ARTICLE · 1142929
雅思P3高频真题 A closer examination of a study on verbal and non-verbal messages 梳理
雅思P3高频真题 A closer examination of a study on verbal and non-verbal messages 梳理🧭文章结构9 段先读准脉络 引言Paragraph A–B：经典研究及其「7-38-55」结论 方法论Paragraph C–D：样本与公式缺陷 课堂之忧Paragraph E：进入教学文献 反思Paragraph F–H：数据迷信 · Mehrabian 自辩 · 教材分化 结论Paragraph I：影响力失控，需回归正位 A段引言：一句「不证自明」的经典被引用到近乎真理的 1967 年研究 📜 英文原文 The findings of a study on verbal and non-verbal messages in communication by Albert Mehrabian and his colleagues at UCLA in 1967 have been quoted so frequently that they are now often regarded as a self-evident truth.1967 年，阿尔伯特·梅拉比安及其加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）的同事，对沟通中的言语与非言语信息做了一项研究，其结论被引用得如此频繁，如今常被视作一条「不证自明」的真理。 verbal/ˈvɜːbl/adj.言语的；口头的与 non-verbal（非言语的）相对，是全文关键概念词。e.g. verbal and non-verbal messages 言语与非言语信息 self-evident/ˌself ˈevɪdənt/adj.不言而喻的；显然的self-（自身）+ evident（明显）。「self-evident truth」= 不证自明的真理，暗含作者质疑其并非如此。e.g. It was a self-evident truth to them. 这对他们是不言而喻的。 quoted/ˈkwəʊtɪd/v.（quote 过去分词）被引用be quoted so frequently that… 强调「被引用的泛滥」，为下文批评埋伏笔（so…that…）。 colleagues/ˈkɒliːɡz/n.同事同义词 co-workers。and his colleagues = 与其同事们。 findings/ˈfaɪndɪŋz/n.（研究/调查）发现；结论常用复数，本文反复出现，是同义替换高频词。e.g. the findings of a study 一项研究的发现 The findings of a study on verbal and non-verbal messages in communication by Albert Mehrabian and his colleagues at UCLA in 1967 have been quoted so frequently that they are now often regarded as a self-evident truth. 主干The findings … have been quoted so frequently … that … 修饰1主语的 3 层后置定语：of a study → on verbal and non-verbal messages（关于什么）→ by … colleagues at UCLA in 1967（谁 / 哪 / 何时） 从句so … that … 结果状语从句：they are now often regarded as a self-evident truth 用法have been quoted 现在完成时被动：强调「一直/已经被引用」（与 now 呼应） ⚠️ 易错：of / on / by 三个介词各管一层修饰，别把 by Albert Mehrabian 误读成「被某人引用」——它是「由…完成的研究」。 Q27 ｜ 答案 D ⚠️ 排除：H characteristics（文中无对应比较点）、C printed words（印刷词，与「说出的词」不符）。 💡 摘要定位法：摘要题常「重组」原文信息，先抓原词（verbal and non-verbal…），再回选项找名词性替换。 B段两个实验与「7-38-55」结论语调、面孔、单字里的比例真相 📜 英文原文 In the first experiment, subjects were asked to listen to a recording of a female saying the word “maybe” in three tones of voice to convey liking, neutrality, and disliking. The subjects were then shown photos of female faces expressing the same three emotions and were asked to guess the emotions in the recorded voice and the photos. It was found that the photos received more accurate responses than the voices. In the second experiment, subjects listened to nine recorded words spoken in different tones of voice. Three words had positive meanings (e.g. honey), three were neutral (e.g. oh), and three were negative (e.g. terrible). Again, the subjects had to guess the speaker’s emotions. It was found that tone of voice carried more meaning than the individual words. From these experiments the researchers concluded that 7% of our feeling towards a speaker is based on the actual words they use, 38% on their tone of voice, and 55% on their body language (e.g. facial expression).在第一个实验中，被试者被要求聆听一位女性用三种语调说出「maybe」一词，分别传达喜欢、中立与不喜欢。随后，被试者被展示表达同样三种情绪的女性面孔照片，并被要求猜测录音声音和照片中的情绪。结果显示，对照片的判断比声音更准确。在第二个实验中，被试者聆听用不同语调说出的九个录制单词：三个词含积极含义（如 honey），三个为中性（如 oh），三个为消极（如 terrible）。被试者同样需猜测说话者的情绪。结果发现，语调比单个单词承载更多含义。根据这些实验，研究者得出结论：我们对说话者的感觉中，7% 基于其实际使用的词语，38% 基于其语调，55% 基于其身体语言（如面部表情）。 