文档内容
第 1 讲 定语从句
定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被
修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
考点一 that/which/who/whom
Xiao Meng is a girl who/that① loves reading and she is also a girl who/whom/that②
teachers often praise.Books that/which③ talk about love or adventures are her favorite.Journey to
the West is the first book that④ Xiao Meng has read，and it is also the best novel that④ she has
read.Everything that④ appears in the novel is interesting and both people and monsters that④ are
described in it make her fascinated.
注释：①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，who引导。②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that，
who，whom 引导。③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that，which引导。④关系词指物，
由形容词最高级或序数词修饰，或者是先行词是不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能
用that。
1．that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文
中的限制性定语从句中，that 出现频率最高。that既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指
人，也可以指物。
2．此外指物时只用that不用which的情况的口诀：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。
即先行词指物被the very、the only、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也
包括物时，或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。This is the very book that I have been looking for for several days.
这正是我找了好几天的那本书。
Is there anything that you want to say about this matter?
关于这件事你想说什么呢？
3．定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。
I still remember the people in the remote village who were friendly to me.
我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲。
The students who are interested in the activity should sign up for it in advance.
对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．The dictionary that/which the gentleman bought half an hour ago was very expensive.
2．The lady who is(be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
3．The man who/whom/that I served was wearing a hat.
4．This is the third apple that she has eaten in the afternoon.
5．This is the only thing that I can do to solve the tricky problem.
6．That’s all that I know about the young man living next door.
7．When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons that they could
remember in the school.
8．This is the best film that I have ever seen.
考点二 as/which/whose
As① we all know/As① is known to all，Li Hua is a student whose② name is often seen in
English examinations.But this year he didn’t make us write compositions for him，which③ made
many students sad.How we miss the boy for whom④ we have written many compositions and we
have prepared many situations in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
注释：①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用as引导定语从句。②在定语从句中作
定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whose。③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，
作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。④当介词提到关系代词之前时，
若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whom。
1．whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前
的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。This is the girl whose name is Li Mei.
这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a house whose windows face the north.他住在窗户朝北的房子里。
2．只用which/whom而不用that的情况。
用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。
注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。
She lost the game，which depressed her greatly.
她输了比赛，这使她很沮丧。
There was no person to whom she could turn for help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。
3．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它
主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意
思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗
号隔开。
4．as引导限制性定语从句主要用于 the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。as既可以
指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里使用的那种材料。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。
5．关系代词which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
只能放在先行词的
位置上 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
后面
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，常用
结构：as anybody can see，as we all know，as we
搭配上 无动词的限制
expected，as is reported，as has been announced，as is
often the case等。
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，像……”
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这匹大象像一条蛇。
She married again，which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．He is the student whose English is always at the top.
2．In our factory there are 2,000 workers，two thirds of whom are women.3．He is working hard，which will make him pass the final exam.
4．As is known to all，there are 7 continents on the earth.
考点三 when/where/why
Xiao Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriously punished by his father.The reason
why② he was punished was that he played cellphone games for a whole weekend.His father
brought him to a room where③ there was no others.After putting the cellphone into a basin
which/that④ was full of water，he told Xiao Ming about the days that/which④ he spent earning
school fees by doing part-time jobs in a restaurant.This was the reason that/which④ his father told
him for not playing cellphones.
注释：①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词 when。②先行词表示原因，
从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系
副词where。④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代
词that/which。
1．关系副词与关系代词的选择
从句不缺主语或宾语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构
(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不
及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接
构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。
(1)The factory he once worked is closed now.
work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，
work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点
状语，也可使用in which (which代替先行词the factory)。
(2)The factory he set up last year is operating well.
该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词
短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
2．当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point，position等，且关系词在
定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或
宾语时，则用关系代词which/that。
3．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体叫作氧气。
4．当the way 作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语，用that一定正确。
I don’ t like the way that/in which he speaks to me.(关系词作方式状语)
They are looking for a way that/which is the most suitable for the problem.(关系词作主语)
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
2．The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
3．Gift shops in museums where people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends
used to be the last stop of each visit.
单句语法填空
1．BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool that/which gives an indication of
whether someone is a healthy weight.(2021·浙江1月)
2．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，which she
opened with her late husband Les.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
3．We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.(2019·江苏)
定语从句解题三步走
第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，且放在该名词之后来确定是不是定语从句。
第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语来确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或
宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语或宾语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)。
第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空1．The old man turned his business over to his younger son，which made his elder son
discouraged.
2．I will never forget such a beautiful village where I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
3．There they met people from other parts of the country，who had also volunteered to help.
4．There are many good websites where you can check out the latest in the science world.
5．The system，which can be the most advanced in many ways，will be the largest earthquake
observation network in the world.
6．He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people who/that
wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
7．His interest started a few years ago，when he was in college and studying wildlife science.
8．Then Needham began his lifelong research，which ended up creating the greatest work—
Science and Civilisation in China.
9．This woman has set a good example to her son，who is a really lucky guy.
10．Over the years，I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were
two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice，whose way of talking about people inspired me.
