专题07 阅读理解（说明文）
C 篇
（一）
（2025 年山西省名校联考二模）
Excitement and expectation surrounded this year’s National History Day competition. The annual event is
run by a nonprofit organization in College Park, Maryland. It encourages students in grades 4 through 12 to explore
key people and events from the past. The theme of this year was “Frontiers in History: People, Places, Ideas”.
The program now has a global reach, with students from Central America, South Korea, and elsewhere
participating. “We’re going to have around 2,800 students from around the world here to contend,” said Lynne
O’Hara, director of the program.
The contest week in College Park and nearby Washington, D ．C．, extended beyond judging entries. It
featured events, exhibits, and documentaries at the National Museum of American History, the Museum of African
American History and Culture, and other venues.
Dr. Cathy Gorn, director of National History Day, said that she enjoyed seeing students research events of
the past and share their creativity. “Teachers,” Gorn added, “have a significant impact on students’ critical thinking
and research skills.”
Young participants also expressed their enthusiasm for the program. Students Jake Wilson and Bianca Yota
from Illinois highlighted the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. They explored lesser-known aspects of the battle for
labor rights, including the involvement of Chinese immigrants.
Lucy DiMarco, a student from Minneapolis, Minnesota, stressed the importance of shedding light on
underrepresented stories. “Black women’s stories don’t get highlighted or talked about enough,” she said. “We
wanted to bring one woman to light and talk about her.” Lucy and her classmate, Juliet Zylla, examined the
complex legacy of Henrietta Lacks, who was born in 1920. Like countless Black Americans, Lacks was used for
medical research without her knowledge or permission.
National History Day, which first took place in 1974, remains an important platform for students to explore
history and share their discoveries with others. They gain a deeper understanding of the ways key events shape
society, and they help preserve diverse historical stories.
1．What does the underlined word “contend” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Gather.
B．Respond.
C．Compete.
D．Train.
2．What did the director of National History Day stress in her words?
A．Students’ passion for research.
B．The important role of teachers.
C．The value of students’ creativity.
D．The significance of studying history.
3．What did Jake Wilson and Bianca Yota focus on in their research?
A．Unfair treatment of black women.
B．The past life of American workers.
C．Less well-known people in history.
D．The struggle of workers for labor rights.
4．What is Lucy DiMarco’s study about?
A．An ignored black woman.
B．The rights of black women.
C．A successful woman pioneer.
D．The stories of Americans.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了国家历史日比赛的参与情况以及参与者的一些观点。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“The program now has a global reach, with students from Central America, South
Korea, and elsewhere participating.(这个项目现在已经遍及全球，有来自中美洲、韩国和其他地方的学生参
加)”以及划线词上文“We’re going to have around 2,800 students from around the world here to”可知，此处指
有大约2800 名来自世界各地的学生来这里竞争比赛。故划线词意思是“竞争”。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Dr. Cathy Gorn, director of National History Day, said that she enjoyed seeing
students research events of the past and share their creativity. “Teachers,” Gorn added, “have a significant impact
on students’ critical thinking and research skills.”(国家历史日主任凯西·戈恩博士说，她很高兴看到学生们研究
过去的事件并分享他们的创造力。“教师，”戈恩补充说，“对学生的批判性思维和研究技能有重大影
响。”)”可知，国家历史日主任在她的话中强调教师的重要作用。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Students Jake Wilson and Bianca Yota from Illinois highlighted the Great
Railroad Strike of 1877. They explored lesser-known aspects of the battle for labor rights, including the
involvement of Chinese immigrants.(来自伊利诺伊州的学生杰克·威尔逊和比安卡·约塔强调了1877 年的铁路
大罢工。他们探讨了劳工权利斗争中不太为人所知的方面，包括中国移民的参与)”可知，杰克·威尔逊和比
安卡·尤塔的研究重点是历史上不太知名的人。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Lucy DiMarco, a student from Minneapolis, Minnesota, stressed the
importance of shedding light on underrepresented stories. “Black women’s stories don’t get highlighted or talked
about enough,” she said. “We wanted to bring one woman to light and talk about her.”(来自明尼苏达州明尼阿波
利斯市的学生Lucy DiMarco 强调了让未被充分代表的故事得以曝光的重要性。“黑人女性的故事没有得到
足够的重视或讨论，”她说。“我们想让一个女人暴露出来，谈论她。”)”可知，Lucy DiMarco 的研究关
于黑人妇女的权利。故选B。
（二）
（2025 年青海省西宁市二模）
Have you ever wondered about people’s names? Where do they come from? What do they mean?
People’s first names, or given names, are chosen by their parents. Sometimes the name of a grandparent or
other members of the family is used. Some parents choose the name of a well-known person. A boy could be named
George Washington Smith; a girl could be named Helen Keller Jones. Some people give their children names that
mean good things. Clara means “bright”; Beatrice means “one who gives happiness”; Donald means “world ruler”;
Leonard means “as brave as a lion”.
The earliest last names, or surnames (姓), were taken from place names. A family with the name Brook or
Brooks probably lived near a small river; someone called-Longstreet probably lived on a long, paved road. The
Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest.
Other early surnames came from people’s occupations. The most common occupational name is Smith,
which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers
in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter — a person who owned or drove a cart;
Potter — a person who made pots and pans. The ancestors of the Baker family probably baked bread for their
neighbors in theır natıve village. The Carpenter’s great-great-great-grandfather probably built houses and furniture.
Sometimes people were known for their special abilities. When there were two men who were named John
in the same village, John Fish was probably an excellent swimmer and John Lightfoot was probably a fast runner or
a good dancer.
Some family names were made by adding something to the father’s name. English-speaking people added “-
s” or “-son”. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts family’s ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish
people added “Mac” or “Mc” or “O”. Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the O’Donnells are
descendants of the same Donnell.
1．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The history of family first names.
B．The meaning of popular first names.
C．The role of family traditions in choosing first names.
D．The different ways parents choose their children’s first names.
2．Where did Donald Greenwood probably live?
A．Close to a small river.
B．Near a long, paved road.
C．In or near a green, wooded area.
D．In a village where people made tools.
3．What was the most likely occupation of the ancestors of the Potter family?
A．Making kitchen tools.
B．Making things with metals.
C．Owning or driving a cart.
D．Building houses and furniture.
4．What does the underlined word “descendants” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Friends.
B．Supporters.
C．Coworkers.
D．Later generations.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人名和姓氏的由来、含义以及选择方式。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“People’s first names, or given names, are chosen by their parents. Sometimes
the name of a grandparent or other members of the family is used. Some parents choose the name of a well-known
person. A boy could be named George Washington Smith; a girl could be named Helen Keller Jones. Some people
give their children names that mean good things. Clara means “bright”; Beatrice means “one who gives happiness”;
Donald means “world ruler”; Leonard means “as brave as a lion”.(人们的名字是由他们的父母选择的。有时使
用祖父母或其他家庭成员的名字。有些父母选择知名人士的名字。一个男孩可以叫乔治·华盛顿·史密斯；
一个女孩可以叫海伦·凯勒·琼斯。有些人给他们的孩子取的名字意味着美好的东西。克拉拉的意思是“明
亮的”；比阿特丽斯的意思是“给予幸福的人”；唐纳德的意思是“世界统治者”；莱纳德的意思是“像
狮子一样勇敢”)”可知，这一段主要讲述父母选择名字的不同方式。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest.(Greenwood 一家住在一片
茂密森林里或附近)”可推知，Donald Greenwood 可能住在一片绿色的树木很多的地方。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Potter — a person who made pots and pans.(Potter——制作锅碗瓢盆的人)”可
知，Potter 家族的祖先的职业很可能是制作厨房工具。故选A。
4．词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句的上文“Some family names were made by adding something to the
father’s name. English-speaking people added “-s” or “-son”. (有些姓氏是在祖先的名字上加上一些东西而形成
的。说英语的人加“-s”或“-son”)”和下文“the Roberts family’s ancestor was Robert (Roberts 家族的祖先是
Robert)”可知，此处介绍有些姓氏是在祖先的名字的基础上演变而来的，举出加-s 或-son 的例子，Roberts
这一姓氏是在祖先Robert 后加-s。因此，Johnsons 这一姓氏是在祖先John 后加-son，由此可知，Johnsons
是John 的后代，descendants 意思应该是“后代”，与later generations 意思相近。故选D。
（三）
（2025 年青海省部分学校二模）
Tiny black-capped chickadees (黑顶山雀) have good memories. They store food in many different locations
in the wild, and then return to these places when other food sources are low. Some researchers thought that neurons
called “place cells” would explain these birds’ ability to remember their hidden food. These cells encode
information about where things are. But recently, a team of researchers found that each time a black-capped
chickadee hides a seed in a specific location, a unique brain pattern appears in the hippocampus ( 海马体) —
separate from place cells. Selmaan Chettih, a neuroscientist from Columbia University, compared it to a barcode
(条形码).
“The hippocampus was like a flipped switch. This new pattern of activity was different from the place cells,”
Chettih says. To observe this, Chettih built a special area with feeders full of sunflower seeds in the corners. He put
wooden perches (栖息处) all over the place with small flaps where birds could hide seeds. The scientists put tiny
probes into the chickadees’ brains and tracked activity in their memory areas. Each time a bird hid a seed under a
flap, a special brain pattern appeared, like a barcode. Each bird had its own unique brain pattern for each time it hid
a seed.
When the birds revisited these sites and recovered the hidden seeds, the same barcode-like pattern
materialized again, as though all the information about each location and seed was linked to a unique brain pattern.
The researchers compared these memories to humans’ memories of specific events or personal experiences.
They are essential to how humans define themselves and bind together moments in time, people, places and sensory
information. But the mechanism for how this binding happens is still unclear.
Chettih says it’s difficult to know exactly when an animal is forming a memory. However, the fact that this
seed-hiding behavior follows a clear pattern may help scientists to understand how the brain makes and stores
memories.
1．What can we know about the chickadees from paragraph 1?
A．They are able to find their hidden food.
B．They are good at remembering barcodes.
C．They have better memories than humans. D．They lack the hippocampi in their brains.
2．Which aspect of the research does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．Its function.
B．Its application.
C．Its theory.
D．Its process.
3．What does the underlined word “materialized” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Changed.
B．Appeared.
C．Decreased.
D．Failed.
4．What does the author express in the last paragraph?
A．The secret of chickadees’ memories.
B．The difficulty in doing the research.
C．The need to further research birds’ memories.
D．The meaning of studying the seed-hiding behavior.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员对黑顶山雀藏食记忆能力的研究，发现其藏食时有独特
大脑模式，还提及研究该行为对理解大脑记忆的意义。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They store food in many different locations in the wild, and then return to these
places when other food sources are low. (它们在野外许多不同的地方储存食物，然后在其他食物来源匮乏时
回到这些地方)”可知，黑顶山雀能够找到它们藏起来的食物。故选A 项。
2．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“To observe this, Chettih built a special area with feeders full of sunflower seeds
in the corners. He put wooden perches all over the place with small flaps where birds could hide seeds. The
scientists put tiny probes into the chickadees’ brains and tracked activity in their memory areas. (为了观察这一现
象，切蒂赫建造了一个特殊区域，角落放着装满向日葵种子的喂食器。他在各处放置了带有小翻盖的木质
栖息处，鸟儿可以在那里藏种子。科学家们将微小的探针插入山雀的大脑，追踪它们记忆区域的活动)”可
知，这一段主要讲述了研究的过程。故选D 项。
3．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Each time a bird hid a seed under a flap, a special brain pattern appeared, like a
barcode. (每次鸟儿把种子藏在翻盖下时，就会出现一种特殊的大脑图案，就像条形码一样)”可知，鸟儿藏
种子时大脑中会出现特殊图案，就像条形码一样，用于记录。结合划线词所在句“When the birds revisited
these sites and recovered the hidden seeds, the same barcode like pattern materialized again (当鸟儿再次回到这些
地方并找回藏起来的种子时，同样的类似条形码的模式再次……)”中“the same barcode like pattern”可推知，
当鸟儿回到最初藏种子的地方，作记录用的条码就会“出现”，帮助它找回种子。由此推知，划线词
materialized 的意思是“出现”，和B 项appeared 相近。故选B 项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“However, the fact that this seed hiding behavior follows a clear pattern may
help scientists to understand how the brain makes and stores memories. (然而，这种藏种子行为遵循明确模式这
一事实可能有助于科学家了解大脑如何形成和储存记忆)”可知，作者表达了研究黑顶山雀藏食行为的意义，
即有助于科学家了解大脑如何形成和储存记忆。故选D 项。
（四）
（2025 年陕西省商洛市二模）
Humpback whales are known, among other things, for their lengthy migrations. Much to the surprise of a
group of researchers, though, one of these creatures seems to have broken a record. After being spotted in the
Pacific Ocean off Colombia in 2017, a male whale popped up near Zanzibar in the Indian Ocean in 2022, making it
one of the longest and most unusual whale migrations ever recorded for an individual whale.
The two sightings were reported 8,106.4 miles apart. The distance is almost twice the typical migration for
whales, who travel in a north-south pattern every year from their feeding grounds in cooler waters to their warmer
breeding grounds. Instead, this particular male whale traveled in an east-west pattern from one breeding area to
another.
The researchers have two theories as to what may have caused the whale to go on this lengthy journey. The
first has to do with climate change, as the abundance of the krill they feed on may have been damaged. The other
has to do with mating. Conservation efforts in the Indian Ocean have led to new thriving communities of young
whales. There may have been heightening competition for mates in the whale’s old neighborhood, inspiring it to
look for a mating partner in another area.
Ekaterina Kalashnikova, co-author of the study, said the journey was “truly impressive and unusual even for
this highly migratory species”. The researcher also shared that humpback whales navigate with remarkable
precision. And since this one is a full-grown whale, it’s unlikely he could have simply gotten lost.
The finding was made possible by Happy Whale, an observation platform where researchers and amateur
whale watchers submit thousands of photographs of the creatures they spot, helping scientists keep track of them.
Using a technology similar to facial recognition, researchers can identify the whales by the patterns on their tails —
an identifier so unique that has long been compared to human fingerprints.
Ultimately, beyond the shock caused by the whale, these resources will help scientists better understand
whale behavior, especially in the face of challenging conditions due to global warming.
1．What does the underlined phrase “popped up” mean in paragraph 1?
A．Made a return.
B．Became hard to notice.
C．Came to a sudden stop.
D．Made an unexpected appearance.
2．Why is the male whale’s migration considered unusual?
A．It traveled in an east-west pattern.
B．It failed to navigate its way around.
C．It discovered an unfamiliar feeding ground.
D．It moved from cooler waters to warmer waters.
3．What is one potential impact of climate change on humpback whales?
A．More breeding grounds are getting lost. B．The competition for mates is increasing.
C．Their migration distances are becoming longer.
D．The food sources fall short of their needs.
4．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about?
A．The importance of joint conservation efforts.
B．The unique tail patterns of humpback whales.
C．Happy Whale’s role in tracking and studying humpback whales.
D．New technology’s application to identifying humpback whales.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一只雄性座头鲸打破了迁徙记录，从太平洋迁徙到印度洋，
其迁徙模式与典型的南北迁徙不同，可能是由于气候变化或繁殖竞争的影响。
1．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“Much to the surprise of a group of researchers, though, one of these
creatures seems to have broken a record. (然而，令一组研究人员大为惊讶的是，其中一只座头鲸似乎打破了
一项记录)”和下文“making it one of the longest and most unusual whale migrations ever recorded for an
individual whale (使得它成为有记录以来最长且最不寻常的座头鲸个体迁徙之一)”可知，这只座头鲸创造了
新的迁徙记录，其路线最长且最不寻常。由此推知，它最终到达的地方是研究人员未曾预料到的，此处指
“2022 年突然出现在印度洋的桑给巴尔附近”，画线部分意思应该是“突然出现”，D 项“made an
unexpected appearance”意思与之最为接近。故选D 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The distance is almost twice the typical migration for whales, who travel in a
north-south pattern every year from their feeding grounds in cooler waters to their warmer breeding grounds.
Instead, this particular male whale traveled in an east-west pattern from one breeding area to another. (这段距离几
乎是鲸鱼典型迁徙路线的两倍，它们通常每年以南北向的路线从较冷水域的觅食区迁徙到较暖水域的繁殖
区。然而，这只特殊的雄性鲸鱼却以东西向的路线从一个繁殖区迁徙到了另一个繁殖区)”可知，这只雄性
鲸鱼从东向西迁徙，与典型的迁徙路线不同，因此被认为不寻常。故选A 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The first has to do with climate change, as the abundance of the krill they feed
on may have been damaged. (第一个原因与气候变化有关，因为它们赖以生存的磷虾数量可能已经减少)”可
知，气候变化对座头鲸的潜在影响之一是食物来源不能满足其需要。故选D 项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The finding was made possible by Happy Whale, an observation platform where
researchers and amateur whale watchers submit thousands of photographs of the creatures they spot, helping
scientists keep track of them. Using a technology similar to facial recognition, researchers can identify the whales
by the patterns on their tails — an identifier so unique that has long been compared to human fingerprints. (这一发
现得益于Happy Whale 这一观察平台，研究人员和业余鲸鱼观察者在这里提交了数千张他们拍摄到的鲸鱼
照片，帮助科学家追踪它们。通过使用一种类似于面部识别的技术，研究人员可以通过鲸鱼尾部的图案来
识别它们——这种标识如此独特，长期以来一直被比作人类的指纹)”可知，本段主要介绍了Happy Whale
这一观察平台，它通过收集照片，帮助科学家追踪和研究座头鲸。因此，段落的核心内容是Happy Whale
在追踪和研究座头鲸中的作用。故选C 项。
（五）
（2025 年陕西省安康市二模）
Meat cultivated(培植)from cells — with no need to raise and kill animals—is now a reality. The process of
cultivating meat uses the basic elements needed to build muscle and fat and enables the same biological process
that happens inside an animal. Cultivated meat is identical(完全相同的) to conventional meat at the cellular level.
But can it be made cheaply enough to replace animal agriculture?
More than 150 startups are pursuing an ambitious goal: meat that doesn’t require raising and killing animals
and that is affordable and tastes and feels like the meat we eat now. They are part of a young industry aiming to use
cell biology to reduce the environmental impact of the world’s ever-increasing demand for meat and change global
protein production the way electric cars are shaking up the auto industry.
“We are addicted to meat as a species. It’s part of our culture,” said Believer founder Yaakov Nahmias. “But
we thought about quantity rather than the environment, rather than sustainability.”
Although there are dozens of companies making this meat, none has yet reached commercial-level
production in terms of scale or cost. From cell line development to bio-processor design, there are a number of
scientific challenges to meet before cultivated meat is widely available at the market. Government policy is another
challenge. Only Singapore and the U. S. allow sales of cultivated meat.
And while many people who have tried it say they like it, others find the idea distasteful. A recent survey
from The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research found that half of U. S. adults would be
unlikely to try it. When they were asked why, about half said they didn’t think it would be safe. Even Nahmias’10-
year-old son Oren said he would only eat traditional meat. “I feel bad” for the animals, he said, “but they are
yummy!”
“Until this meat costs and tastes the same as traditional meat, it will remain a specialized product,” said
Bruce Friedrich, president of the Good Food Institute.
1．Why does the writer ask a question in the first paragraph?
A．To indicate an opinion.
B．To present a worry.
C．To make an assumption.
D．To start a discussion.
2．What does the cultivated meat industry aim to do?
A．Study cell biology.
B．Provide sustainable protein.
C．End world hunger.
D．Help the traditional food industry.
3．What can we infer about cultivated meat?
A．It is not ready for mass production.
B．It is as popular as traditional meat.
C．It is safer than traditional meat.
D．It is competitive in price and quantity.
4．What is Bruce Friedrich’s attitude to the future of cultivated meat?
A．Enthusiastic.
B．Indifferent.
C．Unclear.
D．Conservative.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了培植肉的制作过程、发展现状以及面临的挑战。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Meat cultivated(培植)from cells — with no need to raise and kill animals—is
now a reality. The process of cultivating meat uses the basic elements needed to build muscle and fat and enables
the same biological process that happens inside an animal. Cultivated meat is identical(完全相同的) to
conventional meat at the cellular level. But can it be made cheaply enough to replace animal agriculture?（从细胞
中培育的肉——不需要饲养和宰杀动物——现在已经成为现实。培育肉的过程使用了构建肌肉和脂肪所需
的基本元素，并使动物体内发生的相同生物学过程成为可能。在细胞水平上，培育肉与传统肉完全相同。
但是，它能便宜到足以取代畜牧业吗？）”可知，作者在第一段提出了一个问题，是为了引发读者的思考
和讨论，从而引出下文对培育肉的进一步探讨。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“More than 150 startups are pursuing an ambitious goal: meat that doesn’t require
raising and killing animals and that is affordable and tastes and feels like the meat we eat now. They are part of a
young industry aiming to use cell biology to reduce the environmental impact of the world’s ever-increasing
demand for meat and change global protein production the way electric cars are shaking up the auto industry.（150
多家初创公司正在追求一个雄心勃勃的目标：不需要饲养和宰杀动物的肉类，价格实惠，口感和味道与我
们现在吃的肉一样。他们是一个年轻行业的一部分，该行业旨在利用细胞生物学来减少世界对肉类不断增
长的需求对环境的影响，并像电动汽车颠覆汽车行业一样改变全球蛋白质生产。）”可知，培育肉行业的
目标是提供可持续的蛋白质。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Although there are dozens of companies making this meat, none has yet reached
commercial-level production in terms of scale or cost. From cell line development to bio-processor design, there
are a number of scientific challenges to meet before cultivated meat is widely available at the market.（尽管有几
十家公司在生产这种肉，但在规模或成本方面，没有一家达到商业水平的生产。从细胞系开发到生物处理
器设计，在培育肉广泛进入市场之前，需要应对许多科学挑战。）”可知，培育肉还没有准备好进行大规
模生产。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Until this meat costs and tastes the same as traditional meat, it will remain a
specialized product,” said Bruce Friedrich, president of the Good Food Institute.（“在这种肉的价格和味道与传
统肉相同之前，它将仍然是一种特殊的产品，”好食品研究所所长布鲁斯·弗里德里希说。）”可知，
Bruce Friedrich 对培育肉的未来持保守态度。故选D。
（五）
（2025 年陕西省安康市二模）
The international merchant fleet of more than 100, 000 cargo ( 货物) ships transports more than 80% of
global trade. But it’s also responsible for about 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions (排放). Without a quick
switch from dirty fuels to cleaner energies, its pollution is forecast to increase. So sails make a comeback in
shipping.
Mariners (水手) pushing for wind power say investors used to view them as something of a joke. But as they
pioneer a comeback for sail-powered cargo ships, they’re having the last laugh. “It’s our job to prove that it’s
possible,” Jourdan, a mariner, said aboard the new Grain de Sail II as it sailed off the French port of Saint-Malo.
“We want to reduce and even remove the carbon footprint,” said Jourdan. They made their first sail-powered
cargo ship, Grain de Sail I. Later, with its latest techniques and materials, Grain de Sail II comes a supercharged
modern advanced replacement to the former sail-powered cargo ship.
In the European Union(EU), larger cargo ships have to start paying for some of their emissions from 2025
and follow new EU regulations that aim to promote low-carbon fuels. Such pressure could strengthen wind’s
appeal.
What happens when the wind doesn’t blow? A French shipper is open about the fact that when its new ship
begins sailing in 2025, it will use its fuel system when winds alone can’t meet its target of 13-day crossings. “We
accept and recognize the fact that about 30% of our energy will come from a fuel system.” a manager of the shipper
said.
“We are going to learn and improve. And we’ll build ships that are bigger, that are more specialized for
certain goods, and more efficient at every level,” the manager added. The bigger ship will also use only wind
power, except for operation in ports. That will reduce its ships’ carbon footprint to just a small part of the emissions
from fuel-powered ships.
