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第 18 讲 主谓一致
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航····························································································································1
02 知识导图·思维引航····························································································································3
03 考点突破·考法探究····························································································································4
基础详单
知识点1 主谓一致概述···········································································································4
知识点2 主谓一致命题原则···································································································4
考点一 语法一致原则
知识点1 谓语动词用单数的情况······························································································5
知识点2 谓语动词单复数多变的情况······················································································5
考点二 意义一致原则 ····························································································································7
考点三 就近一致原则 ····························································································································9
考点四 主谓一致易错点·······················································································································10
04真题练习·命题洞现
1.真题实战 ·································································································································11
2.命题演练·································································································································12年份 卷别 现在时 过去时 将来时（含被动）
新高考I卷 walks
新高考II卷 were
2024
全国甲卷 were
浙江卷1月 have started
北京卷 gives was named; jogged
新高考II卷 wished
全国甲卷 become改为becomes make → made (can) be employed
2023 全国乙卷 was amazed
浙江卷1月 featured
北京卷 has established had arrived would throw
新高考I卷 is designed were
新高考II卷 were fixing; threw
全国甲卷 has walked was-were; become-
2022 became
全国乙卷 lives-live; 去掉have后的been addressed
北京卷 has; has increased
浙江卷1月 is viewed/has been viewed;are；
have promised
新高考I卷 was
新高考II卷 was
2021 全国甲卷 are改为is was built; hired
全国乙卷 删去are
北京卷 connects
全国I卷 means; is constructed touched
全国II卷 carries start改为started
2020
全国III卷 had改成have pointed (would) be chosen
新高考卷 are called; is formed
全国I卷 has reported；are
全国II卷 have made declared
2019
recommended；
全国III卷 required改为requires
were invited
北京卷 voiced
分析近年高考真题可知，高考对谓语动词的考查是结合时态、语态和主谓一致综合进行的考查。
近年对对时态、语态和主谓一致的考查比较稳定，但又稳中求变，注重在复杂语境中考查句子的
语态，且长句有增加的趋势。
【复习目标】
考情
分析 1. 系统复习并掌握主谓一致的基本知识。
2. 熟练掌握主谓一致用法易错点。
3. 强化在复杂语境中识别真正主语的能力。【基础详单】
知识点1 主谓一致基本原则
主谓一致: 指主语和谓语在人称和数上要保持一致，主语的单、复数形式决定了谓语动词的形式。主谓一
致的基本原则即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
语法一致原则：即在语法形式上一致。
意义一致原则：即从意义上一致。如主语形式上虽然是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式；主语
形式上虽然是复数但在意义上看作单数，谓语动词也用单数形式。
就近一致原则：即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
知识点2 主谓一致命题原则
1. 主谓一致主要考查判断句子的主语及主语的单复数形式,从句作主语及定语从句中的主谓一致也会涉及。
主谓一致常和时态、语态、倒装、主语从句、定语从句一起考查,以及与判断名词的可数与不可数、判断
句子的主语相结合考查。
2.主谓一致中and, as well as, together with 等连接并列成分,不定代词、非谓语动词、从句作主语等常考查。
3.主谓一致的就近一致原则和“分数/百分数/the only one/the majority/ all/the rest of 等+名词"作主语时主
谓一致的情况也是考查的热点。
名师提醒：解题时，要仔细分析句子成分，找出句子的主语和谓语动词，判断主语的单复数形式，从而确
定谓语动词的单复数形式。
考点一 语法一致原则
知识点1 谓语动词用单数的情况
1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、数量、重量的名词时作主语时。
2. 当形式上是复数，但意义是单数的名词作主语时，如news, maths, plastics, physics等。3. 国名、机构、人名或书名作主语时。以s/ics结尾的学科名词，如physics, politics等及news作主语时，
谓语动词用单数形式。
4. 不定代词或由表示单数意义的each, either, no one, nothing等修饰的名词作主语时。
5. “A/an +可数名词单数+or two”作主语时；“one or two+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
6. 动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时。
名师提醒：从句作主语时，若主句谓语部分为系表结构，主句谓语的数通常由作表语的名词/代词决定。
例1. What they need is money while what we need most are textbooks.
他们需要的是钱，而我们最需要的是教科书。
例2. Bad news travels quickly.
例3.To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.