subjects/ˈsʌbdʒɪkts/n.（实验）被试者；受试对象实验语境中不是「科目/主题」，而是「被试人员」。同义替换：participants。e.g. All were female undergraduates… 所有被试者都是女性本科生 convey/kənˈveɪ/v.传达；传递to convey liking, neutrality, and disliking（表达喜欢、中立、不喜欢）。高频动词。 neutrality/njuːˈtræləti/n.中立；中性形容词 neutral（中性的）。文中反复出现 neutral word（中性词）。 accurate/ˈækjərət/adj.准确的more accurate responses = 更准确的回答。反义 inaccurate；同义 precise / exact。 tone/təʊn/n.语调；语气tone of voice = 语调（与 words 相对），对应 38% 的 vocal 渠道。 emotions/ɪˈməʊʃənz/n.情绪与 feelings / attitudes 同场替换。guess the emotions → 摘要题中的 feelings。 based on/beɪst ɒn/phr.基于；建立在…之上is based on the actual words they use = 基于他们实际使用的词语。 neutral/ˈnjuːtrəl/adj.中性的；中立的three were neutral (e.g. oh)。后文批判「intentionally used a neutral word」。 In the first experiment, subjects were asked to listen to a recording of a female saying the word “maybe” in three tones of voice to convey liking, neutrality, and disliking. 主干subjects were asked to listen to a recording 后置定语of a female saying the word “maybe”…：现在分词 saying 修饰 female（一位说着「maybe」的女性） 状语in three tones of voice（方式状语）+ to convey…（目的状语） ⚠️ 易错：a female saying… 是「后置定语结构」，不是正在进行时。 From these experiments the researchers concluded that 7% of our feeling towards a speaker is based on the actual words they use, 38% on their tone of voice, and 55% on their body language (e.g. facial expression). 主干the researchers concluded that…（宾语从句） 并列从句内 3 个并列分句，各含 is based on：7%…words / 38%…tone / 55%…body language 省略后两句省略 is based：38% (is based) on… 55% (is based) on…（平行结构省略） ⚠️ 易错：这是典型「平行省略」，是细节/摘要题的同义替换来源，务必识破 38%、55% 后隐藏的 is based。 Q28 ｜ 答案 G Q29 ｜ 答案 A Q30 ｜ 答案 E ⚠️ 干扰项 C printed words：原文是「说出的单词 recorded words」，不是「印刷的词」，排除。A facial expressions 只属第一实验，作 Q30 干扰。 💡 Q28–30 属「同段定位」：三个空全部落在 B 段细节里，扫读时抓住 voice tones / facial expressions / individual words 三组核心词即可。 C段局限之一：样本之弊62 人 · 女性本科生 · 高度同质 📜 英文原文 However, a closer look at the study reveals several limitations. The first is that the entire study involved only 62 subjects. Of these, 25 were used to select the word for the first experiment, while the key issue – comparing verbal and non-verbal communication – was determined by only the 37 remaining subjects. All were female undergraduates who participated as part of their introductory psychology course, and their ages and academic qualifications seem remarkably uniform. Thus, the findings may simply be a product of the nature of the sample.然而，更仔细地审视这项研究会发现若干局限。首先是整个研究只涉及 62 名被试者。其中 25 人被用于为第一个实验挑选单词，而关键问题——比较言语与非言语沟通——只由剩下的 37 名被试者决定。所有被试者都是女性本科生，为完成其入门心理学课程而参与，她们的年龄与学业背景显得高度一致。因此，这些发现可能仅仅是样本特性的产物。 reveals/rɪˈviːlz/v.揭示；显露a closer look … reveals several limitations。同义替换 disclose / uncover。 limitations/ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz/n.局限；缺陷全文核心词，为 31–35 判断题提供判断依据。 involved/ɪnˈvɒlvd/v.涉及；包含the study involved only 62 subjects。注意 involve 主语常为「研究/活动」。 determined/dɪˈtɜːmɪnd/v.（determine 过去分词）决定；确定was determined by only the 37 remaining subjects。此处是被动语态，非形容词「坚决的」。 undergraduates/ˌʌndəˈɡrædʒuəts/n.本科生与 postgraduates（研究生）相对。female undergraduates 女性本科生。 remarkably/rɪˈmɑːkəbli/adv.异常地；显著地remarkably uniform = 高度一致，修饰形容词表程度。 uniform/ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/adj.一致的；统一的名词「制服」；此处作形容词 = 高度同质，呼应 Q32 的 similar background。 