062023年高考英语短文改错解题技巧（原卷版）_3.2025英语总复习_2023年新高考资料_备战2023年高考英语抢分秘籍（新高考专用）_062023年高考英语短文改错解题技巧（甲卷乙卷专用）_38273941

2023 年高考改错高分技巧（原卷版） 目录 一、 【思维导图】................................................................................................................................................3 二、 【题材特点】................................................................................................................................................3 题型解读..........................................................................................................................................................3 命题特点..........................................................................................................................................................3 考查类型..........................................................................................................................................................4 解题注意要点..................................................................................................................................................8 五步速查法......................................................................................................................................................9 三、 九大错误类型分析......................................................................................................................................12 （一） 动词错误..................................................................................................................................12 （二） 名词错误..................................................................................................................................16 （三） 形容词和副词错误..................................................................................................................18 词性的误用(形容词修饰名词;副词修饰动词、形容词)。 ..............................................................................18 （四） 介词错误..................................................................................................................................21 （五） 冠词错误..................................................................................................................................23 （六） 连词错误..................................................................................................................................25 （七） 代词错误..................................................................................................................................27 （八） 逻辑错误..................................................................................................................................29 （九） 数词错误..................................................................................................................................30 四、 短文改错精品学案......................................................................................................................................30 五、 高考考什么..................................................................................................................................................32 名词........................................................................................................................................................32 动词........................................................................................................................................................34 冠词........................................................................................................................................................38 介词........................................................................................................................................................40 代词........................................................................................................................................................42 形容词和副词 ......................................................................................................................................44连词........................................................................................................................................................46 六、 题目怎么做..................................................................................................................................................50 （一） 短文改错解题“4步走” .....................................................................................................50 （二） 短文改错解题“4原则” .....................................................................................................51 （三） 短文改错解题“6要诀” .....................................................................................................52 短文改错的复习重点....................................................................................................................................54 七、 高考真题演练与解析..................................................................................................................................55 1. 2022年全国甲卷......................................................................................................................................55 2. 2022年全国乙卷.......................................................................................................................................56 3. 2021年全国甲卷.......................................................................................................................................56 4. 2021年全国乙卷.......................................................................................................................................57 5. 2020全国1卷...........................................................................................................................................57 6. 2020全国2卷...........................................................................................................................................57 7. 2020全国3卷...........................................................................................................................................58一、【思维导图】 二、【题材特点】 题型解读 作文改错题主要考核考生对文章中错误的发现、判断和改正的能力，从而检验考生的词汇、句法和行 文的逻辑性，以及对文章中英语的全面应用的能力。 