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专题 02 谓语动词的语态和主谓一致
备考 2023 年高考英语二轮复习讲练测--讲练
目录
一 .......... 命题解读 、解题要领
二 .......... 主动语态和被动语态构成
三 .......... 主谓一致
四 .......... 真题练一练
【命题解读】
在高考中，动词的考查都是高考的必考点和重难点。一旦我们判定为谓语动词时，必需综合考虑时态、语
态和主谓一致的情况，这些都是紧密联系在一起进行考查的，都是高考的命题点。
【解题要领】
1. 学生容易只注重句子成分和结构从而忽略句子的逻辑关系，而语态则主要根据谓语动词与主语的逻辑关系
来判断，同时语态又包含在时态之中，不可分割。
2. 上下文时态、并列连词所连接的时态及并列句中的谓语动词的时态，主语与谓语动词的关系，主谓一致的
语法知识均为解题的关键。考点一 时态和语态的构成
时态种类 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do/does am/is/are + done
一般过去时 did was/were + done
一般将来时 will do will + be + done
过去将来时 would do would + be + done
现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are + being + done
过去进行时 was/was doing was/were + being + done
现在完成时 have/has done have/has + been + done
过去完成时 had done had + been + done一 基本考点
典例剖析
1.（2022年浙江卷6月）But how can a painting ____36____ (appreciate) by someone who’s blind?
【答案】be appreciated
【解析】考查含有情态动词的被动语态。句意：但是一个盲人怎么能欣赏一幅画呢？主语 a painting与谓语
appreciate 为被动关系，且置于情态动词 can 之后，所以本句为含有情态动词的被动语态。 故填 be
appreciated。
2.（2022年全国乙卷6月 改错）Just see how cars have been taken over our cities.
【答案】去掉have后的been
【解析】考查语态。句意：看看汽车是如何占领我们的城市的。分析句式结构可知，主语 cars与动词take over
之间是主谓关系，应用主动语态。故去掉have后的been。
3. (2022年全国高考新高考I卷语法填空) After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next
year. The GPNP ___ 6 0___ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity
(完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ___ 6 1
and ___ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
【答案】is designed
【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。设空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语 The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客
观事实，应用一般现在时。故设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语单数，谓语单数形式。本句句意：
GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，维护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝
贵的自然资产”的指导原则。故填is designed。
二 特殊用法
1. 当there be 结构及所有的不及物动词或词组充当谓语时，无被动语态。
2. 系动词和表示状态的及物动词无被动语态。如：look, sound, feel, smell, taste，prove，appear等。
3. 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如wish, want, hope, like, love,hate等不能变被动语态。
4. 当及物动词leave, enter, reach等的宾语是表示地点和处所（包括组织、团体、军队、国家等）的名词时，不可变为被动语态。
5. See, watch, hear, notice, feel, make, listen to, look at等动词/短语后作宾语补足语的不定式不带to,但改为
被动语态时必须带to。
典例 剖析
（2021高考浙江卷6月）It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home
in downtown Springfield, Illinois,_____(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
【答案】has proven/has proved
【解析】考查动词的语态和时态及主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，设空处应是 but连接的并列句的谓语动词，
根据since引导的时间状语从句可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语为Lincoln's home，谓语应用第三人称单数形
式；根据设空处后的形容词irresistible可知，prove应是系动词，意为“证明是”，没有被动语态。prove的过
去分词有proved和proven两种形式。故填has proven/has proved。
三 主动形式表示被动意义
1. 动词（表示主语的性质属性特征,如：sell, lock, open, cook, dry, drink, read, write,wash 等）+副词(
well/badly/easily/smoothly )，用主动形式表示被动含义。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
This kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布料很好洗。
2. 在“have+宾语+to do”结构中，have表示“有”讲，当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时，不定式用主动语
态，否则用被动语态。
3. 在“be+形容词+to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。如:easy, difficult, hard, fit,
heavy, safe, pleasant, comfortable等。
The article is difficult to understand.
4. 在下列短语中，用动词的主动形式表示被动含义
be worth doing
want, need, require;（其后可以跟动名词的主动式表被动意义，也可跟不定式的被动式作宾语。）with的复合结构
With a lot of work to do, I can’t go out with you.
5. 被动形式表示主动意义的常见短语
be seated 坐着；
be lost 迷路，迷失；
be drunk喝醉；
be dressed穿着；
be devoted to致力于；
考点二 主谓一致
一 语法一致原则
(1) 可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数做主语时谓语动词用复数。
(2) 定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由其修饰的名词的单复数形式来确定；如果定语从句修饰前面的整个句子，
从句中的谓语动词用单数。
I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。
注意：“one of+复数名词+who/which/that”引导的定语从句中，若关系代词在定语从句中作主语，谓语动词
常用复数形式。若one前有the (only/very/right)修饰时，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。
He was one of the students who were given a prize.