1．What is the main reason for sails returning to shipping?
A．To lower shipping coats.
B．To reduce carbon footprint.
C．To increase trade efficiency.
D．To improve shipping capacity.
2．What was investors’ attitude to the sail-powered cargo ships?
A．Confident.
B．Unclear.
C．Objective.
D．Negative.
3．How does the French shipper deal with insufficient wind power for its new ship?
A．By adopting extra power system.
B．By relying completely on wind.
C．By stopping the operations.
D．By using alternative energy.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The Extinction of Fuel-powered Ships. B．The New Pioneer of Carbon Reduction.
C．The Regeneration of Sail-powered Ships.D．The Rise of Low-carbon Shipping Technologies.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了航运业通过重新引入风帆动力货船来减少碳排放。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The international merchant fleet of more than 100, 000 cargo (货物) ships
transports more than 80% of global trade. But it’s also responsible for about 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions
(排放). Without a quick switch from dirty fuels to cleaner energies, its pollution is forecast to increase. So sails
make a comeback in shipping. (全球超过10 万艘货船组成的国际商船队承担了80%以上的全球贸易运输。但
同时，它也造成了全球约3%的温室气体排放。如果不尽快从污染严重的燃料转向更清洁的能源，其污染
预计将会增加。因此，帆船在航运业中卷土重来)”和第三段“We want to reduce and even remove the carbon
footprint.(我们想减少甚至消除碳足迹)”可知，帆船重返航运的主要原因是为了减少碳足迹。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Mariners pushing for wind power say investors used to view them as something
of a joke.(推动风力发电的水手们说，投资者过去常常把他们当作笑话)”可知，投资者对帆船动力货船的态
度是消极的。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A French shipper is open about the fact that when its new ship begins sailing
in 2025, it will use its fuel system when winds alone can’t meet its target of 13-day crossings.(一家法国船运公司
公开表示，当其新船于2025 年开始航行时，如果仅靠风力无法满足13 天横渡的目标，该船将使用其燃料
系统)”可知，这家法国船运公司通过采用额外的动力系统来解决风力不足的问题。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“So sails make a comeback in shipping.(所以帆船在航运中卷土重来)”可知，文
章讲述了航运业通过重新引入风帆动力货船来减少碳排放。由此可知，C 项“风帆动力货船的再生”可以
作为本文的最佳标题。故选C。
（七）
（2025 年宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市二模）
A study conducted by Branching Minds, an ed-tech company, found that 60-70 percent of students who were
identified as needing additional social-emotional support were also identified as needing additional academic
support.
To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study
analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4,
000K-8 students in the 2021—2022 school year.
The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students' reading and math
performance. However, there’s still a gap in understanding how those pieces of data should be integrated and used
together to create intervention plans for students.
The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students
performing below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost
their academic achievement. Therefore, it would be beneficial for educators to think about more integrated support
plans for struggling students.
For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we build that into a support plan,
and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social and play to that strength that
they have? ” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds. “Perhaps the students could
take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice reading
comprehension, as well as social skills,” Sutton added.
The study recommended that results from academic, social-emotional, and behavioral screeners should be
used for developing intervention plans for students. “It’s really important to look at students’ strengths and needs
comprehensively,” Sutton said. To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic,
behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and
teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention plans.
1．How did Branching Minds obtain the links between students’ academic performances and SEL skills?
A．By giving students tests.
B．By interviewing students.
C．By conducting data analysis.
D．By carrying out experiments.
2．What can we infer from Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A．Academic achievement is critical to intervention plans.
B．Students with strong SEL skills might do well academically.
C．The data have been integrated into effective intervention plans.
D．There’s a long way to go before the data are understood.
3．What could be done for sociable students with reading problems according to Sutton?
A．Making the most of their social strengths.
B．Providing them with additional reading materials.
C．Organizing more reading support groups for them.
D．Encouraging them to consult their peers about reading.
4．Which of the following is essential for the establishment of intervention plans?
A．Technology.
B．Flexibility.
C．Assessment.
D．Cooperation.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项研究发现社交情感学习与学业成绩的关系。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic
outcomes, the study analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math
performance of nearly 4, 000K-8 students in the 2021—2022 school year. (为了了解社交情感学习（SEL）与学
业成绩之间的联系，该研究分析了2021-2022 学年近4000 K-8 年级学生的社交情感技能以及阅读和数学成
绩的筛查评估。)”可知，Branching Minds 是通过进行数据分析来获得学生学业成绩和SEL 技能之间的联系
的。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students'
reading and math performance. (研究表明，社交情感技能与学生的阅读和数学成绩呈正相关。)”以及第四段
“The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students performing
below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic
achievement. (该研究还发现，社交情感技能可能对一些学业水平低于标准的学生起到“保护因素”的作用，
这意味着学生的社交情感优势可以用来提高他们的学业成绩。)”可推断，具有较强SEL 技能的学生在学业
上可能表现良好。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we
build that into a support plan, and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social
and play to that strength that they have?” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds.
“Perhaps the students could take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help them
practice reading comprehension, as well as social skills, ” Sutton added. (例如，如果在阅读方面有困难的学生非
常善于社交，“我们如何将这一点纳入支持计划中，也许可以让这些有针对性的或个性化的阅读支持小组
更具社交性，并发挥他们所拥有的优势呢？”Branching Minds 的学习科学总监埃西
萨顿问道。“也许学
・
生们可以扮演老师的角色，向他们的同龄人解释一些东西，以帮助他们练习阅读理解以及社交技能，”萨
顿补充道。)” 可知，对于有阅读问题的善于社交的学生，可以充分利用他们的社交优势。故选A。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic,
behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and
teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention plans. (为了实现这一目标，学区和学校领导应确保
他们的学业、行为和社交情感支持团队共同合作，并且所有利益相关者——学生、家长和教师——都参与
到制定干预计划的过程中。)”可知，合作对于制定干预计划是至关重要的。故选D。
（八）
（2025 年陕西省西安市部分学校二模）
A good night’s sleep does more than just help you feel rested — it might literally clear your mind. A new
study shows how deep sleep may wash away waste build-up in the brain during waking hours, an essential process
for maintaining brain health.
Scientists have known that the brain has a built-in waste removal system, called the glymphatic (胶质淋巴
的) system, which circulates fluid in the brain and spinal cord to clear out waste. This process helps remove
poisonous proteins that form sticky plaques ( 斑块) linked to neurological disorders. However, what drives this
system has remained unclear, until now.
Danish scientists found that a molecule called norepinephrine (去甲肾上腺素) plays a key role in the brain’s
cleaning in mice. During deep sleep, the brainstem releases tiny waves of norepinephrine about once every 50
seconds. Norepinephrine causes blood vessels (血管) to contract, generating slow pulsations that create a rhythmic
flow in the surrounding fluid to carry waste away.
“It’s like turning on the dishwasher before you go to bed and waking up with a clean brain,” says senior
author Maiken Nedergaard of the University of Copenhagen. “We’re essentially asking what drives this process and
trying to define restorative sleep based on glymphatic clearance.”
To find clues, Nedergaard and her team looked into what happens in mice when the brain sleeps.
Specifically, they focused on the relationship between norepinephrine and blood flow during deep slumber. They
found that norepinephrine waves relate to variations in brain blood volume, suggesting norepinephrine causes a
rhythmic pulsation in the blood vessels.
Researchers have observed similar norepinephrine waves, blood flow patterns, and brain fluid flux in
humans. Their findings may offer insights into how poor sleep may contribute to neurological disorders like
Alzheimer’s disease.
“Now that we know norepinephrine is driving the cleaning of the brain, we may figure out how to get people
a long and restorative sleep,” says Nedergaard.
1．What is the function of the glymphatic system?
A．To regulate blood flow.
B．To clear brain waste.
C．To control brain volume.
D．To release norepinephrine.
2．How did Nedergaard state the process of brain cleaning?
A．By analyzing data.
B．By citing prior study.
C．By asking questions.
D．By making a comparison.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Blood volume variations.
B．Norepinephrine waves’ discovery.
C．The research process and findings.
D．The importance of sleep for the brain.
4．What will researchers do next?
A．Figure out how to improve sleep quality.
B．Study the role of norepinephrine in humans.
C．Identify the causes of neurological disorders.
D．Explore the link between sleep and brain health.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究发现去甲肾上腺素在大脑清理过程中起关键作用，研
究成果或能为改善睡眠及相关神经疾病研究提供见解。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Scientists have known that the brain has a built in waste removal system, called
the glymphatic (胶质淋巴的) system, which circulates fluid in the brain and spinal cord to clear out waste.(科学家
们已经知道，大脑有一个内置的废物清除系统，叫做胶质淋巴系统，它使大脑和脊髓中的液体循环以清除
废物)”可知，胶质淋巴系统的功能是清除大脑废物。故选B 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中Nedergaard 的话“It’s like turning on the dishwasher before you go to bed and
waking up with a clean brain(这就像你在睡觉前打开洗碗机，醒来时大脑就干净了)”可知，Nedergaard 通过
将大脑清理过程和洗碗机工作进行比较来阐述大脑清理过程。故选D 项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“To find clues, Nedergaard and her team looked into what happens in mice when
the brain sleeps. Specifically, they focused on the relationship between norepinephrine and blood flow during deep
slumber. They found that norepinephrine waves relate to variations in brain blood volume, suggesting
norepinephrine causes a rhythmic pulsation in the blood vessels.(为了找到线索，Nedergaard 和她的团队研究了
老鼠大脑在睡眠时的情况。具体来说，他们专注于深度睡眠期间去甲肾上腺素和血液流动之间的关系。他
们发现去甲肾上腺素波与大脑血容量的变化有关，这表明去甲肾上腺素会导致血管有节奏地脉动)”可知，
该段主要介绍了研究人员的研究过程和发现。故选C 项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Now that we know norepinephrine is driving the cleaning of the brain, we may
figure out how to get people a long and restorative sleep(既然我们知道去甲肾上腺素推动了大脑的清理，我们
也许能想出如何让人们获得长时间的、有恢复作用的睡眠)”可知，研究人员接下来会研究如何提高睡眠质
量。故选A 项。
（九）
（2025 年陕西省西安市临潼区二模）
DeepSeek, an AI tool developed in China, has become a global hit with over 100 million users in just six
months. Within weeks, the number of its users increased dramatically, reaching more than 100M users across over
100 countries. From students to engineers, people use it to solve math problems, write reports, and even create art.
Adopted by education, healthcare, and finance sectors, it topped app stores in 35 nations globally.
AI has been widely applied in all the walks of our lives. For instance, a hospital used it to analyze patient
data and find the best treatment plans 10 times faster than before. Researchers even accelerated cancer drug
discovery by analyzing 50 million chemical compounds in weeks instead of years with the aid of AI. Another case
showed how farmers in a pilot project in Kenya, used AI to increase farm yields by 25% through smart farming
strategies.
DeepSeek’s adopted a unique algorithm (算法) which is designed to be fast and efficient, using advanced but
lightweight models that work quickly without needing a lot of resources. They focus on specific tasks, like coding
or solving technical problems, and adapt to learn from detailed data. This makes it more competitive than general-
purpose models like ChatGPT in specialized areas.
However, Dr. Li Stevia, an AI safety researcher, warns about risks. “If AI grows too fast without rules, it
might make mistakes or be used improperly,” she said. She worries that rapid development could lead to issues like
false information or privacy leaks.
To address these concerns, DeepSeek’s team announced a new “Safety Check” feature. This tool will
automatically review AI suggestions for accuracy and safety before showing them to users. “We want AI to help,
not harm,” said project leader Zhang Wei.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly telling us about DeepSeek?
A．Its target users.
B．Its sales ranking.
C．Its powerful uses.
D．Its wide popularity.
2．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning hospitals and farmers?
A．To show AI can solve real problems.
B．To compare different AI tools.
C．To explain how to use smartphones.
D．To criticize AI’s high cost.
3．Why does DeepSeek outperform ChatGPT in special tasks?
A．Because it uses more computational resources for training.
B．Because it focuses on broad applications to ensure adaptability.
C．Because it uses a specialized model to learn from detailed data.
D．Because it prioritizes slower processing to guarantee accuracy.
4．How will DeepSeek’s team remove Dr. Li Stevia’s concern?
A．By raising service prices.
B．By adding a “Safety Check” tool.
C．By stopping free services.
D．By using expensive computers.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国研发的人工智能工具 DeepSeek。该工具在短短六个月内便拥
有超一亿全球用户，广泛应用于教育、医疗和金融等领域，在35 个国家的应用商店中位居前列，可用于解
决数学问题、撰写报告、创作艺术等。
1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“DeepSeek, an AI tool developed in China, has become a global hit with over 100
million users in just six months. Within weeks, the number of its users increased dramatically, reaching more than
100M users across over 100 countries. From students to engineers, people use it to solve math problems, write
reports, and even create art. Adopted by education, healthcare, and finance sectors, it topped app stores in 35
nations globally. (中国开发的人工智能工具DeepSeek 在短短6 个月内就成为全球热门，用户超过1 亿。几
周内，其用户数量急剧增加，在100 多个国家达到了1 亿多用户。从学生到工程师，人们用它来解决数学
问题，写报告，甚至创作艺术。它被教育、医疗和金融行业采用，在全球35 个国家的应用商店中排名第
一。)”可知，第一段主要讲述了 DeepSeek 在短短六个月内拥有超过1 亿用户，用户数量急剧增加，遍布
100 多个国家，还在35 个国家的应用商店中名列前茅。这些都体现了 DeepSeek 的广泛受欢迎程度。故选
D 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“For instance, a hospital used it to analyze patient data and find the best
treatment plans 10 times faster than before. Researchers even accelerated cancer drug discovery by analyzing 50
million chemical compounds in weeks instead of years with the aid of AI. Another case showed how farmers in a
pilot project in Kenya, used AI to increase farm yields by 25% through smart farming strategies. (例如，一家医院
使用它来分析患者数据，并以比以前快10 倍的速度找到最佳治疗方案。在人工智能的帮助下，研究人员甚
至在几周内（而不是几年）分析了5000 万种化合物，从而加速了癌症药物的发现。另一个案例显示，在肯
尼亚的一个试点项目中，农民如何利用人工智能通过智能农业策略将农业产量提高25%。)”可推知，作者
提到医院和农民的目的是为了证明人工智能可以解决实际问题。故选A 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“DeepSeek’s adopted a unique algorithm (算法) which is designed to be fast and
efficient, using advanced but lightweight models that work quickly without needing a lot of resources. They focus
on specific tasks, like coding or solving technical problems, and adapt to learn from detailed data. This makes it
more competitive than general-purpose models like ChatGPT in specialized areas. (DeepSeek 采用了一种独特的
算法，该算法旨在快速高效，使用先进但轻量级的模型，无需大量资源即可快速工作。他们专注于特定的
任务，比如编码或解决技术问题，并适应从详细的数据中学习。这使得它在特定领域比ChatGPT 等通用模
型更具竞争力。)”可知，DeepSeek 采用独特的算法，使用先进且轻量级的模型，专注于特定任务，并从详
细数据中学习，这使得它在特定领域比ChatGPT 更具竞争力。故选C 项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“To address these concerns, DeepSeek’s team announced a new “Safety
Check” feature. This tool will automatically review AI suggestions for accuracy and safety before showing them to
users. (为了解决这些问题，DeepSeek 团队宣布了一项新的“安全检查”功能。该工具将自动审查AI 建议
的准确性和安全性，然后再显示给用户。)”即 DeepSeek 团队通过添加一个“安全检查”工具来消除 Dr.
Li Stevia 的担忧。故选B 项。
（十）
（2025 年陕西省安康市二模）
Climate change is already having impacts like soaring temperatures, stronger hurricanes, intensified floods
and a longer and more severe wildfire season. Scientists warn ignoring it will bring “untold suffering” to humanity.
But will it lead to humans extinction?
If we just consider the direct impacts, it’s unlikely to cause our extinction. However, climate change can still
endanger hundreds of millions of lives. It may cause food and water shortage, potentially leading to a societal
collapse and global conflict.
Humans are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, in the atmosphere
through the burning of fossil fuels and other activities. These gases trap and hold heat from the sun, causing global
temperatures to rise and the climate to change much faster than it otherwise would, putting humanity on a
dangerous path.
A runaway (失温)greenhouse effect is probably the only way climate change impacts could directly cause
human extinction, according to Luke Kemp, a research associate at the Centre at the University of Cambridge in the
United Kingdom. Fortunately, the runaway green-house effect is unlikely to occur on Earth. For the effect to occur,
a planet needs carbon dioxide levels of a couple of thousand parts per million (Earth has a little over 400 parts per
million) or a huge release of methane, and there isn’t evidence for that at this time, Brian Kahn, a research scientist
told NASA in 2018.
Michael Mann, an atmospheric science professor, says a global temperature increase of 3℃or more could
lead to a collapse of societal infrastructure (社会基础设施)and massive conflict, similar to Hollywood films.
Climate change could cause a societal collapse by creating food insecurity. Planet warming negatively
impacts food production, like increasing water shortage and reducing food harvests, Live Science reported. Food
production losses can increase human deaths, drive economic loss and socio-political instability.
While avoiding complete extinction doesn’t appear to be a very promising aspect of climate change, there is
reason for hope. Experts say it isn’t too late to avoid the worst-case scenarios ( 情况)with significant cuts to
greenhouse gas emissions.
“It is up to us,” Mann said. “If we fail to reduce carbon emissions substantially in the decade ahead, we are
likely committed to a worsening of already dangerous extreme weather events, coastlines inundation (淹没)due to
melting ice and rising sea level, more pressure on limited resources as a growing global population competes for
less food, water and space due to climate change impacts. If we act boldly now, we can avoid the worst impacts.”
1．What are the current impacts of climate change mentioned in the passage?
A．Lower sea-levels, fewer wildfires, and stable climate.
B．More rainfall, cooler summers, and shorter wildfire seasons.
C．Rising temperatures, stronger hurricanes, and intensified floods.
D．Decreasing temperatures, weaker hurricanes, and less severe floods.
2．What is required for a runaway greenhouse effect to occur?
A．An enormous amount of methane emissions.
B．A decrease in the amount of methane in the atmosphere.
C．An increase in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
D．Carbon dioxide levels of a few hundred parts per million.
3．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．To describe the possible solutions to climate change.
B．To explain how climate change is caused by human activities.
C．To discuss whether climate change could lead to human extinction.
D．To introduce the main impacts of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere.
4．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Humans will not be affected by climate change in the future.
B．Scientists have found a way to completely stop climate change.
C．The runaway greenhouse effect is likely to happen on Earth in the future.
D．Climate change doesn’t directly cause human extinction but brings serious problems.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章要讨论了气候变化的影响、人类活动对气候变化的“贡献”、气候变化
可能导致的社会问题以及应对气候变化的措施。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Climate change is already having impacts like soaring temperatures, stronger
hurricanes, intensified floods and a longer and more severe wildfire season.(气候变化已经产生了诸多影响，比
如气温飙升、飓风强度增强、洪水加剧，以及野火季变得更长、更严重)”可知，气候变化目前的影响包括
气温飙升、更强的飓风、更严重的洪水以及更长、更严重的野火季。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“For the effect to occur, a planet needs carbon dioxide levels of a couple of
thousand parts per million (Earth has a little over 400 parts per million) or a huge release of methane, and there
isn’t evidence for that at this time, Brian Kahn, a research scientist told NASA in 2018..(一位研究科学家Brian
Kahn 在2018 年对美国国家航空航天局表示，要出现这种效应，一颗行星的二氧化碳浓度需达到每百万份
中几千份的水平（地球目前的二氧化碳浓度略高于每百万份中400 份），或者要有大量的甲烷释放，而目
前并没有证据表明会出现这种情况)”可知，要发生失控的温室效应，一颗行星需要二氧化碳浓度达到百万
分之几千的水平，或者要有大量的甲烷释放。故选A。
3．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出问题“Scientists warn ignoring it will bring “untold suffering” to humanity.
But will it lead to humans extinction?(科学家们警告称，忽视气候变化将给人类带来“难以言表的苦难”。但
它会导致人类灭绝吗？)”，随后从多个方面进行阐述，如直接影响下不太可能导致灭绝，但会危及生命、
引发社会问题等，还探讨了失控的温室效应这种可能直接导致人类灭绝的情况及其发生的条件，以及气候
变化可能引发的社会崩溃等问题，最后强调人类行动的重要性。整体围绕气候变化是否会导致人类灭绝展
开讨论。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“If we just consider the direct impacts, it’s unlikely to cause our extinction.
However, climate change can still endanger hundreds of millions of lives. It may cause food and water shortage,
potentially leading to a societal collapse and global conflict.(如果仅考虑直接影响，气候变化不太可能导致我们
灭绝。然而，气候变化仍可能危及数亿人的生命。它可能会造成食物和水资源短缺，进而有可能引发社会
崩溃和全球冲突)”可知，气候变化虽然不会直接导致人类灭绝，但会带来诸如危及数亿人生命、造成食物
和水资源短缺、可能引发社会崩溃和全球冲突等严重问题。故选D。
（十一）
（2025 年陕西省渭南市二模）
In a new study, researchers used artificial intelligence (AI) to confirm that an app can identify poison ivy (毒
藤).
Poison ivy ranks among the most medically problematic plants. Up to 50 million people worldwide suffer
annually from rashes ( 皮疹) caused by contact with the plant, a climbing, woody vine native to America and
several areas in Asia.
It’s found on farms, in woods, landscapes, fields, hiking trails, and other open spaces. So, if you go to those
places, poison ivy can lead to reactions that require medical attention. Worse, most people don’t know poison ivy
when they see it.
The new app could help change that.
“We were the first to do this, and it was designed as a tool for hikers or others working outdoors,” says
Nathan Boyd, a professor at the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center. “The app uses a camera to
identify in real time if poison ivy is present and provides you with a measure of certainty for the detection. It also
functions even if you are not connected with the Internet.”
The next step is to make the app commercially available, and there’s no timetable for that yet, Boyd says.
For the study, researchers collected thousands of images of poison ivy from five locations.
They labeled images, and in each image, scientists put boxes around the leaves and stems of the plant. The
boxed images were critical because poison ivy has a unique leaf arrangement and shape. Scientists use those
characteristics to identify the plant.
They then ran the images through AI programs and taught a computer to recognize which plants are poison
ivy. They also included images of plants that are not poison ivy or plants that look like poison ivy to be certain the
computer learns to distinguish them.
“We believe that by integrating an object-detection algorithm, public health, and plant science, our research
can encourage and support further investigations to understand poison ivy distribution and minimize health
concerns,” Boyd says.
1．Who needs this app most?
A．Wendy, a medical science student.
B．George, an adventurous game lover.
C．Mr. Johnathan, a computer engineer.
D．Ben James, an outdoor hiking enthusiast.
2．What can we know about the app from the passage?
A．It can work offline.
B．It’s already come into the market.
C．It is supported by the genetic algorithm.
D．It applies sound waves to identify poison ivy.
3．The last four paragraphs mainly talk about ______.
A．the profit contribution made by the app B．the steps to develop the app
C．the reason for inventing the app
D．the disadvantage of the app
4．What is the suitable title for the passage?
A．Good News to Rash Patients.
B．An App Saves Poison Ivy.
C．An AI-powered Poison Ivy Detector.