命题特点 1.错误的种类比较固定（三种类型：错字、多字、缺字）2.考点分布合理，覆盖面广 3.难度维持不变。 考查类型 错词、多词、缺词 1. 多一介词或副词 ① 有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中是及物动词，可能多一个介词。 如：serve for the people, follow after him, play with her in a match, marry with her, engage with her ② 有些动词可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，但搭配不同，可能混淆而多一个介词。 如：join in the game, 但 join in the club; pay for a TV set, 但 pay for three dollars; search for the map, 但 search for the thief for his watch ③ 有些“动词 + 介词”形式的动词后面没有宾语时，后面的介词是多余的。 如：He looked at but could see nothing. How are you getting on with? ④ 有些动词、名词、形容词后接名词或代词时须加一个介词，但接that从句时，必须去掉介词。 如：agree to it, 但 agree to that...; be sure of it, 但be sure of that…; be sorry for it, 但 be sorry for that… ⑤ 有些副词或介词词组后加一个介词，组成了复合介词，若后面没有接宾语时，最后的介词则是多余 的。 如：If you won’t go, I’ll go instead of. He walked out of. ⑥ 有些连词后加 of 成为复合介词，如果后接从句，of 是多余的。 如：Because of he was ill… ⑦ 地点副词的意义中已经包含了介词 to，如果再用 to则是多余的。 如：on my way to there, get to home, go to upstairs, return to home⑧ last year, next month, this week, one day等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面用介词是多余的。 ⑨ 有些动词受汉语意思影响而多一副词。 如：stop down(停下来), raise up (举起来), return back(归来，回来), repeat again (复述) ⑩ 有些动词在一种用法中要加副词，而在另一种用法中加副词则是多余的。 如：build up our country, 但 build up railways 2. 多一连词 ① 状语从句与主句之间多一并列连词。 如：though… but; because… so; the more… and the more ② 充当状语的分词与主句之间多一并列连词。 如：Sitting down and he began to work. Regarded as the best in the class, so he was praised at the meeting. ③ 从属连词后多一that。 如：because that… since that…, unless that… ④ 复合宾语前多一 that。 如：I heard that him say it. I found that her lying on the ground. 3. 多一代词 ① 主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。 如：Some people don’t like football, but many people who do like it. ② 作定语的分词前多一关系代词。 如：I know the boy who standing there. (也可在 who 后加 is) The man who invited to the ball last night is my friend. (也可在 who 后加was)③ 定语从句中的名词已由关系代词取代，再用代词则是多余的。 如：She bought the book (that) she had first asked for it. I have seen the girl (whom) you are talking of her. ④ 用不定式作定语时，如果其逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是被修饰的名词词组，后面再用代词是多余的。 如：The tea is too hot to drink it. He is a good comrade to work with him. ⑤ 在“形容词 + 不定式”句型中，如果不定式的逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是句子的主语，再用代词作 宾语或介词宾语则是多余的。 如：This question is too difficult to answer it. The house is nice to live in it. ⑥ 在“连词 + 分词 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词词组”结构中，加上代词作主语是多余的。 如：He took notes while he reading. If it heated, ice turns to water. 4. 多一助动词 ① 时间、条件从句中用一般现在时表示将来时，用 will, would 是多余的。 如：If he will try hard, he will succeed. I’ll tell them about it as soon as they will come. ② be sure 或 make sure + that 从句中用一般现在时表将来，用 will, would 是多余的。 如：I make sure that you will come early. ③ 在宾语从句中主语前的助动词是多余的。 如：Would you tell me what do you want? ④ 独立结构中的 be(助动词或连系动词)是多余的。 如：The game was over, he went home. She smiled, tears were still running down her face.5. 多一冠词 ① 与介词 at, in, to连用的名词 school, class, town, hospital, church, prison, bed 等表示与其有关的活 动时，用冠词是多余的。 如：go to the school(上学), be in the prison(坐牢), be in the bed(在睡觉) ② 与 by 连用的交通工具名称和 air, land, sea 等名词前用冠词是多余的。 如：by the bike, by the sea, by the train ③ 表示游戏活动而不是表示游戏工具的名词前不用冠词。 如：play the / a volleyball, play the chess, play the table tennis ④ 由“专有名词 + 普通名词”构成的专有名词前不用定冠词。 如：the Beijing Airport, the Oxford Street, the Hyde Park ⑤ 在一些固定搭配中。 如：at the first, at the last, the most of us ⑥ most 作“非常”解时，前面用 the 是多余的。 如：Oh! It’s the most beautiful! She is the most diligent. ⑦ 含有 Day 的节日前加 the 是多余的。 如：the May Day, the Women’s Day, the National day, the New Year’s Day ⑧ 在“名词 + as / though…”结构中，名词前不用任何冠词。 如：a child as he is / a fool as he is 6. 多一小品词 to ① 在 had better, would rather, rather than 后的不定式前用 to 是多余的。 如：You had better not to go. I would rather to stay at home② 在 make, let, have, see, feel, watch, notice, observe 等使役、感官动词后充当宾语补足语的不定式前 用 to 是多余的。 如：He made me to do heavy work. Let me to hear you to play. 解题注意要点  短文改错解题思路和检查原则 1. 句中各部分的结构是否完整，特别是谓语动词； 2. 谓语动词的时态、语态； 3. 非谓语动词的用使用； 4. 名词的单、复数，格的使用是否正确； 5. 定冠词和不定冠词是否使用正确； 6. 代词的格和性的使用是否有误； 7. 三大类从句的引导词的使用是否准确无误； 8. 并列句中的并列连词是否得当； 9. 主谓一致问题； 10. 固定搭配的使用是否准确。  参考原则 1.改动以最少为原则; 2.虚词以添加或删除为原则; 3.实词以改变词形为原则; 4.以保持句子原意为原则； 5.核对错项时，若的确有一时难以改出的地方，可以参考所改动项是否基本符合“1：1：8”的比例：即 多一词1个，缺词1个，错词8个； 6.核对改正的语法项目是否有重复，因为短文改错往往覆盖面广，一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点的 现象； 7.核对答题符号是否规范，位置是否准确，看看有无遗漏符号，忽略字母大小写和拼写等问题。  注意事项 1. 核对错项时，若的确有一时难以改出的地方，可以参考所改动项是否基本符合“1：1：8”的比例。即多一词1个，缺词1个，错词8个。 2. 核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。因为短文改错往往覆盖面广，一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点 的现象。 3. 核对答题符号是否规范，位置是否准确，看看有无遗漏符号，忽略字母大小写和拼写等问题。 五步速查法 额外奉献一种高效的改错方法，适合中下程度的学生使用。 第一步，请先划出全文的谓语（包括主句和从句的），查找谓语错误；接着 划出全文的非谓语，查找非谓语错误。 区分谓语（注意时态和语态，否定词，情态动词+动词原形等）与非谓语（注意介词+Ving），争 取快速查找错误。 动词要注意及物还是不及物，复习时要留意一词多义，还有哪些动词既可作及物又可作不及物， 涉及到是否修改介词还是增删介词。 谓语常考形式： 1. do/does一般现在时 2. did 一般过去时 3. was/were doing 过去进行时 4. am/is/are doing 现在进行时 5. am/is/are done一般现在时被动语态或系表结构（表语为形容词） 6. was/were done一般过去时被动语态或系表结构（表语为形容词） 7. has/have done 现在完成时 8. had done 过去完成时 9. has/have been done 现在完成时被动语态（区分主被动，考虑增删been）第二步，请划出全文的名词，包含其前面的限定词，查找限定词或名词的错 误。 限定词包括：冠词（a/an/the）、指示代词（this/that/these/those） 、物主代词 （my/your/his/her/its/our/their）和不定代词（each/few/a few /both /another /either/ neither/much/a little/little/all/some/such/any/other） 冠词：注意是特指还是泛指，是否固搭，是否有元音。 名词（注意可数不可数！） 冠词+名词； 冠词+形容词+名词（注意少数情况：冠词+名词+名词） 介宾结构（介词+名词/动名词/代词宾格），核查介词用法，注意固定搭配。 第三步，请划出全文的形容词及副词，查找错误；注意比较级，一词多义等 问题。 有些没有-ly的副词如often,always,seldom,now,then等词不要改动。 但here/there, ever/never, from now on/from then on 要注意语境。 第四步，请划出全文的代词，查找错误； 注意指代的对象，区分男女及单复数，留意反身代词等。  备注：此课件代词指：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词和不定代词（特别留意many/much）;关系代词 （定语从句）和连接代词（名词性从句）归类到连词中的从属连词。 第五步，请划出全文的连词，查找错误； 注意并列连词互改，从属连词互改，不可混淆！ 