2026年高考-语法填空·说明文——说明语境下的语法应用

语法填空·说明文——说明语境下的语法应用

◇考点01被动语态：客观陈述的“标配”

说明文强调客观事实的陈述，因此被动语态使用频率较高。掌握被动语态的构成和用法是理解和解答说明文语法填空的基础。

1.被动语态的基本构成

被动语态由"be动词+过去分词"构成，不同时态的被动语态变化主要体现在be动词的形式上：

1.一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词

2.一般过去时：was/were + 过去分词

3.一般将来时：will be + 过去分词 或 be going to be + 过去分词

4.现在进行时：am/is/are being + 过去分词

5.过去进行时：was/were being + 过去分词

6.现在完成时：have/has been + 过去分词

7.过去完成时：had been + 过去分词

8.情态动词：情态动词+ be + 过去分词

2.说明文语境中被动语态的使用场景

1.描述客观事实或普遍真理时

2.强调动作的承受者而非执行者时

3.动作执行者不明确或无需提及的情况下

4.科技文献或学术报告中描述研究过程和结果时

3.被动语态的辨识技巧

解题要点：在语法填空中遇到被动语态考点时，可从以下几方面入手：

1.分析句子主语与谓语动词的关系，判断是否为被动关系

2.根据上下文语境确定时态

3.注意特殊动词的过去分词形式，尤其是不规则变化

4.注意被动语态与系表结构的区别

例1：Water is composed (compose) of hydrogen and oxygen.

解析：本句描述客观事实，主语water与compose之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。

例2：A new technology was developed (develop) to solve this problem last year.

解析：时间状语last year表明应用一般过去时，主语technology与develop之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。

4. 注意事项

1.不及物动词没有被动语态，如happen, occur, appear等

2.有些动词短语相当于及物动词，可用于被动语态，如take care of, look after等

3.主动形式表示被动意义的特殊情况，如某些系动词(taste, smell, feel等)和表示"需要"的动词(need, require, 4.want)后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义

◇考点02非谓语动词：浓缩专业表达

非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）是说明文语言表达的重要手段，能够使句子结构紧凑、表达简洁，常用于学术性较强的说明文中。

1.不定式的用法

表示目的：常在句中作目的状语

表示结果：常与only连用，表示出乎意料的结果

表示将来：在某些动词后作宾语或宾语补足语

用于固定结构：如in order to, so as to等

2.动名词的用法

作主语：表示抽象概念或习惯性动作

作宾语：用于某些动词后，如avoid, enjoy, finish等

作表语：说明主语的性质或内容

作定语：表示用途或性质

3.分词的用法

现在分词：表示主动和进行，可作定语、状语、补语等

过去分词：表示被动和完成，可作定语、状语、补语等

分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语通常与句子主语一致

解题要点：非谓语动词的选择可遵循以下步骤：

1.分析句子结构，确定空格处需要非谓语动词

2.判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系（主动/被动）

3.判断非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词动作的时间关系（同时/之前/之后）

4.结合固定搭配和习惯用法确定最终形式

例1： To understand  (understand) the phenomenon, we need to analyze its causes first.

解析：此处用不定式作目的状语，表示"为了理解这一现象"。

例2： Using  (use) this method, researchers have made significant progress.

解析：此处用现在分词作状语，表示主动关系，与句子主语researchers构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

例3： The results  obtained  (obtain) from the experiment are quite encouraging.