Of these, 25 were used to select the word for the first experiment, while the key issue – comparing verbal and non-verbal communication – was determined by only the 37 remaining subjects. 主干25 were used to select the word … while the key issue … was determined by only the 37 remaining subjects 结构while 连接两个对比分句，表「而/然而」 插入语两个破折号之间的 – comparing verbal and non-verbal communication – 是对 key issue 的同位补充 ⚠️ 易错：破折号插入语可先跳读，重点看 while 两边主语 25（人）与 the key issue（事）的对比。 All were female undergraduates who participated as part of their introductory psychology course, and their ages and academic qualifications seem remarkably uniform. 主干All were female undergraduates …, and their ages and academic qualifications seem remarkably uniform 从句who participated…（定语从句，修饰 undergraduates）+ as part of…（方式状语） 理解两分句都在强调样本「同质」（同为女本科生 + 年龄学历一致），这正是作者的批评点。 Q31 ｜ 答案 YES Q32 ｜ 答案 NO ⚠️ Q32 陷阱在观点方向：题目说「advantage（有利）」，原文实为负面评价，方向相反即 NO。 D段局限之二：公式之祸拼凑三渠道 · 中性词设计 · 缺乏效度 📜 英文原文 Critics have also pointed out that the 7–38–55 formula is flawed since it was pieced together from two different experiments, neither of which involved all three channels (verbal, vocal, and facial). In addition, in the first experiment the single word “maybe” was used throughout so it was impossible for the effects of changes in verbal input to be assessed. The researchers intentionally used a “neutral” word so naturally the subjects found little meaning there. Clearly, such a methodology lacks validity. In the real world, people communicate in a particular context and speak in phrases and full-blown sentences, making extensive use of the multi-faceted vehicle of language.批评者还指出，7-38-55 公式是有缺陷的，因为它是由两个不同实验拼凑而成，而这两个实验都没有同时涵盖全部三种渠道（言语、声调与面部）。此外，在第一个实验中，自始至终只用了「maybe」这一个词，因此无法评估言语输入变化所造成的影响。研究者有意使用了「中性」词，所以被试者自然在那里几乎找不到含义。显然，这样的方法缺乏有效性。在现实世界中，人们在特定语境中沟通，说短语和完整句子，充分运用语言这一多层次的载体。 formula/ˈfɔːmjələ/n.公式；法则the 7–38–55 formula = 7-38-55 法则。 flawed/flɔːd/adj.有缺陷的；有瑕疵的be flawed since… = 因…而有缺陷。名词 flaw（缺陷/瑕疵）。同义替换 imperfect / defective。 pieced together/piːst təˈɡeðə/phr.v.拼凑而成was pieced together from two different experiments = 由两个实验拼凑而成。暗含「并非整体设计」的批评。 channels/ˈtʃænəlz/n.渠道；通道three channels (verbal, vocal, and facial) 三大渠道：言语、声调、面部。 assessed/əˈsest/v.评估；评定it was impossible for the effects… to be assessed = 无法评估…的影响。 intentionally/ɪnˈtenʃənəli/adv.故意地；有意地The researchers intentionally used a “neutral” word。形容词 intentional；同义 on purpose。 validity/vəˈlɪdəti/n.有效性；效度lacks validity = 缺乏效度（学术语境高频）。形容词 valid，反义 invalid。 full-blown/ˌfʊl ˈbləʊn/adj.完整的；成熟的；充分发展的full-blown sentences = 完整的句子。原义「花完全盛开」。 multi-faceted/ˌmʌltɪ ˈfæsɪtɪd/adj.多层面的；多方面的multi-（多）+ faceted（面）。the multi-faceted vehicle of language = 语言这一多层面载体。 Critics have also pointed out that the 7–38–55 formula is flawed since it was pieced together from two different experiments, neither of which involved all three channels (verbal, vocal, and facial). 主干Critics have also pointed out that …（宾语从句） 状语since it was pieced together…（原因状语从句） 定语从句, neither of which involved all three channels（非限定性定语从句，修饰 experiments） ⚠️ 易错：neither of which 指「两个实验都不…」，注意否定含义，是细节题常见定位点。 In the real world, people communicate in a particular context and speak in phrases and full-blown sentences, making extensive use of the multi-faceted vehicle of language. 主干people communicate … and speak … 伴随making extensive use of…（现在分词作伴随状语，描述沟通方式） 理解作者用「现实世界」与实验设计的「单一中性词」形成对比，强化「方法脱离真实」。 