并列连词常考点：and/but; or/and/…  从属连词常考点：which/that; where/when; that/what;which(that)/when(where); if/whether… 三、九大错误类型分析  实词：动、名、形副  虚词：介、冠、连、代  其它：逻辑、数词 【注】动词包括谓语动词和非谓语动词；连词包括并列连词和从句的连接词 （一）动词错误 【错误总述】 ①谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的错误； ②谓语动词内部错误； ③非谓语动词内部错误 【错误详解】 ①谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的错误改错原理：（黄金定理1）一个句子有且只有一个动词做谓语。(一山不能容二虎) ②谓语动词内部错误  时态用错：如一般现在→过去、现在～将来互变；要用一种大局观去看一篇文章，要上前下挂，看看 上下文的时态是否一致。  被动用错  动词现在的单三问题。  不规则动词的形式：不规则动词过去式和过去分词。  虚拟语气：表建议的情态动词should+do→ should省略了，动词没有用原形；should写成了can. ③非谓语动词内部错误  doing，to do，done的互变。  to do还是do？（let/ make/help）  to do还是to doing？当to是介词的时候后加doing。（比如look forward to doing）  介词+doing 【用法错误】 一个句子有且只有一个动词做谓语。一个句子（从句也算一个句子）有且只有一个谓语（动词） 【正确公式:从句数=动词数-1】  整个句子，2个动词，无从句，无连词。比如..., it/this...需要改成which  动词1和动词2连续出现。 两张改法：可以加and（但是必须是同义词）；多数情况下，把第二个动词改成非谓语动词（to do;doing或done,如果是改成done具有被动性，前面必须要有be，get等系动词） 快捷解题法：（同时适合本身错&用法错） and解题法：and前后必须平行（格式）。 and前是现在，后是过去；前是谓语动词，后是非谓语动词（特例：to do and do（✔））【高考真题】 2016 （全国卷Ⅰ） It is always crowded with customers at meal times . Some people even had to wait outside. 2016 （全国卷Ⅲ） However , my parents didn’t seem to think so . They always tell me what to do and how to do it. 浙江 2016 He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us. 2014 辽宁 The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. 2015（全国卷Ⅰ） Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem. 2014 全国大纲卷 Otherwise, it is impossible for them to help each other and to make their friendship to last long . 2016 四川卷 At dinner, we said to her, ”Happy Mother’s Day !” Mom was grateful and moving. 2016 浙江卷While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge. It was both excited and frightening to be up there. 2016 浙江卷 He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us 2016 全国卷Ⅱ We can choose between staying at home and take a trip. 2015 全国卷Ⅱ A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop. （二）名词错误 【错误总述】 ①±S的错误； ②±'S的错误 【错误详解】 ①±S的错误（单复数）  该用复数的时候用单数：如在several，many，various，different，a few，one of等之后，常用名词的复 数  该用单数的时候用复数。如one of +n(s)，在every与each之后常用单数。  不可数名词加s。如:advices、airs、knowledges②±'S的错误（少见，考过2次）（所有格） 名词所有格用法错误。 ③主系表里的错误 （少见，考过1次） 表语应该用名词，却用了形容词：...the key to his success is 【用法错误】（可能考）：做定语 a baby girl（✔）an apple tree（✔） a nature musician（✘）改成:a natural musician 什么时候名词要改成形容词？满足两点要求:①此名词有形容词形式（baby有“婴儿的”形容词 吗？）；②中文翻译后加“的”更通顺。 【补充知识——不可数名词】 深刻理解“数”——看不见的不可数（空气等）；抽象概念不可数（建议、成功、进步等）；没 有固定界限的不可数（气体，液体一定不可数）；固体里数了但没有意义的，属于不可数（比如头发， 米饭，面条，傻子等）；可以无限切分，且性质功能不变，是不可数。（“数”的目的是为了交易， 固体中切割后，不能用个数来交易的，属于不可数）（肉类、纸张、玻璃、面包等）；怎么数都是一 个，不可数（服装、钱、等类别的名词） 【补充知识——不可数名词可数化】 two cup of coffee→（因为人人都知道，习惯性省略）two coffees two pieces of suggestions →（习惯性省略）suggests （我怎么知道出题是是要考一个名词可数还是不可数？一般情况下，是不可数化。如果跟谓语动词不 搭，就要变过来） 【高考真题】 2016年浙江卷When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later. 2016 （全国卷III ） The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most and difficult time for me. 2011年全国卷 When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes . （三）形容词和副词错误 【错误总述】 ①adj.和adv.之间的错误 ②形容词和副词的内部错误：如exciting与excited，hard与hardly，possible与possibly，here与there等， 以及形容词与副词的比较级与最高级。 ③特殊词错误系动词后用形容词(be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/感官性动词smell/feel); 词性的误用(形容词修饰名词;副词修饰动词、形容词)。 【错误详解】 ①adj.和adv.之间的错误  adv（一般带有ly）修饰名词。改法:去掉ly改成adj  adj修饰形容词/副词/动词。改法:加上ly改成adv。  adj加个逗号，位于句首。adj，________改成副词（ly）比如Luck, I have a good time。把luck改成 lucky。  主系表结构中，表语的位置，比如：n+is/become/get/seem/feel +adv.把adv改成adj. ②形容词和副词的内部错误：比较级和最高级相关  比较级和最高级和原级的互换。good better best；多音节的形副。  比较级本身构成错误：比如more easier （可以去掉more,也可以改成much） ③特殊词错误  much /many的互换  hardly, hard的互换  late/later/latest/lately的互换 形容词和副词常见错误 ① 系动词后用形容词 常见的系动词有4类. 状态类：be, seem, appear; 感觉类：look, sound, feel, smell, taste; 变化类：become ,turn , go, get等； 保持状态类：keep, remain, stay等。 ② 词性的误用形容词修饰名词或者代词，在句中充当定语。副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子， 在句中做状语。 【高考真题】 2016 全国卷III I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. 2014 四川卷 Don’t panic or get out of line , and try to remain quiet and calmly. 2016 （全国卷I ） Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady. 2015 （全国卷I） Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. 2016 全国卷III They were also the best and worse years in my life. 2016 四川卷 The dishes that I cooked were Mom’s favoritest.（四）介词错误 【错误总述】 ①“有无介词”的错误：多用和少用，常见的如in 与on，to与for，instead与instead of，because与 because of等的误用。 ②介词用错了：词组中介词的误用，介词意义理解偏差等 【错误详解】 ①“有无介词”的错误  及物动词+介词+名词（✘）改法：去掉介词 buy for sth  不及物动词+名词（✘）改法：加上相对应的介词。dream of ,  固定搭配 go shopping (go on shopping✘ )；动词词组  定语从句when,where,why后面多了个介词 I like the room where my sister used to sit in.去掉介词in ②介词用错了 介词宾语与被修饰成分间的逻辑关系。on,in,at,by,with…… 【补充知识】 位置关系：at表示状态，in 在空间内。at home，at work, in the house, in the office 时间关系：（要区分时间与时刻的概念）at on in for目的 With伴随 In 部分与整体 On/ About 在某方面 To 相对 2）加不加介词。 及物动词+介词+名词（✘）改法：去掉介词 不及物动词+名词（✘）改法：加上相对应的介词。 3）短语介词/副词 （同样一个介词在短语中是不一样的） 短语中的介词含义：  On 持续、接触 turn on/off get on/off  Off （与on相反）分离、结束、开始  Up 向上、出现 Out 向外、出现、开始（发生）  To 相对、针对 【高考真题】 2016 （全国卷III） Now I am leaving home to college. 2015 （全国卷II） Tony saw a toy on a shop window. 2016 四川卷 Dad cleaned the house, and then went on shopping. 2016年 （全国卷 I） My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time. （五）冠词错误 【错误总述】 ①有无冠词 ②冠词用错了： 误用a和an(根据单词的第一个音素来判定); 误用a/an和the(固定搭配，或泛指、特指;多冠词或少冠词) 【错误详解】①有无冠词（固定搭配）  去掉冠词 如:for a example改成：for example.  加冠词 如：As result 改法：改成As a result. ②冠词用错了 a an/ the的互变（靠翻译来判断）a an译为有一个。The表示这个那个这些那些 特指、泛指的翻译（适合90%）： the（这个，那个，这些，那些），a/an（有一个），0冠词（不翻译，或有一些） 【知识储备】 三个冠词分为：the/a（an）/零冠词。 名词分为：不可数，单数，复数 不可数前：0，the 单数可以加：a（an）,the 复数可以加：0，the  去掉冠词 如:for a example改成：for example.  加冠词 如：As result 改法：改成As a result. 【高考真题】 2014 辽宁卷 Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day . 2016 (全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time. 2015 全国卷Ⅱ A woman saw him crying and told him to visit outside a shop.2016（全国卷Ⅱ） But in that case, we will learn a little about world. 2016 （全国卷Ⅲ） At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself. （六）连词错误 【错误总述】 ①并列连词的错误：有表关联(and)，转折(but/ however)，选择(or)， 因果关系(so / therefore)等 ②从句的连词错误：主要考查定语从句，名词性从句与状语从句的连接词：who/ whom/ whose/ what/ which / how/ why/ when/ where/ if/ whether等。 