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专题 03 完形填空之说明文和议论文
目录
01考情透视·目标导航......................................................................................2
02知识导图·思维引航......................................................................................3
03考点突破·考向探究......................................................................................4
考点一 利用文章首段的观点或看法解题......................................................4
【真题研析】............................................................................................................................4
考点二 注重文章尾段的结论解题...................................................................5
【真题研析】............................................................................................................................5
考点三 考查利用段落主题句解题........................................................................................6
【真题研析】............................................................................................................................6
考点四 考查利用说明顺序解题.............................................................................................6
【真题研析】............................................................................................................................6
【核心精讲】............................................................................................................................7
【命题预测】..............................................................................................9完形填空之说明文和议论文
文
考 目标 年 章
卷别 体裁 主题 考情分析
点 要求 份 词
数
完 根据新高考三年的考情分
考查
形 2 全国 析,完形填空说明文和议论文主要
在具
填 0 说明文 人际关系 254 集中考查:动词及动词短语、名
体语 乙卷
空 2 词、形容词、副词等实词在完形填
境中
之 2 空语篇中的得体性和准确性。但它
理解
说 们更注重考查文章的逻辑性和文章
词语
明 结构。
表达
文
的得 2025 年高考很有可能考说明
和
议 体性 文或议论文。近几年一直在考记叙
论 和准 2 浙江 议论文 人与自我——诚信 266 文,为了避免思维定式,25年考
文 确性 0 卷 说明文的可能性更大。
2
2考点一 利用文章首段的观点或看法解题
1.(2025·江西省九江市高三一模)
If you want to stand out, 10,000 hours of training will take you much further than your natural abilities.
Mozart is considered by many as the greatest composer who ever lived. Traditionally, many people 1
outstanding achievements like Mozart’s are due to talent, or even inborn inspiration or 2 .
This assumption holds especially true for child prodigies (神童) like Mozart whose music talent 3
the world at the age of six. But looking more 4 at this phenomenon, we find that these individuals actually
had to practice countless hours before showing their 5 remarkable talent. In fact, scientists indicate that a
prodigy’s training typically 6 at a very early age, with massive time invested in practice.
1.A.admit B.assume C.realize D.hope
2.A.motivation B.progress C.fate D.determination
3.A.amazed B.excited C.questioned D.scared
4.A.slowly B.hurriedly C.widely D.closely
5.A.old-fashioned B.so-called C.well-organized D.newly-discovered
6.A.begins B.exists C.ends D.grows
说明文和议论文有一个共同特点,文章的首段总是提出要说明的事实或结论或提出论点或提出要解决
的问题。根据文章作者提出的结论或论点,可以比较清晰的感悟作者的写作态度和目的,而下文将对其进
行详细的说明或进行论证。明察作者的写作思路和态度就能一连串的解决首段一系列的问题,它们是相辅
相成的。本题中的If you want to stand out, 10,000 hours of training will take you much further than your natural
abilities.就是作者的观点,整个后面的文章都围绕这个问题进行阐述,所以这是文章的整体思路,是文章的
走势。
2.(2023·辽宁省鞍山市普通高中高三第二次质量监测节选)Reducing the use of plastic is a balance between what you can afford and what you can get. I’ve ___ 4 1___ a
lot from a plastic-free lifestyle. It helps me ___ 4 2___ my carbon footprint and save money.
41.A.heard B.benefited C.received D.suffered
42.A.record B.rebuild C.reduce D.recall
考点二 注重文章尾段的结论解题
1.(2025·河南省洛阳市高三开学联考)
Thankfully, the gender 13 has improved since I first started. Now, I have several female engineers
working in my team. As the head, I get a thrill from 14 people in roles and on projects according to their
abilities and seeing them achieve great results. Helping a person 15 by focusing on her strengths gives me
a huge amount of satisfaction.
13.A.characteristic B.role C.balance D.preference
14.A.placing B.inspiring C.concerning D.updating
15.A.explore B.develop C.compete D.qualify
明文和议论文的尾段往往给我们传递非常重要的信息,常常是议论文得出的结论,而这个结论往往也
是积极向上的,说明文会在尾段进一步总结,它们能反映作者的态度和情感。因此,利用好尾段信息对完
形填空解题很有帮助。本文中的 Helping a person develop by focusing on her strengths gives me a huge
amount of satisfaction.就是文章的结论,文章的中心句。
2.(2024·安徽省皖豫联盟毕业班第二次联考节选) That message 28 to a man named Evan Williams. In
2005 he developed an APP called Odeo. Not many people used it. It was a big 29 , but Williams wasn’t upset.