解析：此处用过去分词作定语，修饰results，表示被动关系，"从实验中获得的结果"。

4.常见错误与难点

现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别：现在分词表示主动、进行；过去分词表示被动、完成

分词独立主格结构：当分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，需要在分词前加上自己的逻辑主语

某些动词后接不定式或动名词的固定搭配：如forget to do sth.（忘记去做某事）与forget doing sth.（忘记做过某事）的区别

◇考点03定语从句：精确界定与补充

定语从句是说明文用来对名词或代词进行精确界定和补充说明的重要语法手段，能够使表达更加准确、信息更加丰富。

1.关系代词的用法

that：既可指人也可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能用于非限制性定语从句

which：指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，可用于非限制性定语从句

who/whom：指人，分别在从句中作主语和宾语

whose：既可指人也可指物，表示"……的"，在从句中作定语

2.关系副词的用法

where：表示地点，在从句中作地点状语

when：表示时间，在从句中作时间状语

why：表示原因，在从句中作原因状语，通常修饰先行词reason

3.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

解题要点：

定语从句引导词的选择方法：

1.确定先行词是人还是物

2.分析引导词在从句中所作的成分（主语、宾语、定语、状语）

3.判断从句是否为非限制性定语从句

4.注意特殊情况，如先行词是不定代词、最高级修饰的词等只用that

例1： The theory  which/that  was proposed by Einstein is now widely accepted.

解析：先行词是物(theory)，引导词在从句中作主语，可用which或that。

例2： This is the laboratory  where  many important discoveries were made.

解析：先行词是地点(laboratory)，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用where。

例3： The researcher  whose  work has been published recently will give a lecture tomorrow.

解析：先行词是人(researcher)，引导词在从句中作定语，修饰work，故用whose。

4.特殊情况处理

l"介词+关系代词"结构：关系代词指人用whom，指物用which

las引导的定语从句：常用于the same...as, such...as等结构中，也可引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句

l分隔式定语从句：定语从句与先行词被其他成分隔开

◇考点04名词性从句：引出观点与事实

名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）在说明文中常用于引出观点、事实、数据等重要信息，是构建说明文逻辑框架的重要手段。

1.主语从句

在句中作主语的从句，常用引导词有that, whether, what, who, which, when, where, why, how等。

lthat引导的主语从句通常用it作形式主语

lwhether引导的主语从句表示"是否"，不能用if代替

l连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句在句中充当一定成分

2.宾语从句

在句中作宾语的从句，可作动词、介词或形容词的宾语。

lthat在宾语从句中常可省略

lwhether和if都可引导宾语从句表示"是否"，但在介词后或与or not连用时只能用whether

l宾语从句要用陈述语序

3.表语从句

在句中作表语的从句，位于系动词之后。

l常用引导词有that, whether, what, who, which, when, where, why, how等

las if/though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气

lthe reason...is that...结构中，表语从句用that引导而不用why

4.同位语从句

用于解释说明其前面名词的内容的从句，常用的先行词有fact, news, idea, suggestion, conclusion等。

l常用引导词有that, whether, how等

lthat在同位语从句中不充当成分，也不能省略

l同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句解释先行词的内容，而定语从句修饰先行词

解题要点：

名词性从句连接词的选择方法：

1.确定从句类型（主语、宾语、表语或同位语从句）

2.分析从句是否缺少成分及缺少什么成分（主语、宾语、表语、状语等）

3.根据上下文语境判断从句的意思（是否有"是否"、"什么"、"如何"等含义）

4.注意某些特殊句型和固定搭配

例1：What we need is more accurate data.

解析：主语从句缺少宾语，用what引导，表示"我们所需要的东西"。

例2： Scientists have proved that global warming is becoming more serious.

解析：宾语从句不缺少成分，用that引导，that可省略。

例3： The question is whether this method can be applied in practice.

解析：表语从句表示"是否"，用whether引导。

例4： There is no doubt that technology has changed our lives greatly.