D．Good Tools to Eliminate Poison Ivy.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员利用人工智能开发了一款应用程序，能够通过摄像头实
时识别毒藤，帮助减少因接触该植物而导致的健康问题，并计划在未来将其商业化。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s found on farms, in woods, landscapes, fields, hiking trails, and other open
spaces.(它（毒藤）存在于农场、树林、风景、田野、远足径和其他开放空间)”和第五段中“We were the
first to do this, and it was designed as a tool for hikers or others working outdoors (我们是第一个这样做的，它是
为远足者或其他在户外工作的人设计的工具)”可知，该应用程序是为远足者或其他在户外工作的人设计的。
由此可知，本
詹姆斯，一位热衷于户外徒步旅行的爱好者受益最大。故选
・
D 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第五段“The app uses a camera to identify in real time if poison ivy is present and
provides you with a measure of certainty for the detection. It also functions even if you are not connected with the
Internet.(这款应用程序使用摄像头实时识别是否存在毒藤，并为你提供检测的可靠程度。即使你没有连接
网络，它也能正常运行。)”可知，这款应用程序即使在没有联网的情况下也能运行，即可以离线工作。故
选A。
3．主旨大意题。根据倒数第四段“For the study, researchers collected thousands of images of poison ivy from
five locations. (在这项研究中，研究人员从五个地点收集了数千张毒藤的照片)”、倒数第三段中“They
labeled images, and in each image, scientists put boxes around the leaves and stems of the plant. (他们给图片贴上
标签，在每张图片中，科学家们在植物的叶子和茎周围打上方框)”、倒数第二段“They then ran the images
through AI programs and taught a computer to recognize which plants are poison ivy. They also included images of
plants that are not poison ivy or plants that look like poison ivy to be certain the computer learns to distinguish
them. (然后，他们通过人工智能程序运行这些图像，并教会计算机识别哪些植物是毒藤。他们还包括了不
是毒藤或看起来像毒藤的植物的图像，以确保计算机能够学会区分它们)”和最后一段中“We believe that by
integrating an object-detection algorithm, public health, and plant science, our research can encourage and support
further investigations to understand poison ivy distribution and minimize health concerns (我们相信，通过整合目
标检测算法、公共卫生和植物科学，我们的研究可以鼓励和支持进一步的调查，以了解毒藤的分布，并最
大限度地减少健康问题)”可知，最后四段主要讨论了研究人员开发该应用程序的具体步骤。故选B 项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In a new study, researchers used artificial intelligence (AI) to
confirm that an app can identify poison ivy (毒藤). (在一项新的研究中，研究人员利用人工智能(AI)证实了一
款应用程序可以识别毒藤)”可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员利用人工智能开发了一款应用程序，能够通过
摄像头实时识别毒藤，帮助减少因接触该植物而导致的健康问题，并计划在未来将其商业化。因此，C 项
“一款由人工智能驱动的毒藤探测器。”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C 项。
（十二）
（2025 年山西省临汾市二模）
A green belt that stretches for 2,000 hectares (公顷) now completely rings the city of Ouagadougou. It began
life back in the 1970s and its original aim is to reforest 2,100 hectares at an annual rate of 100 hectares against the
desert that lies beyond the greenery, just a few steps away.
But a new stimulus has recently been given to the project, which seeks, beyond holding back the desert, to
fight the heat and promote urban agriculture to help feed a city that has doubled its population in just 14 years. The
deadly heat wave that hit the country in 2024 hammered home the urgency of what is now a vital project for the
city.
“One of the objectives of the greenbelt is to lower the city’s temperature; that’s why we’re also planting
trees”, said Moumini Sawadogo of the Spanish-Red Cross, which financed a 2-hectare garden as part of the belt,
including the construction of two water wells and training in agroecology. Research has shown that botanical
gardens are the green spaces with the greatest capacity to lower city temperatures and that sites such as Royal
Botanical Garden in London reduced ai r temperature during the heatwaves in the city streets by an average of 5℃.
City residents can have a plot of six béds. Cabbage, onion, mint, lettuce and papaya are now found in the
plots. “My suffering has decreased because I have food and earn money,” said Ibundo, 55, who has lived his entire
life collecting stones to sell — a job for those seeking to earn a daily living by any means. The belt can also offer a
solution to people fleeing rural areas, who are accustomed to working the land, like Lassina Kahoré, 54, who used
to work as a cereal farmer, but had to give up his farm. He now looks after six beds of lettuce. “Where deserts once
stole our hope, these leaves now write new stories,” he said.
1．What is the initial goal of the green belt?
A．To increase vegetable output.
B．To expand forest coverage.
C．To prevent land desertification.
D．To conserve water resources.
2．What does the underlined words “hammered home” probably mean?
A．Hit.
B．Emphasized.
C．Addressed.
D．Ignored.
3．Why is Royal Botanical Garden in London mentioned?
A．To demonstrate the aid of Red Cross.
B．To prove the success of the green belt.
C．To illustrate the concept of designing gardens.
D．To show the cooling effect of botanical gardens.
4．What does Lassina Kaboré’s statement imply?
A．The benefits of global cooperation.
B．Improved quality of life by the project.
C．The necessity of training in agriculture.
D．Collective efforts made by local residents.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了瓦加杜古的绿化带项目，其目的演变、降温作用及给居民生活带
来的积极影响 。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It began life back in the 1970s and its original aim is to reforest 2,100 hectares at
an annual rate of 100 hectares against the desert that lies beyond the greenery, just a few steps away.(它始于20 世
纪70 年代，最初的目标是以每年100 公顷的速度在距离绿地仅几步之遥的沙漠中重新造林2100 公顷)”可
知，绿化带项目最初的目标是以每年 100 公顷的速度重新造林 2100 公顷来对抗不远处的沙漠，也就是
防止土地沙漠化。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“The deadly heat wave that hit the country in 2024 hammered home the urgency of
what is now a vital project for the city.(2024 年袭击该国的致命热浪hammered home 人们现在对该市至关重要
的项目的紧迫性)”可知，2024 年袭击该国的致命热浪使得这个对城市至关重要的项目的紧迫性更加突出，
推测换线部分hammered home 意思是“强调”，与 Emphasized 意思相近。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Research has shown that botanical gardens are the green spaces with the greatest
capacity to lower city temperatures and that sites such as Royal Botanical Garden in London reduced air
temperature during the heatwaves in the city streets by an average of 5℃.(研究表明，植物园是降低城市温度能
力最强的绿地，伦敦皇家植物园等地在城市街道热浪期间平均将空气温度降低了5℃)”可知，提到伦敦皇
家植物园是为了以伦敦皇家植物园为例展示了植物园的降温效果。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Where deserts once stole our hope, these leaves now write new stories,” he
said.(他说：“沙漠曾经偷走了我们的希望，现在这些叶子写下了新的故事。”)”以及前文提到像 Lassina
Kahoré 这样的人以前的生活状况和现在在绿化带工作的情况可知，他说的话表明曾经沙漠夺走了他们的
希望，而现在绿化带的蔬菜（叶子）给他们带来了新的生活，意味着这个项目提高了他们的生活质量。故
选 B。
（十三）
（2025 年山西省晋中市二模）
The Internet is often criticized as a source of many modern-day challenges, from comparison traps and
information overload to negativity biases. These issues are closely associated with our digital culture, raising
concerns about its impact on mental health and social well-being. However, a new study by the Oxford Internet
Institute suggests that the Internet’s role in our lives is not entirely negative. In fact, it may also be a significant
driver of life satisfaction and social well-being for many people.
The study, which analyzed data from 168 countries between 2006 and 2021, involved over two million
participants aged 15 to 99. Researchers examined eight indicators of well-being, including life satisfaction, daily
positive and negative experiences, and community well-being. The findings revealed that in 85% of cases, Internet
access and active Internet use were associated with higher levels of well-being. For the majority of individuals, the
Internet serves as a powerful tool for connection, education, and personal growth. It enables people to access
valuable resources, maintain relationships, and engage with communities, all of which contribute to a sense of
fulfillment and happiness.
However, the study also identified a notable exception. In 5% of cases, Internet use was linked to negative
outcomes, particularly among young women aged 15 to 24. They reported lower levels of well-being, a finding
congruent with previous research that linked increased Internet usage to depression in young women and teenage
girls. The reasons for this are complex but may include factors such as cyberbullying, social media-induced
comparison, and the pressure to follow unrealistic online standards.
The timing of this research is significant, as governments worldwide are considering new laws and
guidelines to address concerns about online safety. The researchers ask policymakers to carefully consider the data
before carrying out new laws, emphasizing that while the Internet can have negative effects, it also has the potential
to be a positive force. With proper guidance, education, and safety measures, the Internet can continue to enhance
well-being for many.
In conclusion, while the Internet is not without its challenges, its impact on society is multifaceted (多方面
的). For most, it is a source of connection, knowledge, and empowerment. By addressing its downsides and making
use of its benefits, we can create a digital environment that supports and enriches lives globally.
1．What do the findings of the new study mainly show?
A．Young people are the main users of the Internet.
B．The Internet is criticized for information overload.
C．Adults benefit more from the Internet than other age groups.
D．Internet access is linked to higher levels of well-being in most cases.
2．What does the underlined part “congruent with” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Unrelated to.
B．Different from.
C．Consistent with.
D．Independent of.
3．What do the researchers suggest policymakers do?
A．Give careful consideration to their findings.
B．Underline the advantages of the Internet more.
C．Make strict laws to monitor the Internet companies.
D．Carry out new laws instantly to ensure online safety.
4．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．The Dark Side of Internet Usage.
B．How the Internet Benefits the Youth.
C．The Decline of Social Well-Being in the Digital Age.
D．Internet’s Positive Impact on Well-Being Despite Concerns.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了尽管有担忧，互联网对幸福感有积极影响。
1．细节理解题。由第一段“In fact, it may also be a significant driver of life satisfaction and social well-being
for many people. (事实上，对许多人来说，它也可能是生活满意度和社会福祉的重要驱动力)”以及第二段中
“The findings revealed that in 85% of cases, Internet access and active Internet use were associated with higher
levels of well-being. (研究结果显示，在85%的案例中，上网和积极使用互联网与更高水平的生活福祉相
关)”可知，新研究的调查结果主要表明上网与更高水平的生活福祉相关。故选D。
2．词句猜测题。由第三段“However, the study also identified a notable exception. In 5% of cases, Internet use
was linked to negative outcomes, particularly among young women aged 15 to 24. They reported lower levels of
well-being, a finding congruent with previous research that linked increased Internet usage to depression in young
women and teenage girls. The reasons for this are complex but may include factors such as cyberbullying, social
media-induced comparison, and the pressure to follow unrealistic online standards. (然而，研究也发现了一个显
著的例外情况。在5%的案例中，互联网使用与负面结果相关，尤其是15 至24 岁的年轻女性。她们报告的
福祉水平较低，这一发现congruent with 之前将互联网使用增加与年轻女性和少女抑郁联系起来的研究结
果。造成这种情况的原因很复杂，但可能包括网络欺凌、社交媒体引发的比较压力以及遵循不切实际的在
线标准的压力等因素)”可知，网络欺凌、社交媒体引发的比较压力以及遵循不切实际的在线标准的压力等
因素可能造成互联网使用与负面结果相关，她们报告的福祉水平较低，这一发现与先前的研究一致，此前
的研究表明，年轻女性和十几岁的女孩使用互联网频率增加与抑郁症存在关联。故congruent with 意思是
“与……一致的”。与Consistent with“与某事物一致”意思相符。故选C。
3．细节理解题。由倒数第二段“The researchers ask policymakers to carefully consider the data before carrying
out new laws, emphasizing that while the Internet can have negative effects, it also has the potential to be a positive
force. (研究人员要求政策制定者在制定新法律之前仔细考虑这些数据，并强调，虽然互联网可能产生负面
影响，但它也有可能成为一种积极的力量)”可知，研究人员建议政策制定者仔细考虑他们的研究结果。故
选A。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由第一段“However, a new study by the Oxford Internet Institute suggests
that the Internet’s role in our lives is not entirely negative. In fact, it may also be a significant driver of life
satisfaction and social well-being for many people. (然而，牛津互联网研究所的一项新研究表明，互联网在我
们生活中的作用并不完全是负面的。事实上，对许多人来说，它也可能是生活满意度和社会福祉的重要驱
动力)”可知，文章主要说明了尽管互联网常常受到批评，但是牛津互联网研究所的一项新研究表明，互联
网在我们生活中的作用并不完全是负面的，它也可能是生活满意度和社会福祉的重要驱动力。文章还介绍
了这项研究开展的过程、研究结果、研究意义等。可知，D 选项“Internet’s Positive Impact on Well-Being
Despite Concerns (尽管存在种种担忧，互联网仍对幸福感有着积极影响)”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（十四）
（2025 年陕西省渭南市二模）
first glance, a dead tree might just look like a lifeless, fallen log. But look closer: beneath the rotting bark (树
皮), the wood is full of life. Upon its death, the tree’s tightly sealed tube system, previously used to transport
nutrients and water, becomes empty and allows some creatures to pass through, according to Matteo Garbelotto, a
professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
These empty trunks, still standing upright, are also called snags or wildlife trees. Because of their verticality,
they can host a high diversity of species that varies from top to bottom. Fallen trees, often called logs, are also
valuable habitats, though for smaller species, Garbelotto says. Both types attract all sorts of life, starting with fungi
(真菌).
Fungi do much of the hard work of speeding up the decomposition process, softening the hard trunk into
something with many small holes. This allows in a whole host of species seeking food and shelter: beetles get in to
lay egg, amphibians nestle under the bark, and birds feeding on insects build nests within the trunk itself.
The collection of wildlife changes over the course of the tree’s decay ( 腐烂), with each new species
contributing to and profiting from the process. Logs generally increase opportunities for insects, amphibians, and
reptiles and make a good combination with snags, Garbelotto says.
While some species like bark beetles and woodpeckers strongly prefer dead or rotting wood for nesting,
others, including wood-decaying fungi, can only survive in deadwood.
And it’s not just the animals that benefit from decaying trees. They provide natural protection and support
for young seedlings to grow. As trees decompose, carbon and nitrogen stores are slowly reabsorbed into the soil, a
critical step in nutrient recycling, both for young trees and for the larger ecosystem.
From a climate perspective, letting trees rot is critical. Large trees in particular act as significant carbon
sinks, which can absorb the carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, and allowing them to decompose naturally
reduces the amount of carbon dioxide — and, thus, heat — in the atmosphere.
Whenever possible, forestry experts prefer to leave dead trees untouched.
1．What is the main function of dead trees according to paragraph 1?
A．They block the growth of young seedlings.
B．They provide food and shelter for large animals.
C．They support species and maintain biodiversity.
D．They have little ecological impact when decaying.
2．What does the underlined word “verticality” most likely mean?
A．The age of a tree.
B．The height of a tree.
C．The empty structure of a tree.
D．The upright position of a tree.
3．Which of the following about fungi is true?
A．They prefer wildlife trees to fallen logs. B．They provide nesting spaces for insects.
C．They seal the tube system of dead trees. D．They accelerate the breakdown of dead trees.
4．What is the best title of the passage?
A．The Afterlife of a Dead Tree.
B．The Silent Power of Nature.
C．The Quite Decay of Fallen Leaves.
D．The Battle Against a Tree’s Decay.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了枯树死后支持物种和维持生物多样性，介绍了枯树中存在的生
命形式。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“At first glance, a dead tree might just look like a lifeless, fallen log. But look
closer: beneath the rotting bark (树皮), the wood is full of life. Upon its death, the tree’s tightly sealed tube system,
previously used to transport nutrients and water, becomes empty and allows some creatures to pass through,
according to Matteo Garbelotto, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.(乍一看，一棵死树可能只
是看起来像一个没有生命的，倒下的原木。但仔细看，在腐烂的树皮下，木头充满了生命。加州大学伯克
利分校的Matteo Garbelotto 教授说，在树死后，以前用于运输营养物质和水的紧密密封的管道系统变得空
了，允许一些生物通过)”可知，枯树的主要功能是支持物种和维持生物多样性。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“These empty trunks, still standing upright, are also called snags or wildlife
trees.(这些仍然直立的空树干也被称为荆棘树或野生树)”以及后文“they can host a high diversity of species
that varies from top to bottom(它们可以容纳从上到下变化的高度多样性的物种)”可知，枯树可以容纳从上到
下变化的高度多样性的物种，这是因为它们处于直立位置。故划线词意思是“树的直立位置”。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Fungi do much of the hard work of speeding up the decomposition process,
softening the hard trunk into something with many small holes. (真菌在加速分解过程中做了很多艰苦的工作，
把坚硬的树干软化成有许多小孔的东西)”可知，真菌加速了枯树的分解。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“At first glance, a dead tree might just look like a lifeless, fallen log. But look
closer: beneath the rotting bark (树皮), the wood is full of life.(乍一看，一棵死树可能只是看起来像一个没有生
命的，倒下的原木。但仔细看，在腐烂的树皮下，木头充满了生命)”结合文章主要说明了枯树可以支持物
种和维持生物多样性，介绍了枯树中存在的生命形式可知，A 选项“死树的来世”最符合文章标题。故选
A。
（十五）
（2025 年陕西省山西省宁夏青海省四省二模）
Are you afraid of answering the phone?
A topic that has emerged on the Internet recently is why young people dislike answering phone calls, leading
to heated discussions.
“Once the phone rings, I become anxious. I put it aside and wait for the other person to hang up,” an Internet
user shared her reaction to the phone ringing, one of the most popular ways young people deal with phone calls.
However, it was different in the past, when everyone waited in line in front of telephone booths to make calls.
As technology has developed, phones have gained more functions, changing how we communicate. A 2023
report from China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology shows that people in China talked on their
mobile phones for a total of 2.24 trillion minutes. This is 22.8 percent less than a decade ago, reflecting a shift from
talking to texting.
“What’s more, compared with text communication, talking on the phone doesn’t give people enough time to
think and breathe,” Liu Shuangqing, a cognitive psychologist at China University of Political Science and Law, told
Beijing Youth Daily. “This immediate forced participation can make people feel stressed. The initiative to
participate is also taken away by the caller, making the person answering the phone feel passive. What’s more,
people can’t see the facial expressions and body language, but only hear tones and words, which makes the person
answering the call overthink the caller’s real meaning.”
Unlike texting, where people can show their feelings through memes (表情包), phone calls miss out on a lot
of key information. Albert Mehrabian, a psychologist and communication researcher, found that 55 percent of
meaning is communicated through body language, 38 percent through tone of voice and 7 percent through spoken
words.
Moreover, answering the phone is like opening a blind box. It can ring at any time and can bring good news
or bad news, which creates a sense of uncertainty.
1．What do young people usually think of phone calls?
A．They are a primary approach to communication.
B．They strengthen their bond with others.
C．They can remove their anxiety in life.
D．They put them under great pressure.
2．What may account for people’s attitude to phone calls?
A．The increasing desire for being alone.
B．The high pressure from study and work.
C．The effectiveness of face-to-face communication.
D．The accessibility to various ways of communication.
3．What do Liu Shuangqing’s words imply?
A．Talking on the phone will make people too nervous to breathe.
B．The callers may not express their meaning clearly on the phone.
C．The person answering the phone has to respond immediately and passively.
D．People usually pay little attention to their tones and words when making calls.
4．What can be known from Mehrabian’s discovery?
A．Body language plays a vital role in communication.
B．People generally have different ways of communication.
C．Spoken words are of little value in getting across messages.
D．People prefer communicating through body language to words.
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了年轻人不喜欢接电话这一现象及背后的原因。
1．细节理解题。 根据第三段中““Once the phone rings, I become anxious. I put it aside and wait for the other
person to hang up,” an Internet user shared her reaction to the phone ringing, one of the most popular ways young
people deal with phone calls.(一位网友分享了她对电话铃声的反应：“一旦电话响起，我就会焦虑。我会把
电话放在一边，等着对方挂断。”这是年轻人应对电话的最常见方式之一)”可知，年轻人通常认为接电话
会让他们承受很大压力。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“As technology has developed, phones have gained more functions, changing
how we communicate. A 2023 report from China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology shows that
people in China talked on their mobile phones for a total of 2.24 trillion minutes. This is 22.8 percent less than a
decade ago, reflecting a shift from talking to texting.(随着科技的发展，手机获得了更多功能，改变了我们的沟
通方式。中国工业和信息化部2023 年的一份报告显示，中国民众用手机通话的总时长为2.24 万亿分钟。
这比十年前减少了22.8%，这反映了人们从打电话转向发短信的趋势)”可知，随着科技发展，交流方式多
样，人们有了更多选择，这导致了人们对打电话的态度的转变。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“This immediate forced participation can make people feel stressed. The
initiative to participate is also taken away by the caller, making the person answering the phone feel passive.(这种
即时的强制参与会让人感到压力。打电话的人夺走了参与主动权，让接电话的人感到被动)”可知，刘双庆
的话暗示接电话的人必须立即且被动地回应。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Albert Mehrabian, a psychologist and communication researcher, found that 55
percent of meaning is communicated through body language,38 percent through tone of voice and 7 percent
through spoken words.(心理学家兼传播研究员阿尔伯特
梅拉比安发现，
・
55%的意思是通过肢体语言传达的，
38%是通过语音语调传达的，7%是通过口头语言传达的)”可知，梅拉比安的发现表明肢体语言在沟通中起
着至关重要的作用。故选A。
（十六）
（2025 年山西省吕梁市二模）
If the other paintings in the room that houses Mona Lisa at the Louvre Museum in Paris could talk, they
might be whispering “Good riddance (解脱) !” to one another right now. That’s owing to the French government’s
announcement that the world’s most famous painting is to be removed from the Salle des Etats and rehoused in its
own space in the Louvre with a dedicated entrance.
This particular space, accessible independently from the rest of the museum, will allow Mona Lisa’s
conditions of exhibition, presentation and interpretation it deserves. The move that aims to relieve the Louvre’s
overcrowding problem isn’t just great for Mona Lisa. It could also allow the dozens of other artworks in the Salle
des Etats by the likes of Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese to finally receive their due.
“People have just been coming to check their ‘I paid a visit to Mona Lisa’s box’ ”, said Souleymane, a
professor of French and philosophy at Columbia University who was appointed by the museum in 2024 to give a
series of lectures about its art collection. “And even if you go to that room with the intention of looking at the other
paintings, you would be distracted (分散注意力) by Mona Lisa.” The other major paintings in the space include
Titian’s Pastoral Concert, Tintoretto’s The Coronation of the Virgin, and Veronese’s The Wedding Feast at Cana,
which is a huge painting that people don’t look at because it’s on the wall that faces Mona Lisa.
“The Wedding Feast at Cana is one of the treasures of the Louvre,” said Compagnon, a professor at the
College de France and at Columbia University. Compagnon is also excited for visitors to be able to pay attention to
his favorite painting in the room, Titian’s Man with a Glove.
1．Why is Mona Lisa being moved to a new space in the Louvre?
A．To make room for an exhibition.
B．To make it convenient for experts to study it.
C．To improve its exhibition conditions and reduce overcrowding.
D．To highlight its importance as the world's most famous artwork.
2．What is Souleymane’s attitude towards the government’s announcement?
A．Doubtful.
B．Approving.
C．Cooperative.
D．Dismissive.
3．Which of the following paintings is exhibited opposite to Mona Lisa?
A．Pastoral Concert.
B．The Coronation of the Virgin.
C．The Wedding Feast at Cana.
D．Man with a Glove.
4．What does Compagnon imply about Mona Lisa?
A．It deserves better protection.
B．It fails to live up to its fame.
C．It should be promoted through lectures.