30 , he learned from his mistakes and kept working hard. A few years later, he helped create one of the biggest
social media sites ever: Twitter.
28.A.related B.applied C.switched D.objected
29.A.hit B.disappointment C.relief D.reminder
30.A.Instead B.Moreover C.Meanwhile D.Therefore考点三 考查利用段落主题句解题
(2023·江苏省南京市第三中学模拟节选)Be someone else. Look at the situation from a _____53_____ point
of view. Good writers use this technique. Fiction writers often imagine they are the _____54_____ in their books.
If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their _____55_____. The best fishermen think like fish!
53.A.personal B.global C.different D.positive
54.A.features B.themes C.creatures D.characters
55.A.locations B.positions C.images D.impressions
说明文和议论文的语言组织结构很严谨,句子之间的逻辑关系紧凑,层次分明。因此,段落中的主题
句总是统领整个段落,段中的所有的说明和论述都会围绕题展开。所以,整段内的选项要侧重主题句的思
想选择,这样成功率很高。
【提醒】此处Be someone else是主题句,后面的选项都统领在其语境的范围内,都侧重主题句的方
向选即可。
考点四 考查利用说明顺序解题
(2025·黑龙江省大庆外国语学校高三第一次教学质量检测)
After studying architecture in Chaux-de-Fonds, the young Le Corbusier 4 his hometown,
travelling to Italy then on to Budapest and Vienna. He 5 came to Paris and settled there for years. Later,
he learned German in order to 6 a job in the Berlin office of Peter Behrens, who is often referred to as the
first ever industrial designer.
4.A.left B.missed C.remember D.mentioned
5.A.suddenly B.eventually C.secretly D.casually
6.A.offer B.arrange C.cancel D.land2.How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1 _______to
live no longer than 120 years. However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live-if he or she
is 2_______ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply
cannot continue to reproduce 3_______. They wear out, and as a result , we get old and 4 ______die .
1.A.designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2.A.completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3.A.rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4.A.eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
完形填空说明文的特点:
文体特征
说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明,通常结构严谨,句子结构复杂,因此也是高考完形填
空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为:
1. 开头点题
在说明文类的完形填空中,作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象,这是掌握说明细节的前提。
2.结构清晰
说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序,对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系,选择正确
答案具有重要意义。
3.难度较大
说明文往往采用比较正式的文体,表述准确严谨,生词术语较多,句子较长,结构较为复杂。
4.遣词用字简练
说明文一般采用简练的语言,按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运
动变化、发展的过程及其规律。
5.条理清晰
说明文十分讲究条理性,一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。
应试策略
1. 快速弄清文章大意
对于此类文章我们结合选择项,进行粗读或略读,对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词
较多,而题材又比较广泛,所以阅读时,首先要能够掌握文章的大意。
2. 弄清楚说明的顺序把握了说明顺序,就能准确把握文章的脉络,加强对整篇文章的理解。
3. 把握文章的组织结构,理清事实细节
把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比
较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时,我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾,从主题句着手,找出支持
句,然后寻找文章的结论。这时,我们还要特别注意,不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑,我们在理解细节的
基础上,还要斟酌文字的内涵意义,从而对文章进行深层次的理解。
4. 注重上下文语境
应逐句精读短文,逐题分析选项,对特定的语境作深入的理解,克服"思维定势",根据全文大意和词不
离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。
5. 熟练做题方法,遵循四个原则:
(1)上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发,从大处着手,避免孤立地分析每一空格,造成误选。
(2)语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。