学会一门外语并不像你想象的那么难。
例4. That he has won the game is known to us all.
他赢了这场比赛是我们都知道的事。
知识点2 谓语动词单、复数多变的情况
1. 当主语后面接由 as well as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather
than, with, together with等构成的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，
这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。
例1. Pronunciation as well as grammar changes quickly.
发音与语法一样变化很快。
例2. Nobody but Lily and Mary was in the classroom just now. 刚才除了丽丽和玛丽外没有人在教室
里。
【2019 年天津卷】Amy, as well as her brothers, was given a warm welcome when returning to the
village last week.
上周，艾米和她的兄弟们回到村子时，受到了热烈欢迎。
2. 由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词与所修饰的名词形式保持一
致。
例1. A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.
很多被邀来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。
例2. A great deal of water is polluted every year.
每年大量的水被污染。
易错提醒：quantities/amounts of修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity和amount的单复数形式。
例1. Quantities of information are available on the Internet.
在网上可得到大量的信息。
3. 倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致a．倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致，即谓语后面的主语是单数，动词用单数；谓语后
面的主语是复数，动词用复数。
A building stands in front of us.
→In front of us stands a building. 我们面前矗立着一栋楼。
b．在强调句中，如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语，引导词 that(或who)后面的谓语与被强调的成
分在人称和数上保持一致。
It is Lily who is a doctor. 莉莉是一名医生。
典例1.（2024年广西南宁市高三一模）Princess Wencheng _______(appreciate) by Tibetan people soon after
she arrived at Tibet, because she taught the locals farming techniques， greatly improving the yield (产量) of the
land.
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：文成公主到西藏后不久就备受西藏人们感激，因为她教授当地人
民农业技术，大大提高了当地的土地产量。设空处应用过去时以及被动语态。故填was appreciated。
【答案】was appreciated
思维建模：考查谓语动词时应当确定句子的真正主语，而不要受词尾s的干扰，再根据句意遵从为语法一
致原则。
典例2.（2024年吉林省东北师范大学附属中学二模试题）“The studying method (improve) us a lot
in the past three years since we were taught to finish research projects and writing tasks,” one of the students said.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：其中一名学生说：“在过去的三年里，我们学会了如何完成研究项
目和写作任务，这种学习方法让我们进步了很多。”根据时间状语从句“since we were taught to finish
research projects and writing tasks”可知，句子用现在完成时，主语method是名词单数，助动词用has，故填
has improved。
【答案】has improved
变式训练1. My routine diet (consist) of fruit, milk, vegetables and rice.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：我的日常饮食包括水果、牛奶、蔬菜和米饭。句子是描述一个事实，
应用一般现在时，主语diet表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数，故填consists。
【答案】consists
变式训练2. Reading articles and short posts (play) an important role in integrating knowledge and
achievements.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：阅读文章和短文在整合知识与成果中发挥着重要作用。描述事物的
一般情况，句子应用一般现在时，单个动名词作主语，空处谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填plays。
【答案】plays
变式训练3. It was dark at that moment but some children (wander) around instead of going home.
【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：那时天已经黑了，但是一些孩子没有回家，而是在四处游荡。表示转折意
义的but连接两个句子，所以此空为谓语动词，根据时间状语at that moment可知，此处应使用过去进行时，主语some children与wander之间为主动关系，且主语为名词复数。故填were wandering。
【答案】were wandering
考点二 意义一致原则
1. and, both ... and ... 连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示
同一个人或物时，谓语动词须用单数形式。
例1. Time and tide waits for no man. 岁月不等人。
例2. The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
2. 定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由其修饰的名词的单复数形式来确定；如果定语从句修饰前面的整个句
子，从句中的谓语动词用单数。
例1. Those who were praised at the meeting would be sent to America for further study.
在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深造。
例2. Russia is upgrading its northern fleet, which includes 18 icebreakers.
俄罗斯正在升级它的北海舰队，准备增加18艘破冰船。
3. 分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的数与其所修饰的名词的数保持一致。the rest, the
remaining/part ...，plenty of, a great deal of等＋主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。
例1.Three fourths of the teachers support the plan. 四分之三的老师支持这个计划。
例2. About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
例3. Only 60 percent of the work was finished yesterday. 昨天只干了60%的活。
4.“a series of/a kind of/a piece of/a pair of等+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词与表示计量单位的名词
形式保持一致。
例1. Three pairs glasses are on the desk. 课桌上有3副眼镜。
【浙江卷高考真题】On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth that gives off light in the dark.
