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《英语周报》高考二轮复习——语法项目讲解与练习
构词法
英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。
一、合成
合成词是由两个或两个以上的词结合起来的复合词。有的用连字符“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由
分开的词构成。合成法可用以构成任何词类，但多为名词和形容词。
1. 名词复合词
名词+名词：wallpaper,hunter-gatherer
形容词+名词：blackboard,superman
名词+动词：waterfall,headache
动词-ing形式+名词：readingroom,cleaningwoman
名词+动词-ing形式：handwriting,sightseeing
动词+名词：pickpocket,flashlight,workroom
动词+副词：readout,take-away
其它形式：good-for-nothing,go-between
2. 形容词复合词
形容词/数词+名词：old-style,first-rate
名词+过去分词：hand-made,weather-beaten
名词+形容词：airsick,duty-free
名词+动词-ing形式：breathtaking,record-breaking
形容词+动词-ing形式：hard-working,easy-going
形容词/副词+过去分词：wide-spread,dry-cleaned,so-called,outdated
其它形式：up-to-date,face-to-face
二、转化
转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。
1. 动词转化为名词
有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如try,kiss。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如feed（v. 喂养 →
n. 饲料），draw（v. 画画，抽，拉 → n. 平局）等。
2. 名词转化为动词：ship（n. 船 → v. 运送）。
3. 形容词转化为动词、名词或副词
第 1 页 共 7 页1）有些形容词可以转化为动词。如：calm（adj. 冷静的 → v. 使平静）。
2）有些形容词可以转化为名词。如：daily（adj. 每日的 → n. 日报）。
3）有些形容词可以转化为副词。如：clear,low,high,cheap,close等。
4. 介词转化为名词：theupsanddownsoflife
5. 连词转化为名词：noifs,ands,orbuts
6. 一些其它情况的转化。如：
Theyforwardedhismailtohisnewaddress. （adv. → v.）
Thepeoplearewalkingnorth. （n. → adv.）
三、派生
派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。
1. 常见前缀：
in-, il-, im-, ir-, un-, non-, dis- （表否定或反义）: incomplete, illegal, impossible, irresponsible, unfair, non-smoker,
disappear
mis- （表错误，不好）:mislead,misunderstand,mismatch
over-,super-,under- （表程度）:overeat,superpower,underprovided
fore-,trans-,inter- （表位置）:foreleg,transplant,international
re-,pre-,post- （表顺序、时间）:rebuild,pre-school,post-war
bi-,multi-,semi- （表数量）:bicycle,multicultural,semicircle
a-,en- （转化词类）:asleep,enlarge
2. 常见后缀：
1）名词后辍
-ery,-ry （表场所、性质）:nursery,slavery
-hood （表身份、性质）:boyhood,childhood
-ism （表主义、行为）:materialism,optimism
-ship （表性质、关系）:membership,hardship
-er （表具有特征之人或用于……之物）:Londoner,thinker
-ess （表女性）:actress,waitress
-ee （表受事者）:employee,trainee
-er,-or （表施事者）:employer,instructor
-ist （表主义者、从事某种职业）:communist,scientist
-al （表行为、结果）:arrival,refusal
第 2 页 共 7 页-tion （表动作、状态）:exploration,starvation
-ment （表结果）:arrangement,equipment
-ty,-ity,-ness （形容词转名词）:safety,activity,happiness
2）形容词后缀
-ed （表具有）:excited,gifted
-ful （表充满）:useful,successful
-ish （表类似）:bookish,selfish
-less （表没有）:careless,harmless
-like （表“像”）:womanlike,manlike
-ly （表特色或者“每”）:motherly,daily
-y （表具有……特征）:sandy,hairy
-able,-ive （附在动词后构成形容词）:changeable,productive
-etic （附在名词后构成形容词）:sympathetic,apologetic
-al,-ial,-ical （表具有……特点，与……有关）:original,material,psychological
3）副词后缀
-ly:personally,calmly
4）动词后缀
-en,-ify,-ize:widen,simplify,publicize
高考链接
用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
1.Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhills
andgetgoodrunningshoes.
（2018全国卷I）
2.Runningischeap,easyandit’salways________(energy).
（2018全国卷I）
3.Thisswitchhasdecreased________(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersafer
forpeople.
（2018全国卷II）
4.Atasteformeatis________(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,and
cattle.
第 3 页 共 7 页（2018全国卷II）
5.AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal________(globe)fertilizerconsumption.
（2018全国卷II）
6.I’ma________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.
（2018全国卷III）
7.Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe________(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.
（浙江2018）
Key:1.strengthen 2.energetic 3.pollution 4.actually
5.global 6.scientist 7.affordable
构词法专项练习
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A
1.Hisgreat________(achieve)istomakealltheplayersintoaunitedteam.
2.Theweathermansaidthereisastrong________(possible)ofraintoday.
3.Being________(employ)istheworstthingthatcanhappentosomeone.
4.I________(honest)thinkthatthere’snopointinarguingwithhim.Justignorehim.
5.Thecoursehelpsschool-leavers________(broad)theirknowledgeoftheworldofwork.
6.Don’tbeafraidofthedog.He’sabsolutely__________(harm).
7.IttookusquitealongtimetogettotheArtGallery.Itwasa(n)_________(三小时的)journey.
8.Thisbikeis________(二手的)butit’sstillingoodcondition.