他是那些获奖的学生之一。
He was the only one of the students who was given a prize.
他是那些学生中唯一一个获奖的学生。
(3) 单个动名词、不定式、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但 what引导的主语从句表示复数概
念时，谓语动词用复数。
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his name here.
要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。
二．就近/就远原则
(1) 就近原则：由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ... , not ... but ... 等连接的并列主语，谓
语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。在 There be句型及Here开头的句子中，有两个或几个并列主语时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music of this kind.
不仅学生们而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。
(4) 就远原则：当主语后面接由 as well as, with, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less
than, rather than, together with等构成的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
三．意义一致原则
(1) “分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意义；
all,some, some ,half,most,the rest,lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of,enough等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语
动词与所修饰的名词形式保持一致。
(2) 集体名词作主语时，若强调整体，则谓语动词用单数；若强调个体，则谓语动词用复数。如:family, class,
team,group, public, committee, government, audience等。
(3) 倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致。
On either side were rows of fruit trees.
(4) and连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由 and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，
谓语动词须用单数形式。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(5)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held next Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加下周日举行的聚会。
Many a parent was forced to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历这一段痛苦的过程。
(6) “a number of＋复数名词”表示“许多……”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of＋复数名
词”表示“……的数量”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.
这个周末许多学生打算去野炊。The number of days in February this year is 28.
今年二月份的天数是二十八天。
(7) 成双成对的名词 如：trousers,pants,jeans,glasses,shorts,chopsticks,slippers,scissors,shoes,gloves等被the，
my等修饰作主语，谓语动词用复数。若此类名词前有a/the pair of修饰，则与pair保持一致。
对比: Your glasses are on your nose.
This pair of glasses is mine.
[注意]（1）people， cattle， police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数形式。
(2) 单复数同形的名词，如：deer， sheep， fish， means， works， Chinese等作主语时，要视其意
义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.
为了防止大气污染，每一种方法都试过了。
(8)由“kind/form/type/sort/species/series+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些词的单复数
而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种各样的困难。
(9) “the +形容词/过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；如“the +形容词/过去分词”指一个人或
表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.
最后，伤员们被村民们救起。
The wounded in the accident was a policeman.
这次事故的受伤者是一名警察。
(10) 有些以s结尾的表示学科名称的词，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等，以及用作书名，地
名，国名，地区的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
(11) 表示距离，长度，价值，金额，重量等的复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待时，谓语动词通常用
单数。
Thirty kilometers is a quite long distance.
三十公里是相当长的一段距离。典例 剖析
（2022年全国乙卷6月 改错）A doctor tells me people who lives the longest are dancers and cyclists.
【答案】lives → live
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：医生告诉我，寿命最长的人是舞蹈家和骑自行车的人。分析句式结构可知，此
处是关系代词who引导的定语从句，先行词people是集合名词，所以从句中谓语动词用复数形式。故将 lives
改为live。
真题实战练一练
I.单句填空
1.（2022年浙江卷1月）Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane
________(view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
2. （2022年北京卷）This has been adopted to ensure easier detection of gas leaks. Gas naturally ____35____
(have) no recognisable smell.
3. （2021新课标II卷）Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I’d send an email. One of the biggest
companies I wrote to ________ (be) Alaska Airlines Paris.
4.（2021全国甲卷）The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It
________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
5. （2021年浙江卷1月）Mary’s niece wrote, “The little home ________(paint) white. It was sweet and fresh. Mary
loved it.”
6.（2021年浙江卷1月）It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a
BMI of between 19 and 25 ________ (consider) healthy.
7.（2021年北京高考）As it ________ (connect) things, your brain turns them into a story, and you get a dream.
8.（2021年浙江卷1月）The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2.1 inwomen and men. In cities, however, the gain ________ (be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.
9.（2021年北京卷）There ________(be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20
years, caused largely by rising global temperatures, according to a new report from the United Nations.
10.（2020年全国II卷）This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers __________ (carry) special
significance.
11.（2020新课标III卷语法填空）The artist was sure he would___(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece
to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.
12.（2020山东卷语法填空）The parts of a museum open to the public ___ (call) galleries or rooms.
13.（2020年新高考I卷） Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection ____ (be) on display. Most of it is
stored away or used for research.