Q33 ｜ 答案 NOT GIVEN ⚠️ 技巧：题干出现应然判断 should have been…，原文若无对应评价即为 NG。 Q34 ｜ 答案 NO ⚠️ Q34 干扰在词面：题目用正向词 helpful，必须识别原文负向语调（found little meaning / lacks validity）。 Q35 ｜ 答案 NOT GIVEN ⚠️ 分清 NO 与 NG：原文「否定言语输入变化」≠ 原文「讨论多种语言」。题干出现 a range of languages，原文没有 → NG。 E段我的忧虑：进入教学文献7-38-55 渗透到基础教材 📜 英文原文 My concern is that interpretations of this study have gained such prominence in our pedagogical literature. This 7–38–55 formula appears in many basic texts, used for training in public speaking, interpersonal communication, and organizational communication.我担心的是，对此研究的各种解读在我们的教学文献中已获得如此显赫的地位。这个 7-38-55 公式出现在许多基础教材中，被用于公共演讲、人际沟通与组织沟通的培训。 concern/kənˈsɜːn/n.担忧；关切My concern is that… = 我担心的是…。此处为名词（担忧），也可作动词「涉及」。 interpretations/ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃənz/n.解读；阐释interpretations of this study = 对此研究的解读。动词 interpret。 prominence/ˈprɒmɪnəns/n.显著；突出地位gained such prominence = 获得如此显著的地位。gain prominence 崭露头角。 pedagogical/ˌpedəˈɡɒdʒɪkəl/adj.教学（法）的pedagogical literature = 教学文献。pedagogical implication 教学启示。 interpersonal/ˌɪntəˈpɜːsənl/adj.人际的；人与人之间的inter-（相互）+ personal。interpersonal communication 人际沟通；organizational communication 组织沟通。 My concern is that interpretations of this study have gained such prominence in our pedagogical literature. 主干My concern is that …（表语从句） 从句interpretations of this study have gained such prominence in our pedagogical literature 理解have gained 现在完成时：强调「已经」获得高位，故作者担忧（呼应标题「再审视」）。 💡 本段为「过渡段」，无对应题目，但其中的 pedagogical / prominence 是词汇题高频词源。 F段反思：数字迷信与词语的分量精确性诱人 · 文字也会「成也萧何」 📜 英文原文 Clearly, one appealing aspect of the Mehrabian study is its numerical precision. Communication is a complex phenomenon, but it seems less so when we can rely on these three magical numbers. In contrast to the ambiguities of language, numbers seem to possess exactness. And the popular appeal of the study has given the 7–38–55 formula enormous credibility. There is a certain mystique about non-verbal communication, and the continued references to this research sustain it, encouraging people to believe in the overwhelming importance of the non-verbal message compared with the verbal one. Yet we know that even one ill-chosen word to a colleague or friend can make or break a communicative effort. Words do matter. Bradley (1991), one of the few textbook writers to criticize the Mehrabian study, makes the same point when he observes, “If we could communicate 93% of information and attitudes with vocal and facial cues, it would be wasteful to spend time learning a language.”显然，梅拉比安研究吸引人的一个方面是其数字的精确性。沟通是一种复杂现象，但当我们能依赖这三个神奇的数字时，它就显得没那么复杂了。与语言的含糊相比，数字似乎拥有精确性。而该研究在公众中的吸引力赋予了 7-38-55 公式巨大的公信力。非言语沟通周围存在某种神秘感，对此研究的持续引用令这种神秘感得以维持，鼓励人们相信非言语信息相对于言语信息具有压倒性的重要性。然而我们知道，即使对同事或朋友说错一个词，也足以成全或毁掉一次沟通。词语确实重要。布拉德利（1991）是为数不多的批评梅拉比安研究的教材作者之一，他也表达了同样的观点：「如果我们能仅凭声调和面部线索传达 93% 的信息和态度，那么花时间学习一门语言就是浪费。」 appealing/əˈpiːlɪŋ/adj.吸引人的；动人的one appealing aspect = 吸引人的一个方面。同义 attractive。e.g. appealing = attractive（Q36 考点） numerical/njuːˈmerɪkəl/adj.数字的；数值的numerical precision = 数字的精确性（Q36 定位词）。数字 numerical → number。 precision/prɪˈsɪʒən/n.精确性；精确度与 accuracy / exactness 同义。e.g. numbers seem to possess exactness 数字似乎拥有精确性 ambiguities/ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːətiz/n.含糊；歧义（ambiguity 复数）the ambiguities of language = 语言的含糊。 