【错误详解】 ①并列连词的错误  多了：如although与but不能同时出现、because与so不能同时出现。  错了：and/but/or/so之间的互换 方法：翻译上下句，然后不看连接词，通过句意判断是一致，还是相反。 ②从句的“绳子”（连词）错误  更改从句类型。比如名词性从句和定语从句的互变。比如what和which的互变。  定语从句中错误①... ，that... （改成which）②出现 in that ③in which=where的错误 先行词是 不定代词，比较级和最高级应该用that  状语从句的连词逻辑错误。（原因，结果，让步，并列？）要靠翻译。 如or与and的误用，and与but的误用，so与but的误用，because或since与so连用，though与but连 用等。 类型 连词 并列关系 and; not only...but also...; neither...nor...; both...and...转折关系 but; yet; however; nevertheless 选择关系 or; not...but..; either...or...; more....than 因果关系 since; as; for; so; thus; therefore 对比关系 while 比较关系 than 递进关系 further; furthermore; moreover; in addition; besides 【高考真题】 2016年（全国卷 I） Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking. 2016年四川卷 Mom has a full - time job, so she has to do most of the housework. 2016 四川卷 The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite. 2016年（全国卷 I） My uncle is the owner of a restaurant to that I live. 2015 (全国卷II ) After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.2015 年陕西卷 My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up. It was a year ago when John got a bike for Christmas, and he rode it every day. （七）代词错误 【错误总述】 ①横向错误；②纵向错误；③特殊错误： 【错误详解】 ①横向错误： 五个格来回变：主格—宾格—形容词性物主代词—名词性物主代词—反身代词 （特别注意：me-mine-my-myself之间的错误） 如you与your，it’s与its，it与they或them，one与ones，宾格(如me)与反身代词(如myself)等的误用。 代词的主格和宾格(I/me; he/him; she/her; we/us they/them)错误; 反身代词(myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves)使用错误; 代词的单数和复数使用错误; 代词指代错误; 多代词或少代词。 ②纵向错误： 如本来有两个人，后面变成一个人：代词的单复数，如it与them。 ③特殊错误：  either... or 和 neither...nor...的错误；  here 与there用混了；  other与 another用混 【用法错误】格：形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词。五个格来回变：主格——宾格——形容词性物主代词—— 名词性物主代词——反身代词 反身代词，常见错误:①反身代词应与主语对应。②反身代词写成宾格。 【高考真题】 2016（全国卷Ⅰ） Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steadily . 2016 浙江卷 Every time he arrived home at the end of the day, we’d greet her at the door. He closed his ears to the sound of the lunch bell and refused to go to the place where people had his dinner when dinner time came. 2013全国卷Ⅰ He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others in our small town, and he was strong and powerful. 2016 全国卷Ⅲ At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself. 2015 （全国卷Ⅱ） Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.Much rare animals are dying out. 2014 陕西卷 My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird. Neither of the arrows hit the target. （八）逻辑错误 【错误总述】 ①关于否定的逻辑错误 ②时间上的逻辑错误 ※③.其它：代词纵向错误；并列连词错误（与代词和连词错误重合） 【错误详解】 ①关于否定的逻辑错误 加减not ；a little和little；un-；never-ever ②时间上的逻辑错误 关于“现在”和“过去”的逻辑错误：now与then ；after与before 【高考真题】 ① I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains. （浙江卷） ② However, he was the gentlest man I have never known. （全国卷） ③ From now on, I started to play my football with classmates after school. （九）数词错误 【错误总述】 ①基数词和序数词的混用错误四、短文改错精品学案 短文改错的重点是对语法基础知识的考查，文章的内容一般都是取自于考生自己的习作，或者是 类似于考生的随笔，并且话题比较普遍，篇章结构的难度与高中学生的认知水平相匹配，也就是通俗 易懂，基本没有生僻的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语法结构。作文中的字数一般在100个字左右，与写 作中的字数相同。 [感悟高考] A(2016·全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area. It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady. B(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday. We can chose between staying at home and take a trip. If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot. C(2016·全国卷Ⅲ) The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life. At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself. However, my parents didn't seem to think such. They always tell me what to do and how to do it. At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to havemy parents to turn to whenever need help. 一、短文改错命题原则表——高考就考这些点 着眼点 具体思考点 动词 时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气 名词 可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格 代词 主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词 词法 形容词、副 原级、比较级、最高级 词 冠词 不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词 介词 基本用法、固定搭配 词性误用 形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词 句法 连词(并列连词和从句引导词)、主谓一致，there be句型与特殊句式 行文逻辑 时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致 二、短文改错意识原则表——答题就按此法办 短文改错10处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词2～3个，错词7～8个， 做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。见右表 类型 总数(10) 具体思考点 be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代 多、缺词 2～3 词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词 错词 7～8 连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等五、高考考什么 名词 1．名词数与格的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. ________________ 分析：13至19岁的那几年，year当然要用复数形式。故year改为years。 ②(2016·四川高考)Mom has a fulltime job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.________________ 分析：housework为不可数名词，没有复数形式。故houseworks改为housework。 ③(2014·辽宁高考)We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.________________ 分析：此处time表示“次数”为可数名词，前面有several，应用复数。故time改为times。 ④(2016·天水一中模拟)But the problem is that there are not enough sports facilities to meet the public growing demand.________________ 分析：此处表示“满足公众的日益增长的需求”，应用所有格。故public改为public's。 [规律总结] ①可数名词单复数的错用：一般考查错把复数用作单数，偶尔也考查错把单数用作复数。 ②不可数名词单复数的错用：不可数名词没有复数形式。 ③可数名词与不可数名词混淆：有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。 ④误把名词的普通格用作所有格：表示“……的”应用所有格形式。 2．名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. ________________ 分析：主语是key，表语与其构成同位关系，并非对主语的描述，应用名词。故honest改为honesty。 ②(2013·全国卷Ⅱ) This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.________________ 分析：此处grow要作介词for的宾语，应用名词形式。故grow改为growth。 [规律总结] ①误把名词用作形容词：作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描 述。 ②误把动词用作名词：在冠词、介词后一般用名词。 动词 1．谓语动词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.________________ 分析：句意：每天他保证用新鲜的蔬菜和优质食用油来烹制食物。fresh vegetables and high quality oil与use之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态，故using改为used。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.________________ 分析：suggest在此处表示“建议”，后跟宾语从句时用虚拟语气，谓语动词为“should＋动词原 形”，should可省略。