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常考话题一 科普知识类
科普知识类说明文是高考阅读理解中的重难点题材，考生往往在这类文章中失分严重，
因此，考生需要了解科普知识类文章的主要特点和命题方式。
选材 当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。
特点 结构严谨、逻辑性强。
文章中词汇的意义相对单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩。句子结构较复杂，
语言
语法分析较困难，常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题，以推理判断
命题
题居多。
科普知识类说明文长难句居多，题目往往是推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，考生在扩
大词汇量的同时，还需要努力增强分析长难句的能力，把握文章的主旨。具体答题策略如下：
(2019·全国Ⅰ·C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common，the market is growing for
biometric( 生物测量 )technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-
spaces.At present，these technologies are still expensive，though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that
gets around this problem ： a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures thecadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could
offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time
between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine
people’s identities，and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer
it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar
with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology，the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word
“touch”four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to
recognize different participants based on how they typed ， with very low error rates.The
researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly
made of inexpensive，plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。随着数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，对用户信息起防护作
用的技术如指纹扫描等的市场正在增长，但这些技术仍然很昂贵。本文介绍了一种具有类似
功能的新型低成本设备——智能键盘。
28．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“At present，these technologies are still expensive，
though.”和第二段第一句“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a
low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard.”可知，研究者们开发
智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
29．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的“The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by
analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns
are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities...”可知，因为
每个人的打字方式不同，使得智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A．It’ll be environment-friendly.
B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics.
D．It’ll help speed up typing.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near
future.”可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日投入市场销售。故选B。
31．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A diary. B．A guidebook.
C．A novel. D．A magazine.
答案 D
解析 文章出处题。本文介绍了一种新型低成本设备——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带
来安全，由此可知，本文是与科技有关的文章，结合所给选项可知，本文可能出自一本杂志。
故选D。
A
(2022·山东德州联合质量测评)
Bioprinting is medically and bio-technologically equal to 3D printing.By using the same
principles，the aim is to rapidly develop living structures similar to human-grown organs and
tissue that can be used to heal people or test new drugs.
Of course，printing biological tissue is much more complex than building a mechanical
part.There are complex layers of cells in living tissue.Bioprinters use bioink made from cells，
biochemical nutrients and biological stands to support cells in an exact order.Bioinks have to
operate under conditions that are suitable for living，growing tissue，so they cannot really be
printed at temperatures that top body temperature.
Perhaps the simplest form of bioprinting is inkjet printing.Bioink is sprayed through tiny tubes
so it has to be almost liquid and this limits the biological materials that can be printed.Most 3D
printers operate by squeezing material through a pipe and bioprinters can use squeezing too，
though care has to be taken not to damage cells through extreme force.Other techniques such as
laser-assisted bioprinting or electrospinning(静电纺丝) are incredibly exact and can be used with
thicker bioinks，but they are more tricky to use with living cells and not as rapid or able to create
large quantities of tissue.
Once the bioprinter has done its work，the post-processing stage begins.Bioreactor systems
are often employed to help the tissue grow up.They can be used to copy the forces and biochemicalsupport that tissue needs to grow and differentiate correctly.
Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are encouraging.Stem cells，
which have the potential to turn into several types of cells，are being used to create bone.Organ
printing can improve the health of society in general by wiping out the problem of diseases caused
by organ failure ，costly treatments and social care.That promise may be years away from
realization but rapid prototyping(原型技术) enabled by bioprinting is pushing medical advances
forward at pace.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍生物打印的所需材料、实施过程和相关用途等
告诉读者生物打印的发展很有前景。
1．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Cells. B．Bioinks.
C．Nutrients. D．Biological stands.
答案 B
解析 代词指代题。根据第二段最后一句可知，生物墨水必须在适合的条件下工作，所以它
们不能在高于体表温度的状况下打印。由此可推知，画线词they指代的是生物墨水。故选
B。
2．What should we pay attention to when using bioprinting?
A．The sort of human organs.
B．The thickness of bioinks.
C．The force of squeezing.
D．The order of cells.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，生物打印机也可以通过挤压原料的方式运作，
不过要注意不能过度用力，否则会损坏细胞。故选C。
3．What can we infer from the 3rd and 4th paragraphs?
A．The process of bioprinting is practical.
B．Bioreactor systems tend not to damage cells.
C．Most 3D printers limit the biological materials.