解析：同位语从句解释doubt的内容，用that引导。

◇考点05词性转换与学术词汇

说明文语言具有较强的学术性和专业性，经常需要使用各种词性转换形式来准确表达概念和观点。掌握常见的词性转换规律和学术词汇是解答此类题目的关键。

1.常见词性转换规律

(1) 动词转化为名词

l加后缀-tion：invent → invention, communicate → communication

l加后缀-sion：decide → decision, expand → expansion

l加后缀-ment：develop → development, improve → improvement

l加后缀-er/or：teach → teacher, act → actor

l加后缀-ance/-ence：appear → appearance, exist → existence

(2) 形容词转化为名词

l加后缀-ness：happy → happiness, ill → illness

l加后缀-ity：possible → possibility, flexible → flexibility

l加后缀-th：warm → warmth, long → length

l加后缀-ce：different → difference, important → importance

(3) 名词转化为形容词

l加后缀-y：rain → rainy, health → healthy

l加后缀-ful：care → careful, success → successful

l加后缀-less：hope → hopeless, use → useless

l加后缀-al：nation → national, education → educational

l加后缀-ous：danger → dangerous, mystery → mysterious

l加后缀-ible/-able：access → accessible, comfort → comfortable

(4) 形容词转化为副词

l一般加后缀-ly：quick → quickly, careful → carefully

l以"辅音字母+y"结尾的形容词，变y为i加-ly：easy → easily, happy → happily

l以-le结尾的形容词，去e加-y：simple → simply, gentle → gently

l特殊变化：good → well, true → truly

2.常考学术词汇分类

(1) 表示研究方法与过程的词汇

analyze, investigate, observe, experiment, measure, evaluate, conclude, demonstrate, verify...

(2) 表示因果关系的词汇

cause, result in, lead to, contribute to, bring about, arise from, result from, due to, because of...

(3) 表示比较与对比的词汇

compare, contrast, similar, different, same, equivalent, parallel, unlike, whereas...

(4) 表示程度与范围的词汇

approximately, roughly, precisely, absolutely, completely, partially, generally, specifically...

解题要点：词性转换题的解题步骤：

1.分析空格在句中的语法功能，确定所需词性

2.根据词根和前后缀知识，判断可能的转换形式

3.注意不规则转换形式，避免思维定势

4.结合上下文语境，确定最终词形（如名词的单复数、形容词的比较级等）

例1： The  development  (develop) of science has greatly changed human life.

解析：定冠词the后需要名词，develop的名词形式是development。

例2： This method is  effective  (effect) in solving the problem.

解析：系动词is后需要形容词，effect的形容词形式是effective。

例3： She spoke  confidently  (confident) about her research findings.

解析：动词spoke需要副词修饰，confident的副词形式是confidently。

例4： There is a  relationship  (relate) between these two phenomena.

解析：不定冠词a后需要名词，relate的名词形式是relationship。

3.注意事项

l有些词有多种词性转换形式，需根据语境选择最合适的形式

l注意词性转换后的拼写变化，尤其是不规则变化

l名词要注意单复数形式，形容词要注意比较等级

l积累常见学术词汇及其派生形式，提高解题速度和准确率

◇考点06说明文特有结构与搭配

说明文有其独特的篇章结构和固定搭配，掌握这些特点有助于快速理解文章和准确填空。

说明文有其独特的语篇结构和常用表达，掌握这些特点有助于更好地理解文章内容，提高语法填空的准确率。

1.说明文的基本结构

l引言部分：介绍说明对象或提出问题

l主体部分：详细说明事物的特征、原理、方法等

l结论部分：总结说明内容或提出展望

2.常用连接词与过渡语

(1) 表示顺序与层次

firstly, secondly, finally; to begin with, then, in the end; first of all, above all; for one thing, for another...

(2) 表示因果关系

therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a result; because, since, as, for; due to, owing to, on account of...

(3) 表示转折与对比

however, nevertheless, nonetheless; but, yet; on the contrary, in contrast; while, whereas...

(4) 表示举例与例证

for example, for instance; such as, like; namely, that is; in particular, specifically...

(5) 表示总结与归纳

in conclusion, to sum up, in summary; generally speaking, on the whole; in short, in brief...