D．It takes visitors’ attention away from other exhibits.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了法国政府宣布将世界著名画作《蒙娜丽莎》从卢浮宫的大画廊
移至单独空间展示，此举旨在改善其展览条件，缓解卢浮宫的过度拥挤问题，同时也能让大画廊中的其他
艺术品得到应有的关注。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“This particular space, accessible independently from the rest of the museum, will
allow Mona Lisa’s conditions of exhibition, presentation and interpretation it deserves. The move that aims to
relieve the Louvre’s overcrowding problem isn’t just great for Mona Lisa. (这个特殊的空间，可以独立于博物馆
的其他部分进入，将给予《蒙娜丽莎》应有的展览、展示和解读条件。这一旨在缓解卢浮宫过度拥挤问题
的举措不仅对《蒙娜丽莎》有好处。)”可知，将《蒙娜丽莎》移至新空间一是为了改善它的展览条件，二
是为了缓解卢浮宫的拥挤问题。故选C 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段““People have just been coming to check their ‘I paid a visit to Mona Lisa’s box’
”, said Souleymane, a professor of French and philosophy at Columbia University who was appointed by the
museum in 2024 to give a series of lectures about its art collection. “And even if you go to that room with the
intention of looking at the other paintings, you would be distracted (分散注意力) by Mona Lisa.” (哥伦比亚大学
法国文学与哲学教授苏莱曼在 2024 年被该博物馆任命进行一系列关于其艺术收藏的讲座，他说：“人们
只是来打卡‘我参观了《蒙娜丽莎》的展柜’。而且即使你去那个房间是想看其他画作，你也会被《蒙娜
丽莎》分散注意力。”)”可知，苏莱曼认为《蒙娜丽莎》的存在影响了其他画作被关注，所以他对政府将
《蒙娜丽莎》移走的决定是赞成的，因为这样其他画作能得到应有的关注。故选B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“The other major paintings in the space include Titian’s Pastoral Concert,
Tintoretto’s The Coronation of the Virgin, and Veronese’s The Wedding Feast at Cana, which is a huge painting that
people don’t look at because it’s on the wall that faces Mona Lisa. (这个空间里的其他主要画作包括提香的《田
园音乐会》、丁托列托的《圣母加冕》和委罗内塞的《加纳的婚礼》，这是一幅巨大的画作，人们不看它
是因为它在正对着《蒙娜丽莎》的墙上。)”可知，在《蒙娜丽莎》对面展出的画作是《加纳的婚礼》。故
选C 项。
4．推理判断题。根据第四段““The Wedding Feast at Cana is one of the treasures of the Louvre,” said
Compagnon, a professor at the College de France and at Columbia University. Compagnon is also excited for
visitors to be able to pay attention to his favorite painting in the room, Titian’s Man with a Glove. (“《加纳的婚
礼》是卢浮宫的珍宝之一，”法国高等师范学院和哥伦比亚大学的教授孔帕尼翁说道。孔帕尼翁也很期待
参观者能够关注到房间里他最喜欢的画作——提香的《戴手套的男人》。)”可知，康帕尼翁和苏莱曼的观
点类似，都认为《蒙娜丽莎》吸引了太多游客的注意力，使得其他画作得不到关注，康帕尼翁很期待游客
能关注到其他画作，这暗示了《蒙娜丽莎》分散了游客对其他展品的注意力。故选D 项。
（十七）
（2025 年陕西省汉中市二模）
Encouraging bilingualism (双语能力) at home can have many cognitive benefits, which may be particularly
helpful to kids with autism spectrum disorder (孤独症谱系障碍) or ASD, new research from the University of
Miami’s College of Arts and Sciences indicates.
A team of researchers led by Celia Romero, a graduate student in clinical psychology, explored the role of
bilingualism in 112 children, including typically developing children and children with autism, between the ages of
7 to 12 years old. Overall, they found that children who spoke two or more languages often had stronger executive
(执行的) functioning skills. This means they are able to control impulses (冲动) and to switch between different
tasks more easily than children who only spoke one language.
The results are significant because executive functioning skills are a key challenge for children on the
spectrum but are important for all kids to thrive in school and later in the workplace. Yet, the team found the
benefits of speaking more than one language were not limited to children with autism.
The study also looked at the impact of multilingualism on core symptoms of autism, including perspective
taking, restricted and repetitive behaviors and social communication.
“We also found that multilingual children have enhanced perspective taking skills, or the ability to
understand someone else’s thoughts or point of view,” Romero said.
An idea called joint activation from the field of neuroscience can help explain the results. Prior research
suggests that the bilingual brain has two languages constantly active and competing. As a result, the daily
experience of shifting between these languages is associated with enhanced executive control. This concept is also
known as the “bilingual advantage”, according to the researchers.
“If you have to juggle two languages, you have to suppress one in order to use the other. That’s the idea that
inhibition — or the ability to stop yourself from doing something — might be enhanced by knowing two
languages,” said another researcher.
1．What benefit does bilingualism bring to children with ASD?
A．Social skill enhancement.
B．Academic performance boost.
C．Cognitive ability improvement.
D．Language learning acceleration.
2．What can we say about executive functioning skills?
A．They contribute to better leadership skills.
B．They affect children’s future work life.
C．They determine children’s language level.
D．They enhance children’s physical abilities.
3．What may happen when speaking two languages?
A．Learning delay.
B．Language confusion.
C．Delayed multitasking.
D．Brain language competition.
4．What does the underlined word “juggle” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Employ.
B．Switch.
C．Adapt.
D．Explore.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，一项研究表明，在家鼓励孩子使用双语对他们的认知有很多好处，特别是对患
有孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）的孩子有帮助。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Encouraging bilingualism (双语能力) at home can have many cognitive benefits,
which may be particularly helpful to kids with autism spectrum disorder (孤独症谱系障碍) or ASD, new research
from the University of Miami’s College of Arts and Sciences indicates.(迈阿密大学艺术与科学学院的一项新研
究表明，在家里鼓励双语可以带来许多认知方面的好处，这可能对患有自闭症谱系障碍或ASD 的孩子特别
有帮助)”可知，在家鼓励孩子使用双语对他们的认知有很多好处，故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The results are significant because executive functioning skills are a key
challenge for children on the spectrum but are important for all kids to thrive in school and later in the workplace.
(这一结果意义重大，因为执行功能技能对自闭症儿童来说是一项关键挑战，但对所有孩子在学校和以后的
工作场所都很重要)”可知， 执行功能技能会影响孩子未来的工作生活。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Prior research suggests that the bilingual brain has two languages constantly
active and competing.(先前的研究表明，双语者的大脑中有两种语言不断活跃和竞争)”可知，双语者的大脑
中有两种语言一直处于活跃和竞争的状态，故选D。
4．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“you have to suppress one in order to use the other(你就必须抑制其中一
种语言，以便使用另一种语言)”可知，此处指如果你必须同时使用两种语言，就必须抑制其中一种语言，
以便使用另一种语言，juggle 意为“使用”，故选A。
（十八）
（2025 年山西省晋城市二模）
It’s impossible to predict when we’re going to die. But if we’re aiming for a long and healthy life, it pays to
worry less about our genes ( 基因) — which we can’t change anyway — and more about our lifestyle and
surroundings. That’s the conclusion of a new study published in Nature Medicine.
The study was based on data from more than 490,000 people, all of whom are registered with the UK
Biobank, a massive collection of participants’ detailed medical histories. The researchers used this rich data to
study the influence of genes and more than 100 environmental and socioeconomic factors on the risk of 22 diseases
that make up most of the major causes of death.
To do that, they focused especially closely on a subset of 45,000 people whose blood samples had been
subjected to what is known as proteomic profiling: an analysis of thousands of proteins or genes that help
determine physical age compared to calendar age.
“We can get an estimation of how quickly or slowly each participant is aging biologically compared to their
calendar age,” says lead author Austin Argentieri from Massachusetts General Hospital. “This is referred to as the
‘proteomic age gap’, since it’s the gap in years between protein-predicted age and calendar age.”
Just knowing that age gap, of course, is only part of the picture. Equally important is the cause of that gap.
To help determine that, the researchers analyzed people’s many environmental and behavioral exposures that
contribute to disease and biological age. These factors include income, neighborhood, employment status, diet, as
well as whether people smoke or exercise regularly. To cover the genetic side, researchers looked for genetic
markers associated with the 22 key diseases.
The results were striking. Environment and lifestyle accounted for 17% of people’s disease-related risk of
dying, compared to just 2% for genetics. Of the various environmental exposures, smoking was the riskiest
behavior, linked to 21 diseases; socioeconomic factors such as income, neighborhood were associated with 19
diseases; and a lack of physical activity was linked to 17 diseases.
1．What did the researchers do in their study?
A．They analyzed the causes of 22 diseases.
B．They focused on 100 environmental factors.
C．They interviewed more than 490,000 people.
D．They collected blood samples from 45,000 people.
2．Which of the following is the so-called proteomic age gap?
A．Protein-predicted age + calendar age.
B．Calendar age-Proteomic age gap.
C．Protein-predicted age - calendar age.
D．Proteomic age gap - calendar age.
3．Which factor has the biggest effect on our health?
A．Diet.
B．Income.
C．Physical activity.
D．Smoking.
4．What can we learn from the new research?
A．Our genes determine our intelligence.
B．Our lifestyles matter more than our genes.
C．It is easy to control the environmental factors.
D．It is vital to monitor some diseases in advance.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了影响人类寿命的因素。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The researchers used this rich data to study the influence of genes and more
than 100 environmental and socioeconomic factors on the risk of 22 diseases that make up most of the major causes
of death.(研究人员利用这些丰富的数据来研究基因和100 多种环境和社会经济因素对22 种疾病风险的影响，
这些疾病构成了大多数主要的死亡原因)”可知，研究人员主要是通过分析22 种疾病的诱因来得出结论的。
故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“This is referred to as the ‘proteomic age gap’, since it’s the gap in years
between protein-predicted age and calendar age.(这被称为‘蛋白质组年龄差距’，因为它是蛋白质预测年龄
和实际年龄之间的年数差距)”可知，proteomic age gap 指的是预期寿命与实际寿命之差。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Of the various environmental exposures, smoking was the riskiest behavior,
linked to 21 diseases; socioeconomic factors such as income, neighborhood were associated with 19 diseases(在各
种环境暴露中，吸烟是最危险的行为，与21 种疾病有关；收入、社区等社会经济因素与19 种疾病相关)”
可知，吸烟对人的寿命影响最大。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But if we’re aiming for a long and healthy life, it pays to worry less about our
genes (基因) — which we can’t change anyway — and more about our lifestyle and surroundings.(但是，如果我
们的目标是健康长寿，那么少担心我们的基因（反正我们也无法改变基因），多担心我们的生活方式和周
围环境是值得的)”及最后一段中“Environment and lifestyle accounted for 17% of people’s disease-related risk
of dying, compared to just 2% for genetics.(环境和生活方式占人们疾病相关死亡风险的17%，而遗传因素仅
占2%)”可推断，我们更应该关注生活习惯而不是基因。故选B。
（十九）
（2025 年山西省部分学校二模）
A machine can now not only play a perfect game of chess but also write poetry that matches the greats. Last
month, in a poetry competition in New York City, an AI named Poet Bot impressed the judges, outperforming
several well-known poets, including Sarah Johnson, a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet. This showed the remarkable
advancements in artificial intelligence.
Brilliant as it is, Poet Bot has limitations. It constructs lines by selecting phrases from its database of poems
and combining them in ways that follow poetic forms. This method can sometimes produce meaningless lines that
no human poet would write. For example, Poet Bot might put together phrases that sound poetic but lack clear
emotional depth. These issues will likely be fixed over time, but they highlight a deeper challenge.
As Dr. Emily Rivera, a professor at Yale University, explained, “The system lacks an understanding of the
emotions and experiences behind the words.” She noted that while Poet Bot can generate structurally sound poetry,
it often misses the slight details that make human poetry impactful.
What Dr. Rivera refers to is the essence of human creativity, which separates even the least skilled human
poet from the most advanced AI. A computer processes symbols according to programmed rules, transforming
inputs into outputs without understanding their significance. For humans, however, writing poetry is an expression
of emotion. The arrangement of words in a poem is not just about their order but about the feelings they convey.
This is why human poets can bring out deep emotions and connect with readers on a personal level, something that
Poet Bot, despite its technical skills, struggles to achieve.
Creativity arises from emotional interactions, not just computational processes. These experiences shape
symbols in our minds, and the cultural and social contexts in which we live give them depth. This difference
ensures that, despite Poet Bot’s abilities, the art of poetry — rooted in the times of Homer and Li Bai — will
remain a unique human effort. As technology advances, AI may assist human creativity but will never replace the
richness of human experience that fuels artistic expression.
1．Why does the author mention Sarah Johnson in paragraph 1?
A．To discuss the design of Poet Bot.
B．To highlight the success of Poet Bot.
C．To explain the competition’s rules.
D．To introduce a judge of the competition.
2．What does the underlined word “limitations” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Features.
B．Strengths.
C．Shortcomings.
D．Goals.
3．What is Poet Bot unable to do according to Dr. Rivera?
A．Understand emotions.
B．Select phrases.
C．Follow poetic forms.
D．Stick to rules.
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．Cultural contexts are irrelevant to poetry.
B．AI will soon overtake human poets in creativity.
C．Machines will eventually understand human emotions.
D．Human creativity is deeply rooted in personal experiences.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了AI 在诗歌创作中的成就及其局限性，强调人类创造力的独特性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“Last month, in a poetry competition in New York City, an AI named Poet
Bot impressed the judges, outperforming several well-known poets, including Sarah Johnson, a Pulitzer Prize-
winning poet. This showed the remarkable advancements in artificial intelligence.(上个月，在纽约市举行的一场
诗歌比赛中，一个名为Poet Bot 的人工智能给评委留下了深刻的印象，它的表现超过了几位知名诗人，包
括普利策奖得主Sarah Johnson。这显示了人工智能的显著进步。)”可知，提到Sarah Johnson 是为了突出
Poet Bot 的成功。故选B 项。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文的句子“It constructs lines by selecting phrases from its database of poems
and combining them in ways that follow poetic forms. This method can sometimes produce meaningless lines that
no human poet would write. For example, Poet Bot might put together phrases that sound poetic but lack clear
emotional depth.(它通过从其诗歌数据库中选择短语，并按照诗歌形式将它们组合起来来构建句子。这种方
法有时会产生没有人类诗人会写的无意义的诗句。例如，Poet Bot 可能会将一些听起来富有诗意但缺乏明
确情感深度的短语组合在一起)”可知，Poet Bot 写的诗有一些不足之处，所以，limitations 指的是Poet Bot
的不足之处。故选C 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的句子“The system lacks an understanding of the emotions and experiences
behind the words.(该系统缺乏对文字背后的情感和体验的理解)”可知，Poet Bot 无法理解情感。故选A 项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的句子“Creativity arises from emotional interactions, not just computational
processes. These experiences shape symbols in our minds, and the cultural and social contexts in which we live
give them depth.(创造力源于情感互动，而不仅仅是计算过程。这些经历塑造了我们脑海中的符号，我们生
活的文化和社会背景赋予了它们深度)”可知，人类创造力深深植根于个人经历。故选D 项。
（二十）
（2025 年青海省西宁市大通县二模）
With a desktop 3D printer, you can do anything. From making prosthetic legs or wheelchairs for immobile
animals to stylish pieces of decorations—this technology is proposing a faster and more efficient method that you
can take advantage of to create things in the comfort of your home.
In spite of the recent craze for 3D printers, this groundbreaking technology is actually older than you think.
Desktop 3D printers have been made use of by designers and engineers for more than 30 years, but only recently
have these multifunctional machines made their way into homes and become increasingly popular. Today, 3D
printing has enabled freedom and creativity for everyone to create almost anything without the need for a
storehouse or expensive machinery. French designer, Rémy Vicarini pioneered 3D-printed helmets (头盔) for his
adventure-loving cat, Cathode.
Vicarini’s journey began with advanced CAD software like Fusion 360 to ensure the safety of his cat during
outdoor activities such as cycling and skiing, where he mapped Cathode’s unique head dimensions to make a
helmet tailored to it. During the design process, he employed Boolean operations to generate honeycomb-shaped
ventilation (通风) holes on the helmet’s surface and integrated adjustable buckle (锁扣) structures, balancing safety
and comfort. This digital-to-physical workflow reduced the trial-and-error costs of traditional handcrafting.
The future of 3D printing holds huge potential, driven by advancements in materials, speed and accessibility.
As the technology improves, we can expect printers to become faster, more affordable, and capable of handling a
wider range of materials, including biodegradable (可生物降解的)plastics and even metals. This will revolutionize
industries like healthcare, enabling on-demand production of prosthetics and implants tailored to individual
patients. In homes, 3D printers could become as common as microwaves, allowing people to create everything
from custom furniture to replacement parts. Moreover, AI integration may streamline design processes, making 3D
printing even more user-friendly.
1．What can we know from paragraph 2?
A．The popularity of 3D printing.
B．The complexity of 3D printing.
C．The role model of 3D printers.
D．The origin of 3D printers.
2．What does the text say about Vicarini’s design process?
A．It needs to be mechanized.
B．It is cost-saving.
C．It used advanced materials.
D．It is time-consuming.
3．What can be concluded about the future 3D printing?
A．It will rarely benefit the healthcare industry.
B．Biodegradable plastics will make it more affordable.
C．The employment of AI will be the most crucial factor.
D．It will lead to a significant transformation in daily life.
4．What’s the best title for the text?
A．A Cat Makes Its Owner Popular
B．3D-Printed Helmets Prove Practical
C．3D Printing Brings Creation
D．Technology Development Is the Key
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了桌面 3D 打印机的情况。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Desktop 3D printers have been made use of by designers and engineers for more
than 30 years, but only recently have these multifunctional machines made their way into homes and become
increasingly popular. Today, 3D printing has enabled freedom and creativity for everyone to create almost anything
without the need for a storehouse or expensive machinery.(桌面 3D 打印机已被设计师和工程师使用了 30 多
年，但直到最近这些多功能机器才进入家庭并变得越来越受欢迎。如今，3D 打印为每个人带来了自由和
创造力，使他们几乎可以创造任何东西，而无需仓库或昂贵的机器)”可知，该段主要讲述了 3D 打印的受
欢迎程度。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段 “During the design process, he employed Boolean operations to generate
honeycomb-shaped ventilation (通风) holes on the helmet’s surface and integrated adjustable buckle (锁扣)
structures, balancing safety and comfort. This digital-to-physical workflow reduced the trial-and-error costs of
traditional handcrafting.(在设计过程中，他使用布尔运算在头盔表面生成蜂窝状通风孔，并集成了可调节锁
扣结构，平衡了安全性和舒适性。这种从数字到实物的工作流程降低了传统手工制作的反复试验成本)”可
知，维卡里尼的设计过程是节省成本的。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“As the technology improves, we can expect printers to become faster, more
affordable, and capable of handling a wider range of materials, including biodegradable (可生物降解的) plastics
and even metals. This will revolutionize industries like healthcare, enabling on-demand production of prosthetics
and implants tailored to individual patients. In homes, 3D printers could become as common as microwaves,
allowing people to create everything from custom furniture to replacement parts. Moreover, AI integration may
streamline design processes, making 3D printing even more user-friendly.(随着技术的进步，我们可以期待打印
机变得更快、更实惠，并且能够处理更广泛的材料，包括可生物降解的塑料甚至金属。这将彻底改变医疗
保健等行业，实现根据个人患者定制的假肢和植入物的按需生产。在家庭中，3D 打印机可能会像微波炉
一样常见，让人们能够制作从定制家具到替换零件的所有东西。此外，人工智能的集成可能会简化设计过
程，使 3D 打印更加用户友好)”可推知，未来的 3D 打印将导致日常生活发生重大转变。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“With a desktop 3D printer, you can do anything. From making prosthetic legs or
wheelchairs for immobile animals to stylish pieces of decorations — this technology is proposing a faster and more
efficient method that you can take advantage of to create things in the comfort of your home.(有了桌面 3D 打印
机，你可以做任何事情。从为不能移动的动物制作假肢或轮椅到时尚的装饰品——这项技术提供了一种更
快、更高效的方法，你可以利用它在舒适的家中创造东西)”以及后文对 3D 打印的应用、发展和未来潜力
的描述可知，文章主要围绕 3D 打印能够带来创造力和各种创作展开。C 选项“3D 打印带来创作”为短
文最佳标题。故选C。
D 篇
（一）
（2025 年山西省名校联考二模）
Tracee Herbaugh lives in the Boston area of Massachusetts. She thought she was alone in her backyard
recently when she used the Merlin Bird ID app. She learned by listening that she was surrounded by more than 12
kinds of birds.
“Two birds identified by the app, veery (画眉鸟) and great homed owl, even had a red dot next to their
names. The red dot means it is an unusual sighting.” Herbaugh wrote, “Who knew these birds could be in one
yard?”
Cornell Lab of Ornithology is the maker of Merlin Bird ID．The app was released in 2014. At first, the app
only identified birds by their photos through Photo ID．The user answered a series of questions about the photo to
help identify the bird, such as date, area, color, and size. The app became popular during the pandemic, when
people increasingly wanted to be outdoors.
In 2021, Cornell Lab added Sound ID to identify birds by their sound. In the United States alone, Merlin’s
Sound ID can identify over 700 kinds of birds. More than 7 million people now use the Merlin Bird ID worldwide.
Alli Smith works on the Merlin project at Cornell Lab. Smith said bird watching by sound “opens up a whole
new world” “Even if you cannot see the birds,” he added, “you can hear their beautiful songs and know they’re
sharing your neighborhood.”
More than birds, Herbaugh said the app also helped her reconnect with people across the country. When
Herbaugh shared her bird list on social media, two childhood friends who also used the app messaged her about it.
Her relative in Montana shared a list of birds. And even her young children now quickly go for the app when they
hear an unfamiliar bird call.
Herbaugh has identified 45 birds on her list so far. She said now her children are the ones driving her to get
more on the bird list.
1．What does a red dot next to a bird’s name mean?
A．The bird is rarely seen.
B．The bird is endangered.
C．This bird is a new species.
D．The bird is beneficial to crops.
2．How did the app perform its functions initially?
A．By recording bird sounds.
B．By recognizing images of birds.
C．By asking experts online.
D．By tracking movements of birds.
3．What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 6?
A．Another way of protecting birds.
B．The popularity of recording bird calls.
C．The enjoyment of listening to birds.
D．Another benefit of the Merlin Bird ID app.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．App Identifies Birds by Sound
B．App Gets Kids Interested in Birds
C．Old App Gains New Reputation
D．Birds May Hide in Your Yard
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了Tracee Herbaugh 在波士顿地区使用Merlin Bird ID 应用程序识别周围
鸟类的经历。文章还介绍了该应用程序的开发者Cornell Lab of Ornithology、应用程序的发布历史、新增的
Sound ID 功能，以及该应用程序对人们观察鸟类和社交联系的积极影响。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Two birds identified by the app, veery (画眉鸟) and great homed owl, even had
a red dot next to their names. The red dot means it is an unusual sighting.(该应用程序识别出的两只鸟，画眉鸟
和大猫头鹰，甚至在它们的名字旁边还有一个红点。红点表示这是一次不寻常的目击事件)”可知，鸟名字
旁边的红点表示这是一次不寻常的目击事件，说明这种鸟很少见。故选A 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“At first, the app only identified birds by their photos through Photo ID. The
user answered a series of questions about the photo to help identify the bird, such as date, area, color, and size.(起
初，该应用程序只能通过ID 照片识别鸟类。用户回答了一系列关于照片的问题，以帮助识别这只鸟，比
如日期、面积、颜色和大小)”可知，应用程序最初是通过识别鸟类的图像来执行其功能。故选B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第六段“More than birds, Herbaugh said the app also helped her reconnect with people
across the country. When Herbaugh shared her bird list on social media, two childhood friends who also used the
app messaged her about it. Her relative in Montana shared a list of birds. And even her young children now quickly
go for the app when they hear an unfamiliar bird call.(Herbaugh 说，除了鸟类之外，这款应用还帮助她与全国
各地的人们重新建立了联系。当Herbaugh 在社交媒体上分享她的鸟类列表时，两个同样使用该应用程序的
童年朋友给她发了消息。她在蒙大拿州的亲戚分享了一份鸟类名单。现在，就连她年幼的孩子听到不熟悉
的鸟叫声时，也会迅速使用这款应用)”可知，作者在第六段中介绍了Merlin Bird ID 应用程序的另一个好处：
帮助她与全国各地的人们重新建立了联系。故选D 项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第四段中“In 2021, Cornell Lab added Sound ID to identify birds by their
sound. In the United States alone, Merlin’s Sound ID can identify over 700 kinds of birds. More than 7 million
people now use the Merlin Bird ID worldwide.(2021 年，康奈尔实验室增加了声音识别功能，通过声音来识别
鸟类。仅在美国，梅林的声音识别系统就能识别700 多种鸟类。现在全世界有超过700 万人使用梅林鸟的
ID)”和第五段“Alli Smith works on the Merlin project at Cornell Lab. Smith said bird watching by sound “opens
up a whole new world” “Even if you cannot see the birds,” he added, “you can hear their beautiful songs and know
they’re sharing your neighborhood.”(Alli Smith 在康奈尔实验室从事梅林项目。史密斯说，通过声音观鸟“打
开了一个全新的世界”。“即使你看不到鸟，”他补充说，“你也可以听到它们美妙的歌声，知道它们就
在你的附近。”)”可知，文章介绍了更新后的Merlin Bird ID 应用程序通过声音识别鸟类，给人们观察鸟类
和社交联系带来积极影响。由此推知，“App Identifies Birds by Sound(应用程序通过声音识别鸟类)”是文章
最佳标题。故选A 项。
（二）
（2025 年青海省西宁市二模）
In a British writer’s essay written in 1891, he imagined a future, not unlike the one we are imagining today
in the age of artificial intelligence, where machines would undertake all forms of labour. And humankind would
enjoy a leisured life, with people spending their days painting, composing and writing poetry.