(3)逻辑合理。在完形填空题中,逻辑推理非常重要,有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确,但是有的是
不合语境逻辑的。
(4)符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多,需要熟练掌握,才能做好此类题目。
完形填空议论文的特点:
文体特征
议论文都是由论点(作者的观点,也就是被证明的对象、论据(用来证明论点的依据,是说明论点
的理由和材料)和论证(运用论据证明论点的过程与方法),这三个要素构成的,这也是一个提出问题
——分析问题——解决问题的过程。因此,典型的议论文一般就由序论(提出问题,即what)、本论(分
析问题,即why)和结论(解决问题,即how)三个部分构成,其具体的结构模式又有以下三种:
模式一:引言段(提出观点)——正方论点心(支持作者的观点的较弱论点)、正方论点2(支持作者
的观点的较强论点)、正方论点3(支持作者观点的最强论点)——结论段(总结+解决方法,论断或建
议) 在这种模式中,文章主体段(中间部分)的每一个部分论述一个论点,这些论点以其重要性按序
排列,最有力、最重要的论点在最后面,以示强调。模式二:引言段(提出观点)——反面意见(反方观点+作者的反驳)、正方论点1(支持作者观点的
较弱论点)、正方论点2(支持作者观点的较强论点)、正方论点3(支持作者观点的最强论点)——结论
段(总结+解决方法,论断或建议)
在这种模式中,文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及作者对这种意见的反驳,以后各部分
仍分别陈述作者的不同论点。
模式三:引言段(提出观点)——反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点 2+进行反驳的正方论
点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点——结论段(总结+解决方法,论断或建议)
在这种模式中,作者在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点,然后再进行反驳。
议论文有自己的语言个性,它不同于记叙文的生动形象,也不同于说明文的简明易懂。议论是对具体
事物、事理作出的理论上分析与阐述,因此,它的语言自然客观的、抽象的、概括的。同时,它的语言也
很准确,合乎逻辑。文中会较多地使用,诸如since(既然),now that(既然),therefore(因而),in
that case(在那种情况下),so(所以),It follows that…(因而…),If…,we may conclude that …(如
果……,我们可以这样下结论……),Should it be the case (如果是这样的话……),Idon’t want
to…,but…(我并不想……),It is true that…,but…(诚然……但是……),Even if …(即使……)等有辩论
和推理含义的连接和过渡词语与结构,以增强语言的准确性和逻辑性。此外,作者的写作态度一般也较诚
恳,在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气,不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉,在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情态动词。
应试策略
技巧一 把握首句
议论文完形填空的首句一般是主旨句,作者通常在首段提出总论点,然后在每段的首句提出分论
点。
技巧二 依据结构查论点
文章论点提出一般有以下三种。
开门见山:直接提出论点,然后用正反、对比、举例等论据加以论证,最后总结全文。
抛砖引玉:先通过叙述生活中的一件事情或现象,不表明自己的观点,而是通过对具体现象的分析,最后
得出结论。
文末总结:先列举生活中的现象,不表明自己的观点,而是通过对具体现象的分析,最后得出结论。
技巧三 末段结论
议论文的尾段就是结论,也是对论点的照应。
1.(北京市清华大学中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试)
When Alex Lin was 11 years old, he read a(an) 46 article in the newspaper, which said that
people were 47 old computers in backyards, throwing TVs into streams, and dumping(丢弃) cell phones
in the garbage. This was dangerous because e waste contains harmful 48 that can leak into the
environment, getting into crops, animals, water supplies—and people.
46.A.alarming B.terrifying C.embarrassing D.inspiring
47.A.carrying B.burying C.taking D.destroying
48.A.subjects B.restrictions C.bacterial D.chemicals
2.(河南省洛阳市等三地名校高三上学期开学联考)The biggest challenge I have faced in my career is being a
woman in a male-dominated profession. When I started working, I was the only female engineer in my division.
Though I was as 1 0 as my colleagues, it was tough to get them to accept me as their 1 1 . Instead
of feeling upset, I chose to focus on my strengths as a woman engineer to earn their respect. 1 2 , they
accepted me.
10.A.stubborn B.humorous C.capable D.realistic
11.A.equal B.opponent C.contemporary D.friend
12.A.Occasionally B.Originally C.Frequently D.Eventually3. (广东省深圳市龙岗区高三上学期1月期末)
When we were children in school, 45 minutes of class was worth a 10 minute 13 . As we have
14 and started working hard, we always want to 15 freedom in life during free time. City walk
is a path where we can freely choose, plan, and explore.
13.A.break B.leave C.discussion D.exercise
14.A.stood up B.grown up C.teamed up D.shown up
15.A.escape B.spread C.restrict D.pursue