夹克边缘的一块布料可以在黑暗时发光。
5. 集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓
语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government,
audience等。
例1. The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
例2. The class are doing experiments.
全班学生都在做实验。
6.“the+形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例1. The wounded have been cured and the lost have been found.
受伤的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了.
例2. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 美好的事物给人带来快乐。
典例1.（2024年浙江省绍兴蕺山外国语学校检测）In Sichuan, local chefs add the best soup to the noodle, in
which chicken (boil) for eight hours before being filtered (过滤) to make it nearly as clear as water.
【解析】考查动词时态、语态及主谓一致。句意：在四川，当地厨师在面条中加入最好的汤，鸡肉在汤中
煮八个小时，然后过滤，使其几乎像水一样清澈。动词boil意为“煮”。本句讲述客观事实，故用一般现
在时，且从句主语为不可数名词chicken，与谓语动词boil之间是被动关系，填is boiled。或者此处强调
“煮”这个动作发生在“过滤”之前完成，故此处用现在完成时也可以，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
【答案】has been boiled
典例2.（2024年四川省五市联考月考）Chongqing Hotpot is the staple dish of the city. Hotpot restaurants in
Chongqi ng are everywhere — if you look up on the street you are in, chances are that you (stand) exactly
near a hotpot restaurant.
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：在重庆，火锅店无处不在——如果你抬头看看你所走的街道，你很有可能
就站在火锅店附近。分析句子结构可知，stand作从句谓语，根据句意，应是表现在正在做的事，用现在进
行时。故填are standing。
【答案】are standing
变式训练1.（2024届贵州省遵义市高三下学期第二次模拟测试）Chinese sauerkraut, a pickle which ______
(make) of Chinese cabbage, is a traditional specialty of the northeastern region and is now sold around the country
and exported overseas.
【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：中国酸菜是一种由白菜制成的泡菜，是东北地区的传统特产，
现在销往全国各地并出口到海外。make(制作)是定语从句中谓语动词，与主语which(即先行词a pickle)之
间是被动关系，描述客观事实，应使用一般现在时态，又因主语是单数名词，所以谓语动词也应使用单数
形式。综上，谓语应用一般现在时的被动语态，单数形式。故填is made。
【答案】is made
变式训练 2.（2024·河北省保定市保定市部分高中期中）With a combination of resistance to diseases and
insects, some of the trees (claim) to be more than 2,500 years old.
【解析】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意参考上题。claim sb./sth. to be...意为“声称某人/某物
是……”。结合上下文时态并根据句意，这里陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。some of the trees和
claim之间是动宾关系，这里应用被动语态。主语表示复数，所以谓语应用复数形式。故填are claimed。
【答案】are claimed考点三 就近一致原则
1. 由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ... , not ... but ... 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词
常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
例1. Neither Jim nor his parents know anything about it.
吉姆和他母亲都不知道这件事。
2. 在There be句型及Here开头的句子中，有两个或几个并列主语时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语
保持一致。
例1. There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table.
桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。
例2. →There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.
桌子上有两把小刀、一支钢笔和几本书。
3. many a/more than one＋单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
例.Many a parent was forced to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历这一段痛苦的过程。
典例1．(2024年全国高三专项训练) Not only students but also their teacher (object) to the plan.
【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：不仅学生而且他们的老师也反对这个计划。此空为句子的谓语，
结合句意可知，此处描述的是客观事实，所以此处使用一般现在时，object与句子主语Not only students but
also their teacher之间为主动关系，且“not only…but also…”连接并列主语时，谓语动词单复数形式使用就
近原则，所以，该句中谓语动词的单复数形式取决于their teacher，谓语动词应为objects。故填objects。
【答案】objects
典例2．(2024年全国高三专项训练) There (be) some Chinese and three Americans in the travelling
team.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：旅行团中有一些中国人和三位美国人。空处是句子的谓语动词，句
子描述的是一个现在的状态或事实，即旅行团当前的构成情况，应用一般现在时，此处构成“there be”结
构，表示“有”，be 动词形式就近原则，应与就近主语“some Chinese ”保持一致，主语为复数意义，应
用are。故填are。
【答案】are
变式训练1．Not only Jim but also his parents (be) fond of playing basketball.