Idealistic as it is, the writer’s fantasy captures the core of the humanities(人文学科) to our existence. People
turned to music, art and literature to fill their time, to relieve loneliness, and to provide distractions from the fears.
Therefore, the humanities are worthy of scholarly attention and research funding, although this is not the case right
now.
The humanities are at the heart of the ways we respond to every situation, from relationships and illness to
the horrors of global warming. Scholars working in the environmental humanities do essential research that informs
scientific thinking. For example, by looking at Anthony Trollope’s record of his visit to Australia and New Zealand
in the early 1870s, we can learn a lot about how European farming techniques began a process of ecological
damage, whose effects are ongoing.
Researchers also used to examine literary responses to bush fires. Surprisingly, this caught the interest of fire
scientists and historians because the stories the researchers unearthed offered direct evidence of changing fire
management systems. Fire-affected communities were also drawn to the work because it reflected their own
experiences. More broadly, working on the history, literature and emotional responses to natural disasters is
essential in an earthquake-prone nation like ours.
Humanities research can be vital during times of crisis. The work of musicologist colleagues, whose research
with dementia choirs is of huge significance in identifying strategies to slow the effects of conditions such as
Alzheimer’s disease. The medical humanities have been important in understanding the cultural effects and
representations of disease. The humanities help us understand identity and conflict, and they promote empathy and
well-being.
The humanities have been lacking fund for decades, yet the field still produces world-class research. Just
imagine the contribution researchers could make if their work was more highly valued.
1．How does the author introduce the topic of the text?
A．By giving a definition.
B．By explaining some reasons.
C．By describing a phenomenon.
D．By quoting a writer’s imagination.
2．What is the core of the humanities?
A．Assisting us to develop farming techniques.
B．Enhancing our academic research capability.
C．Helping us cope with various tricky situations.
D．Improving our ability to deal with natural disasters.
3．What does the author think of the humanities research in natural disasters?
A．It’s significant. B．It’s challenging.
C．It’s costly.
D．It’s advanced.
4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To give some examples of the humanities.
B．To call for more attention to the humanities.
C．To tell us the history of humanities research.
D．To show the research findings of the humanities.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章开篇以1891 年英国作家设想的未来场景引入，即机器承担劳动，人类以艺
术创作等方式享受悠闲生活，指出这一设想体现了人文学科对人类生存的核心意义，即人们借音乐、艺术
和文学来充实时间、缓解孤独、排解恐惧，强调人文学科值得学术关注与资金支持，却未得到相应对待。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In a British writer’s essay written in 1891, he imagined a future...where machines
would undertake all forms of labour. And humankind would enjoy a leisured life, with people spending their days
painting, composing and writing poetry.( 在一位英国作家1891 年写的文章中，他想象了一个未来，与我们今
天在人工智能时代想象的未来没有什么不同，在这个时代，机器将承担所有形式的劳动。人类将享受悠闲
的生活，人们每天都在画画、作曲和写诗。)”，作者通过引用一位英国作家在1891 年文章中的想象，引出
了关于人文学科的话题。故选D 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The humanities are at the heart of the ways we respond to every situation, from
relationships and illness to the horrors of global warming.( 人文学科是我们应对各种情况的核心，从人际关系、
疾病到全球变暖的恐怖。)”可知，人文学科的核心是帮助我们应对各种棘手的情况，从人际关系、疾病到
全球变暖等问题。故选C 项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“More broadly, working on the history, literature and emotional responses to
natural disasters is essential in an earthquake - prone nation like ours.( 更广泛地说，在像我们这样一个地震多
发的国家，研究历史、文学和对自然灾害的情感反应是必不可少的。)”可推知，作者认为在自然灾害方面
的人文学科研究是非常重要的。故选A 项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“The humanities have been lacking fund for decades, yet the field
still produces world-class research. Just imagine the contribution researchers could make if their work was more
highly valued.( 几十年来，人文学科一直缺乏资金，但该领域仍能产生世界级的研究成果。想象一下，如
果研究人员的工作得到更大的重视，他们将做出多大的贡献。)”可知，文章介绍了人文学科在帮助人们应
对各种情况、在自然灾害研究以及危机时刻的重要作用，最后提到人文学科几十年来缺乏资金，但如果能
得到更多重视，研究人员能做出更大贡献，所以作者的目的是呼吁更多人关注人文学科。故选B 项。
（三）
（2025 年陕西省商洛市二模）
A new study uses artificial intelligence (AI) to determine the timing of a pediatric ( 儿科的) language
milestone: Children are able to say something novel that they have not heard before by using a language rule. “A
difficult problem in describing language acquisition ( 习得) is knowing when children go beyond their input to
produce novel, structured utterances (话语) — that is to say, to achieve linguistic productivity, the hallmark of
human language,” wrote one of the study’s researchers.
When do children go beyond imitating what they have heard and start producing their own original
structured utterances? In other words, at what moment do children attain linguistic productivity? This question is a
challenging one to answer scientifically as it requires knowing every utterance a child has encountered. To solve
this, the researchers used massive real-world behavioral data gained over an extended period of time and a
complicated AI model to make sense of the data.
The behavioral data used contains audio scripts of over a million autonomous utterances of 90-minute
interactions between 64 English-learning children and their parents at home gained every four months during the
ages of 14 months to 58 months. From this massive database of utterances, the team aimed to use AI models to
determine the onset and development pathways of when the children started using determiner-noun combinations in
English, such as “a book”, “the book” and more.
“Our behavioral data gave us a rich picture of when children begin to productively combine determiners ‘a’
and ‘the’ with the same noun. On average, children begin to make productive determiner-noun combinations at 30
months old, which is approximately nine months after saying their first determiner,” wrote the researchers.
The researchers proved that they could computationally model the onset and pathways of linguistic
productivity with AI. As for next steps, the researchers say that they can use the same model to understand the
possible contributing factors that lead to the different timing and rate of language productivity in the future.
1．What’s the main goal of the new study?
A．To track the language acquisition.
B．To know when children get linguistic productivity.
C．To introduce the language milestone.
D．To analyze how AI plays a role in pediatric language.
2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The styles and quality of audio scripts.
B．The ways and theories of language acquisition.
C．The sources and functions of behavioral data.
D．The effects and consequences of linguistic productivity.
3．When do children probably start speaking their first determiner?
A．At about 30 months old.
B．At about 21 months old.
C．At about 39 months old.
D．At about 42 months old.
4．What can we infer about the AI model from the last paragraph?
A．It can meet potential research needs.
B．It can predict language decline.
C．It can forecast economic trends.
D．It can improve linguistic productivity.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一项利用人工智能（AI）来确定儿童语言发展里程碑的研究。研
究旨在确定儿童何时开始超越模仿，产生自己的原创结构化话语，即达到语言生产力的时刻。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A difficult problem in describing language acquisition is knowing when
children go beyond their input to produce novel, structured utterances — that is to say, to achieve linguistic
productivity, the hallmark of human language,” wrote one of the study’s researchers.(“描述语言习得的一个难题
是知道儿童何时超越他们的输入，产生新颖的结构化话语——也就是说，达到语言生产力，这是人类语言
的标志，”研究的一位作者写道)”可知，研究的主要目标是确定儿童何时获得语言生产力。故选B。
2．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“The behavioral data used contains audio scripts of over a million
autonomous utterances of 90-minute interactions between 64 English-learning children and their parents at home
gained every four months during the ages of 14 months to 58 months. From this massive database of utterances, the
team aimed to use AI models to determine the onset and development pathways of when the children started using
determiner-noun combinations in English, such as ‘a book’, ‘the book’ and more.(使用的行为数据包含64 名学习
英语的儿童与父母在家中每四个月进行90 分钟互动的超过一百万条自主话语的音频脚本，年龄从14 个月
到58 个月不等。从这个庞大的话语数据库中，研究团队旨在使用AI 模型来确定儿童何时开始使用英语中
的限定词-名词组合，如“a book”、“the book”等)”可推知，第三段主要讲述了行为数据的来源和功能。故
选C。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“On average, children begin to make productive determiner-noun
combinations at 30 months old, which is approximately nine months after saying their first determiner,” wrote the
researchers.(“平均而言，儿童在30 个月大时开始进行有生产力的限定词-名词组合，这大约是在他们说出第
一个限定词之后的九个月，”研究人员写道)”可知，儿童大约在21（30-9=21）个月大时说出第一个限定词。
故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As for next steps, the researchers say that they can use the same model to
understand the possible contributing factors that lead to the different timing and rate of language productivity in the
future.(至于下一步，研究人员表示，他们可以使用相同的模型来理解导致未来语言生产力不同时间和速度
的可能因素)”可推知，AI 模型可以满足潜在的研究需求。故选A。
（四）
（2025 年陕西省安康市二模）
Scientists often compare coral reefs(珊瑚礁) to underwater rainforests, yet unlike the leafy plant base of a
forest, corals are animals. The soft creatures are naturally half-transparent and get their brilliant color from algae(藻
类) living inside them. When corals experience stress from hot temperatures or pollution, they halt the
interdependent relationship with algae, typically pushing them out and turning white. Corals are still alive when
they are white, but they're at risk and many eventually die, turning dark brown.
Scientists around the world are looking for means to protect and maybe increase corals. One common option
is to create more protected areas — essentially national parks in the ocean. Beyond nature preserves, some
conservationists are looking to more hands-on methods. One research center in the Florida Keys is exploring a form
of natural selection to keep corals remaining. The reef system in the Keys has been hit hard by climate change and
pollution, which is especially tough, because corals there help support fisheries worth $ 100 million every year.
To keep the wild ecosystem alive, Erinn Muller, the center's director, and her team are harvesting samples of
the corals that survived the environmental stress naturally, keeping them to make them reproduce, and then
reattaching them to the reef. They have 46,000 corals on plastic frames under the sea. So far, the center has regrown
over 70,000 corals from five different species on damaged reefs.
In The Bahamas, Ross Cunning, a research biologist at Chicago's Shedd Aquarium, focuses on corals with
genes that could make them natural candidates for restoration projects. He published a study of two Bahamian
reefs, one that survived an extreme 2015 heat wave, and one that didn't. "We think their ability to deal with these
higher temperatures is built into their genes," says Cunning. There's evidence of corals evolving more quickly to
resist rapidly warming climate. The big question scientists need investigate, adds Gunning, is how much more heat
corals can adapt to.
1．What does the underlined word "halt" in the first paragraph mean?
A．End.
B．Develop.
C．Strengthen.
D．Weaken.
2．What do Muller and her team do to save corals?
A．Restore the damaged reefs.
B．Grow corals by hand underwater.
C．Create more protected areas.
D．Move corals to unpolluted areas.
3．What do Gunning's words suggest?
A．Many corals have been genetically improved. B．Cooling down the waters is key to rescuing corals.
C．Reasons for corals surviving heat waves are shocking.
D．The highest temperature corals can survive is
unclear.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Relationship between corals and algae
B．Efforts made to save corals
C．Impact of climate warming on corals
D．Survival crisis faced by coral reefs
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了美丽的珊瑚礁正在因气候变暖、环境污染等失去它们的色彩，科学
家们为拯救它们做出了种种努力。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The soft creatures are naturally half-transparent and get their brilliant color
from algae living inside them.（这种柔软的生物天生是半透明的，它们鲜艳的颜色来自于体内的藻类。）”
和下文“typically pushing them out and turning white.（通常会把它们赶走，然后变成白色。）”可知，当珊
瑚受到高温或污染的压力时，它们会停止与藻类的相互依赖关系，通常会将它们赶走，然后变成白色。
halt 意为“结束，停止”。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“To keep the wild ecosystem alive, Erinn Muller, the center's director, and her
team are harvesting samples of the corals that survived the environmental stress naturally, keeping them to make
them reproduce, and then reattaching them to the reef. They have 46,000 corals on plastic frames under the sea.
（为了保持野生生态系统的活力，该中心主任艾琳·穆勒(Erinn Muller)和她的团队正在收集那些在环境压力
下自然存活下来的珊瑚样本，让它们繁殖，然后将它们重新附着在珊瑚礁上。他们在海底的塑料框架上有
46000 个珊瑚。）”可知，穆勒和她的团队在水下手工种植珊瑚来拯救珊瑚。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The big question scientists need investigate, adds Gunning, is how much
more heat corals can adapt to.（Gunning 补充说，科学家需要调查的最大问题是珊瑚还能适应多高的温
度。）”可推知，Gunning 的话暗示了珊瑚能生存的最高温度目前还不清楚。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Scientists around the world are looking for means to protect and maybe
increase corals.（世界各地的科学家都在寻找保护甚至增加珊瑚的方法。）”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家
们为了拯救珊瑚所做出的种种努力。“拯救珊瑚的努力”最适合作文章标题。故选B。
（五）
（2025 年青海省海东市第二中学二模）
Mars may be around 140 million miles away from Earth, but the red planet is influencing our deep oceans by
helping drive “giant whirlpools” according to new research.
Scientists analyzed sediments (沉积物), drilled from hundreds of deep-sea sites over the past half century, to
look back tens of millions of years into Earth’s past, in order to better understand the strength of deep ocean
currents.
What they found surprised them. The sediments revealed that deep-sea currents weakened and strengthened
over 2. 4 million-year climate cycles. “These cycles are linked to the interactions of Mars and Earth orbiting the
sun,” said Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study’s co-author.
The two planets affect each other through a phenomenon called “resonance” which is when two orbiting
bodies apply a gravitational ( 重力的) push and pull on each other — sometimes described as a kind of
harmonization between distant planets. This interaction changes the shape of their orbits, affecting how close they
are to each other and their distance from the sun. For Earth, this interaction with Mars translates to periods of
increased solar energy — meaning a warmer climate — and this is related to more strong ocean currents.
These currents, described as “giant whirlpools”, could reach the bottom of the deep ocean, eroding (侵蚀)
the seafloor and causing large accumulations of sediments, like snowdrifts. Deep-sea sediments build in continuous
layers during calm conditions while strong ocean currents disrupt this, leaving a visible stamp of their existence.
“This geological record provides us with valuable insights about how the oceans operate in a warmer world,
especially nowadays when global warming is heating up oceans,” added Adriana.
Joel Hirschi, associate head of the National Oceanography Centre in the UK, who was not involved in the
research, said the finding of a 2. 4 million-year cycle in sea sediments was noteworthy. However, he added, “The
link with the ocean circulation is speculative and the evidence that deep ocean circulation is stronger in warm
climates is thin.”
1．The interaction between Mars and Earth directly affects ________.
A．the distance between them
B．their shapes and sizes
C．their gravitational forces
D．the sediments on them
2．What happens on Earth in warmer climates?
A．More sediments build on the seashore.
B．Deeper ocean currents are weekend.
C．The way sediments accumulate changes.D．Warm currents change their directions.
3．What does Adriana think of the finding?
A．It’s valuable to the research of planet relations.
B．It’s inspiring to the study of warming oceans.
C．It’s beneficial to help prevent climate change. D．It’s helpful to our effort of saving ocean life.
4．What does the underlined word “speculative” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Valuable.
B．Conservative.
C．Believable.
D．Assumed.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章揭示了火星和地球之间的引力共振如何影响地球的气候周期，进而驱动深
海洋流的强弱变化。
1．细节理解题。根据第四段“The two planets affect each other through a phenomenon called “resonance”
which is when two orbiting bodies apply a gravitational (重力的) push and pull on each other — sometimes
described as a kind of harmonization between distant planets. This interaction changes the shape of their orbits,
affecting how close they are to each other and their distance from the sun.(两颗行星通过一种称为“共振”的现
象相互影响，即两个绕行天体相互施加引力的推拉作用——这有时被描述为遥远行星之间的一种和谐互动。
这种相互作用会改变它们轨道的形状，进而影响它们彼此之间的距离以及它们距离太阳的远近)”可知，火
星和地球之间的相互作用直接影响它们之间的距离。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“For Earth, this interaction with Mars translates to periods of increased solar
energy — meaning a warmer climate — and this is related to more strong ocean currents.(对于地球而言，与火星
的这种相互作用会导致太阳能量增加的时期——这意味着气候会变暖——并且这与更强的洋流有关)”和第
五段“These currents, described as “giant whirlpools”, could reach the bottom of the deep ocean, eroding (侵蚀)
the seafloor and causing large accumulations of sediments, like snowdrifts. Deep-sea sediments build in continuous
layers during calm conditions while strong ocean currents disrupt this, leaving a visible stamp of their existence.(这
些被称为“巨型漩涡”的洋流能够抵达深海的底部，侵蚀海底，并造成大量沉积物的堆积，就像雪堆一样。
在平静的海况下，深海沉积物会连续堆积成层，而强烈的洋流则会打破这种堆积，留下它们存在过的明显
痕迹)”可推知，在气候变暖的情况下，强烈的洋流会导致沉积物堆积的方式发生变化。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段““This geological record provides us with valuable insights about how the oceans
operate in a warmer world, especially nowadays when global warming is heating up oceans,” added Adriana.
(Adriana 补充说：“这一地质记录为我们提供了宝贵的见解，让我们了解在气候变暖的世界里海洋是如何
运作的，尤其是在全球变暖导致海洋变暖的当下。”)”可知，Adriana 认为这一发现对变暖海洋的研究具有
启发性。故选B。
4．词句猜测题。根据下文“and the evidence that deep ocean circulation is stronger in warm climates is thin.(而
且证明深海环流在温暖气候下更强的证据并不充分)”可知，没有充分的证据证明深海环流在温暖气候下更
强。由此猜测，这种与海洋环流的联系是推测性的。由此可知，speculative 意为“推测的”。故选D。
（六）
（2025 年宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市二模）
Natural disasters can have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and their communities at
large. There’s no doubt that seeing homes wiped away and city infrastructure ( 基础设施) in a mess right after a
disaster would be a severe blow. New research by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
showed that survivors of natural disasters often experience worsening mental health effect many months or years
later.
Surprisingly, the first few weeks after a natural disaster can be a time of emotional highs for a community. It
includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that inspire a sense of altruism (利他主义) .
That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival of large amounts of assistance encourages
optimism and bonding within a community.
However, the support gradually decreases over time due to limited resources and lack of recognition of the
lasting mental health impact of a disaster. That’s when communities enter the “disillusionment phase”. Recovery
workers have packed up and moved on, and people feel abandoned. Many community members become physically
exhausted and substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. And trigger
events, like the anniversary of the disaster, can cause dramatic increases in mental health problems.
The study indicates that emergency preparedness plans should find ways to extend mental health services
throughout the long-term recovery phase. “Focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the
visibility of mental health services during anticipated emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies should be
priorities,” said Dr Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center.
Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is critical to helping disaster
victims get back on their feet and recover from trauma (创伤). It’s a reminder that the natural disaster isn’t just an
environmental concern — it’s a mental health issue as well.
1．What mainly contributes to the community’s high spirits after a natural disaster?
A．Reconstruction work.
B．Thankfulness for surviving.
C．Rescue efforts and support.
D．Increased community participation.
2．What does the underlined word “disillusionment” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Disappointment.
B．Confusion.
C．Disbelief. D．Indifference.
3．Which group of people might be the center of attention according to Small?
A．The young.
B．The poor.
C．The female.
D．The sick.
4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text?
A．To promote natural disaster response plans.
B．To highlight the shortage of mental health services.
C．To emphasize the damaging power of natural disasters.
D．To advocate long-term post-disaster mental health care.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了自然灾害对心理健康的长期影响，并通过研究建议延长心理健
康服务至恢复阶段。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Surprisingly, the first few weeks after a natural disaster can be a time of
emotional highs for a community. It includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that
inspire a sense of altruism (利他主义) . That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival of
large amounts of assistance encourages optimism and bonding within a community. (令人惊讶的是，自然灾害发
生后的最初几周可能是一个社区情绪高涨的时期。它包括一个“英雄阶段”，当人们目睹并进行救援时，
激发了一种利他主义的感觉。接下来是“蜜月期”，在此期间，大量援助的到来鼓励了社区内的乐观情绪
和联系)”可知，救援努力和外部支持是情绪高涨的主要原因。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“However, the support gradually decreases over time due to limited resources
and lack of recognition of the lasting mental health impact of a disaster.(然而，由于资源有限和对灾害对心理健
康的持久影响缺乏认识，这种支持会随着时间的推移而逐渐减少)”以及后文“Recovery workers have packed
up and moved on, and people feel abandoned. Many community members become physically exhausted and
substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. And trigger events, like the
anniversary of the disaster, can cause dramatic increases in mental health problems.(救援人员已经收拾好行李，
继续前进，人们感到被抛弃了。在此期间，许多社区成员变得身体疲惫，出现物质使用障碍，这可能持续
数月甚至数年。而触发事件，比如灾难周年纪念，会导致心理健康问题急剧增加)”可知，随着时间推移，
支持越来越少以及救援人员的离开，让人们感到被抛弃，导致心理健康问题，说明支持减少会导致失望阶
段。故划线词意思是“失望的”。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段““Focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the visibility of
mental health services during anticipated emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies should be priorities,”
said Dr Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center.(哈肯萨克大学医学中心精神病
学主席加里·斯莫尔博士说：‘应该优先关注经济资源有限的人，在预期的情绪低落期间提高精神卫生服务
的可见度，以及预防自杀的策略。’)”可知，根据斯莫尔的说法，穷人可能是关注的焦点。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is
critical to helping disaster victims get back on their feet and recover from trauma (创伤). It’s a reminder that the
natural disaster isn’t just an environmental concern — it’s a mental health issue as well.(无论采用何种策略，提供
长期的心理健康支持对于帮助灾民重新站起来并从创伤中恢复至关重要。这提醒人们，自然灾害不仅仅是
环境问题，也是心理健康问题)”以及文章主要说明了自然灾害对心理健康的长期影响，并通过研究建议延
长心理健康服务至恢复阶段。可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是提倡长期的灾后心理保健。故选D。
（七）
（2025 年陕西省西安市部分学校二模）
A team of marine scientists from the University of Sydney has published the first peer-reviewed study
documenting the shocking coral bleaching (白化) events that occurred on the southern Great Barrier Reef in early
2024.