B
During 1. ________ (adolescent), we often develop important friendships. However, the learning experience
continueswellinto2.________(adult).Makingfriendsisagiftthatsome3.________(luck)peopleseemtobebornwith,
whileforothersitisaskillthathastobeacquiredthroughpracticeandhardwork.Itis,however,comfortingtoknowthat
mostskills,4.________(particular)socialskills,canbelearntinwhateverenvironmentyoufindyourselfinthefuture.Itis
possibletomakeyourselfmorepopularandeventobethecentreof5. ________(attend)atparties. Ifsomeone makesa
mistake,trytoavoidbeingcriticalofthem.Instead,pretendyouhaven’tnoticedthemistakeorsaysomething6.________
(encourage). We all get depressed at times and most people are willing to listen sympathetically but it does get a bit 7.
________(annoy)hearingsomeonegrumble(发牢骚)allthetime.Being8.________(cheer)helps!
第 4 页 共 7 页参考答案
构词法专项练习
A.1.achievement 2.possibility 3.unemployed 4.honestly
5.broaden 6.harmless 7.three-hour 8.second-hand
B.1.adolescence 2.adulthood 3.lucky 4.particularly
5.attention 6.encouraging 7.annoyed 8.cheerful
综合语法练习
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A
Here are some 1. ________ (profession) development skills, or as we like to call it, “Modern skills” that today’s
teachersshouldpossess.
Adaptability
In this modern, digital age, teachers need to be flexible and be able to adapt 2. ________ whatever is thrown their
way.New technologies 3. ________ (develop) every day,which can change the waystudents learn, and the wayteachers
teach.Beingabletoadaptisaskill4.________everymodernteachermusthave.
Communication
Beingabletocommunicatewithnotonlyyourstudentsbutwith parentsandstaff5.________(be)anessentialskill.
Almostallofateacher’sdayisspent6.________(communicate)withstudentsandcolleaguesso7.________iscrucialto
beabletotalkclearlyandconcisely(简洁地)inordertogetyourpointacross.
ContinuousLearner
Teaching is a lifelong learning process. The world is 8. ________ (constant) changing, along with the curriculum and
educationaltechnology,soit’suptoyou,theteacher,tokeepupwithit.
第 5 页 共 7 页Imagination
The most effective tool a teacher can use is their imagination. Teachers need to be creative and think of unique 9.
________(way)tokeeptheirstudentsengagedinlearning.
Leadership
Aneffectiveteacherisamentor(良师)andknowshow10. ________ (guide)herstudentsintherightdirection. She
leadsbyexampleandisagoodrolemodel.Sheencouragesstudentsandleadsthemtoaplaceofsuccess.
B
Organized, well-structured youth sports and on-going physical activities can provide many 1. ________ (benefit) for
childrenandadolescents.Positiveexperiencesthatsportsandanactivelifestylebringplay2.________importantroleina
youngperson’slife.
Playing a sport requires a lot of time and energy. Some people may think this would distract student-athletes from
schoolwork.However,theoppositeistrue.Sportsrequirememorization,repetitionandlearning-skillsetsthat3.________
(be)directlyrelevanttoclasswork.Also,thedeterminationandgoal-settingskillsasportrequirescanbetransferred(使迁
移)totheclassroom.
Fighting4.________acommongoalwithagroupofplayersandcoachesteachesyou5.________tobuildteamwork
andeffectivelycommunicatetosolveproblems.Thisexperienceishelpfulwhen6.________(face)problemsatworkorat
home.
7. ________ (clear), sports can help you reach your fitness goals and maintain a healthy weight. However, they also
encourage healthy decision-making such as not smoking and not drinking. Sports also have 8. ________ (hide) health
benefitssuchasloweringthechanceofosteoporosisorbreastcancerlaterinlife.
Exercisingisa(n) 9. ________ (nature)waytoloosen up andletgoofstress. Youcanalso makenewfriendswho can
be there for you as a support system. When you feel stressed, 10. ________ (call) up a teammate, head to the gym and
workout.
C
Everydayweneedtodrink2.5litresofwater.Thehumanbodycanresistonlyseveraldayswithoutwaterbutwithout
foodwecansurvivealittle1.________(long)!
第 6 页 共 7 页Ourbodies2.________(make)upofwater:thisiswhywaterissoimportantforus.Lackofwaterorliquidsforjusta
fewdayscanhave3._________seriouseffectonourhealth.
That’swhy4.________isreallyimportanttodrinkregularlyoratleastconsumefoodstuffsthatcontainalotofwater,
like fruit or milk. Water is a truly 5. ________ (amaze) substance that nature offers us absolutely free of charge and it is
waterthatallowsourbody6.________(carry)outallitsmajorfunctions.
The quality ofwateris7. ________ (extreme) importantforthe health and well being of all living creatures. In some
countries,goodquality drinking watercomesfromthetapsinourhomes. However,in other countries peoplehavetoget
water 8. ________ other sources, like local wells or rivers. In these 9. ________ (case), we have to make sure that the
waterissafetodrinkotherwisewerisk10.________(pick)updangerousdiseases.
参考答案
综合语法练习
A.1.professional 2.to 3.aredeveloped 4.that/which
5.is 6.communicating 7.it 8.constantly
9.ways 10.toguide
B.1.benefits 2.an 3.are 4.for
5.how 6.facing 7.Clearly 8.hidden
9.natural 10.call
C.1.longer 2.aremade 3.a 4.it
5.amazing 6.tocarry 7.extremely 8.from
9.cases 10.picking
第 7 页 共 7 页