【解析】考查主谓一致。句子陈述事实，用一般现在时，“not only...but also...”连接并列主语时，谓语动词
的数遵循“就近原则”，即由靠近谓语的主语“his parents”决定，为复数意义，因此谓语动词应用复数
are。故填are。【答案】are
变式训练2．Not only the animals but also the forest in the animated (动画的) film (look) so real!
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：不仅是动物，动画电影中的森林看起来都很真实！描述现实状况，用一般
现在时。not only…but also连接主语时，按就近原则，谓语动词和but also保持一致。the forest是单数，故
填looks。
【答案】looks
考点四 主语一致易错点
1.“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
例.Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held next Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加下周日举行的聚会。
2.“a number of＋复数名词”表示“许多……”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of＋复数名
词”表示“……的数量”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例1. A number of measures were being taken to protect the endangered animals
人们正采取各种措施保护濒危动物。
例2. The number of staff has declined from 218,000 to 116,000.
员工人数从21.8万下降到了11.6万。
3.单复数同形的名词，如：deer， sheep， fish， means， works， Chinese等作主语时，要视其意义来
决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
例1.All means have been tried. 所有方式都试过了。
例2.Every means has been tried. 每一种方式都试过了。
4.当man作“人类”，the world（世界上的人）讲作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
例1. Only man knows how to cook. 只有人类懂得烹饪。
例2. All the world knows that the earth is round. 世界上的人都知道地球是圆的。
典例. The number of people, who have access to their own cars, (rise) sharply in the past decade.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的十年里，拥有自己汽车的人数急剧增加。rise是主句谓语
动词，根据时间状语in the past decade可知，表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响，应用现在完成
时，主语为固定短语“the number of +名词”，表示“……的数量”，视为单数，助动词用has。故填has
risen。
【答案】has risen一、 真题实战
1.（2024年北京卷）When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps
us identify important areas of our lives and ______ (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
【答案】be offered
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：当我们放慢脚步时，我们会创造空间来反思我们的想法和情绪，这
有助于我们确定生活中的重要领域，并给我们做出正确选择的机会。which引导的非限制性定语从句中，
根据helps可知，从句使用一般现在时，which指代前边的整个句子，所以从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式
gives，gives与helps并列，作并列谓语。故填gives。
2.（2024年北京卷） His glasses went flying and landed in the grass. My heart went out to him, and I ______
(jog) over to him. As I handed him the glasses, he looked at me and said, “Thanks!”
【答案】jogged
【解析】考查时态。句意：我很同情他，然后朝他慢跑过去。句中and连接并列句，空处作后句谓语，根
据句中went可知，此处描述过去发生的事，句子使用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式jogged。故填
jogged。
3.（2024新高考I卷）Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ________ (walk) visitors through a
journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the
first time.
【答案】walks
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：此外，围绕温室的丝绸之路花园带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影
响的旅程。walk sb. through，意为“带领某人穿过……”，空处为本句谓语动词，根据上文可知，本句时
态为一般现在时，主语the Silk Route Garden为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。
4.（2024年浙江卷1月语法填空）Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling chicken
or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
【答案】have started
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：在过去的两年里，一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装，设计成两半，拆
分成两份。根据“Over the last two years”可知，此处应用现在完成时。动词start意为“开始”。故填have
started。
5.（2022年全国甲卷语法填空）In the last five years, Cao ________ (walk) through 34 countries in six
continents.
【答案】has walked
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：在过去五年中，曹穿越了六大洲的34个国家。根据时间状语in the last five
years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has walked。二、 命题演练
1.（2024年河南省开封市高三三模）The precise locations of the shipwrecks and the associated cultural relics
(determine) through the use of oceanographic technology and underwater investigations involving manned
submersibles, which conducted 41 dives throughout the year, as confirmed by Song Jianzhong, a researcher at the
National Center for Archaeology.
【答案】were determined
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：据国家考古中心研究员宋建忠证实，沉船和相关文物的精确位置是
通过使用海洋学技术和水下调查确定的，其中包括载人潜水器，全年进行了41次潜水。分析句子，设空处
使用动词作谓语。句中The precise locations of the shipwrecks and the associated cultural relics与determine之
间是被动关系，同时句子表述过去事实，故使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were determined。
2.（2024 年四川省泸州市高三下学期三模）At the age of 6, she started to help her mother to make Su
embroidery items, all of which (sell)to support the family.