Led by Professor Maria Byrne from the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the research highlights
the alarming impact of unprecedented marine heatwaves on coral ecosystems, raising urgent concerns for marine
biodiversity and the communities that depend on these vital ecosystems.
The study provides critical insights into the extent of coral bleaching and mortality ( 死亡率) during the
2023-2024 global marine heatwave. The research team carefully tracked the health of 462 coral colonies at the
University of Sydney’s Great Barrier Reef research station at One Tree Island over a period of 161 days.
The results revealed that 66 percent of the colonies were bleached by February 2024 and 80 per cent by
April. By July, 44 percent of the bleached colonies had died, with some coral genera, such as Acropora,
experiencing a shocking 95 percent mortality rate.
“This research is a wake-up call for policymakers and conservationists. The resilience ( 恢复力) of coral
reefs is being tested like never before, and we must prioritise strategies that enhance their ability to withstand
climate change. Our findings underscore the need for immediate and effective management interventions to
safeguard these ecosystems,” said Byrne.
The research also highlights the complex interplay between heat stress, disease onset and coral mortality.
Notably, Goniopora corals developed black band disease, contributing to the high mortality rates observed. The
study emphasises that the rapid onset of bleaching and disease in corals previously considered resilient poses
significant challenges for predicting the future composition of coral reef ecosystems in a warming world.
The implications of this research extend beyond the ecology and conservation. Coral reefs offer essential
services to human communities, including fisheries, tourism, and coastal protection. As the Great Barrier Reef faces
increasing threats from climate change, the study calls for a collaborative approach to conservation that involves
local communities, scientists, and policymakers.
1．How may marine scientists react to the result of the research?
A．Alarmed.
B．Surprised.
C．Indifferent.
D．Disappointed.
2．What did Byrne want to convey in paragraph 5?
A．The need for more research on coral bleaching.
B．The importance of coral reefs for marine biodiversity.
C．The urgency for immediate management interventions.
D．The resilience of coral reefs in the face of climate change.
3．What does the research suggest about the future of coral reefs?
A．They will recover quickly.
B．Their fate will count on human protection.
C．They will be free from climate change.
D．They will benefit from human activities.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．The Beauty of the Great Barrier Reef
B．Strategies for Coral Reef Conservation
C．A New Method for Studying Coral Bleaching
D．Cycle of Coral Bleaching at Dangerous levels
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是悉尼大学的一支海洋科学家团队发表了一项研究，该研究记录了
2024 年初南大堡礁发生的珊瑚白化事件。研究表明，前所未有的海洋热浪对珊瑚生态系统产生了惊人的影
响，引发了人们对海洋生物多样性和依赖这些生态系统的社区的深切担忧。
1．推理判断题。根据第四段“The results revealed that 66 percent of the colonies were bleached by February
2024 and 80 per cent by April. By July, 44 percent of the bleached colonies had died, with some coral genera, such
as Acropora, experiencing a shocking 95 percent mortality rate.(结果显示，到2024 年2 月，66%的珊瑚群落已
经白化，4 月时这一比例达到80%。到了7 月，44%的白化珊瑚群落已经死亡，其中一些珊瑚属，如鹿角
珊瑚属，死亡率高达惊人的95%。)”可知，白化的情况很严重，所以海洋科学家对这项研究的结果会感到
惊恐，故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第五段“This research is a wake-up call for policymakers and conservationists. The
resilience (恢复力) of coral reefs is being tested like never before, and we must prioritise strategies that enhance
their ability to withstand climate change. Our findings underscore the need for immediate and effective
management interventions to safeguard these ecosystems(这项研究为政策制定者和环保主义者敲响了警钟。珊
瑚礁的恢复能力正受到前所未有的考验，我们必须优先考虑提高它们抵御气候变化能力的战略。我们的研
究结果强调，需要采取立即有效的管理干预措施来保护这些生态系统)”可知，Byrne 在第5 段想表达的意思
是立即进行管理干预的紧迫性。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As the Great Barrier Reef faces increasing threats from climate change, the
study calls for a collaborative approach to conservation that involves local communities, scientists, and
policymakers.(由于大堡礁面临着越来越多的气候变化威胁，这项研究呼吁采取一种包括当地社区、科学家
和政策制定者在内的合作方式来保护大堡礁。)”可知，这项研究表明珊瑚礁的未来的命运取决于人类的保
护。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段“The results revealed that 66 percent of the colonies were bleached
by February 2024 and 80 per cent by April. By July, 44 percent of the bleached colonies had died, with some coral
genera, such as Acropora, experiencing a shocking 95 percent mortality rate.(结果显示，到2024 年2 月，66%的
珊瑚群落已经白化，4 月时这一比例达到80%。到了7 月，44%的白化珊瑚群落已经死亡，其中一些珊瑚
属，如鹿角珊瑚属，死亡率高达惊人的95%。)”可知，本文主要讲的是悉尼大学的一支海洋科学家团队发
表了一项研究，该研究记录了2024 年初南大堡礁发生的珊瑚白化事件。研究表明，前所未有的海洋热浪对
珊瑚生态系统产生了惊人的影响，引发了人们对海洋生物多样性和依赖这些生态系统的社区的深切担忧，
因此最好的标题是D 选项“Cycle of Coral Bleaching at Dangerous levels(珊瑚白化周期处于危险水平)”。故
选D。
（八）
（2025 年陕西省西安市临潼区二模）
Americans’ waistlines have grown relentlessly for decades: a costly, debilitating and deadly trend that
prompted observers to wonder if and when they would finally stop expanding. Well, the federal government
released data Sept. 24 showing that the obesity epidemic, one of the most terrible public health crises, might have
stopped worsening. And there is the reason to imagine the numbers will get better from here.
Obesity has been linked to asthma, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, some cancers and severe outcomes
from respiratory ( 呼吸的) illnesses. The latest National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which
interviewed nearly 6,000 individuals between August 2021 and August 2023, showed that the epidemic of obesity
among adults was 40.3 percent — down from 41.9 percent in the previous survey, conducted between 2017 and
2020. It is the first such decline in more than a decade, and it could mean that, at long last, “obesity epidemic is
potentially balancing in the United States,” as a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention official told us.
Multiple caveats (警告) apply. Even if it has plateaued, the obesity rate is still far too high, having more
than tripled since the early 1960s, when it stood at 13 percent; a decade ago, in 2013—2014, it was 37.7 percent.
The CDC report indicates that the “severe” obesity rate is up from 7.7 percent a decade ago to 9.7 percent in the
latest survey. The statistical tool CDC uses to define obesity, body mass index (BMI), which measures neither body
fat nor its distribution within a given individual. And as of yet, there is no precise explanation for the encouraging
new data. Factors such as genes, certain medications, sleep quality, gut fauna, stress, nutrition and access to health
care all affect obesity.
In a 2023 study, scientists at the National Kapodistrian University in Athens hypothesized (假设) that obesity
might be peaking worldwide because it has reached “a biological limit”. That is, nearly all the people genetically
susceptible (易受影响的) to obesity are obese already. Another possibility: production of highly processed foods
has maxed out relative to the world’s ability to consume it. Also, public health campaigns might have had their
intended effects: increased awareness, promoting healthier food choices and more opportunities for physical
activity.
The decline in the obesity rate was not quite as dramatic as the one in teen vaping (电子烟); the data might
not even suggest a permanent plateau in obesity rates. Still, the numbers give reason for hope — and more hard
work.
1．What’s the main idea of the first paragraph?
A．There are less fat people than ever before.
B．There are more fat people than ever before.
C．Americans are worried about their waistlines.
D．Americans don’t know when they will be thin.
2．What can be known from the passage?
A．The obesity rate is not so high any more according to the recent survey.
B．Obesity will not exist in the United States according to the recent survey.
C．Obesity epidemic decreases a little within twenty years for the first time.
D．BMI measures both body fat and its distribution within a given individual.
3．What does the underlined word “plateaued” in the third paragraph mean?
A．Reached the peak.
B．Reached the balance.
C．Reached the bottom.
D．Reached the standard.
4．In which column of the newspaper can we read the passage?
A．Culture.
B．Biography.
C．Literature.
D．Health.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述美国肥胖率可能停止恶化及相关分析。
1．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Well, the federal government released data Sept. 24 showing that the obesity
epidemic, one of the most terrible public health crises, might have stopped worsening. And there is the reason to
imagine the numbers will get better from here.(美国联邦政府9 月24 日公布的数据显示，作为最严重的公共健
康危机之一，肥胖症的流行可能已经停止恶化。我们有理由想象，从现在开始，这些数字会变得更好)”可
知，第一段中作者通过研究结果的数据展示，美国的“肥胖症流行”停止恶化，从现在开始这些数字会变
得更好，即肥胖的人比以前少了。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It is the first such decline in more than a decade(这是十多年来首次出现这样
的下降)”可知，肥胖症流行在十多年来首次出现小幅下降，故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句中“obesity epidemic is potentially balancing in the United States(肥胖症
流行在美国终于有可能达到平衡)”可知，肥胖症流行在美国终于有可能达到平衡，故划线词所在句意为
“即使它已经趋于平衡，肥胖率仍然太高了”，plateaued 意为“达到平衡”，故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Well, the federal government released data Sept. 24 showing
that the obesity epidemic, one of the most terrible public health crises, might have stopped worsening.(美国联邦政
府9 月24 日公布的数据显示，作为最严重的公共健康危机之一，肥胖症的流行可能已经停止恶化)”可知，
文章主要讲述美国肥胖率可能停止恶化及相关分析，应是出自报纸的健康栏目，故选D。
（九）
（2025 年陕西省安康市二模）
As a child, Molly Easterlin loved playing sports. Sports, Easterlin believes, underlie most of her greatest
successes. They taught her discipline and teamwork, helped her make friends and enabled her to navigate the many
challenges of growing up.
When Easterlin became a doctor, she started seeing a lot of children suffering from trauma ( 心理创伤).
Many of these kids didn’t respond fully to traditional treatment for trauma. Depressed and searching for answers,
Easterlin turned to her own past. “I suspected that sports might have a powerful impact,” she says.
Her research, published Tuesday, finds that, in short, yes: Participation in team sports as a young person can
significantly reduce the long-term likelihood of depression and anxiety for people with childhood trauma.
To analyze how team sports impact the health of people who have experienced childhood adversity (逆境).
Easterlin and her colleagues analyzed data from 9,668 teens who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of
Adolescent to Adult Health. They homed in on about 5,000 teens who had reported one or more adverse childhood
experiences (ACEs).
The kids were assessed first in 1994–1995 when they were in seventh to 12th grade and asked whether they
participated in team sports. Fourteen years later, in 2008, these same people, now adults, were asked whether they
had ever received a diagnosis (诊断) of depression or anxiety. They were also tested for depressive symptoms in
case they just hadn’t been diagnosed.
Easterlin found that kids who had participated in team sports were significantly less likely to receive a
diagnosis of depression or anxiety and less likely to test positive for depressive symptoms. The study also doesn’t
point out exactly why sports may help, but. Easterlin thinks teamwork may be a key.
However, Easterlin says, it’s important to consider additional factors, like emotional connection with
relatives and a sense of safety and support. Easterlin also notes that the study did not distinguish between kids with
one ACE and those with multiple ACEs: For kids with more ACEs, she thinks the effect of team sports would very
likely have been even more powerful, but it remains to be further studied.
1．What does the underlined word “underlie” mean in Paragraph 1?
A．Stabilize.
B．Facilitate.
C．Relieve.
D．Dismiss.
2．How was the National Longitudinal Study mainly conducted?
A．By doing questionnaire surveys.
B．By setting up experimental and control groups.
C．By referring to and comparing with other research data.
D．By conducting long-term tracking of research subjects.
3．What might play a key role in sports’ impact according to Easterlin?
A．Time management.
B．Teamwork.
C．Exercise intensity.
D．Gender.
4．What does the last paragraph focus on?
A．The illustration of the research’s possible limitations.
B．The methodology of the research on adolescent health.
C．The significance of sports in treating childhood trauma.
D．The connection between team sports and reduced depression.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了医生Easterlin 研究发现团队运动可减轻童年创伤者患抑郁、
焦虑的风险。
1．词句猜测题。由文章第一段中“Sports, Easterlin believes, underlie most of her greatest successes. They
taught her discipline and teamwork, helped her make friends and enabled her to navigate the many challenges of
growing up. (Easterlin 认为，运动underlie 她取得大多数重大成就。运动教会了她自律和团队合作，帮助她
结交朋友，还让她能够应对成长过程中的诸多挑战。)”可知，Easterlin 认为运动教会了她自律和团队合作，
帮助她结交朋友，还让她能够应对成长过程中的诸多挑战。所以Easterlin 认为，运动是她大多数巨大成功
的基础，促使她取得大多数重大成就。underlie 意思是“促进，促使”。与Facilitate“促进”意思相近，故
选B。
2．细节理解题。由文章第五段中“The kids were assessed first in 1994–1995 when they were in seventh to 12th
grade and asked whether they participated in team sports. Fourteen years later, in 2008, these same people, now
adults, were asked whether they had ever received a diagnosis (诊断) of depression or anxiety. (研究人员首先在
1994 年至1995 年间对这些孩子进行了评估，当时他们正处于七年级到十二年级，研究人员询问了他们是
否参加团队运动。14 年后，也就是2008 年，同样是这些孩子，此时已经成年，研究人员询问他们是否曾
被诊断出患有抑郁症或焦虑症。)”可知，National Longitudinal Study 主要是通过对研究对象进行长期跟踪
来进行的。故选D。
3．细节理解题。由文章第六段中“The study also doesn’t point out exactly why sports may help, but. Easterlin
thinks teamwork may be a key. (这项研究也没有确切指出运动为何会有帮助，但Easterlin 认为团队合作可能
是关键因素。)”可知，Easterlin 认为团队合作可能是关键。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。由文章最后一段“However, Easterlin says, it’s important to consider additional factors, like
emotional connection with relatives and a sense of safety and support. Easterlin also notes that the study did not
distinguish between kids with one ACE and those with multiple ACEs: For kids with more ACEs, she thinks the
effect of team sports would very likely have been even more powerful, but it remains to be further studied. (然而，
Easterlin 表示，考虑其他因素也很重要，比如与亲人之间的情感联系，以及安全感和被支持的感觉。
Easterlin 还指出，这项研究没有区分只有一次童年不良经历的孩子和有多次童年不良经历的孩子：对于有
更多童年不良经历的孩子，她认为团队运动的效果很可能会更强，但这还有待进一步研究。)”可知，最后
一段主要关注研究可能的局限性。故选A。
（十一）
（2025 年陕西省渭南市二模）
Situated Learning Theory (SLT), first presented by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, explains the process and
development of learning when individuals have the opportunity to participate in a community of practice. In such a
community, new learners have more opportunities to practice within the context of learning. In this light, learning is
unintentional. This unintentional nature of learning is what the authors call Legitimate Peripheral Participation
(LPP) (合法的边缘性参与). In LPP, the learner moves from the edge of the community to the center. At first, they
participate around the edge and gain expertise until they become more skilled and become experts.
A similar theory is Situated Cognition ( 认知), proposed by John Seely Brown, Allan Collins and Paul
Duguid. Their understanding goes deeper into the social nature of learning and argues that learning cannot be
removed from the situations in which expertise is gained and merely be applied in school. The culture of
conventional schooling influences what is learned, and decontextualized instruction does not lead to effective
learning.
SLT has been used in school settings to improve teaching and learning. It’s important, however, to notice that
although the school offers the social context for learning, it sometimes falls short in the use of this theory. The
construction of knowledge needs to be put in a proper and accurate context where learners can participate and apply
what is learned. The nature of situated learning and the emphasis on LPP as a way to understand how learning
develops can be applied in instruction to understand and design learning processes.
SLT is of great value in many ways. It brings to the table the importance of recognizing learning as a series
of activities going beyond just sharing content. The interaction of the learner and the expert in the community of
practice and the development of the former into a level of expertise together in a contextualized setting are what
finally supports knowledge construction.
1．What can we learn from Paragraph 1?
A．Students must study under the guidance of experts.
B．Participating around the edge is crucial to learning.
C．Special communities are harmful to unintentional learning.
D．Learners can be experts by acquiring knowledge through LPP.
2．What is the common ground of SLT and Situated Cognition?
A．Expertise is merely from content-sharing.
B．Learning should happen in a related setting.
C．Effective learning is the result of decontextualization.
D．Conventional schooling influences the way of learning.
3．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A．School needs to lower the expectations of SLT.
B．Learners must be taught the theoretical nature of SLT.
C．School should focus on the accurate application of SLT.
D．Teaching process relies on the academic instruction of SLT.
4．Why is SLT of great significance according to the last paragraph?
A．Because it helps enrich the learning process.
B．Because it reveals the importance of expertise.
C．Because it stresses the necessity of learning.
D．Because it explains the internal logic of teaching.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情境学习理论（SLT）和情境认知理论，强调了学习者在实践社
区中的参与和知识建构的重要性。文章还讨论了这些理论在教育中的应用，以及它们对教学和学习过程的
贡献。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In this light, learning is unintentional. This unintentional nature of learning is
what the authors call Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP) (合法的边缘性参与). In LPP, the learner moves
from the edge of the community to the center. At first, they participate around the edge and gain expertise until they
become more skilled and become experts.(从这个角度来看，学习是无意识的。这种无意识的学习本质就是作
者所说的合法外围参与（LPP）。在LPP 中，学习者从社区的边缘移动到中心。一开始，他们在边缘参与
并获得专业知识，直到他们变得更熟练并成为专家)”可知，学习者通过合法的边缘性参与（LPP）从社区
的边缘逐渐走向中心，并通过参与逐渐获得专业知识，最终成为专家。由此可知，学习者可以通过LPP 获
得知识并成为专家。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Their understanding goes deeper into the social nature of learning and argues
that learning cannot be removed from the situations in which expertise is gained and merely be applied in school.
(它们的理解更深入地探讨了学习的社会本质，并认为学习不能脱离获得专业知识的情况，而仅仅是在学校
里应用)”可知，SLT 和Situated Cognition 都认为学习应该发生在与实际情境相关的环境中，而不是脱离实
际情境的学校环境中。由此可知，两者的共同点是学习应该在相关的环境中发生。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The construction of knowledge needs to be put in a proper and accurate
context where learners can participate and apply what is learned. The nature of situated learning and the emphasis
on LPP as a way to understand how learning develops can be applied in instruction to understand and design
learning processes.(知识的构建需要放在一个恰当的、准确的语境中，让学习者能够参与并应用所学的知识。
情境学习的本质和强调LPP 作为理解学习如何发展的一种方式，可以应用于教学中，以理解和设计学习过
程)”可知，本段强调了学校需要将知识构建放在一个合适且准确的环境中，并且强调了SLT 在教学设计中
的应用。由此推知，学校应该专注于SLT 的准确应用。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“SLT is of great value in many ways. It brings to the table the importance of
recognizing learning as a series of activities going beyond just sharing content. The interaction of the learner and
the expert in the community of practice and the development of the former into a level of expertise together in a
contextualized setting are what finally supports knowledge construction.(SLT 在许多方面都有很大的价值。它表
明了认识到学习是一系列活动的重要性，而不仅仅是分享内容。学习者和专家在实践共同体中的互动，以
及前者在情境化环境中共同发展成为一种专业水平，是最终支持知识构建的因素)”可知，本段强调了SLT
的价值在于它超越了单纯的内容分享，强调了学习者与专家之间的互动以及在情境化环境中知识建构的重
要性。由此推知，SLT 的重要意义在于它丰富了学习过程。故选A。
（十二）
（2025 年山西省临汾市二模）
Constant city noise is hard to keep out of homes and businesses, as low-frequency sounds like traffic and
constructions easily spread through walls. Expensive, specialized paneling can help, but a new study in the Journal
of Applied Physics shows how everyday materials and clever physics can also do the trick, creating a kind of sound
insulator (隔音材料) from ping-pong balls.
Robine Sabat, a researcher at the University of Lille in France, has been trying to improve noise insulation
by studying how sound waves bounce around in cavities (腔). When a sound wave passes over a cavity, the wave
squeezes and releases the air inside. This makes the air vibrate at a particular frequency depending on the cavity’s
size, shape and any holes it might have. And if the cavities are constructed in just the right way, the bouncing sound
waves inside will cancel one another out.
Sabat chose ping-pong balls as a low cost option with geometric properties that create resonance (共振) in
the right low-frequency range. By drilling five holes in each ball, her team turned them into resonant cavities that
each filter one frequency band out of the surrounding noise. But combining the resonating balls to weaken large
ranges of sound is tricky because the sound waves interact and affect which frequencies get reduced. To find the
right arrangement, the researchers placed microphones inside two balls and adjusted the holes’ positions and sizes
until the combination captured multiple frequency bands. They added and adjusted more balls until the structure
absorbed a wide range of frequencies.
“The design gives excellent sound reduction”, says Olga Umnova, a researcher at the University of Salford.
She adds that a systematic real-world comparison with simpler options, such as g lass sheets separated by an air
gap, would be an important next step. Computer simulations have estimated that the ping-pong paneling improves
sound reduction by 30 percent compared with an air gap alone.
Sabat’s team hopes low-tech adjustments to the new technique could also help with other aims, such as
focusing sound waves to improve sound quality in concert halls.
1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The source of noise pollution.
B．The design of sound insulator.
C．The process of sound wave transmission.
D．The principle of sound reduction in cavities.
2．What is critical for achieving multi-frequency bands absorption?
A．The number of the balls used.
B．The placement of microphones.
C．The location and dimension of holes.
D．The material properties of glass sheets.
3．What is Olga Umnova’s attitude to the ping-pong ball-based insulator?
A．Favorable.
B．Disapproving.
C．Neutral.
D．Dismissive.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A．Ping-pong Balls: New Sound Blocker.
B．Hole-Bouncing Sound: A Clever Trick.
C．Geometric Resonance: The Key to Silence.
D．Sound Waves: Their Mysterious Interactions.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了利用乒乓球制作隔音材料的研究。
1．主旨大意题。由文章第二段中“When a sound wav e passes over a cavity, the wave squeezes and releases
the air inside. This makes the air vibrate at a particular frequency depending on the cavity’s size, shape and any
holes it might have. And if the cavities are constructed in just the right way, the bouncing sound waves inside will
cancel one another out. (当声波经过一个腔体时，会使腔体内的空气受到挤压和释放。这会使空气以特定的
频率振动，而该频率取决于腔体的大小、形状以及可能存在的孔洞。如果腔体的构造恰到好处，那么腔体
内反射的声波就会相互抵消。)”可知，本段主要解释了空腔减少声音的原理。故选D。
2．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“To find the right arrangement, the researchers placed microphones inside two
balls and adjusted the holes’ positions and sizes until the combination captured multiple frequency bands. (为了找
到合适的排列方式，研究人员在两个球内放置了麦克风，并调整孔洞的位置和大小，直到这种组合能够捕
捉多个频段。)”可知，实现多频段吸收的关键是孔的位置和尺寸。故选C。
3．推理判断题。由文章第四段中““The design gives excellent sound reduction”, says Olga Umnova, a
researcher at the University of Salford. (“这种设计具有出色的隔音效果，”索尔福德大学的研究员Olga
Umnova 表示。)”可知，Olga Umnova 对基于乒乓球的隔音材料持赞成的态度。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Expensive, specialized paneling can help, but a new
study in the Journal of Applied Physics shows how everyday materials and clever physics can also do the trick,
creating a kind of sound insulator from ping-pong balls. (昂贵且专业的隔音板或许能有所帮助，但《应用物理
学期刊》上的一项新研究表明，利用日常材料和巧妙的物理原理同样可以达到隔音效果——用乒乓球就能
制作出一种隔音材料。)”可知，本文主要讲述了利用乒乓球制作隔音材料的研究，所以选项A“Ping-pong
Balls: New Sound Blocker (乒乓球：新的隔音材料)”是本文的最佳标题。故选A。
（十三）
（2025 年山西省晋中市二模）
A recent study published in Cell offers insights into how the brain clears waste during sleep. The research
suggests that regular contractions of blood vessels ( 血管), driven by a chemical, play an important role. This
mechanism, observed in mice, could have important effects on understanding sleep diseases and improving sleep
aids.