3.常见固定搭配与句型

lIt is known that... 众所周知……

lIt is believed that... 人们相信……

lIt has been proved that... 已经证明……

lAs is shown in... 正如在……中所示

lAccording to... 根据……

lCompared with... 与……相比

lWith the development of... 随着……的发展

lplay an important role in... 在……中起重要作用

lhave a great influence on... 对……有很大影响

lbe composed of... 由……组成

lbe divided into... 被分为……

解题要点：

利用说明文结构特点解题：

1.快速浏览全文，把握文章主旨和结构

2.注意段落之间的逻辑关系，确定连接词的使用

3.熟悉说明文常用句型和固定搭配，提高解题效率

4.根据上下文语境，推断空格处应填词汇

◇题型01 被动语态辨识与构造

典｜例｜精｜析

典例1（2025年全国一卷）“The players’ personalities ____60____ (reveal) during the game, and one’s weaknesses are exposed to the opponent,” she adds. “A decent winner always ____61____ (try) to beat the opponent byno more than one or two points as a gesture (姿态) of respect for the other side. ”

典例2（2025年北京卷） Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you ____15____ (make) several decisions even without noticing. Some choices are quick, while others take more thought. Usually, better outcomes ____16____ (achieve) through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk tolerance.

变｜式｜巩｜固

变式1（2026·河北省唐山市十校高三期中）At the same event, parts of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Tang’s The Dream of Nanke    59     (perform) on the same stage. This created a beautiful conversation between the two great  across time and space. 

变式2（2026·江苏省四市十校联考高三月考）Last November, 61 of the top 100 best-selling mobile games worldwide were made by Chinese developers. In addition,34 Chinese mobile game publishers ranked among the top 100 by revenue last October. Nowadays, in-game advertising     65     (view) as an effective method for making more profits.

变式3（2026·辽宁部分重点高中高三联考）In the field of risk prevention, these bases act as guardians. Advanced technologies like satellites and drones     58     (use) to build intelligent firewalls for relics. To protect ancient structures from earthquakes, scientists have developed new methods to predict damage. These technologies have been successfully applied to protect precious stone inscriptions.

变式4（2026·广东省深圳高级中学第二次诊断性测试）In the 1980s, when international brands     39     (introduce) to China, the villagers began to cultivate coffee plants again. Since 2007, the Xinzhai village has been upgrading their coffee industry, selecting high quality coffee plants to produce high-quality coffee professionally and cultivating their own coffee brand.

◇题型02 非谓语动词的选用

典｜例｜精｜析

典例1【2022新高考I卷】__________ (cover)an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.

典例2【2022全国乙卷】_____To strengthen_____ (strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, __________ (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts. 

变｜式｜巩｜固

变式1With inspirations ranging from museums, literature, and murals (壁画), Piececool, a toy brand  (locate) in south China’s Dongguan, combines distinctive cultural features with its creative product line, winning recognition domestically and abroad.

变式2（2026·广东省广州市南沙区高三教学质量检测）These include  (collect) the raw materials — blue sandalwood bark and rice straw from Jingxian County — followed by fermenting, bleaching, screening, and sun-drying.

变式3（2026·辽宁省点石联考东北“三省一区”高三月考）“The younger generation wants new expressions to present our culture,” said Xiong, adding the company aims to enable more people  (accept), experience, and dig into the stories behind them by integrating Chinese culture into product design. 

变式4（2026·广东省广州市南沙区高三教学质量检测）The entire process, highly dependent on local climate and water quality, can take more than two years  (finish).

◇题型03 定语从句引导词辨析

典｜例｜精｜析

典例1（2025年北京卷） However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists ____18left ____ (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, ____19____ accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. To reduce our impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge before heading out, and choose sustainable dining options. 

典例2（2025年1月浙江卷）Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, ____63____ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period. “I really want to make this work for ____64____ (people) lives today, and I know that doesn’t always mean _____65_____ (return) a dress on the Monday after a special weekend,” she says.