credibility/ˌkredəˈbɪləti/n.公信力；可信度enormous credibility = 巨大公信力。形容词 credible（可信的）。 mystique/mɪˈstiːk/n.神秘感；奥秘a certain mystique about non-verbal communication = 非言语沟通带有的某种神秘感。 sustain/səˈsteɪn/v.维持；使持续the continued references … sustain it = 持续引用维持了这种神秘感。 overwhelming/ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ/adj.压倒性的；势不可挡的overwhelming importance = 压倒性的重要性（Q37 定位点）。 make or break/meɪk ɔː breɪk/idiom成就或毁掉；决定成败固定短语。can make or break a communicative effort = 足以成全或毁掉一次沟通。 ill-chosen/ˌɪl ˈtʃəʊzən/adj.选得不当的；欠妥的ill- 前缀表「不好」：ill-chosen word = 说错了的一个词。 cues/kjuːz/n.线索；提示vocal and facial cues = 声调与面部线索（Bradley 论证中的关键词）。 wasteful/ˈweɪstfl/adj.浪费的it would be wasteful to spend time learning a language（Q38 考点：反证法）。 There is a certain mystique about non-verbal communication, and the continued references to this research sustain it, encouraging people to believe in the overwhelming importance of the non-verbal message compared with the verbal one. 主干There is a certain mystique …, and the continued references … sustain it 伴随encouraging people to believe…（现在分词作伴随/结果状语，修饰 sustain） 比较compared with the verbal one = 与言语信息相比（Q37 关键句） ⚠️ 易错：compared with 是「过去分词表被动比较」，逻辑主语是 the non-verbal message。 Bradley (1991), one of the few textbook writers to criticize the Mehrabian study, makes the same point when he observes, “If we could communicate 93% of information and attitudes with vocal and facial cues, it would be wasteful to spend time learning a language.” 主干Bradley … makes the same point … 同位语one of the few textbook writers to criticize…（主语 Bradley 的同位语） 引用引号内为虚拟条件句：If we could communicate…, it would be wasteful…（对将来/假设的虚拟，用 could/would 表「如果…就会…」） ⚠️ 反证理解：Bradley 的言下之意是「既然我们仍在花时间学语言，那语言必然重要」——正是 Q38 的 D 选项。 Q36 ｜ 答案 A ⚠️ 排除：B「最强点」过度引申；C 迷信人群（superstitious people 原文无）；D「语言间对比」与 precision 无关。 Q37 ｜ 答案 B ⚠️ 排除：D「有助于理解非言语信息」语气正向，与作者担忧相反。 Q38 ｜ 答案 D ⚠️ 别被 A/C 带偏：Bradley 不是在说「学得更高效」或「多花时间在语调/肢体」，而是用「学语言不浪费」反推「语言重要」。 G段作者本人的「澄清」Mehrabian：我的发现只关乎情感与态度 📜 英文原文 Mehrabian himself believes his research should not be interpreted to devalue the role of language in communication, saying: “Please remember that all my findings dealt with communications of feelings and attitudes – it is absurd to imply or suggest that the verbal portion of all communication constitutes only 7% of the message – anytime we communicate abstract relationships (e.g., x = y – the square of z) clearly 100% of the entire communication is verbal.” (Mehrabian, 1995)梅拉比安本人则认为，他的研究不应被解读为贬低语言在沟通中的角色，他说：「请记住，我所有的发现都是关于情感与态度的沟通……暗示或声称言语部分在所有沟通中只占 7% 是荒谬的……每当我们沟通抽象关系（如 x = y – z 的平方）时，显然 100% 的沟通都是言语的。」（梅拉比安，1995） devalue/ˌdiːˈvæljuː/v.贬低；使贬值should not be interpreted to devalue the role of language = 不应被解读为贬低语言的角色（Q37 同源词）。 interpreted/ɪnˈtɜːprɪtɪd/v.被解读；被阐释be interpreted to… = 被解读为…。名词 interpretation。 absurd/əbˈsɜːd/adj.荒谬的；荒唐的it is absurd to imply… = 暗示…是荒谬的。强度副词，表强烈否定。 imply or suggest/ɪmˈplaɪ ɔː səˈdʒest/v.暗示或表明两个近义动词并列，表「任何形式的暗示」都不成立。 constitutes/ˈkɒnstɪtjuːts/v.构成；组成constitutes only 7% of the message = 只构成信息的 7%。同义替换：make up / amount to。 abstract relationships/ˈæbstrækt rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪps/n.抽象关系如 x = y – the square of z 之类（Q39 考点：抽象关系沟通 100% 言语）。 