故去掉can或can改为should。 ③(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment. ________________ 分析：表示“必须做某事”，must后应跟动词原形。故found改为find。 ④(2015·四川高考)As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here.________________ 分析：由句中的last time可判定此处应用一般过去时。故tell改为told。⑤(2015·陕西高考)I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.________________ 分析：句意：我可能明年再退休一次，以便得到更多这样的饼干。此处要用不定式作目的状语， 故在get前加to。 ⑥(2014·陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky — they were looked like rain! ________________ 分析：look为系动词，没有被动语态。故去掉looked前面的were。 [规律总结] ①动词形式的错用：有些动词的过去时与过去分词是不一样的，应注意其不同点；情态动词后一 般跟动词原形，表示对过去的推测时后跟“have＋过去分词”。 ②时态的错用：应通过“时间标志词”判断；通过“时态定义”判断；通过“动作先后关系”判 断。 ③语态的错用：被动语态构成错误，其构成形式为“be＋过去分词”；系动词没有被动语态；不 及物动词或短语无被动语态。 ④虚拟语气的错用：条件从句中的虚拟语气，应注意表示与现在、过去、将来相反时从句谓语动 词的形式；宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等词后的宾语从句中谓语动词 用“(should)＋动词原形”，被动式则为“(should) be＋过去分词”。 2．非谓语动词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.________________ 分析：between ... and ...“在……和……之间”，是固定结构。and前后连接的是并列成分。and前用 了动名词staying，and后也应用动名词，故把take改为taking。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. ________________ 分析：介词by后应用动名词作宾语。故wear改为wearing。 ③(2016·四川高考)Mom was grateful and moving. 分析：moving表示“令人感动的”，而moved表示“感动的”。故moving改为moved。 ________________ ④(2015·浙江高考)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view. ________________ 分析：enjoy后跟动名词作宾语。故sit改为sitting。 ⑤(2014·陕西高考)He wanted teach me about animals, insects and trees.________________ 分析：want to do sth.“想要做某事”。故wanted后加to。 ⑥(2014·陕西高考)One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.________________分析：两个谓语动词之间没有逗号，并非并列关系，应为现在分词作伴随状语。故have改为 having。 ⑦(2014·辽宁高考)It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she's outside.________________ 分析：It's difficult to do sth.“做某事有困难”。it为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语。故 understanding改为understand。 ⑧(2013·四川高考)Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asked me to let her to copy my answers.________________ 分析：let后跟不带to的不定式作宾补。故去掉copy前的to。 ⑨(2013·陕西高考)Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish. ________________ 分析：根据句子的结构可知，feel与we之间为主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语。故Felt改为 Feeling。 [规律总结] ①不定式符号to的多余：在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面跟不带to的不定式作宾补。 ②不定式符号to的缺失：有些动词，如want, decide, plan等后应接带to的不定式作宾语。 ③误把非谓语动词用作谓语动词：句中已有谓语动词，且另一动词不作并列谓语，则只能用非谓 语动词。 ④现在分词与过去分词的错用：现在分词表主动、进行；过去分词表被动、完成；现在分词转化 的形容词表示“令人……的”，常修饰物；而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感到……的”，常修饰人。 ⑤介词to与不定式符号to的用法区别：不定式符号to后接动词原形，而介词to后需跟动词的ing 形式。 3．主谓不一致 [单句改错] ①(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.________________ 分析：主语是we，故应把谓语was改为were。 ②(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)My dream school look like a big garden. 分析：主语My dream school是单数，谓语应用单数第三人称。故look改为looks。 ________________ ③(2014·辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. ________________ 分析：主语The early morning barking为单数，故把have改为has。 ④(2013·陕西高考)Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.________________分析：there be结构为倒装句，此处的主语为a sudden pull，故were改为was。 ⑤(2016·银川一中二模)What you have gained are the result of your hard work. ________________ 分析：主语从句为单数，故are改为is。 ⑥(2016·沈阳二中模拟)Last month, I, together with my parents, were invited to my uncle's in the USA. ________________ 分析：本句的主语是I而不是my parents，故were改为was。 [规律总结] ①名词作主语时谓语动词单复数的错用：可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。 ②非谓语动词或从句作主语时主谓一致错误：动名词、不定式或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词 一般用单数。注意：名词性从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词应用复数。 ③“就近”与“就远”原则的错用：就近原则常见的有：either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...等；就远原则常见的有：together with, as well as, but, except等。 ④倒装句的主谓一致错误：在倒装句中要找出句子的主语从而判断谓语动词的单复数。 4．时态不一致 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. ________________ 分析：由前面的句子可知，这里吃饭时总是涌满了顾客，用的是一般现在时，根据时态的一致性， 后面的句子也应用现在时。故had改为have。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost much, yet we can still learn a lot.________________ 分析：由后面的does not cost可知，此处用一般现在时。故thought改为think。 ③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)However, my parents didn't seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.________________ 分析：由前句的didn't可判断用一般过去时。故tell改为told。 ④(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.________________ 分析：此处and后的动词应与其前的saw并列，故telling改为told。 ⑤(2015·浙江高考)In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.________________ 分析：根据上下文时态的一致性可知，后句应用一般过去时。故is改为was。 [规律总结] ①上下文时态不一致：当上下文叙述的是同一件事情时，时态应保持一致。②并列句中的谓语动词时态不一致：并列连词所连接的动词时态应保持一致；并列句中的谓语动 词时态也应保持一致。 冠词 1．冠词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time. ________________ 分析：此处表示“在一段短暂的时间内”，并没有特指在哪一段时间，所以应该把the改为a。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy in a shop window ... A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.________________ 分析：特指上文提到的商店，因此要用定冠词the。故把第三个a改为the。 ③(2014·辽宁高考)Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. ________________ 分析：average 以元音音素开头，前面的不定冠词应为an。故把a改为an。 ④(2014·四川高考)Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. ________________ 分析：此处的fire应为特指，故把a改为the。 [规律总结] ①a和an的错用：元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。 ②不定冠词和定冠词的错用：表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。注意固定搭 配中冠词的使用情况。 2．冠词的缺失与多余[单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about world.________________ 分析：world是独一无二的事物，故在world前加the。 ②(2016·四川高考)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.________________ 分析：此处应指我们家的厨房，故在kitchen前加the。 ③(2015·浙江高考)I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. ________________ 分析：in a hurry为固定词组，意为“匆忙”，故在hurry前加a。 ④(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.________________ 分析：表示“各种各样的花和树”时flowers and trees应为泛指，前面不能加定冠词。故把flowers 前面的the去掉。 [规律总结] ①单数可数名词前冠词的缺失：一般来说，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词，表示泛指用a(n)， 表示特指用the。 ②冠词的多余：可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。 ③常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余：固定搭配中的冠词是固定的，只有记住才是硬道理。 介词 1．介词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Now I am leaving home to college.________________ 分析：leave ...for ...“离开某地到另外一个地方”。故to改为for。②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________________ 分析：结合生活常识可知，这里表示在商店橱窗里摆放着一个玩具，应用in。故on改为in。 ③(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years ago, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.________________ 分析：with the help of意为“在……的帮助下”，是固定搭配。故by改为of。 ④(2014·四川高考)Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm goes off. ________________ 分析：句意：今天，我想谈一下火警响后你们应该做什么。talk about sth.意为“谈论某事”，talk with sb.意为“与某人谈话”，故with改为about。 [规律总结] ①介词基本用法的错用：有时我们会受汉语的影响错用介词，例如：“在墙上有一个洞”，英语 应用in the wall而不是on the wall。 ②固定搭配中介词的错用：介词可与名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配，其中的介词是固定的。 有时搭配中介词不同意义也不同。 2．介词的缺失与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016·四川高考)Dad cleaned the house, and then went on shopping.________________ 分析：go shopping为固定短语，意为“去购物”，go on shopping意为“继续购物”。故去掉on。 ②(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.________________ 分析：help为及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。故去掉with。 ③(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week. ________________ 分析：当用作时间状语的词前有last，next时，其前不用介词。故去掉介词in。 ④(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.________________ 分析：listen是不及物动词，后接宾语时要跟介词to，故listening后加to。 [规律总结] ①介词的缺失：不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。 ②介词的多余：及物动词后直接跟宾语，无需再加介词；last，next后跟名词表时间时无需加介词。代词 1．代词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.________________ 分析：由前面的“we go on a trip”和“we can broaden”可知，应把your改为our。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.________________ 分析：本句中代词much代替不可数名词much money作动词cost的宾语，而many通常代替可数 名词的复数形式。故many改为much。 ③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.________________ 分析：句意：起初，我认为我什么都知道，可以自己拿主意。根据主语I可知，应用myself。故 yourself改为myself。 ④(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.________________ 分析：此处代词them指代前面的park，应是单数，所以用it。故them改为it。 ⑤(2013·陕西高考)We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake. ________________ 分析：修饰fishing poles时前面应为形容词性物主代词。故ours改为our。 ⑥(2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质检)I'm going to a conference in you town in May, from 16th to 20th.________________ 分析：此处指我要去你/你们的城市去开会，应把you改为your。 ⑦(2016·太原五中模拟)I need to take some exercise every day and find ways to relax me. ________________ 分析：句意：我需要每天锻炼，并想法放松自己。与主语I相对应的反身代词是myself。故me改 为myself。[规律总结] ①代词数的错用：人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文确定单复 数。 ②物主代词的错用：形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词；名词性 物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。 ③人称代词与物主代词的错用：人称代词表示“谁”，而物主代词表示“谁的”。 ④人称代词与反身代词的错用：反身代词是指代主语的，使动作的发出者把动作反射到本人身上。 若所用代词与主语不一致，就要用人称代词而不用反身代词。 ⑤不定代词的错用：常见的有many与much，some(thing)与any(thing)，other与another，表示两者 的both，either，neither与表示三者或三者以上的all，none等。 ⑥代词的指代错误：若文中出现代词，它所代替的词一定存在于前文的某处，要注意它们的一致 性。 2．代词的缺失与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.________________ 分析：whenever引导让步状语从句，从句缺主语，根据句意可知，“我”需要父母的帮助，故在 whenever后加I。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.________________ 分析：这里指Tony的父母，因此saw后面需加his。 ③(2016·银川市质检)Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the teacher and some students may even give up learning English.________________ 分析：本句中find为谓语动词，difficult作宾补，中间缺少形式宾语it。故find后加it。 ④(2016·洛阳市模拟)That is the man I met him in Beijing last year. ________________ 分析：the man后为定语从句，引导词在从句中作met的宾语，可以省略。此处作met宾语的引导 词whom/who/that已省略，him就不能再作met的宾语。故去掉him。 [规律总结] ①代词的缺失：主要是人称代词与物主代词的缺失，若缺少主语需考虑是否用人称代词，还要根 据上下文考虑名词前是否缺少物主代词。 ②代词的多余：主要是定语从句中代词的多余。在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作宾语，此时 就不能再用it，him或them等作宾语。形容词和副词 1．形容词之间、副词之间的错用 [单句改错] ①(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Much rare animals are dying out.________________ 分析：much修饰不可数名词，rare animals为复数形式，故把Much改为Many。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.________________ 分析：此处为so ...that ...句式，so和very表达的意思重复，故应去掉very。 ③(2013·四川高考) I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it.________________ 分析：句意：我发现测试很难，但是我努力去做。此处应用hard表示“努力”，而hardly表示 “几乎不”。故hardly改为hard。 [规律总结] ①意近引起的错用：例如many和much都表示“很多”，但many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可 数名词。 ②形近引起的错用：例如hard与hardly虽然形式相近，但词义相差甚远。 ③意思重复：例如so和very表达同一含义，故不能同时使用。 2．形容词和副词比较等级的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)They were also the best and worse years in my life. ________________ 分析：and之前用了best，与之并列也应用最高级，故worse改为worst表示“最糟的”。 ②(2016·四川高考)The dishes that I cooked were Mom's favoritest.________________ 分析：favorite本身含有最高级意义，故不再有最高级形式。故favoritest改为favorite。 ③(2016·江西九江一中模拟) I'll study more harder than ever before so that I can make more money inthe future. ________________ 分析：hard的比较级为harder，再加more就属于重复。故去掉more或more改为much。 [规律总结] ①原级与比较等级的错用：比较等级一般都有比较的范围；有些词本身就含有最高级含义，不能 再用最高级，除favorite外，还有wonderful，exhausted等；有些词不与than连用可用于比较，如be senior to等。 ②比较级的重复：若形容词和副词后面加了er。前面就不能再用more。 3．形容词与副词、形容词与名词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. ________________ 分析：句意：我曾经一度感觉我的父母不理解我，因此我希望能摆脱他们。be free from“摆脱”， 故freely改为free。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.________________ 分析：修饰形容词worried应用副词。故terrible改为terribly。 ③(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.________________ 分析：juicy为形容词，与之并列也应用形容词，tasty表示“美味的，可口的”。故taste改为 tasty。 [规律总结] ①形容词与副词的错用：一般来说，作定语和表语时用形容词；作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词 或修饰整个句子时用副词。 ②误把形容词用作名词：一般来说，对名词或代词的描述用形容词。连词 1．并列连词的错用与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area. ________________ 分析：though和but不能放在同一个句子里。故去掉but。 ②(2016·四川高考)Both Dad or I planned to do something on Mother's Day.________________ 分析：both ...and ... 表示“……和……都”。故or改为and。 ③(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)There the air is clean or the mountains are green.________________ 分析：前后句为并列关系而非选择关系，故把or改为and。 ④(2015·四川高考)In fact, I don't like to go anymore, so I'm afraid I'll lose their friendship. ________________ 分析：前后句为转折关系而非因果关系，应用but连接。故so改为but。 ⑤(2014·陕西高考)We ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.________________ 分析：前后为并列关系而非转折关系，故but改为and。 ⑥(2016·山西省八所重点中学适应性考试)At home, children can do what they want. And at school they can't do all the things they like. ________________ 分析：前后句为转折关系而非并列关系，故把And改为But。 [规律总结] ①并列连词错用：常见的并列连词有：and表示顺承，but表示转折，or表示选择，so表示因果。 应根据逻辑关系选择适当的连词。 ②并列连词多余：although/though和but，because和so不能连用，一般去掉but或so；另外，一个 从句只能有一个引导词。 2．定语从句引导词的错用与缺失 [单句改错]①(2016·四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.________________ 分析：分析句子结构可知，dishes后面为定语从句，从句中缺少cooked的宾语，故可以使用that/ which或省略。应把what改为that/which或去掉what。 ②(2016·吉林省实验中学模拟)In an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm which we learned to plant potatoes.________________ 分析：a farm后跟定语从句，引导词在定语从句中作地点状语，应用where。故which改为 where。 ③(2016·青岛市统一质检)Besides, they cost a lot of paper, that is not very friendly to our environment.________________ 分析：paper后为非限制性定语从句，不能用that引导。故that改为which。 ④(2016·太原五中模拟)There are many people think that wealth is better than health.________________ 分析：many people后为定语从句，缺少引导词。故people后加who。 [规律总结] ①关系代词that与which的错用：在非限制性定语从句和介词后用which；在不定代词、最高级、 序数词后用that。特别提醒：what不能引导定语从句。 ②关系代词与关系副词的错用：关系代词在从句中作主、宾、表和定语；关系副词作状语。 ③关系词的缺失：主要考查在there be句型中，容易受汉语影响而漏用关系词who/that/which。 3．名词性从句引导词的错用、缺失与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. ________________ 分析：close to之后为介词to的宾语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，应用where。故that改为 where。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.________________ 分析：do后缺宾语，故把how改为what。 ③(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.________________ 分析：found后为宾语从句，引导词不作句子成分只起连接作用，应用that引导，而且that可省略。 故where改为that或去掉where。 ④(2015·四川高考)How do you think I should do？________________ 分析：后面的动词do后缺少宾语，do you think为插入语，故把How改为What。 ⑤(2014·四川高考)If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt, tell your teacher immediately.________________分析：notice之后为that引导的宾语从句，when属于多余词。故去掉when。 ⑥(2016·陕西师大附中模拟)That he told us is right, but most of the young people haven't realized this. ________________ 分析：is前为主语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语，应用连接代词what。故That改为What。 ⑦(2016·银川一中模拟)And you should also have a belief you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.________________ 分析：belief后为同位语从句，引导词that不作成分，也没有任何含义，但却不能省去。故belief 后加that。 [规律总结] ①连接词与连接代词的错用：连接词不作成分，而连接代词需作成分。 ②连接词与连接副词的错用：连接词不作成分，而连接副词作状语； ③连接代词与连接副词的错用：连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，而连接副词在从句中作 状语。 ④连接词that的缺失：that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般不能省略，引导宾语从句 时可省略。 ⑤引导词的多余：一个从句只能有一个引导词，即使这个引导词可以省略，也不能再用其他引导 词。 4．状语从句引导词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2015·陕西高考)My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.________________ 分析：句意：我唯一的错误是在我打包的时候，把一些(饼干)掉在了地上。表示“当……的时候” 应用when或while。故after改为when/while。 ②(2015·浙江高考)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.________________ 分析：句意：尽管我在那个教室学习时只是个小孩，但我永远不会忘记。此处应用although/though 引导让步状语从句。故If改为Although/Though。 ③(2013·全国卷Ⅰ) In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.________________ 分析：during表示“在……期间”，但它是介词，不能引导状语从句。故during改为when。 ④(2016·东北三省四市教研联合体模拟)I didn't begin to like our houseparents when something happened one night.________________ 分析：句意：直到一天晚上发生了一件事情，我才开始喜欢我们的宿管。not ...until ...为固定搭配，意为“直到……才……”。故when改为until。 [规律总结] ①应根据逻辑关系判定是何种状语从句，并选择适当的连词。 ②不要把介词误用作连接词，例如during为介词，不能引导状语从句。 ③应注意常见的固定句式中连词的使用。 六、题目怎么做 （一）短文改错解题“4 步走” 1．通读全文，了解大意。注意语篇结构和行文逻辑。切忌在不了解文章大意的情况下，逐字逐行 地进行修改。 2．先易后难，缩小范围。在通读全文的过程中，可以先把文中明显的错误找出来改正，然后再根 据具体语境，仔细分析判断，将注意力集中在较难的句子上。 3．把握句意，逐行判断。可依据以下口诀判断： 动词形，名词数，注意形和副； 非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住； 句子结构多分析，逻辑错误须关注。 4．再次通读，复查验证。把大部分错误改正之后，如果还有拿不准的地方，就应再次通读全文， 并利用语感来做最后的判断。 （二）短文改错解题“4 原则” 1．改动处以最少为原则。短文改错题要求每句最多有两处错误。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或 换词，但无论作何种改动，只能是增加一词、减少一词或将一个词改成另一个词。 2．实词以改变词形为原则。在短文改错题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义， 也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。 3．虚词以添加或删除为原则。历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原 意。 4．以保持句子原意不变为原则。做短文改错题时，一般不应改变句子原意。改错时，应该针对短 文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意，做到“换词不改意，加词不 增意，去词不减意”。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其佳者而从之。 [课堂巩固训练] What's your attitude to April Fool's Day? A survey has done in our school and it shows that there are three different opinion. About 40% of the students thought it fun to have such a specially day to play jokes on each other. Besides, it adds many pleasure to our school life. At the same time, we can take this chance to test that our classmates are clever enough. But 30% of us don't like the day because everything that seems in disorder and you don't know whom to believe or how to do. Furthermore, most jokes are boring and some even go too far, but they often cause trouble or anger. The rest think people just play jokes; don't too serious. 答案： 第二句：has后加been; opinion→opinions 第三句：thought→think; specially→special 第四句：many→much 第五句：that→whether/if 第六句：去掉that; how→what 第七句：but→so 第八句：don't后加be （三）短文改错解题“6 要诀” 1．左顾右盼查名词 考生应注意搜寻名词本身出现的错误，还要看该名词前面是否缺限定词、该用何种限定词，尤其 要查名词前冠词的使用情况。当名词前面有形容词修饰时更要加倍注意。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.________________ 分析：knowledge为不可数名词，不能用复数。故knowledges改为knowledge。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside.________________ 分析：城市生活与乡村生活对比，此处特指乡村，故应在countryside前加the。2．与时俱进查动词 考生应认真分析动词时态、语态的使用是否正确，是否应用非谓语动词形式。尤其要根据上下文 所提供的时间信息，仔细推敲，从而确定正确的动词时态。同时还需要考虑主谓一致与虚拟语气。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip. ________________ 分析：情态动词后跟动词原形，chose的原形是choose。故把chose改为choose。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there.________________ 分析：这两句话是回忆童年的事情，因此应用一般过去时。故把think改为thought。 3．起承转合查连词 考生应认真分析句子结构，如果是并列句或复合句，要特别注意前后分句或主从句的关系，确保 在意义和结构上通顺流畅。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.