14.（2020北京卷）Oliver is a host of a TV programme on food. He says food________ (play) a big role in his life.
15. （2020北京卷）Single-use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they________ (throw) away.
16. （2020北京卷）The Neanderthals________ (live) alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of
years, before dying out about 40, 000 years ago.
17. （2020年浙江卷卷）And, as more children were born, more food _______________ (need).
18. （2020浙江卷语法填空）By about 6000 BC，people ___ (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
19. （2020年浙江卷）This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then, with the rise of science, changes
began. New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
20. （2020年浙江卷）Something significant is happening to the world population — it is aging. The median
(中位数的) age of an American in 1950 ________ (be) 30 — today it is 41 and is expected to increase to 42 by
2050.
【答案】1. is viewed/has been viewed 2. has 3.was 4. was built 5. was painted 6.is considered
7.connects 8.was 9.has been 10.carries 11.be chosen 12.are called 13.is 14. plays/has played/is
playing/has been playing 15.are thrown 16.lived/had lived/had been living 17.was needed 18.had
discovered 19. meant 20.wasII. 语篇填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1. (江苏省南通市海安市实验中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月考)At the beginning of the 21st century, slow and often uncomfortable trains struggled wildly across China, with
low average speeds making ____36____(journey) such as Shanghai-Beijing a test of endurance.
Since 2008 China's high-speed rail industry has evolved rapidly and built the world's longest network,
symbolizing the ____37____(country) economic power and increasing prosperity. The network ____38____(expect) to
double in length again, to 70, 000 kilometers, by 2035. In addition, the Chinese have created a ____39____ (total)
different picture of high-speed rail network, ____40____ often proves faster and more reliable than Chinese domestic
flights.
Not satisfied with pushing the boundaries of speed and civil engineering, Chinese companies are among the first
in the world ____41____(introduce) new technology such as autonomous train operation and advanced signaling.
Although its trains are ____42____ the world's fastest, China is still spending billions of dollars on maglev (磁悬浮列
车). Hopefully, it won't be long ____43____ China operates passenger services well beyond the current limits of steel
wheels. ____44____(take) a typically realistic approach to raising the speed of land transport, China sees maglev as
____45____ better option for bridging the gap between rail and air on long distance routes.
【答案】
36．journeys 37．country’s 38．is expected 39．totally 40．which 41．to introduce 42．among 43．
before 44．Taking 45．a
【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了中国高铁产业的迅速发展，为提高陆路运输的速度，中国将大力
发展磁悬浮列车技术。
36．考查名词的数。句意：在 21 世纪初，缓慢且常常让人不舒服的火车在中国各地艰难前行着，较低的平均
速度让上海至北京这样的旅程成为对耐力的考验。journey是可数名词，在句子中为泛指意义，需要变复数。
故填journeys。
37．考查名词所有格。句意：2008年以来，中国高铁产业发展迅速，中国建成了世界上最长的铁路网络，象
征着国家经济实力不断增强，日益繁荣。根据句意的需要，此处表示“国家的”，因此填入 country的所有格
作定语修饰economic power。故填country’s。
38．考查时态和语态。句意：预计到 2035 年，铁路长度将翻倍，达到七万公里。分析句子结构可知，expect
在句子中作为谓语动词使用，主语 network 承受expect的动作，因此expect应该使用被动语态形式“be
expected”。“be expected to do”意为“有望……”，表示一种可能性。根据上下文可知，这种可能性是建立在
“目前”的，因此使用一般现在时，并且主语network 为单数意义。故填is expected。
39．考查副词。句意：此外，中国人创造了一个完全不同的高铁网络图景，通常情况下它被证明比中国国内航
班更快、更可靠。使用副词作状语修饰形容词different，total的副词是totally。故填totally。40．考查定语从句。句意：此外，中国人创造了一个完全不同的高铁网络图景，通常情况下它被证明比中国国
内航班更快、更可靠。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，high-speed rail network（高铁网
络）是先行词，它在从句中作主语，指物，因此使用which引导定语从句。故填which。
41．考查动词不定式。句意：不满足于突破速度和土木工程的界限，中国公司在世界上率先引入了自主列车运
营和先进信号等新技术。本句中的first之后省略了conpanies，名词前有序数词修饰,后面用动词不定式作后置
定语。故填to introduce。
42．考查介词。句意：不满足于突破速度和土木工程的界限，中国公司在世界上率先引入了自主列车运营和先
进信号等新技术。根据句意的需要及“the world’s fastest”，此处应该填入的介词表示“在三者或三者以上之
中”，因此使用among是合适的。故填among。
43．考查固定句型。句意：希望用不了多久，中国的客运服务将远远超出目前钢轮的限制。“It won’t be long
before+一般现在时的句子”是固定句型，意为“用不了多长时间就……”，合乎句意的需要。故填before。
44．考查现在分词。句意：采取典型的现实方法来提高陆路运输的速度，中国认为磁悬浮是弥合长途铁路和航
空之间差距的更好选择。分析句子结构可知，take在句子中不作为谓语动词使用，China发出take的动作，因
此使用take的现在分词作状语。故填Taking。
45．考查冠词。句意：采取典型的现实方法来提高陆路运输的速度，中国认为磁悬浮是弥合长途铁路和航空之
间差距的更好选择。 option为可数名词，better是以辅音音素开头的单词，因此使用不定冠词 a。a better
option：一个更好的选择。故填a。
2. (辽宁省葫芦岛市协作校2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试题)
Earlier this year, 11-year-old Kashmea Wahi of London, England scored 162 on ____36____ intelligence
quotient (IQ) test. That’s a perfect score. Does her high score mean she will go on to do great things—like Stephen
Hawking or Albert Einstein, two of the ____37____ (great) scientists in the world? Maybe. But maybe not.