Please remember that all my findings dealt with communications of feelings and attitudes – it is absurd to imply or suggest that the verbal portion of all communication constitutes only 7% of the message – anytime we communicate abstract relationships (e.g., x = y – the square of z) clearly 100% of the entire communication is verbal. 结构祈使句 Please remember that…（宾语从句），两个破折号之间是插入的释例句 插入语it is absurd to imply… – 强调否定「言语只占 7%」的说法 条件anytime we communicate abstract relationships…, clearly 100%… is verbal（anytime 相当于 whenever） ⚠️ Q39 关键：Mehrabian 反复强调他的研究只针对「情感与态度」这一领域，抽象关系沟通时言语是 100%。 Q39 ｜ 答案 A ⚠️ 排除：D「非言语是主要部分」正是 Mehrabian 反驳的观点；B「只有数学里 100% 言语」偷换为 math，原文是「抽象关系（以数学为例）」。 H段公平地说：教材作者的分化忠实原文 · 淡化比例 · 不加限定 📜 英文原文 To be fair, many textbook writers attempt to be faithful to the context of Mehrabian’s research. For example, Stewart and D’Angelo (1988) write: “Mehrabian argues that when we’re uncertain about what someone’s feeling, or about how much we like him or her, we rely only 7% on the words that are spoken.” Others try to play down the specific percentages, saying that an understanding of the general importance of non-verbal cues is more important. Nonetheless, other textbook authors simply use the numbers without placing any limits on their meaning.公平地说，许多教材作者都试图忠实于梅拉比安研究的语境。例如，斯图尔特与丹安杰洛（1988）写道：「梅拉比安认为，当我们不确定某人的感受、或不确定自己有多喜欢他/她时，我们只依赖 7% 的所说词语。」另一些人则试图淡化具体百分比，认为理解非言语线索的一般重要性更为要紧。尽管如此，仍有其他教材作者直接使用这些数字，而不对其含义作任何限定。 To be fair/tə biː feə/phr.平心而论；公平地说段落开头标志词，表「转一转为对方说句公道话」（Q40 段首定位词）。 faithful/ˈfeɪθfl/adj.忠实的；如实be faithful to the context = 忠实于语境/原意。同名形 faithful → faithfully。 uncertain/ʌnˈsɜːtn/adj.不确定的when we’re uncertain about what someone’s feeling = 当我们不确定某人感受时。 play down/ˌpleɪ ˈdaʊn/phr.v.淡化；贬低play down the specific percentages = 淡化具体百分比。反义 play up（夸大）。 nonetheless/ˌnʌnðəˈles/adv.尽管如此；然而转折连接词，引出第三类做法（不加限定直接用数字）。同义 however / nevertheless。 placing limits on/ˈpleɪsɪŋ ˈlɪmɪts ɒn/phr.对…加以限定without placing any limits on their meaning = 不对其含义作任何限定（Q40 关键细节）。 Others try to play down the specific percentages, saying that an understanding of the general importance of non-verbal cues is more important. 主干Others try to play down the specific percentages, saying… 伴随saying that…（现在分词伴随，说明「how」的方式——通过说「…更重要」） 理解第二类教材作者：弱化数字，强调「非言语线索的一般重要性」。 Nonetheless, other textbook authors simply use the numbers without placing any limits on their meaning. 主干other textbook authors simply use the numbers 状语without placing any limits on their meaning（介词 without + 动名词） 理解第三类作者：直接引用数字、不加任何前提限定——这与「忠实原文」形成对比。 Q40 ｜ 答案 C ⚠️ 排除：A「为研究强点辩护」无；B「概述其他研究」无；D「教材忽视非言语」与原文（强调非言语重要性）相反。 I段结语：影响力失控，回归正位需从社会科学研究中吸取教训 📜 英文原文 Since this relatively small study was first published it has achieved an influence far beyond its intended scope. We need to put it into its proper perspective and learn some important lessons from it regarding social science research, communication pedagogy, and the forces which have created widespread misunderstanding about communication.自这项相对较小的研究首次发表以来，它已获得了远超其预期范围的影响力。我们需要把它放在适当的位置，并从中学到一些关于社会科学研究、沟通教育学、以及造成人们对沟通普遍误解的各种力量的宝贵教训。 relatively/ˈrelətɪvli/adv.相对地；比较而言relatively small study = 相对较小的研究（呼应「62 人」的样本批评）。 achieved/əˈtʃiːvd/v.获得；达到achieved an influence = 获得了影响力。同义替换：gained / attained。 intended scope/ɪnˈtendɪd skəʊp/n.预期的范围far beyond its intended scope = 远超预期范围（far 强化程度）。 proper perspective/ˈprɒpə pəˈspektɪv/n.