Unlike other parts of the body, the brain lacks a typical waste-removal system. It depends on the glymphatic
(胶质淋巴) system, which uses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (脑脊液) to clear away waste. Scientists were aware that
the glymphatic system was more active during sleep, but the exact mechanism remained unclear.
To uncover it, a team led by Maiken Nedergaard at the University of Rochester Medical Center conducted an
experiment. They put tiny devices into mice’s brains to monitor elements such as blood volume and chemical levels
as the mice slept. During non-REM sleep, a stage when the brain undergoes self-repair, they found that a chemical
named norepinephrine (去甲肾上腺素) was released. Norepinephrine causes blood vessels to contract. Its release
and the corresponding change in blood volume occurred in a cycle, about every 50 seconds. Moreover, the team
discovered that CSF flow also varied with norepinephrine levels.
To confirm this relationship, the scientists artificially increased the frequency of norepinephrine release in
the mice’s brains. As a result, the CSF was able to move deeper into the brain. This proved that the regular
movement of blood vessels drives the flow of CSF.
The research also examined the impact of the sleep drug zolpidem. It was found that zolpidem made the
release of norepinephrine less regular and damaged the CSF’s waste-clearing ability. Despite its widespread use, the
researchers emphasize the need for further human studies to fully understand its effects.
This study provides a clearer understanding of the brain’s self-cleaning process during sleep. Future work
can focus on developing new sleep aids that preserve this essential brain-cleaning function. They will have a bright
future.
1．What is the function of the glymphatic system?
A．To help the brain grow.
B．To produce cerebrospinal fluid.
C．To remove waste from the brain.
D．To monitor blood volume in the brain.
2．Why did Nedergaard’s team do the research on mice?
A．To develop new treatments for brain disorders.
B．To investigate a certain mechanism in the brain.
C．To study the effects of norepinephrine on blood vessels.
D．To understand the function of chemical levels in humans.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．A further human study for a sleep drug.
B．A new method to reduce waste-clearing ability.
C．An effective sleep aid to improve the brain activities.
D．The impact of zolpidem on brain waste-clearing functions.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the future development of sleep aids?
A．Positive.
B．Uncaring.
C．Doubtful.
D．Negative.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了睡眠中大脑清除废物的机制及助眠药物的影响。
1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“It depends on the glymphatic (胶质淋巴) system, which uses cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) (脑脊液) to clear away waste. (它依赖于胶质淋巴系统，该系统利用脑脊液来清除废物)”可知，胶
质淋巴系统的功能是清除大脑中的废物。故选C。
2．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Scientists were aware that the glymphatic system was more active during
sleep, but the exact mechanism remained unclear. (科学家们已经意识到，胶质淋巴系统在睡眠时更加活跃，但
确切的机制尚不清楚)”以及第三段中“To uncover it, a team led by Maiken Nedergaard at the University of
Rochester Medical Center conducted an experiment. (为了揭开这个秘密，罗切斯特医学中心由Maiken
Nedergaard 领导的一个团队进行了一项实验)”可知，Nedergaard 的团队对老鼠进行研究是为了调查大脑中
的某种机制。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。通读第五段，尤其是由第五段第一句“This research also examined the impact of the sleep
drug zolpidem. (这项研究还考察了安眠药唑吡坦的影响)”可知，本段主要讲的是唑吡坦对大脑废物清除功能
的影响。故选D。
4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“Future work can focus on developing new sleep aids that preserve this
essential brain-cleaning function. They will have a bright future. (未来的工作可以集中在开发新的助眠药物上，
这些药物能够保持这种必要的大脑清洁功能。它们将有一个光明的未来)”可知，作者对未来助眠药物的发
展持积极态度。故选A。
（十四）
（2025 年陕西省渭南市二模）
Recently, Earth grabbed itself a second moon in the form of a newly discovered asteroid (小行星) named
2024 PT5. Unlike the moon, Earth’s primary companion which has accompanied our planet for around 4.5 billion
years, this “new mini-moon” will stick around for just two months before it heads back to its home in an asteroid
belt following our planet and orbiting the sun.
A team of scientists spotted 2024 PT5 as they routinely monitored newly discovered objects around Earth.
“The asteroid paying us a visit belongs to the Arjuna asteroid belt, a secondary asteroid belt made of space rocks
that follow the orbit very similar to that of Earth at an average distance to the sun of about 150 million kilometers,”
said research lead author Carlos de la Fuente Marcos.
Marcos explained that some of these asteroids in the Arjuna asteroid belt can approach Earth at a close range
of around 4.5 million kilometers and at low speeds of around 3,540 kilometers per hour. “Under these conditions,
one of these asteroids may be captured by Earth’s gravity and become a temporary moon of Earth. The asteroid
2024 PT5 will undergo this process for about two months,” Marcos added. “It will not follow a full orbit around
Earth.”
Mini-moon events come in two flavors. The first is about long episodes during which the asteroid completes
one or more revolutions about our planet, with these gravitational engagements (引力作用) lasting one or more
years. The second type of episodes is short engagements in which the small body does not complete one full
revolution. These temporary captures can last just days, weeks or even a few months. Short mini-moon events are
relatively frequent, with several events happening per decade. Long mini-moon events, on the other hand, are rare
with Earth experiencing one around every ten or twenty years.
Unfortunately, during its occupation around Earth, 2024 PT5 won’t be visible to the vast majority of sky
watchers. “The asteroid is too small and dark for typical amateur telescopes. However, it is well within the
brightness range of typical telescopes by professional astronomers,” Marcos said.
1．How long will the asteroid 2024 PT5 stay near Earth?
A．Over a decade.
B．About two months.
C．Less than a week.
D．Around 4.5 billion years.
2．What makes 2024 PT5 a “mini moon” rather than a true moon?
A．It lacks a stable orbit around Earth.
B．It is smaller than other asteroids.
C．It moves faster than Earth’s moon.
D．It reflects too little light to be seen.
3．What writing technique is used to explain mini-moon events?
A．Definition.
B．Classification.
C．Comparison.
D．Illustration.
4．What can we infer from Marcos’ words from the last paragraph?
A．The asteroid 2024 PT5 is unusually bright.
B．Sky watchers should purchase advanced telescopes.
C．Professional knowledge is needed for asteroid observation.
D．Amateur telescopes are not powerful to observe 2024 PT5.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新发现的小行星2024 PT5 将在地球附近停留大约两个月，对这
颗小行星的情况进行了说明。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Unlike the moon, Earth’s primary companion which has accompanied our planet
for around 4.5 billion years, this “new mini-moon” will stick around for just two months before it heads back to its
home in an asteroid belt following our planet and orbiting the sun. (月球是地球的主要伴星，已经陪伴地球大约
45 亿年了。与月球不同的是，这颗“新的迷你卫星”将在地球上停留两个月，然后就会回到它位于小行星
带的家，它跟着地球绕太阳运行。)”可知，2024 PT5 小行星将在地球附近停留大约两个月。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The asteroid 2024 PT5 will undergo this process for about two months,” Marcos
added. “It will not follow a full orbit around Earth.” (小行星2024 PT5 将经历这一过程大约两个月，”马科斯
补充道。“它不会沿着环绕地球的完整轨道运行。”)”可知，2024 PT5 是“迷你月球”而不是真正的月球
因为它没有一个稳定的绕地球轨道。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Mini-moon events come in two flavors. The first is about long episodes
during which the asteroid completes one or more revolutions about our planet, with these gravitational
engagements (引力作用) lasting one or more years. The second type of episodes is short engagements in which the
small body does not complete one full revolution. These temporary captures can last just days, weeks or even a few
months. Short mini-moon events are relatively frequent, with several events happening per decade. Long mini-
moon events, on the other hand, are rare with Earth experiencing one around every ten or twenty years. (迷你月亮
活动有两种形式。第一种是关于小行星绕地球一周或多次的长时间事件，这些引力作用持续一年或更长时
间。第二种类型的情节是短暂的交战，其中小身体没有完成一次完整的旋转。这些临时捕获可能只持续几
天、几周甚至几个月。短暂的小月亮事件相对频繁，每十年发生几次。另一方面，地球每十年或二十年就
会经历一次长时间的小月亮事件，这是罕见的。)”可知，通过分类法来解释小月亮事件。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The asteroid is too small and dark for typical amateur telescopes. However, it is
well within the brightness range of typical telescopes by professional astronomers (对于典型的业余望远镜来说，
这颗小行星太小、太暗了。然而，它完全在专业天文学家使用的典型望远镜的亮度范围内)”可知，业余望
远镜不够强大，无法观测2024 PT5。故选D。
（十五）
（2025 年陕西省山西省宁夏青海省四省二模）
Some great apes ( 猿) realize when a human partner doesn’t know something and are capable of
communicating information to him to change his behavior, a new study shows. Researchers from Johns Hopkins
University studying a species of apes, bonobos, found that they would point to where treats were hidden if they saw
their human partner didn’t know where they were.
Working with three male bonobos, study co-author Luke Townrow would sit across a table from one of the
animals as another person placed a treat under one of three cups. In some cases, Townrow would be allowed to see
which cup the treat was under, and the bonobo would wait for him to pass it the food. At other times, he would not
be able to see where the treat was, and the bonobo would point to the right cup to help him find the food. The
seemingly simple experiment demonstrated for the first time that apes will communicate unknown information in
the name of teamwork.
Chris Krupenye, another co-author, said that the study “is one of the clearest pieces of evidence that a non-
human primate (灵长类动物) understands when someone else is ignorant.” This ability to discover gaps in others’
knowledge is known as theory of mind. “As humans, we have theory of mind,” Krupenye said. “It’s a key feature
of human psychology,” he added, explaining that it allows us to cooperate with each other and teach people things
that we understand they do not know.
Theory of mind has previously been considered unique to humans, but the study shows that bonobos share
this capability. “The evidence we have is a good indication that they do have theory of mind,” said Krupenye.
The team plans to explore the bonobos’ motivations for sharing information and the way that they think
about other individuals’ minds. “What we’ve shown here is that apes will communicate with a partner to change
their behavior,” Townrow said, “but a key open question for further research is whether apes are also pointing to
change their partner’s mental state or their beliefs.”
1．What can be learned about the experiment?
A．The number of cups wasn’t fixed.
B．The bonobos fixed their attention on the treat.
C．The researchers guided the bonobos to find the treat.
D．The bonobos got rewards for sharing information with the researchers.
2．Which of the following can be defined as “theory of mind”?
A．Completing complex tasks.
B．Understanding others’ views.
C．Hiding one’s true feelings.
D．Communicating with animals.
3．What is the next target for the researchers in their study?
A．The bonobos’ motivations to find the treat.
B．The bonobos’ method of delivering messages.
C．The bonobos’ way of perceiving others’ minds.
D．The bonobos’ differences from humans.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Apes Can Recognize Ignorance in Humans
B．Bonobos Have Mastered Teamwork in the Wild
C．Primates Can Be Taught to Read Human Minds
D．Apes Prove Themselves to Be Better Partners
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项最新的研究表明，倭黑猩猩能够推断人类合作者的心理状态，并根据对方
的知识状态调整自己的行为。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Working with three male bonobos, study co-author Luke Townrow would sit
across a table from one of the animals as another person placed a treat under one of three cups. In some cases,
Townrow would be allowed to see which cup the treat was under, and the bonobo would wait for him to pass it the
food. At other times, he would not be able to see where the treat was, and the bonobo would point to the right cup
to help him find the food. (研究报告的合著者卢克·汤罗与三只雄性倭黑猩猩一起工作，他坐在其中一只倭黑
猩猩的桌子对面，另一个人把食物放在三个杯子中的一个下面。在某些情况下，汤罗会被允许看到食物在
哪个杯子下面，倭黑猩猩会等着他把食物递给它。在其他时候，他看不到食物在哪里，倭黑猩猩会指着正
确的杯子帮助他找到食物。)” 可知，倭黑猩猩会专注于食物，当研究者不知道食物在哪时，它们会帮忙指
出。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Chris Krupenye, another co-author, said that the study “is one of the clearest
pieces of evidence that a non-human primate (灵长类动物) understands when someone else is ignorant.” This
ability to discover gaps in others’ knowledge is known as theory of mind.(另一位合著者克里斯
克鲁佩尼说，
・
这项研究“这是最清楚的证据之一，表明非人类灵长类动物能够理解他人何时处于无知状态”。这种发现
他人知识差距的能力被称为心理理论)” 可知，“心理理论”指的是理解他人观点的能力。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The team plans to explore the bonobos’ motivations for sharing information
and the way that they think about other individuals’ minds.(研究小组计划探索倭黑猩猩分享信息的动机以及它
们思考其他个体心理的方式)” 可知，研究人员接下来的研究目标是倭黑猩猩感知他人心理的方式。故选
C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Some great apes (猿) realize when a human partner doesn’t know something and
are capable of communicating information to him to change his behavior, a new study shows.(一项新的研究表明，
一些类人猿能够意识到人类伙伴何时不知道某些事情，并能够向其传达信息以改变其行为)” 以及全文内容
可知，本文主要讲述了类人猿能够识别人类的无知。选项 A“猿类能够识别人类的无知”为最佳标题。故
选A。
（十七）
（2025 年宁夏银川市第二中学二模）
Bacteria (细菌) know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d truly prefer to
settle through, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to
clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life.
Lingchong You, a biologist at Duke University, along with his team, used computers to model the complex
environment of a sponge for a 2022 study. He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something
that really matters for promoting bacterial growth. This holds significance as certain bacteria tend to grow
independently while others demand the companionship of others. Within a sponge filled with holes and pockets,
there exist such an abundance of diverse structures that everyone attains a state of satisfaction.
Nevertheless, it does not necessarily follow that these tools present a health risk to us as well. Bacteria exist
everywhere and not all are harmful; in fact, many perform vital jobs. The important question is, therefore, are the
bacteria found in sponges even worth worrying about?
In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100
homes, finding that only 1 – 2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the
ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not
cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan. “Having said that, there is a possibility that
if you use a sponge to wipe up raw meat that you could have some of those disease-causing bacteria on there, and
studies have found that those bacteria can be separated from kitchen sponges.”
This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special
make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case.
1．What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A．Sponges are perfect tools in the kitchen.
B．Bacteria prefer to live in dry environment.
C．Kitchen sponges are good home for bacteria.
D．Bacteria affect kitchen sponges’ performance.
2．What did Lingchong You find in his study?
A．How sponges are exactly structured.
B．What encourages bacterial growth.
C．How bacteria react to the environment. D．Why bacteria keep company with each other.
3．What does Quinlan think of bacteria on sponges?
A．Relatively harmless.
B．Poorly adaptive,
C．Surprisingly unpleasant.
D．Widely distributed.
4．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph?
A．Proofs of bacterial threat.
B．The classification of bacteria.
C．Methods to control bacterial growth.
D．Research into applications of bacteria.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了细菌在厨房海绵中的生存情况，包括细菌的生长环境、种类、
对人类的潜在影响以及海绵的特殊结构如何成为细菌生长的理想场所。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Bacteria (细菌) know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of
them where they’d truly prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it
turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is
packed of tiny life.(细菌知道如何在地球上的各个地方顽强生存。不过，要是问它们最想在哪里定居，厨房
海绵可能会高居榜首。没错，事实证明，我们用来清洗盘子的这个工具，温暖、潮湿，还满是富有营养的
食物碎屑，其实充满了微小的生命。)”可知，大多数细菌它们真正想在哪里定居，厨房海绵可能会排在首
位，事实证明，我们用来清洗盘子的这个温暖、潮湿且充满营养食物碎屑的工具，充满了微小的生命（细
菌）。由此可知，厨房海绵是细菌的好家园。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that
really matters for promoting bacterial growth.(他发现，海绵上那些大小各异的孔隙对于促进细菌生长至关重
要。)”可知，Lingchong You 发现不同大小孔隙的海绵对促进细菌生长起着重要作用，也就是他发现了什么
能促进细菌生长。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues,
collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1 – 2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to
food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast
majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan.
(2017 年，食品安全领域的教授Jennifer Quinlan 和她的同事们从100 个家庭中收集了厨房海绵，发现这些
海绵中只有1%到2%含有与人类食物中毒相关的细菌，而且确实含有有害细菌的海绵中，有害细菌的含量
也很少。Quinlan 说：“海绵上绝大多数细菌不会致病，它们只是会让海绵产生异味。)”可知，Quinlan 认
为海绵上绝大多数细菌不会引发疾病，只有极少数海绵含有与人类食物中毒有关的细菌，而且这些细菌的
含量也很少，所以她认为海绵上的细菌相对无害。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on
the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s
evidence this is the case.(事情还不止如此。如果危险的细菌碰巧来到了海绵上，海绵特殊的构造会使它成为
这些细菌生长和繁殖的理想场所。而且有证据表明情况确实如此。)”可知，由于最后一段提到有证据表明
危险细菌会在海绵上生长繁殖，所以接下来很可能会讨论细菌威胁的证据具体是什么。故选A。
（十八）
（2025 年山西省二模）
Rise with the sun and rest at sunset — this was the way of life for our ancestors. Thanks to artificial light,
which improves visibility at night, we can enjoy a much safer society and around-the-clock productivity. For
wildlife, however, studies have shown it disturbs animals’ natural sleep cycles, affects amphibian ( 两栖的)
reproduction and throws migrating birds off course.
New research in Frontiers in Plant Science investigated how artificial light impacts plant-insect
relationships. Researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer
signs of insect damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed 5,500 leaf samples from two tree species
throughout Beijing. Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher
the leaf, the less evidence of hungry insects. They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial
light at night might be extending their photosynthesis (光合作用) time.
“Plants distribute their limited resources, such as nutrients, water and energy, among various functions like
growth, reproduction and defense, depending on the environment. Light can affect how plants use resources,” says
Ellen Cieraad, a plant ecologist from New Zealand. “Since plants use light for growth, artificial night light could be
unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis, allocating more resources to chemical compounds
that make leaves tougher.”
“If the same applied to leaves of other species, this would be bad news for insects,” researchers said.
Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban
ecosystem. Herbivorous insects, which rely on leaves for food, may struggle to survive, disrupting the food chain.
Fewer herbivorous insects could lead to declines in predators like birds, affecting biodiversity. Insects also play
vital roles as pollinators (传粉媒介) and eat decaying plants, helping to break down leaves and returning nutrients
to soil. In cities, healthy soil and healthy plant life supported by insects are good for humans, as plants provide
shade and reduce heat trapped in cities. Moving forward, researchers are committed to refining their discovery,
aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions.
1．What influence does artificial light bring according to the text?
A．It toughens tree leaves.
B．It shortens animals’ sleep hours.
C．It illuminates birds’ migrating routes.
D．It increases amphibian reproduction rates.
2．Why is Ellen Cieraad quoted in paragraph 3?
A．To raise a concern.
B．To introduce a concept.
C．To support an assumption.
D．To clarify a misunderstanding.
3．Which of the following best summarizes the phenomenon in paragraph 4?
A．Time heals all wounds.
B．Nature always finds a way.
C．A chain is as strong as its weakest link. D．A small move may affect the bigger picture.
4．What will the following research probably focus on?
A．Approaches to enhancing soil quality.
B．Ways of improving urban biodiversity.
C．Standards for selecting plant species in cities.
D．Solutions to reducing impacts of nighttime light.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人造光对人类有益，但会干扰野生动物的自然睡眠周期，新研究
还发现它会使树叶变硬，影响城市生态系统。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves.
(研究人员发现，特定区域的人造光越多，树叶就越坚硬)”可知，人造光会使树叶变硬。故选A 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial light at
night might be extending their photosynthesis (光合作用) time. (他们并不完全明白原因，但推测夜间处于人造
光下的树木可能会延长它们的光合作用时间)”和第三段中引用Ellen Cieraad 的话“Since plants use light for
growth, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis, allocating more
resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher. (由于植物利用光进行生长，夜间人造光可能会不
自然地增加树木进行光合作用的时间，将更多的资源分配到使树叶更坚硬的化合物上)”可推知，引用Ellen
Cieraad 的话是为了支持第二段中研究人员的假设。故选C 项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can
significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem. Herbivorous insects, which rely on leaves for food, may struggle to
survive, disrupting the food chain. Fewer herbivorous insects could lead to declines in predators like birds,
affecting biodiversity. (植物的变化以及植物与动物之间相互作用的变化，会对整个城市生态系统产生重大影
响。以树叶为食的食草昆虫可能难以生存，从而破坏食物链。食草昆虫数量的减少可能会导致鸟类等捕食
者数量的减少，影响生物多样性)”描述的现象可知，植物和动物间的小变化会影响整个城市生态系统，即
小的变动可能会影响大局。故D 项“A small move may affect the bigger picture.(一个小小的变动可能会影响
大局)”能概括该段现象。故选D 项。
4．推理判断题。根据前文提到人造光对生态系统的诸多影响和最后一段中“Moving forward, researchers
are committed to refining their discovery, aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions. (未来，研究人员
致力于完善他们的发现，旨在引导人们采取相应的行动)”可推断，后续研究可能会关注减少夜间人造光影
响的解决方案。故选D 项。
（十九）
（2025 年山西省吕梁市二模）
When Philip Sontag first visited Antarctica as a Ph. D ．student, he collected a bag of penguin ( 企鹅)
feathers. A decade later, Sontag and his team have discovered how to use these feathers to map mercury ( 汞)
pollution in the Southern Hemisphere, a growing threat to wildlife.
Mercury, a poisonous by-product of gold mining, becomes more and more in the food chain and affects
animals’ nervous systems. While sampling rocks or soil for mercury provides limited insight, tracking its presence
in the food web is crucial for ecosystem monitoring.
Penguins have a way to dispose of mercury through their feathers, which they molt ( 换羽) regularly.
Sontag, now a polar researcher at Rutgers University, and his team analyzed these molted feathers to determine
where penguins were exposed to mercury. They found a clear relationship between mercury levels and carbon-13,
which varies geographically and acts as a marker for where penguins feed or breed (繁殖). The study confirmed
this pattern across seven penguin species in the Southern Ocean, revealing higher mercury exposure in northern,
warmer regions with higher carbon-13 levels.
The findings suggest that penguins could serve as bioindicators, living trackers of environmental pollutants.
By measuring mercury in feathers, scientists can track the metal’s movement through the oceanic food web over
time, rather than just at a single moment. For example, penguin species living near each other showed different
mercury and carbon-13 levels due to varying migration and feeding patterns. These data could be modeled into a
map-like database to aid conservation and polar research.
Marine scientist Miriam Gimeno Castells notes that penguins are mid-level predators ( 捕食性动物), and
undergo dramatic molts, making it easy to collect feathers from many individuals. The molted feathers contain
mercury that gets into their body during the nonbreeding season.
Sontag plans to collect newer feathers from different species and compare mercury levels in penguins’ blood
and their food with those in their feathers. As for the penguins’ health, senior author John Reinfelder makes it clear
that they have not yet been exposed to poisonous mercury levels. “The penguins will be okay,” he says.
1．How did Sontag use the penguin feathers he collected?
A．He kept them as a reminder of his trip.
B．He studied the content of a chemical in them.
C．He observed their changes in different environments.
D．He classified them to identify different species of penguins.
2．What does the underlined part “dispose of” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Recognize.
B．Consume.
C．Remove.
D．Combine.
3．What do we know about penguins from the text?
A．They are ideal bioindicators.
B．They are sensitive to carbon-13.
C．They are top-level predators in the food chain.
D．They are free from the effects of human activities.