D．Laser-assisted bioprinting can produce much tissue.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段可知，喷墨印刷是最简单的生物印刷形式。生物打
印机通过挤压原料的方式运作。其他技术，如激光辅助生物打印或电纺也非常精准。一旦生
物打印机完成工作，生物反应器系统经常会被用来帮助组织生长。由此可知，生物打印的过
程是切实可行的。故选A。
4．Which is the suitable title for the passage?A．Bioprinting Cures Diseases of People
B．Bioprinting Is Similar to 3D Printing
C．Bioprinting Gets Care from Society
D．Bioprinting Has Much Potential
答案 D
解析 标题归纳题。根据文章最后一句并且结合全文内容可知，本文通过介绍生物打印的所
需材料、实施过程和相关用途等告诉读者生物打印技术很有前景。因此，D项适合作本文标
题。故选D。
B
(2022·浙江金华十校模拟)
Human innovation(创新) has allowed people to explore space for decades.Within a space
station，astronauts have enough air，food and water to complete missions of a year or longer
without a resupply.But missions to further reaches of space are a different matter.Establishing a
base on the moon or sending humans to Mars seems just on the horizon.That can only happen if
innovative and foolproof ways are developed to supply humans with enough air，water and food.
One company，Interstellar Labs，has developed an advanced，closed loop system that can
grow plants anywhere，even in space.They call their AI managed greenhouses BioPods and they
are designed to be very efficient.In fact，Interstellar Labs claims that BioPods reduce the amount
of land and water needed to produce food by 99 percent.That is not an impossible claim.BioPods
don’t use any soil to grow plants，and the vast majority of water is recycled and recirculated.
Plants are grown inside BioPods using aeroponics，the practice of hanging plants in the air
and spraying a mist of nutrient-rich water on their roots.By using aeroponics，the BioPod system
carefully conserves water with amazing results.According to Interstellar labs，BioPod-grown
plants are up to 300 times more productive than traditionally grown plants，using only a small
amount of water.
The conditions inside of a BioPod are controlled by AI，which can change anything from the
lighting to the temperature and humidity to maximize growth.This optimizes(使最优化) growing
conditions no matter what the environment is outside，including the emptiness of space.
The BioPods themselves can be built in almost any environment，too.The pod’s structure is
made with a 3D printer using raw materials in liquid form.The inside part is sealed with an
inflatable membrane(充气膜) that is also 3D-printed.This means that a BioPod could be built right
on the surface of the moon or Mars，making transporting a large structure unnecessary.
Like most technologies developed for space exploration，BioPods can also be used on Earth
to provide highly efficient food production systems even in the harshest environments.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家公司开发的一种名为BioPod的可以在
太空中种植植物的先进闭环系统。5．In writing paragraph 1，the author aims to .
A．present a topic B．make a comparison
C．reach a conclusion D．propose a definition
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句及下文对可以在太空种植植物的先进闭环系统的介
绍可推断，作者写作第一段是为了引出主题。故选A。
6．Which of the following best describes BioPods?
A．They are widely used for space exploration.
B．They are highly productive and efficient greenhouses.
C．They are easy to operate without need for soil or water.
D．They are designed to be used in harsh environments on Earth.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句和第三段最后一句可知，BioPods是高产和高效
的温室。故选B。
7．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Food Consumption in Space Station
B．Space Exploration with BioPods
C．Growing Food in Space Pods
D．3D Printers Used in Space Lab
答案 C
解析 标题归纳题。根据第二段第一句及全文可知，文章主要介绍了一家公司开发的一种名
为BioPod的先进的闭环系统，可以在太空种植植物，为宇航员提供食物。C项概括了文章
主要内容，故选C。
8．What is the writer’s attitude to the BioPods?
A．Positive. B．Cautious.
C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.
答案 A
解析 观点态度题。根据第二段至第六段内容可推断，作者认为BioPods有许多优点，对
BioPods的态度是积极的。故选A。
强化练(十二) 科普知识类说明文
A
Every person yawns.So do many other vertebrate(有脊椎的) animals，including snakes，dogs，cats，sharks，and chimpanzees.While yawning is contagious(会传染的)，not everyone
catches a yawn.Around 60%－70% of people yawn if they see another person yawn in real life or
in a photo or even read about yawning.Contagious yawning also occurs in animals，but it doesn’t
necessarily work the same way as in people.