变｜式｜巩｜固

变式1（2026·江苏省苏州中学校高三联考）In addition to his love for abstract art, Pininski also had another reason

 accounted for his motivation to build such a unique subway entrance

变式2（2026·辽宁省点石联考东北“三省一区”高三月考）Besides, MINISO, a variety store chain  you can buy household and consumer goods, opened a store at New York’s Times Square in May 2023, attracting a large crowd. 

变式3（2026·山西三晋卓越联盟高三质量检测）The most intense moment came,  Wang had only 31 minutes to transfer (换乘) from Beijing West Station to Beijing South Station by subway. 

变式4（2026·宁夏回族自治区银川一中高三期中）This trend also shows a changing attitude toward

 makes a “good life”. More and more people are moving away from the pursuit of material success alone. ◇题型 04 名词性从句的衔接功能

典｜例｜精｜析

典例1【2024全国甲卷】How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in ____43____ is now northwestern Wyoming.

典例2【2022年北京卷】 It’s easy to explain how we determine ____15____ smells are dangerous or not: we learn. 

变｜式｜巩｜固

变式1（2026·江苏省苏州中学校高三联考）German Subway Station Catches Everyone’s Attention

If you have the chance to travel to Frankfurt, it’s worth making a stop at the Bockenheimer Warte subway station just to see its unique entryway. has a vivid imagination might be convinced of the existence of powerful supervillains (超级反派). 

变式2（2026·福建省宁德市闽东三校高三月考）Moreover, the company has established  it calls a “data collection factory” for real-world data gathering, including training scenarios such as folding clothes, organizing, cleaning and doing the laundry.

◇题型05 词性转换与派生

典｜例｜精｜析

典例1（2025年全国一卷）Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the ____63____ (strategy) placement of the pieces, ____ and64____ the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, ____65___ (digital) generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition.

典例2(2024新课标I卷)The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective    57    (function) structure that is also beautiful.

变｜式｜巩｜固

变式1（2026·河南省天一大联考高三顶尖计划（二））The inclusive beauty of Xinjiang carpets has won international (recognise) since ancient times.

◇题型06 无提示词：连词、介词与冠词

典｜例｜精｜析

典例1（2025年全国一卷）（2025年全国一卷）...Go is one of ____57___ earliest binary-based (基于二元的) games. The movements of the black and white pieces reflect the basic ideas of Eastern philosophy, according to Tu Ningning, who is in charge of the exhibition. 

...“A decent winner always ____61 tries ____ (try) to beat the opponent ____62____ no more than one or two points as a gesture (姿态) of respect for the other side. ”

Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the____63 63. strategic（al）____ (strategy) placement of the pieces, ____64____ the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, ____digitally___ (digital) generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition.

典例2（2025年全国二卷）Nothing in my life before prepared me ____38____ this one-and to be sure, the first time I came here I never imagined I would ever feel comfortable in this area. But it’s amazing how you can adapt ____39____ learn in a new environment. 

变｜式｜巩｜固

变式1（2026·江苏省苏州中学校高三联考）It has even become a tourist attraction for people to shoot photos of themselves near what could be described a work of art. Magritte, the late Belgian surrealist master, would have approved of the Bockenheimer Warte subway station.

变式2(2026·浙江省宁波市海曙区等5地高三一模)

With profits jumping to nearly 1.3 billion yuan at the box office as of Aug 26, the ink-wash animated filmNobody has broken    1    previous record set by Big Fish & Begonia (2016), making it the highest-earning domestic 2D animated film in Chinese cinema history. 

变式3(2026·浙江省温州市普通高中高三上学期第一次适应性考试)

Regulators face a delicate balance: encourage innovation while protecting consumers. The challenge is to ensure that the appeal    10     convenience does not come at the cost of nutrition, quality or the authenticity (地道性) that makes cuisine so central to culture.

变式4(2026·重庆市第一中学高三上学期10月月考)

Contemporary adaptations have introduced varieties of     5  flavor   (flavor) to cater to evolving palates, including chocolate, matcha, and even ice cream mooncakes. These modern twists appeal to younger individuals     6     preserve the essence of the tradition.