2026 高考英语·二轮复习专题突破
专题04 · 阅读理解之词义猜测题
核【核心知识·深度解读】
词义猜测题是阅读理解中考查词汇理解能力的重要题型，要求考生利用上
下文线索推断生词或熟词生义的含义。掌握猜词技巧，不仅有助于解题，更
能提升阅读流畅性，避免因个别生词影响整体理解。
一、常见猜词线索
● 定义线索：be, mean, refer to, be called, be known as, that is,
in other words, i.e. 等引导的解释。
● 同位语线索：逗号、破折号、括号、or 连接的同位语成分。
● 反义线索：but, however, while, whereas, unlike, instead of 等表示
对比关系的词。
● 对比线索：similarly, likewise, in the same way, on the contrary,
in contrast 等。
● 举例线索：for example, such as, like, including 等引出具体例子。
● 构词法线索：利用前缀、后缀、合成词推测词义。
二、解题步骤
① 定位生词：找到画线词在文中的位置。
② 扫描线索：在词的前后寻找定义、同位语、对比、举例等标志词。
③ 代入验证：将推测出的词义代入原句，检查语义是否通顺。
三、常见干扰项特征
- 字面意思干扰：用单词的常见义代替语境义。
- 无关信息干扰：选项在文中出现但与词义无关。
- 正反混淆：与正确词义相反。
- 无中生有：原文未提及的意思。
四、 示例
原文：The concept of "digital minimalism" has gained traction in
recent years, with millions of people trying to reduce their screen
time.
题目：The word "traction" most probably means ______.
选项：A. popularity B. resistance C. decline D. confusion
解析：后文“millions of people trying to reduce their screen time”
说明这个概念流行，故选A。
题型：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
专项突破·词义猜测题
Passage 1 (主题：心理学概念)
Psychologists use the term cognitive
dissonance
to describe the mental
discomfort we feel when we hold two contradictory beliefs. For example, a
person who knows smoking is harmful but continues to smoke experiences this
tension. To reduce the discomfort, they might convince themselves that the risk
is exaggerated. This self-justification is a common human response. The theory,
first proposed by Leon Festinger in 1957, has been widely studied and applied
in fields from marketing to politics. Understanding cognitive
dissonance
helps
explain why people sometimes hold onto beliefs even when faced with
contradictory evidence.
1. The underlined phrase "cognitive dissonance" most probably means ______.
A. a mental conflict between conflicting beliefs B. a physical illness caused
by smoking C. a method of self-justification D. a marketing strategy
2. The word "tension" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. relaxation B. discomfort C. excitement D. confusion
Passage 2 (主题：经济术语)
In economics, inflation refers to a general increase in prices over time,
reducing the purchasing power of money. Its opposite, deflation, occurs when
prices fall, which might sound good but can lead to reduced consumer spending
and economic stagnation. Central banks aim to keep inflation at a moderate
level, typically around 2%. When inflation becomes too high, it erodes savings
and causes uncertainty. Hyperinflation, an extreme form where prices rise
rapidly and uncontrollably, can destroy an economy, as seen in historical cases
like post-World War I Germany.
3. The word "deflation" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. a decrease in prices B. an increase in prices C. economic growth D. price
stability
4. The underlined word "hyperinflation" most probably means ______.
A. a slight price increase B. a rapid and uncontrollable price rise C. a
decrease in purchasing power D. a stable economic condition
Passage 3 (主题：动物行为)
Many animals display altruistic behavior, meaning they act in ways that benefit
others at a cost to themselves. For instance, vampire bats share blood meals
with hungry companions, even if they haven't eaten themselves. Dolphins have
been observed helping injured members to the surface to breathe. And meerkats
take turns standing guard while others feed, risking their own safety to warn
the group of predators. Such behaviors challenge the idea that animals are only
motivated by self-interest. Evolutionary biologists explain that altruism can
evolve when it helps relatives pass on shared genes or when cooperation
benefits the group in the long run.
5. The underlined word "altruistic" most probably means ______.
A. selfish B. harmful C. self-sacrificing for others D. competitive
6. The examples of bats, dolphins, and meerkats are used to illustrate ______.
A. how animals hunt for food B. the meaning of altruistic behavior C. the
dangers animals face D. how evolution works
Passage 4 (主题：环境科学)
One of the most pernicious forms of pollution is microplastic. These tiny
particles, smaller than five millimeters, come from the breakdown of larger
plastic items and from synthetic fibers in clothing. They are now found
everywhere—in the deepest oceans, in Arctic ice, and even in the air we
breathe. Because they are so small and widespread, they are nearly impossible
to remove. Scientists are concerned about their potential health effects, as
they can enter the food chain and accumulate in living organisms. Unlike larger
plastic waste, which can be collected, microplastics are ubiquitous, posing a
unique challenge for environmental protection.