11．As the saying goes，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
12．The reason why Tom looks angry is that he has quarreled with his sister.
13．We have reached a stage where we must take effective measures to protect the environment so
as to save ourselves.
14．Alice was easy to recognize as she was the most beautiful woman that/who had been present
at the party.
15．Yesterday I came across the man about whom you talked last time.
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from which we can
learn without repeating them.(2021·天津3月，改编)
2．At the Chinese art festival，there are different stands where artists demonstrate their skills and
teach the visitors.(2021·天津3月)
3．They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these
animals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
4．Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to
put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to
Earth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
5．In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
6．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of
the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)7．The students benefitting most from college are those who are totally engaged(参与) in
academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．(2019·北京)
8．Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
(2019·天津6月)
9．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a
mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all
causes.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
10．The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a
soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，
fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
11．Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once
they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)
12．Selfdriving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
(2018·江苏)
13．But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has
brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
There was a time 1. I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak
English.And this was the reason 2. my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an
English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,3. I met
many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go
home.Fortunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face
to face.He，from 5. I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，
and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like
to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6. we did.I should be grateful
to my father and the guide,7. encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it
interesting to learn English，into 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words
and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep ，I recall the
passages，through 9. I can memorize a large number of new words.10. our
English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have
perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
语篇解读 本文为记叙文，文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了
一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习
惯。1．答案 when
解析 先行词是time，指时间，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。
2．答案 why
解析 先行词是reason，指原因，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。
3．答案 where
解析 先行词是club，指地点，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。
4．答案 whose
解析 先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。
5．答案 whom
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。
6．答案 that/which
解析 此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用
that/which。
7．答案 who
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词 my father and the guide，指人，并在定
语从句中作主语，故用who。
8．答案 which
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语，
故用which。
9．答案 which
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，故用
which。
10．答案 As
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of
learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”并
位于句首，意为“正如”，故用As。
不同语境中定语从句的使用
1．邀请信
典例 (2017·浙江6月)我写信邀请你参加我组织的徒步旅行，我们的一些同学将参加。
I’m writing to invite you to participate in a hiking organized by me，which some of our
classmates will take part in.运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)我写信邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。
I ’ m writing to invite you to take part in the music festival which/that will be held in our school
next Saturday.
2．申请信(1)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我自五岁学习中国画，因此我很了解这门艺术，这使得我能够很好地介
绍画展。
I have taken up Chinese painting since I was five years old and I have a good knowledge of it，
which makes it possible for me to introduce the exhibition well.
运用 (2018·浙江6月)我英语很熟练，这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。
I have a good command of English ， which makes it possible for me to communicate with
foreigners freely.
3．申请信(2)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我写信是想申请你们昨天在报纸上刊登的志愿者工作。
I’m writing to apply to work as a volunteer that you advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.
运用 (2018·浙江6月)我写信申请我们学校英语协会所提供的职位。
I ’ m writing to apply for the position that/which the English Association of our school offers.
4．通知(1)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)Growing Together这部电影主要讲述我们学校的发展，将于6月17日
下午2∶00到4∶00在学校大厅放映。
The movie Growing Together，which is about the development of our school，will be shown
in the school hall from 2∶00 to 4∶00 in the afternoon on June 17th.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)这场音乐会，其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目，将于
下周日上午在我校大厅举行。
The concert ， which includes various fantastic performances played by talented students ， will be
held in the school hall next Sunday morning.
5．通知(2)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)任何想要观看电影的同学要在下午两点之前到达。
Those who want to watch the movie are required to arrive before two in the afternoon.
运用 (2014·辽宁)任何想参加该活动的同学，可以通过lihua@123.com与李华联系。
Anyone who wants to take part in this activity can email Li Hua at lihua @ 123 . com .
6．感谢信
典例 (2019·浙江6月)我感谢你为了提高我的英语所做的一切。
I am grateful to you for everything that you did for me to improve my English.
运用 (2021·天津6月)我写信是为了感谢我在英国时，你为我所做的一切。如果不是你的关
心，我在那里就不会过得这么愉快了。
I ’ m writing to convey my gratitude for everything that you did for me when I was in England. If ithadn ’ t been your care ， I wouldn ’ t have enjoyed my stay there so much .
7．推荐信
典例 (2018·北京)我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。
I suggest that the university you apply for is Peking University ，which is one of the best
universities in China.
运用 (2021·浙江6月)无论你是中国艺术爱好者，还是想了解更多内容的人，来欣赏这次艺
术展吧。
Whether you are a fan of Chinese art or someone who wants to know more about it ， come and
enjoy the art exhibition.
8．建议信
典例 (2008·全国Ⅱ)以下是一些关于学习汉语的建议，希望能对你有帮助。
Here are some tips about how to learn Chinese，which I hope will be of help to you.
运用 (2021·上海)你提到你有两门选修课，以下是一些建议，希望能对你有好处。
You have mentioned that you have two optional courses. Here are some suggestions ， which I hope
will be beneficial to you.