恰当的位置/视角put it into its proper perspective = 把它放回恰当的位置（客观看待）。 regarding/rɪˈɡɑːdɪŋ/prep.关于；至于正式用语，同义替换：concerning / with regard to。learn lessons from it regarding… = 关于…吸取教训。 widespread/ˈwaɪdspred/adj.普遍的；广泛的widespread misunderstanding = 普遍误解。wide（广的）+ spread（传播开）。 Since this relatively small study was first published it has achieved an influence far beyond its intended scope. 主干it has achieved an influence far beyond its intended scope 时间状语Since this relatively small study was first published（表「自从…以来」，主句用现在完成时） 修饰far beyond… 介词短语作后置定语修饰 influence ⚠️ 易错：since 引导时间状语从句 + 主句现在完成时（has achieved）是固定搭配结构。 💡 结论段常考「主旨/目的题」。本文即：为「被神化的经典研究」祛魅、提醒回归理性。 ✅答案汇总14 题先对答案再看解析 1摘要填空 Q27–Q30 27D 28G 29A 30E 2是非无判断 Q31–Q35YES / NO / NOT GIVEN 31YES 32NO 33NG 34NO 35NG 3单选 Q36–Q40 36A 37B 38D 39A 40C 🔁同义替换罗列14 组
💡 命题逻辑：阅读题 90% 考「同义替换」。看到题目先圈实词，再到原文找「换个说法」的地方。 🔟10 个值得带走的词 / 短语背熟它们，下次直接得分 1 self-evident/ˌself ˈevɪdənt/adj. 不言而喻的。self-（自身）+ evident（明显）。「自证其明」= 无需证明。文中 self-evident truth 暗藏作者的反讽。 2 flawed / flaw/flɔːd / flɔː/adj./n. 有缺陷的 / 缺陷。学术批评高频词：is flawed since…（因…而有缺陷）。写作中「存在问题」可别只会 problem。 3 lacks validity/læks vəˈlɪdəti/phr. 缺乏有效性（效度）。社会科学研究的话题词，「研究方法不靠谱」的地道说法。 4 pieced together/piːst təˈɡeðə/phr.v. 拼凑而成。piece 本义「碎片」；引申为「把碎片拼起来」。表「东拼西凑、缺乏整体设计」的批评语气。 5 pedagogical/ˌpedəˈɡɒdʒɪkəl/adj. 教学（法）的。pedagogy（教学法）的形容词。雅思教育类话题必备：pedagogical literature 教学文献。 6 numerical precision/njuːˈmerɪkəl prɪˈsɪʒən/phr. 数字的精确性。numerical（数字的）+ precision（精确）。可记一组「精确」家族：accurate / precise / exact。 7 make or break/meɪk ɔː breɪk/idiom 决定成败；成就或毁掉。口语/写作双高频习语：one word can make or break a relationship（一词可成全或毁掉一段关系）。 8 mystique/mɪˈstiːk/n. 神秘感；奥秘。比 mystery 更具体的「被营造的传奇感」：the mystique of non-verbal communication 非言语沟通的神秘感。 9 absurd/əbˈsɜːd/adj. 荒谬的；荒唐的。正式反对说法：it is absurd to claim that…（声称…是荒谬的）。近似 ridiculous，但更书面。 10 place limits on/pleɪs ˈlɪmɪts ɒn/phr. 对…加以限定。without placing any limits on their meaning（不对其含义作任何限定）。写作中的严谨表达：应当对结论加限定用语。 Sign Up 
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题目：carried out an influential study comparing the 27 ____ of verbal and non-verbal communication
定位：“The findings of a study on verbal and non-verbal messages in communication…” + 后文 7% / 38% / 55% 的结论
解题：摘要句问「比较言语与非言语沟通的 27 ____」。选项 D effects（效果/影响）正好呼应研究所得「各渠道占比」的结论性发现。同义替换：comparing the effects ↔ the findings / conclusions
题目：In both experiments, subjects had to identify the 28 ____ being communicated by other people.
定位：“the subjects had to guess the speaker’s emotions” / “guess the emotions in the recorded voice and the photos”
解题：identify → guess（同义替换）；being communicated → being conveyed。选项中 G feelings = emotions。同义替换：identify ↔ guess；feelings ↔ emotions
题目：The two main areas focused on in the first experiment were voice tones and 29 ____
定位：第一实验 = “recording… in three tones of voice” + “photos of female faces expressing the same three emotions”
解题：第一实验聚焦两处——voice tones（语调）与 A facial expressions（面部表情），即照片中的「面孔表情」。
题目：…while the second focused mainly on voice tones and 30 ____
定位：“tone of voice carried more meaning than the individual words”
解题：第二实验聚焦 voice tones + E words meanings（词义）。individual words / words had meanings 对应「词的（含义）」。同义替换：word meanings ↔ individual words / meaning of words
题目：One limitation of the study was that there were too few subjects involved.