Scientists have proposed many theories for why we catch yawns.Probably the most popular
theory is that yawning serves as a form of nonverbal communication.Catching a yawn shows
you’re accustomed to a person’s emotions.Scientific evidence comes from a 2010 study at the
University of Connecticut，which concluded yawning does not become contagious until a child is
about four years old when empathy(共情) skills develop.In the study，children with autism，who
may have impaired empathy development，caught yawns less often than their peers.
Studying contagious yawning in other animals may provide clues to how people catch
yawns.Contagious yawning in animals may serve as a means of communication.Siamese fighting
fish yawn when they see their mirror image or another fighting fish，generally just prior to an
attack.
Contagious yawning is linked to temperature，in both animals and people.Most scientists
speculate it is a thermoregulatory behavior ， while some researchers believe it is used to
communicate a potential threat or stressful situation.A 2010 study of budgerigars(虎皮鹦鹉) found
that yawning increased as temperature was raised near body temperature.
People commonly yawn when tired or bored.Similar behavior is seen in animals.One study
found the brain temperature in sleep deprived rats was higher than their core temperature.Yawning
reduced brain temperature，possibly improving brain function.Researchers will do further study on
this.
1．What can we learn about yawning from paragraph 1?
A．All animals yawn.
B．Reading about yawning may make a person yawn.
C．Only vertebrate animals yawn.
D．Yawning works the same for human and animals.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第四句可知，读有关打哈欠的书可能会让人打哈欠。故选
B。
2．Why does the author mention children with autism in paragraph 2?
A．To prove a theory.
B．To define a concept.
C．To develop the theme.
D．To provide the background.
答案 A解析 写作意图题。根据第二段最后两句可知，作者在第二段提到自闭症儿童来证明一个理
论：打哈欠直到孩子四岁左右才会传染，那时他们的共情能力已经发展起来了。故选A。
3．Siamese fighting fish yawn to .
A．show kindness
B．find a partner
C．give a threat
D．escape from danger
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第二、三句可推知，暹罗斗鱼通过打哈欠以示威胁。故选
C。
4．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．More research on yawning will be carried out in the future.
B．Temperature is not a factor concerning yawning.
C．The secret to yawning has been worked out.
D．Yawning can improve brain function greatly.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段第三、四、五句可推知，未来还会有更多关于打哈欠的研
究。故选A。
B
(2022·广东茂名二模)
Using the power of artificial intelligence(AI)，scientists have revealed new insights into the
creation and destruction of mass extinction.Contrary to conventional knowledge，their study
suggests that larger extinctions are not always a form of “creative destruction” that allows new
organisms(生物体) to radiate and evolve.Instead，it suggests that mass extinction is rarely
associated with new species of radiation.
Dr.Hoyal Cuthill，the lead study author from the University of Essex in the UK and the
Tokyo Institute of Technology，said in a statement，“Some of the most challenging things to
understand the history of life are the vast timelines involved and the number of species.New
machine learning applications can help us understand this information in human-readable form.This
means that we can，so to speak，hold the evolution of half a billion years in the palm of our hand
and gain new insights from what we see.”
They concluded that mass extinction and later radiation were not connected as previously
thought.Within 5 percent of the most significant periods of disruption(中断)，AI detected “big
five” mass extinctions，seven more mass extinctions，two mass extinction-radiation events，
and 15 mass radiations.Most importantly，it discovers that massive radiation and extinction rarely
occurred with each other，changing the view that greater extinction leads to a kind of deep cycle-like species radiation of nature.It appears that larger extinctions are certainly not the engine of
evolutionary radiation.Take the Cambrian eruption for example and it was about 41 million years
ago when a large group of animals first appeared on the record of the first fossil record and the
dawn of a high mobile animal equipped with modern physical features.
This new study found that a handful of other notable explosions of biodiversity，including the
Cambrian eruption，usually occurred at a time when they were largely isolated(隔离) from
extinction.Dr.Nicholas Guttenberg，a study co-author from the Tokyo Institute of Technology
explained，“Ecosystems are dynamic and you don’t need anything to exist to allow something
new to appear.”
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家利用人工智能对大规模物种灭绝进行的研
究情况及由此产生的新见解。
5．What does the first paragraph serve as?
A．An explanation of artificial intelligence.
B．A background of researchers’ study.
C．The reasons for creative destruction.
D．The result of researchers’ new study.