4．What is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Life Cycle of Penguins in Antarctica.
B．Gold Mining and Its Effects on Penguins.
C．The Impact of Climate Change on Penguin Populations.
D．Penguins Help Map Antarctica’s Growing Mercury Threat.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了菲利普·桑塔格(Philip Sontag)和他的团队发现了如何利用企鹅羽
毛绘制南半球的汞污染地图，汞污染对野生动物构成了日益严重的威胁。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“While sampling rocks or soil for mercury provides limited insight, tracking its
presence in the food web is crucial for ecosystem monitoring.(虽然对岩石或土壤中的汞进行采样只能提供有限
的见解，但追踪汞在食物网中的存在对生态系统监测至关重要。)”以及第三段“Sontag, now a polar
researcher at Rutgers University, and his team analyzed these molted feathers to determine where penguins were
exposed to mercury.(桑塔格现在是罗格斯大学的极地研究员，他和他的团队分析了这些脱落的羽毛，以确定
企鹅是在哪里接触到汞的。)”可知，桑塔格研究了他收集的企鹅羽毛中的化学物质含量。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“By measuring mercury in feathers, scientists can track the metal’s movement
through the oceanic food web over time, rather than just at a single moment.(通过测量羽毛中的汞含量，科学家
们可以追踪金属在海洋食物网中的长期运动，而不仅仅是在一个单一的时刻)”和第五段末“The molted
feathers contain mercury that gets into their body during the nonbreeding season.(脱落的羽毛中含有汞，在非繁
殖季节会进入它们的身体)”及划线处后面“…which they molt (换羽) regularly.(它们会定期换羽)”可知，企鹅
羽毛中含汞，而企鹅换羽的习性，可以消除身体内的汞。由此可知，dispose of 指的是企鹅通过换羽去除体
内积累的汞，与remove(移除，消除，摆脱)意思相近。故选C 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The findings suggest that penguins could serve as bioindicators, living trackers of
environmental pollutants.(研究结果表明，企鹅可以作为生物指示器，是环境污染物的生活追踪者。)”可知，
企鹅是理想的生物指示器。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“When Philip Sontag first visited Antarctica as a Ph. D.
student, he collected a bag of penguin (企鹅) feathers. A decade later, Sontag and his team have discovered how to
use these feathers to map mercury (汞) pollution in the Southern Hemisphere, a growing threat to wildlife.(当菲利
普·桑塔格(Philip Sontag)还是博士生时，他第一次访问南极洲，收集了一袋企鹅羽毛。十年后，桑塔格和他
的团队发现了如何利用这些羽毛绘制南半球的汞污染地图，汞污染对野生动物构成了日益严重的威胁。)”
可知，文章主要介绍了菲利普·桑塔格(Philip Sontag)和他的团队发现了如何利用企鹅羽毛绘制南半球的汞污
染地图，汞污染对野生动物构成了日益严重的威胁，由此可知，D 选项“Penguins Help Map Antarctica’s
Growing Mercury Threat (企鹅帮助绘制南极洲日益严重的汞威胁图)”最适合作文章标题。故选D。
（二十）
（2025 年宁夏回族自治区银川市兴庆区银川一中二模）
Until recently, gravitational waves could have been the stuff of Einstein’s imagination. Before they were
detected, these waves in space time existed only in the physicist’s general theory of relativity, as far as scientists
knew. Now, researchers are on the hunt for more ways to detect the waves. “The study of gravitational waves is
booming,” says astrophysicist Karan Jani of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. “This is just remarkable. No field I
can think of in fundamental physics has seen progress this fast.”
Just as light comes in a variety of wavelengths, so do gravitational waves. Different wave lengths point to
different types of origins of the universe and require different kinds of detectors. Gravitational waves with
wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers — like those detected by the United States, Italy and Japan — come
mostly from pairs of black holes 10 or so times the mass of the sun, or from collisions of dense cosmic blocks
called neutron stars (中子星). These detectors could also spot waves from certain types of exploding stars and
rapidly moving neutron stars.
In contrast, huge waves that span light-years are thought to be created by orbiting pairs of bigger black holes
with masses billions of times that of the sun. In June, scientists reported the first strong evidence of these types of
waves by turning the entire galaxy (星系) into a detector, watching how the waves make slight changes to the
timing of regular blinks from neutron stars throughout the Milky Way.
Physicists now hope to dive into a vast, cosmic ocean of gravitational waves of all sorts of sizes. These
waves could reveal new details about the secret lives of exotic objects such as black holes and unknown parts of the
universe.
Physicist Jason Hogan of Stanford University thinks there are still a lot of gaps in the coverage of
wavelengths. “But it makes sense to cover all the bases. Who knows what else we may find?” he says. The search
for capturing the full complement of the universe’s gravitational waves exactly could take observatories out into the
moon, to the atomic area and elsewhere.
1．What does Karan Jani think of the current study on gravitational waves?
A．It is rapid and pioneering.
B．It is slow but steadily increasing.
C．It is interrupted due to limited detectors.
D．It is progressing as fast as any other field.
2．What do the detected gravitational waves mostly indicate?
A．The creation of different kinds of detectors.
B．Collisions of planets outside the solar system.
C．The presence of light in different wavelengths.
D．Activities involving black holes and neutron stars.
3．How did scientists manage to find huge waves’ evidence?
A．By analyzing sunlight.
B．By locating the new galaxy.
C．By using the whole galaxy as a tool.
D．By observing the sun’s regular movement.
4．What can be inferred about the future study according to the last paragraph?
A．It’ll exclude the atomic field.
B．It’ll focus exactly on the mapping of the galaxy.
C．It’ll require prioritizing certain wavelengths on the moon.
D．It’ll explore potential places to detect gravitational waves.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对引力波相关研究的快速发展，以及对引力波研究时的发现，和该
研究的重要意义。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中““The study of gravitational waves is booming,” says astrophysicist Karan Jani
of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. “This is just remarkable. No field I can think of in fundamental physics has
seen progress this fast.”(“对引力波的研究正在蓬勃发展，”纳什维尔范德比尔特大学的天体物理学家Karan
Jani 说。“这太了不起了。在基础物理学中，我想不出有哪个领域的进步如此之快。”)”可知，Karan Jani
认为最近的引力波的研究是快速且具有开拓性的。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Gravitational waves with wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers—like
those detected by the United States, Italy and Japan—come mostly from pairs of black holes 10 or so times the
mass of the sun, or from collisions of dense cosmic blocks called neutron stars(中子星).(波长为几千公里的引力
波——就像美国、意大利和日本探测到的那样——主要来自一对质量为太阳10 倍左右的黑洞，或者来自被
称为中子星的致密宇宙块的碰撞)”可知，探测到的引力波主要表明黑洞和中子星的相关活动。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In June, scientists reported the first strong evidence of these types of waves by
turning the entire galaxy(星系) into a detector, watching how the waves make slight changes to the timing of
regular blinks from neutron stars throughout the Milky Way.(今年6 月，科学家们通过将整个星系变成一个探测
器，观察这些波如何对整个银河系中子星定期眨眼的时间产生细微变化，报告了这些波的第一个有力证
据)”可知，科学家通过将整个星系变为探测器来寻找巨大波存在的证据。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Physicist Jason Hogan of Stanford University thinks there are still a lot of gaps
in the coverage of wavelengths. “But it makes sense to cover all the bases. Who knows what else we may find?” he
says. The search for capturing the full complement of the universe’s gravitational waves exactly could take
observatories out into the moon, to the atomic area and elsewhere.(斯坦福大学的物理学家杰森·霍根认为，在波
长的覆盖范围上还有很多空白。“但覆盖所有基础是有意义的。谁知道我们还会发现什么?”他说。为了准
确捕捉到宇宙引力波的全部内容，天文台可以进入月球、原子区域和其他地方)”可知，在波长覆盖的范围
上还有很多空白，且覆盖所有基础是有意义的。由此推知，未来的研究将探索可能探测到引力波的地方。
故选D。
（二十一）
（2025 年陕西省汉中市二模）
McGill University researchers have discovered that changes in clouds are slightly relieving global warming.
While greenhouse gases continue to cause temperatures to rise, a reduction in low-cloud cover over land has
brought about a modest reduction of the amount of heat being trapped close to ground level.
“We started this research to observationally confirm the increase of greenhouse effect of the Earth
atmosphere,” said Yi Huang, associate professor in McGill University’s Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic
Sciences. “We indeed confirm that, although to our surprise we also found an offsetting ( 抵消的) effect due to
changes in clouds.”
“Without these cloud changes, the surface would warm even faster,” said Lei Liu, graduate student in McGill
University’s Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and the first author of this study. “This work offers
observational truth about how clouds affect warming, which can be used to improve climate models and guide
environmental policies,” Liu added.
To discover this surprising effect, the team used the measurements of a key radiative instrument, the
Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), along with satellite data, climate models and a technique
called “optimal spectral fingerprinting” co-designed by Yi Huang and Lei Liu to isolate the effects of clouds from
other atmospheric processes.
The researchers focused on longwave radiation, the heat energy the Earth emits back into the atmosphere.
Usually, clouds trap some of this heat and send it back to the ground. But as the climate warms, there are fewer low
clouds in some areas, which means less heat is returned to the surface.
The Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences of the university looks to continue using their critical
data for understanding regional climate dynamics and enhancing climate modelling.
“Our research emphasizes the value of precise, long-term climate observations,” said John Gyakum, a
professor. “This is essential for understanding the Earth’s response to global warming and making informed
decisions for future generations.”
The researchers cautioned that their discovery does not throw doubt on global warming. “It’s like having a
heater that adjusts itself a little,” the researchers explained. “But even with this adjustment, the room is still heating
up.”
1．What does the reduction in low-cloud cover over land lead to?
A．An increase in global warming.
B．A significant rise in temperature.
C．A slight decrease of ground-level heat.
D．A complete stop in the greenhouse effect.
2．According to Lei Liu, what can their findings apply to?
A．Improving cloud coverage globally.
B．Lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
C．Forecasting short-term weather patterns. D．Improving climate prediction models.
3．Why did the researchers mention the heater?
A．To caution the public.
B．To prove their discovery useful but little.
C．To praise their findings.
D．To emphasize its importance.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The Role of Clouds in Relieving Global Warming
B．The Importance of Long-term Climate Observations
C．The Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Global Warming
D．The Accuracy of Climate Models in Predicting Warming
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。主要介绍了麦吉尔大学的研究人员发现云层变化在一定程度上缓解了全球变暖的
现象。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While greenhouse gases continue to cause temperatures to rise, a reduction in
low-cloud cover over land has brought about a modest reduction of the amount of heat being trapped close to
ground level.(虽然温室气体继续导致气温上升，但陆地低云覆盖的减少使被困在地面附近的热量略有减少)”
可知，陆地低云覆盖的减少会导致地面热量的轻微减少。故选C 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段““Without these cloud changes, the surface would warm even faster,” said Lei
Liu, graduate student in McGill University’s Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and the first author
of this study. “This work offers observational truth about how clouds affect warming, which can be used to improve
climate models and guide environmental policies,” Liu added.(麦吉尔大学大气与海洋科学系的研究生、这项研
究的第一作者Lei Liu 说：“如果没有这些云层的变化，地表变暖的速度会更快。”“这项工作提供了关于
云如何影响变暖的观测真相，可以用来改进气候模型和指导环境政策，”Liu 补充说)”可知，Lei Liu 认为
他们的发现适用于改进气候预测模式。故选D 项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers cautioned that their discovery does not throw doubt on global
warming. “It’s like having a heater that adjusts itself a little,” the researchers explained. “But even with this
adjustment, the room is still heating up.”(研究人员警告说，他们的发现并不会对全球变暖产生怀疑。研究人
员解释说：“这就像有一个可以自我调节的加热器。”“但即使做出了这样的调整，房间里的温度仍在上
升。”)”可知，研究人员提到加热器是为了证明他们的发现有用但收效甚微。故选B 项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“McGill University researchers have discovered that changes in clouds are slightly
relieving global warming. While greenhouse gases continue to cause temperatures to rise, a reduction in low-cloud
cover over land has brought about a modest reduction of the amount of heat being trapped close to ground level.(麦
吉尔大学的研究人员发现，云层的变化略微缓解了全球变暖。虽然温室气体继续导致气温上升，但陆地低
云覆盖的减少使被困在地面附近的热量略有减少)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了麦吉尔大学的研究
人员发现云层变化在一定程度上缓解了全球变暖的现象，所以A 项“云在缓解全球变暖中的作用”是本文
最好的标题。故选A 项。
（二十二）
（2025 年山西省部分学校二模）
A plant-based material from pine (松树) could serve as a replacement for petrol-based chemicals in foam (泡
沫) products, potentially leading to more environmentally friendly versions of materials used in products like
kitchen cleaning cloth and packaging.
A research team led by Washington State University used an eco-friendly method to prepare lignin (a natural
material found in plants, especially wood) as a replacement for 20% of the petrol-based chemicals in the foam. The
new bio-based foam was found to be as strong and flexible as regular foam.
Petrol-based plastics are a growing environmental problem. They take centuries to break down and are costly
and hard to recycle, often resulting in lower-quality second-hand products. Because it costs more to recycle than to
make new plastic, the recycling rate of plastic has remained below 20%. The best solution is to replace these
materials with natural alternatives.
Lignin, the second most common renewable carbon source, makes up about 30% of the non-fossil carbon on
Earth. However, it is challenging to extract (提炼) from plants. It is usually obtained during paper-making and bio-
processing, but these processes often damage its chemical and physical properties, lowering its value. As a result,
most lignin is either burned for energy or used in lower-value products like building materials or as a substance to
hold together animal feed.
In their study, the researchers used a mild, environmentally friendly solution to separate high-quality lignin
from pine. Their method produced a consistent mixture with good heat resistance, similar to that of native lignin,
which is crucial for producing high-value products. When tested, the bio-based foam was stable and performed as
well mechanically as conventional foam.
“This work shows that our lignin material has great potential for producing flexible, natural foam,” said Xiao
Zhang, professor at the Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering. Zhang’s team will now work
with industrial partners to improve and expand the production of lignin-based foam.
1．What is the main purpose of the research described in the text?
A．To find a more cost-effective material for foam production.
B．To enhance the performance of foam in extreme conditions.
C．To explore plant-based alternatives to traditional foam ingredients.
D．To develop a new type of foam for specific industrial applications.
2．Which is the ultimate solution to the environmental problem of plastic waste?
A．Replacing plastics with natural alternatives.
B．Reducing the use of plastics in daily life.
C．Developing biodegradable plastics.
D．Improving recycling technology.
3．Why is lignin not widely used as a replacement for petrol-based plastics?
A．It is too expensive to extract from plants.
B．It is not a renewable resource like plastic.
C．The processes to extract it often degrade its qualities.
D．There is insufficient demand for natural alternatives to plastic.
4．What was the main result of the researchers’ study?
A．The method resulted in low-quality lignin.
B．The bio-based foam was less stable than regular foam.
C．The bio-based plastic can replace all conventional one.
D．Their method produced lignin with good heat resistance.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D
【解析】
【导语】本篇是说明文。文章讨论了石油基塑料对环境的负面影响，以及其难以降解且回收成本高，回收
率低于20%的缺点。木质素是一种潜在的自然替代材料，但提取过程往往损害其化学和物理特性，导致其
价值下降。因此，解决这一问题的关键是开发更高效的木质素提取技术。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段 “A plant-based material from pine (松树) could serve as a replacement for petrol-
based chemicals in foam (泡沫) products, potentially leading to more environmentally friendly versions of
materials used in products like kitchen cleaning cloth and packaging.(一种来自松树的植物基材料可以用作泡沫
产品中基于汽油的化学物质的替代品，这有可能为诸如厨房清洁布和包装等产品带来更环保的材料版本)”
以及第二段“A research team led by Washington State University used an eco-friendly method to prepare lignin
(a natural material found in plants, especially wood) as a replacement for 20% of the petrol-based chemicals in the
foam.(由华盛顿州立大学领导的一个研究团队使用一种环保的方法来制备木质素（一种在植物，尤其是木
材中发现的天然材料），以替代泡沫中 20% 的基于汽油的化学物质)”可知，该研究的主要目的是探索植
物基材料作为传统泡沫成分的替代品。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Petrol-based plastics are a growing environmental problem. They take centuries
to break down and are costly and hard to recycle, often resulting in lower-quality second-hand products. Because it
costs more to recycle than to make new plastic, the recycling rate of plastic has remained below 20%. The best
solution is to replace these materials with natural alternatives.(基于汽油的塑料是一个日益严重的环境问题。它
们需要几个世纪才能分解，而且成本高昂且难以回收，常常导致二手产品质量较低。因为回收成本比制造
新塑料的成本更高，所以塑料的回收率一直保持在 20% 以下。最好的解决办法是用天然替代品来替代这
些材料)”可知，解决塑料垃圾环境问题的最终办法是用天然替代品替代塑料。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, it is challenging to extract (提炼) from plants. It is usually obtained
during paper-making and bio-processing, but these processes often damage its chemical and physical properties,
lowering its value. (然而，从植物中提取（木质素）具有挑战性。它通常是在造纸和生物加工过程中获得的，
但这些过程常常会破坏其化学和物理性质，降低其价值)”可知，木质素没有被广泛用作汽油基塑料替代品
的原因是提取它的过程常常会降低其品质。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据第五段“In their study, the researchers used a mild, environmentally friendly solution to
separate high-quality lignin from pine. Their method produced a consistent mixture with good heat resistance,
similar to that of native lignin, which is crucial for producing high-value products.(在他们的研究中，研究人员使
用一种温和的、环保的溶液从松树中分离出高质量的木质素。他们的方法产生了一种具有良好耐热性的均
匀混合物，类似于天然木质素，这对于生产高价值产品至关重要)”可知，研究人员研究的主要结果是他们
的方法产生的木质素具有良好的耐热性。故选D。
（二十三）
（2025 年青海省西宁市大通县二模）
Experts believe that earthquakes may become more intense and closer together as a result of climate change.
The melting (融化) of glaciers is speeding up due to global warming. The land that was beneath the melted glacier
water rises when it runs off land and into the sea.
Among the most terrible of all natural disasters are earthquakes. While experts can prepare when the major
ones will strike, smaller ones can strike seemingly at any time, destroying entire cities and causing smaller disasters
like fires, landslides and tsunamis (海啸).
An upcoming rise in sea level along with glacier melt may make future earthquakes more frequent,
according to John Cassidy, an earthquake seismologist. The risk of earthquakes caused by glacial retreat (退缩) is
less than that of what may be associated with rising sea levels. An increase in sea level results in an increase in
underwater pressure on the seabed and therefore on the fault lines near the shore.
According to researchers, many earthquakes that are anticipated soon close to San Francisco and Los
Angeles still have late earthquake cycles. Consequently, the geological clock can be moved faster with slightly
higher temperatures. It could cause earthquakes in several regions. The stop in sea level rise could take up to a
thousand years, even in the event that we immediately stopped using greenhouse gases.
Cassidy is unsure if, at least during our lifetimes, the sea level rise would result in a significant enough
change in pressure to precipitate these massive earthquakes. Cassidy underlined that the effects of climate change
will increase their risk when they occur. As sea level rises, earthquake-caused tsunamis will extend farther inland.
Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the likelihood of landslides caused by earthquakes. As
any vibration ( 震动) in wet ground is far more intensified than in dry ground, rainfall will likewise highlight
earthquake shaking. “It’s an important topic, one that I’m sure we’ll see a lot of information coming out on in the
coming months and years,” Cassidy said.
1．What aspect of earthquakes is stressed in paragraph 2?
A．Their universality.
B．Their predictability.
C．Their suddenness.
D．Their intensity.
2．What does the text imply about stopping using greenhouse gases right away?
A．Earthquakes will be prevented.
B．The sea level rise will stop at once.
C．The geological clock will move faster.
D．Coastal earthquakes may be fewer in the future.
3．What does the underlined word “precipitate” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Reduce.
B．Quicken.
C．Predict.
D．Prevent.
4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Cassidy is concerned about changes in sea level.
B．Disastrous earthquakes surely suffer from sea level rises.
C．Climate change has no impact on earthquake occurrences.
D．The chance of the secondary effects from earthquakes is low.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了气候变化对地震活动可能产生的影响，特别是冰川融化和海
平面上升如何可能增加地震的频率和强度。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Among the most terrible of all natural disasters are earthquakes. While
experts can prepare when the major ones will strike, smaller ones can strike seemingly at any time, destroying
entire cities and causing smaller disasters like fires, landslides and tsunamis (海啸).(在所有的自然灾害中，地震
是最为可怕的灾害之一。虽然专家们能够预测大型地震的发生时间，但小型地震似乎随时都可能发生，它
们会摧毁整座城市，并引发火灾、山体滑坡和海啸等次生灾害。)”可知，地震是最可怕的自然灾害之一，
虽然专家能预测大型地震的发生，但小型地震似乎随时都可能发生，并造成严重后果。这里强调的是小型
地震发生的突然性，也就是它们可能毫无预兆地突然出现。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“According to researchers, many earthquakes that are anticipated soon close
to San Francisco and Los Angeles still have late earthquake cycles. Consequently, the geological clock can be
moved faster with slightly higher temperatures. It could cause earthquakes in several regions. The stop in sea level
rise could take up to a thousand years, even in the event that we immediately stopped using greenhouse gases.(研究
人员称，预计不久后旧金山和洛杉矶附近将会发生的许多地震，其地震周期仍然较晚。因此，温度稍有升
高就可能会加快地质时钟的运转。这可能会在多个地区引发地震。即使我们立即停止使用温室气体，海平
面上升的趋势也可能需要长达一千年的时间才会停止。)”可知，海平面上升和冰川融化可能会使未来地震
更频繁，而即便我们立即停止使用温室气体，海平面上升的停止也可能需要长达一千年，但这暗示了如果
停止使用温室气体，从长远来看，海平面上升的趋势会得到控制，所以控制住海平面上升，未来沿海地区
的地震可能会减少。故选D。
3．词义猜测题。根据文章划线单词上下文“Cassidy is unsure if, at least during our lifetimes, the sea level rise
would result in a significant enough change in pressure to precipitate these massive earthquakes. Cassidy
underlined that the effects of climate change will increase their risk when they occur.(Cassidy 不确定，至少在我
们的有生之年，海平面上升是否会导致压力发生足够显著的变化，从而……这些大规模的地震。Cassidy 强
调，一旦地震发生，气候变化的影响将会增加其造成的风险。)”可知，前面提到海平面上升和气候变化与
地震的关系，Cassidy 不确定在我们有生之年海平面上升是否会导致足够显著的压力变化来“precipitate”这
些大规模地震，且后面又说气候变化的影响会增加地震发生时的风险，推测“precipitate”意思是引发、促
使（地震发生），也就是加快地震发生的进程。选项B“quicken”意为“加速、加快”，与划线词意思相近。
故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As sea level rises, earthquake-caused tsunamis will extend farther inland.
Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the likelihood of landslides caused by earthquakes. As
any vibration (震动) in wet ground is far more intensified than in dry ground, rainfall will likewise highlight
earthquake shaking. “It’s an important topic, one that I’m sure we’ll see a lot of information coming out on in the
coming months and years,” Cassidy said.(随着海平面上升，地震引发的海啸将会向内陆蔓延得更远。温暖的
海水带来的降雨增多，将会增加地震引发山体滑坡的可能性。因为潮湿地面的震动比干燥地面的震动要强
烈得多，降雨同样也会加剧地震带来的晃动。Cassidy 说：“这是一个重要的话题，我相信在未来的几个月
乃至几年里，我们会看到大量关于这个话题的信息。”)”可推测，Cassidy 提到海平面上升可能带来的一系
列影响，从这些内容可以看出，Cassidy 对海平面上升所带来的各种变化，尤其是对地震及其次生灾害的影
响非常关注。故选A。