【答案】were sold
【解析】考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：16岁起，她就开始帮助母亲制作苏绣品，靠卖苏绣品来维
持一家人的生计。此处为一般过去时，items和sell是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是复数，
谓语也用复数。故填were sold。
3.（2024年全国高三专项训练）No one but John and his teachers (know) the truth of the
experiment.
【答案】knows
【解析】考查动词单三。句意：除了约翰和他的老师，没有人知道实验的真相。but John and his teachers是
介词短语，真正主语是No one，单数意义。结合语境，叙述事实情况，应用一般现在时。故填knows。
4.（2024年河南省通义大联考高三考前模拟）Guardiola is expected to leave when his current City deal_____
(end) next year but De Bruyne does not see that as a reason to move on himself.
【答案】ends
【解析】考查时态。句意：瓜迪奥拉预计将在明年与曼城的合同到期后离开，但德布鲁因并不认为这是他
离开的理由。从句陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为his current City deal，谓语用三单形式。故填ends。
5.（2024年湖南省永州市高三下学期第三次模拟）Dazhai, a village surrounded by mountains on all sides in
Guangxi's Longsheng autonomous county of various ethnic groups, which boasts around 66 square kilometers of
terraced (梯田形的) fields that have been cultivated for around 2,300 years, ___ (attract) tens of thousands
of visitors every year.
【答案】attracts
【解析】考查时态。句意：同上。此处作谓语动词，主语为a village，为单数，主语a village与attract之间
为主动关系，且此处时间状语为every year，故应用一般现在时，故填attracts。
6.（2024年广西南宁市高三一模）The famous historical painting “Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan
Envoy (使团)”，created by remarkable painter Yan Liben(601-673), (shine) brilliantly in the PalaceMuseum on April 29, 2023.
【答案】shone
【解析】考查谓语动词时态。句意：著名画家阎立本(601-673)创作的著名历史卷轴《步辇图》于2023 年4
月29日在北京故宫博物院大放异彩。本句考查谓语动词，根据时间状语“on April 29, 2023”可知， 本句谓
语动词为一般过去时。故填shone。
7.（2024年重庆高三模拟）So far, a total of 90 films and TV series from 7,024 submission s by artists of 104
countries and regions like the US, India and Iran (select) for the next stage.
【答案】have been selected
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：到目前为止，来自美国、印度和伊朗等104个国家和地区的艺术
家提交的7024部作品中，共有90部电影和电视剧入选下一阶段。根据句前的so far判断句子应该用现在
完成时，再结合句意可知，句子主语a total of 90 films and TV series和谓语动词select之间是被动关系，是
现在完成时的被动语态，因主语是 a total of 90 films and TV series，谓语动词要用复数形式。故填have
been selected。
8.（2024 年安徽皖江名校联盟 10 月阶段考试）Best known for its skillful and delicate needlework, Su
embroidery
(praise)for its use of the finest threads, balanced compositions, dense stitching (密集的针法) and smooth
finish.
【答案】is praised
【解析】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：苏绣以其精湛而精致的针法而闻名，因其使用最细的线、
平衡的构图、密集的针法和光滑的光面而受到称赞。空处应填谓语动词，此处为客观陈述且主语 Su
embroidery与praise之间为被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态is praised。故填is praised。
9.（2024年全国高三专项训练）It is cutting down of trees that (destroy) the habitats of animals.
【答案】destroys
【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：砍伐树木破坏了动物的栖息地。去掉句中的It is 和空处后，剩
余部分：cutting down of trees destroys the habitats of animals，句意完整，成分齐全，所以本句使用了强调句
型，对句子的主语cutting down of trees 进行强调，陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，动名词作主语谓语动
词用单数。故填destroys。
10.（2024届江西省景德镇市高三第三次质量检测）This type of embroidery (feature) a bold use of
brilliant colors.Chen Yunzhen, from Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County in Sichuan Province, is a master of
Qiang embroidery.
【答案】features
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这种刺绣的特点是大胆地使用鲜艳的颜色。陈述客观事实用一般现
在时，主语 This type of embroidery 是单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填 features。