________________ 分析：fresh vegetables与high quality oil是并列关系，不是选择关系，故将or改为and。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. ________________ 分析：it is comfortable与no need to spend money 为并列关系，并非转折关系，应将but改为and。 4．文通理顺查逻辑 考生应特别关注文章的“文通理顺”，“文通”指行文合乎英文词法、句法；“理顺”指行文逻 辑符合人们普遍认可的道理。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to where I live ...Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steadily.________________ 分析：由“My uncle is the owner of a restaurant ...” 可知，餐馆是“我”叔叔的，故将our改为 his。 ②(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around it. Farther in the distance, I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.________________ 分析：根据上下文内容可知，从远处可以看到雪山。故将could后的not去掉。 5．搭配之中查介词英语中很多短语和固定搭配都是与介词构成的，短文改错中介词的考查具有举足轻重的地位。考 生应特别关注短语或固定搭配中的介词搭配。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________________ 分析：dream of doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“梦想做某事”，故dreams后加of。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.________________ 分析：句意：随着工业化的发展，环境被污染了。with表示“随着”，符合题意。故将on改为 with。 6．一见形、副思转换 遇到形容词、副词时，考生应考虑它们之间的转换。无论是短文改错还是语法填空，形容词与副 词之间的转换都是经常考查的。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.________________ 分析：grow在此是实义动词并非连系动词，应用副词修饰。故steady改为steadily。 ②(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost！________________ 分析：修饰名词tomatoes应该用形容词形式，而不能用副词，故将wonderfully改为wonderful。 短文改错的复习重点 1、考生必须熟悉设错方式：多词、少词、错词。 ⑴ 多词现象大多出现在冠词、介词、助动词、连词、语义重复及行文逻辑等方面。 ⑵ 少词现象主要出现在冠词、介词、副词、助动词、不定式符号to、连词等。 ⑶ 错词现象主要在冠词、介词、名词单复数、动词时态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、代词、连词、词形。 2、考生平时应加强基本功训练，用一个“错题集”把自己或同学在书面表达中出现的错误归纳一下， 以便考前复习。 【点拨】短文改错万能公式 1.谓语动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点，常见动词错误类型有： ①一般现在时与一般过去时错用; ②and前后动词时态不一致; ③主谓不一致;④缺少动词,特别是be动词; ⑤第三人称单数形式错用; ⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。 【点拨】短文改错万能口诀  动词形，名词数;  注意形和副;  非谓动词细辨别;  习惯用法要记住;  句子成分多分析;  逻辑错误须关注。 七、高考真题演练与解析 1. 2022 年全国甲卷 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语 言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。 修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。 My father often took me to his hospital when I was off my school. He showed me how his medical instruments was used. I felt so closely to him. However, after I went to high school, somehow I become distant from him. I was unwilling talk with him and often disobeyed his rule of not stay out with my friends too late. The disagreement was too sharp that neither he nor I knew what to settle it. One day, he talked with me or hoped to mend our relations. With the efforts made by all sides, we began to understand each other better.2. 2022 年全国乙卷 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语 言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。 修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。 We all know that cycling is a greatly exercise. A doctor tells me people who lives the longest are dancers and cyclists. Maybe it is because the combination of fresh air, smooth movement and exercise. Whether you ride a bicycle, you don’t use petrol. So they are not producing carbon dioxide and not cause air pollution. Just see how cars have been taken over our cities. They often run at high speeds, what may put our lives in danger. And there were traffic jams, too. Our cities will be better places if we replace cars with bicycle. 3. 2021 年全国甲卷 Last week our teacher asked us to fill in a questionnaire. One of the questions are: Who will you go in times of trouble? Here are the results. Many students say they will talk to their friend or classmates because they're of the same age and can understand each other. Some will turn out to their parents or teachers for help. Only a little choose to deal with the problems on our own. Their answers also show that they dislike talk to others. They kept very much to themselves. In my opinion, where in trouble, we should seek help from those we trust mostly. 【文章大意】本文是一篇调查问卷，调查“遇到困难时，你会去找谁?”4. 2021 年全国乙卷 I love doing housework. I always assist my parents in doing the dish after meals. I also water the flowers in the yard and tidying up my own bedroom whatever necessary. In my opinion, students can benefit a lot doing some housework. Firstly, doing housework was helpful for us to be a responsible person. Also, it gives our parents more time to do what they are like and it improves the family relationship. What's most, doing housework can be a form of mentally relaxation from study. That's our view on housework. And hopes this can inspire more thinking on the topic! 5. 2020 全国 1 卷 Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself. I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook. My mom told me how to preparing it. First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside. Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the stove. I waited patiently unless the oil was hot. Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together. "Not that way, " my mom tried to stop us but failed. She was right. It didn't turn out as I had wished. 6. 2020 全国 2 卷 Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy. I'm glad to know that you've come China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown. I'm surely you'll have a good time. Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, for I have long been out of practice. Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations. Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day. Best of luck with yours learning kung fu in China. See you sooner.7. 2020 全国 3 卷 My mom is really concerning with the health of everyone in our families. In order to make surely all of us are in good health, and she makes specific plans for us. For example, every morning, my dad has to have the bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple. My dad don't like the soup and I don't enjoy apples. I tell my mom that if we're forced eat things, we may become ill. But he insists on us eating healthy food. Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation. --- End ---