定位：“a closer look… reveals several limitations. The first is that the entire study involved only 62 subjects…”
解题：作者明确把「只有 62 人、关键结论只由 37 人决定」列为第一条 limitation，观点一致，选 YES。同义替换：too few subjects ↔ only 62 subjects / only the 37 remaining
题目：The fact that the subjects in the study came from a similar background was an advantage.
定位：“their ages and academic qualifications seem remarkably uniform. Thus, the findings may simply be a product of the nature of the sample.”
解题：作者把「背景相似」当作导致结论可疑的「缺陷」，而非 advantage，观点相反，选 NO。同义替换：similar background ↔ remarkably uniform / nature of the sample
题目：The two experiments should have been carried out in a different order.
定位：全段（关于两个实验的方法与缺陷）
解题：作者批评了两实验「被拼凑」「中性词设计」，但从未讨论「两个实验该换顺序」，信息未被涉及 → NOT GIVEN。
题目：The researchers’ choice of a neutral word was helpful in the context of the study.
定位：“The researchers intentionally used a “neutral” word so naturally the subjects found little meaning there. Clearly, such a methodology lacks validity.”
解题：作者对该选择持否定评价（「缺乏效度」），并非 helpful → NO。同义替换：helpful ↔ 原文反义评价（lacks validity / found little meaning）
题目：The study would have been more valid if it had included a range of languages.
定位：“it was impossible for the effects of changes in verbal input to be assessed”
解题：原文只提「无法评估言语输入变化」，并未讨论「纳入不同语言」，信息未提及 → NOT GIVEN。
题目：What does the writer say about the “numerical precision” of Mehrabian’s study?
定位：“one appealing aspect of the Mehrabian study is its numerical precision”
解题：题干 numerical precision 原词复现；答案就在同句的 appealing 上 = 让主张更「有吸引力/讨喜」→ A。同义替换：attractive ↔ appealing
题目：What does the writer say about the popularity of the 7–38–55 formula?
定位：“the continued references to this research sustain it, encouraging people to believe in the overwhelming importance of the non-verbal message compared with the verbal one” + “Words do matter.”
解题：作者认为公式「太流行」反而让人们低估了词语的价值 → B leading to an undervaluing of words。同义替换：undervaluing ↔ devalue / play down；verbal one ↔ words
题目：What point is Bradley making about language learning?
定位：“If we could communicate 93% … with vocal and facial cues, it would be wasteful to spend time learning a language.”
解题：Bradley 用反证法——既然大家没浪费时间、仍在学语言，说明语言必然重要 → D Language must be important since we make an effort to acquire it。同义替换：make an effort ↔ spend time；acquire ↔ learn
题目：What does Mehrabian himself say about his findings?
定位：“all my findings dealt with communications of feelings and attitudes” + “it is absurd to imply… constitutes only 7%”
解题：他说自己的发现「只适用于情感与态度这类沟通」→ A relevant to only one area of communication。同义替换：only one area ↔ feelings and attitudes；relevant ↔ dealt with
题目：What is the writer’s purpose in the paragraph beginning “To be fair”?
定位：整段——“many textbook writers attempt to be faithful…” + “Others try to play down…” + “other textbook authors simply use the numbers…”
解题：作者列举教材作者的三种不同做法（忠实 / 淡化 / 不加限定）→ 目的在「呈现对该研究的不同解读」→ C To present varying interpretations of Mehrabian’s study。同义替换：varying interpretations ↔ attempt to be faithful / play down / simply use the numbers
| 题目 | 题目表述 / 原文表述 对照 |
|---|---|
| Q27 | comparing the effects↔ |
| Q28 | identify the feelings↔ |
| Q29 | facial expressions↔ |
| Q30 | words meanings↔ |
| Q31 | too few subjects↔ |
| Q32 | similar background（advantage?）↔ |
| Q33 | in a different order↔ |
| Q34 | neutral word was helpful↔ |
| Q35 | a range of languages↔ |
| Q36 | makes the claims more attractive↔ |
| Q37 | undervaluing of words↔ |
| Q38 | make an effort to acquire it↔ |
| Q39 | only one area of communication↔ |
| Q40 | varying interpretations↔ |