端。此处
是说,无论如何,尽管很多证据与这个理论相反,很多管理人仍然同意X 理论。故A 项正确。
53.B 由后面的例子他们认为如果要员工效率高,就需要给与他们不断的监督可知此处是举例说明。故B 项
正确。
54.D 考查副词辨析。根据后句可知,此处是说,他们的决定是来自上而下的,没有任何商量的余地。故
D 项"above 上面的"正确。
55.C 考查动词辨析。根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论,此处是说,不同的文化中有不同的管理
人的方法。故C 项正确。
56.B 考查动词短语辨析。refer to 提到,谈到;contribute to 做贡献;导致;object to 反对;apply to 适用
于。此处是说,亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法,所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B
项正确。
57.A 考查名词辨析。agreement 同意;practice 练习,做法;election 选举;impression 印象。此处是说,亚
洲人使用协商式的管理方法,这种方法是建立在共同协商基础之上的,西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。
故A 项正确。
58.D 考查形容词辨析。根据前半句"....women will become more effective managers than men...."可知有些
专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力,比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故
D 项正确。
59.A 考查动词辨析。根据前句"... encourage employees to use their own initiative... "(鼓励员工使用自己
的首创精神),也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A 项正确。
60.C 考查动词辨析。根据"the trend towards downsizing"(缩小规模的趋势)可知,也就是要减少管理层
的数量,可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词"reduce 减少"符合语境。
61.B 考查形容词短语。be honored with 被授予;be left with 留下,剩下;be crowded with 挤满;be
compared with 与……相比;通过这种方法,公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理
人。省略了很多中央环节,提高了管理的效益。故B 项正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。economically 经济地;traditionally 传统地;inadequately 不充分地;occasionally 偶尔
地;根据后句"Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control"可知授权管理是一个
新型的管理方法,与传统的管理模式不一样。故B 项正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。deny 否认;admit 承认;assume 假定,设想;ensure 保证,确保;授权管理是一种新
型的管理方法,省略了中央管理环节,保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D 正确。
64.A virtual 虚拟的;ineffective 低效的;day-to-day 日常的;on-the-scene 现场的。根据后句"where teams
of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses"可知在这种新型的管理方法
中,人们都是通过邮件和网络联系,说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A 项正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。opinion 观点;risk 冒险;performance 表现;attractiveness 魅力;根据后半句中"
in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them"可知我们评价员
工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是他们的工作时间。故C 项正确。