答案 D
解析 段落大意题。根据第一段第二、三句可知，本段主要讲了这项研究的结果。故选D。
6．What can we infer from Dr.Hoyal Cuthill’s words?
A．AI contributes a lot to the study of evolution.
B．Understanding the history of life is very difficult.
C．New AI machines learn applications better.
D．Biological evolution can be controlled easily.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，科学家可以借助“New machine learning
applications”即AI人工智能来掌握5亿年的进化情况，由此可推知，人工智能技术对进化
的研究贡献很大。故选A。
7．What is the researchers’ discovery?
A．Mass extinction is unlikely to cause evolutionary radiation.
B．The first animal with modern features occurred during eruption.
C．The volcanic eruption led to a mass extinction and radiation.
D．The idea of deep cycle-like species radiation has turned out true.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句和第三段倒数第二句可知，大规模灭绝不可能引起
进化辐射。故选A。8．What is the text mainly about?
A．New processes of biological evolution.
B．New view of radiation from natural species.
C．New understanding of mass extinction.
D．New outbreaks of biological populations.
答案 C
解析 主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句及后文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家利用人工智能对
大规模物种灭绝进行的研究情况及由此产生的新认识，故选C。
C
(2022·湖北十一校联考)
Midway through The Matrix，Cypher feasts on an enormous steak，well aware that his
reality is not real，part of a digital program telling his brain that the steak is a construction and that
it is “juicy and delicious”．Two decades after the movie made its first appearance，something
unexpected arises：The future of reality will not only be virtual but also synthetic(合成的)．
Cypher’s future meal will be a physical one，synthesized from animal cells.
And the synthesis goes beyond dinner.Starting with components from the natural world，
scientists are learning to engineer microorganisms and build biocomputing systems.However，
biology has a tendency to evolve in unexpected ways.
Synthesized meat is one case in point.The driving forces behind the meat movement are
practical.It has been estimated that cultured(培育的) meat would require 7 to 45 percent less energy
and produce 78 to 96 percent less greenhouse gas than conventional animals farmed for
consumption.But once we’re able to synthesize meat，theoretically，we’ll have the capability
to culture meat from any animal，even those we’d never consider eating today，like dolphins or
chimpanzees，which will pose a new regulatory challenge for us.
Using synthetic biology，we can even edit and rewrite life，the technology of which is
already in use.In 2021，scientists in some countries announced they had grown monkey embryos
injected with human stem cells.Here comes the situation worth considering：such a monkey-
human hybrid will demonstrate qualities that are somewhere between humans ， on which
experimentation isn’ t allowed ， and animals ， which are often raised specifically for
research.How will we decide when an animal becomes too human?
Depending on where you stand，the synthetic realities land somewhere between “really
exciting”and “critically concerning”．As individuals，we undertake a shared responsibility to
make good choices about this coming synthetic technology.
9．What do we know about Cypher’s steak in the movie?
A．It is anything but appetizing.
B．It is enjoyed in a virtual world.C．It is synthesized from animal cell.
D．It is a construction made by himself.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。由第一段第一句可知，塞弗知道自己处于虚拟现实中，牛排是数字程序
构造出来的，他是在虚拟世界中享用牛排。故选B。
10．What’s the advantage of synthesized meat?
A．It is more nutritious.
B．It is more energy-consuming.
C．It is more environment-friendly.
D．It is more controllable in regulation.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由第三段第三句可知，合成肉所需要的能源更少，所产生的温室气体也
更少。所以合成肉更环保。故选C。
11．What is the author’s attitude to the experiment in paragraph 4?
A．Cautious. B．Favorable.
C．Pessimistic. D．Indifferent.
答案 A
解析 观点态度题。由第四段可知，作者指出该实验对象既表现出人的某些特点(这一部分
不允许被实验)，也有动物的特点，最后一句作者提出的疑问表明作者对此实验持有谨慎的
态度。故选A。
12．What is the purpose of the text?
A．To popularize synthetic technology.
B．To indicate challenges of synthetic technology.
C．To stress the importance of synthetic technology.
D．To introduce the development of synthetic technology.
答案 B
解析 写作意图题。文章第一段以《黑客帝国》片段引出合成肉的话题，第二段指出合成技
术有朝不可预料方向发展的趋势，第三、四段以两个例子(合成肉带来的管控挑战和基因合
成可能出现的伦理问题)说明合成技术的发展伴随着挑战，文章的目的在于指出合成技术带
来的挑战。故选B。