7. The underlined word "pernicious" most probably means ______.
A. beneficial B. harmful C. visible D. temporary
8. The word "ubiquitous" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. rare B. easy to remove C. found everywhere D. large in size
Passage 5 (主题：科技与生活)
When the company launched its new smartphone, it was an immediate success. The
device had been in development for three years, and the company had invested
heavily in marketing. However, a few months later, a competitor unveiled a model
with superior features, causing the company's sales to plummet. The CEO admitted
that they had not anticipated the rapid innovation in the market. To recover,
they decided to roll
out
a software update that added new functions, hoping to
regain customer interest. The experience taught them the importance of staying
ahead of the curve.
9. The underlined word "launched" in the passage most probably means ______.
A. sent into space B. started selling C. threw away D. criticized
10. The word "unveiled" is closest in meaning to ______.
A. hid B. revealed C. criticized D. stopped
11. The underlined word "plummeted" most probably means ______.
A. increased sharply B. remained stable C. dropped sharply D. fluctuated
12. The phrase "roll out" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. introduce B. cancel C. delay D. remove
Passage 6 (主题：历史人物)
Florence Nightingale was a pioneer in the field of nursing. She gained fame
during the Crimean War for her tireless work in improving sanitary conditions,
which dramatically reduced the death rate. Her methods were
considered radical at the time, as she insisted on clean water and fresh air
when many believed disease was caused by bad air. After the war, she used her
influence to establish professional nursing schools and wrote extensively on
hospital management. Her legacy continues today, with the Florence Nightingale
Medal being the highest international distinction in nursing. She is remembered
not only for her contributions to medicine but also for her indomitable spirit,
having continued to work from her bed after becoming ill herself.
13. The underlined word "pioneer" most probably means ______.
A. follower B. critic C. leader or innovator D. student
14. The word "radical" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. traditional B. extreme and innovative C. simple D. accepted
15. The underlined word "legacy" most probably means ______.
A. a sum of money B. something handed down from the past C. a type of award D.
a physical illness
16. The word "indomitable" is closest in meaning to ______.
A. weak B. easily defeated C. unconquerable D. fragile
Passage 7 (主题：生物学概念)
In biology, symbiosis refers to a close, long-term interaction between two
different species. There are several types. Mutualism benefits both partners,
like the relationship between bees and flowers. Commensalism benefits one
without harming the other, such as barnacles attaching to whales. Parasitism, in
contrast, benefits one at the expense of the other, like ticks feeding on
mammals. These interactions are ubiquitous in nature and play crucial roles in
ecosystem functioning. Understanding them helps scientists predict how species
will respond to environmental changes.
17. The underlined word "symbiosis" most probably means ______.
A. a short interaction B. a close long-term relationship between species C.
competition between species D. a type of predation
18. The word "mutualism" in the passage refers to a relationship that ______.
A. harms one partner B. benefits both partners C. benefits neither D. only
benefits one
19. The word "parasitism" is closest in meaning to a relationship where ______.
A. both benefit B. one benefits, the other is harmed C. both are harmed D.
neither is affected
20. The word "ubiquitous" in this passage most probably means ______.
A. rare B. harmful C. found everywhere D. beneficial
参考答案及解析
Passage 1
1. A (定义线索。第一句“describe the mental discomfort we feel when we hold two
contradictory beliefs”)
2. B (上下文线索。前文提到“mental discomfort”，后文“reduce the discomfort”)
Passage 2
3. A (反义线索。“its opposite, deflation, occurs when prices fall”)
4. B (定义线索。“an extreme form where prices rise rapidly and
uncontrollably”)
Passage 3
5. C (定义线索。“act in ways that benefit others at a cost to themselves”)
6. B (举例线索。例子用于说明前面定义的 altruistic behavior)
Passage 4
7. B (上下文线索。下文描述微塑料的危害：无法去除、进入食物链等)
8. C (上下文线索。“found everywhere”是直接解释)
Passage 5
9. B (熟词生义。结合“new smartphone”和“immediate success”，可知是发布销售)
10. B (上下文。竞争对手发布新品，用unveiled，意为“揭幕、推出”)
11. C (上下文。因为对手产品更好，销量应下降，plummet 意为“暴跌”)
12. A (上下文。为挽回市场，推出软件更新，roll out 意为“推出、实施”)
Passage 6
13. C (上下文。她开创了护理领域，是先锋)
14. B (上下文。她的方法在当时被认为激进，因为与主流不同)
15. B (上下文。她的贡献延续至今，legacy 意为“遗产、传承”)
16. C (构词法+上下文。in-否定前缀+domitable 可征服的，意为“不可征服的”)
Passage 7
17. B (定义线索。“refers to a close, long-term interaction between two
different species”)
18. B (定义线索。“Mutualism benefits both partners”)
19. B (定义线索。“benefits one at the expense of the other”)
20. C (上下文线索。前文举例说明这些相互作用普遍存在)
教学使用建议： 建议学生先复习猜词线索，然后做题时在原文中划出线
索词。做完后对照解析，分析每道题使用了什么线索，并积累常见词根词缀。
可结合历年真题进行强化训练。