Every student can learn no matter how intelligent. But some students struggle in school because of a
____38____ (weak) in one specific area of intelligence. These students often benefit ____39____ special education
programs. There, they get extra help in the areas ____40____ they’re struggling. IQ tests can help teachers figure out
which students need such extra help. Many colleges and universities also use exams similar to IQ tests ____41____
(select) students. And the US government—including its military—uses IQ tests when choosing who to hire.Most non-experts think intelligence is the reason why successful people do so well. Psychologists who study
intelligence find this is only partly true. IQ tests can predict how well people will do in particular ____42____
(situation), such as thinking abstractly in science, engineering or art, or ____43____ (lead) teams of people. But there’s
____44____ (much) to the story. Extraordinary achievement depends on many factors, such as ambition, opportunity,
the ability to think _____45_____(clear)—even luck. Intelligence matters, but not as much as you might think.
【答案】
36 ． an 37 ． greatest 38 ． weakness 39 ． from 40 ． where 41 ． to select 42 ． situations 43 ．
leading 44．more 45．clearly
【导语】本文是说明文。文章讲述了智商测试可以帮助老师找出哪些学生需要额外的帮助。智力方面的大多数
非专家认为，智力是成功人士表现得如此之好的原因。研究智力的心理学家发现，这只是部分正确的。非凡的
成就取决于许多因素，如雄心、机遇、清晰思考的能力——甚至运气。
36．考查冠词。句意：今年早些时候，英国伦敦 11岁的Kashmea Wahi在智商测试中得了162分。根据句意，
此处泛指“一次智商测试”，intelligence以元音音素开头，用不定冠词an。故填an。
37．考查形容词最高级。句意：她的高分是否意味着她会继续做一些伟大的事情——比如斯蒂芬·霍金或阿尔
伯特·爱因斯坦，世界上最伟大的两位科学家？结合句意可知，用定冠词the修饰，此处应用great的最高级形
式。故填greatest。
38．考查名词。句意：但是，有些学生在学校里表现不佳，是因为他们在某一特定的智力领域存在缺陷。根据
空前的a可知，此处应该用weak的名词形式weakness，且用单数，故填weakness。
39．考查介词。句意：这些学生经常受益于特殊教育项目。benefit from意为“受益于”是固定短语，故填
from。
40．考查定语从句。句意：在那里，他们在他们困难的领域得到额外的帮助，智商测试可以帮助老师找出哪些
学生需要这种额外的帮助。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词 the areas，从句缺少地点状语，用关系
副词where，故填where。
41．考查非谓语动词。句意：许多学院和大学也使用类似于智商测试的考试来选择学生。use sth to do sth意为
“应用某物做某事”，用不定式作目的状语，故填to select。
42．考查名词单复数。句意：智商测试可以预测人们在特定情况下的表现，比如在科学、工程或艺术方面的抽
象思维，或者领导团队。根据下文举例可知，此处应该用situation的复数形式。故填situations。
43．考查非谓语动词。句意同上。本空与上文thinking并列，作介词as的宾语，用所给词的动名词形式。故填
leading。
44．考查形容词。句意：但是，事情远不止这些。根据句意，还有更多的内容，用 much的比较级more，故填
more。45．考查副词。句意：非凡的成就取决于许多因素，如雄心、机遇、清晰思考的能力——甚至运气。此处用副
词修饰动词think。故填clearly。
