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《英语周报》高考二轮复习——语法项目讲解与练习
动词的时态和语态
一、时态概述
时态是用来表示各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。时间有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来；动
作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行、完成进行。将这些时间和动作方面组合在一起，即构成16种时态。《普
通高中英语课程标准（2017年版）》要求掌握的时态如下表：
\ 一般 完成 进行 完成进行
现在 一般现在时 现在完成时 现在进行时 现在完成进行时
过去 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去进行时 /
将来 一般将来时 / 将来进行时 /
过去将来 过去将来时 / / /
二、时态的比较
1. 一般过去时与现在完成时
一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作或状态对现
在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况。如：
Westayedtheretwoweeksago.
Theshiphassailedfortwoweeks.
一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用；现在完成时常和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语或笼统地表示过去
的时间状语连用。如：
Unfortunately,ourdogdiedafewmonthsago.
Unfortunately,ourdoghasbeendeadforafewmonths.
Ihaven’thadthismuchfunsinceIwasakid.
2. 过去完成时与一般过去时
过去完成时以过去某时间为起点，表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态；一般过
去时以现在时间为起点，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
IforgottotellyouthatIhadnotreadthisnovelbefore.
Thefinalfiguresshowedthatmostdepartmentshadstayedwithinbudget.
Shewentintoherroomandshutthedoorbehindher.
Idon’tknowwhereheis,buthewashereaminuteago.
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
第 1 页 共 7 页（1）这两个时态的主要差别是现在完成时表示动作已完成，而现在完成进行时却不一定如此。如：
Shehaspaintedthehouse. （已刷完）
Shehasbeenpaintingthehousealltheafternoon.（可能尚未刷完）
（2）许多静态动词只能用于完成时而不能用于完成进行时。如：
Ihaveknownhimsincehewasachild.
三、时态的呼应
某些从句（特别是宾语从句）中的动词时态常受主句谓语时态的制约，这就称为时态的呼应。
（1）主句谓语是现在或将来时态，从句谓语可用任何所需要的时态。如：
It’sreportedthattheyarebuildinganewrailway.
Willyoutellmehowyoutwoaregettingalong?
（2）主句谓语是过去时态：
a. 如从句谓语动作与主句谓语动作同时发生，从句谓语常用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：
IwaswalkinginthestreetwhenImetanoldfriendofmine.
Whilewewerehavingbreakfast,Johnwastalkingonthephone.
b. 如从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，从句谓语用过去完成时。如：
Ididn’tknowIhadgivenyousomuchtrouble.
c. 如从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之后，从句谓语用过去将来时。如：
MycoachtoldmethatIwouldsucceed.
d. 如从句表示的是真理、规律或事实，从句谓语用一般现在时。如：
Theteachersaidthepolaricemeltseachsummer.
四、一些特殊用法
1. 一般现在时可用于状语从句、宾语从句或定语从句表将来。如：
Comeandstayaslongasyouplease.
I’lljustsaywhatevercomesintomyhead.
I’llgiveyouanythingyouaskfor.
2. 一般现在时可表示客观事实、客观规律或客观真理。如：
Theriveroriginatesinaspringinthemountains.
3. 现在进行时可用来表示经常性的动作，常和constantly,always,forever等这类副词连用，表示厌烦、赞美等情绪。
如：
Heisalwayssleepingwiththewindowsopen.
She’sforeverworking.
第 2 页 共 7 页4. 在时间及条件从句中用现在完成时代替将来完成时。如：
IwillgowithyouassoonasIhavefinishedmywork.
You’llgettolikethesubjectafteryouhavestudieditforsometime.
5. 动词hope,intend,mean,think等用于过去完成时表示未实现的愿望。如：
Ihadmeanttotakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn’tabletogetaway.
Ihadintendedtocomeovertoseeyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.
五、被动语态
1. 被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
2. 主动形式表示被动意义
（1）有些不及物动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义，常见的有下面几种：
a. 某些连系动词，如look,feel,smell,sound,taste,prove等。如：
Theflowerssmellsweet.
Thestoryprovedquitefalse.
b. 某些与can’t,won’t等连用的不及物动词，如open,shut,move,lock等。如：
Thedoorwon’tshut.
Itcan’tmove.
c. 某些可以和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如write,read,wash,burn,clean等。如：
Mynewpenwriteswell.
Theclothdoesn’twasheasily.
（2）非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义
a. 在“be+形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式表示的动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示
被动意义。用于此结构的常见形容词有：interesting,hard,difficult,easy,light,heavy,comfortable,cheap,expensive,
pleasant,fit等。如：
Hisexplanationsareclearandeasytofollow.
Thesechairsareverycomfortabletositon.
b. 在beworthdoing和betoblame结构中，动词-ing形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。如：
Alotofthesmalltownsintheareaaredefinitelyworthvisiting.
Officialsbelievethatmorethanonepersonmaybetoblameforthefire.
c. 当want,need,require表示“需要”时，其宾语可用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。如：
Thecarpetreallywantscleaning(=tobecleaned).
Mycarneedsrepairing(=toberepaired).
第 3 页 共 7 页高考链接
I. 用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
1.Whilerunningregularlycan’tmakeyouliveforever,thereviewsaysit________(be)moreeffectiveatlengtheninglife
thanwalking,cyclingorswimming.
（2018全国卷I）
2.DietshavechangedinChina — andsotoohasitstopcrop.Since2011,thecountry________(grow)morecornthan
rice.
（2018全国卷II）
3.TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernment________(start)asoil-testing
programwhichgivesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.
（2018全国卷II）
4.Istillremembervisitingafriendwho’dlivedhereforfiveyearsandI________(shock)whenIlearntshehadn’tcooked
onceinallthattime.
（浙江2018）
II. 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.Mywashingmachine________thisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand. （天津2018）
A.wasrepaired B.isrepaired C.isbeingrepaired D.hasbeenrepaired
2.—Hi,I’mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven’tseenyouaround.
—Hello,Peter.I’mBob.Ijust________onMonday. （北京2018）
A.start B.havestarted C.started D.hadstarted
3.Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband________asavolunteerintheneighbourhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.
A.isworking B.wasworking C.hasworked D.hadworked （北京2018）
4.China’shigh-speedrailways________from9,000to25,000kilometresinthepastfewyears.
A.aregrowing B.havegrown C.willgrow D.hadgrown （北京2018）
5.Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho________inthemountainsfortwodays.
A.aretrapping B.havebeentrapped C.weretrapping D.hadbeentrapped （北京2018）
6.Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplan________inthepasttwoyears.
A.hadbeencarriedout B.wouldbecarriedout C.isbeingcarriedout D.hasbeencarriedout（江苏2018）
7.Hopefullyin2025wewillnolongerbee-mailingeachother,forwe________moreconvenientelectronic
communicationtoolsbythen.
A.havedeveloped B.haddeveloped C.willhavedeveloped D.developed （江苏2018）
第 4 页 共 7 页Key:
I.1.is 2.hasgrown 3.started 4.wasshocked
II.1.C 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C
动词的时态和语态专项练习
I. 选用括号内合适的内容完成下面句子。
1.He________(haslearned,hadlearned)morethan5,000Englishwordswhenheenteredtheuniversityattheageof15.
2.Scientiststhinkthatthecontinents________(weren’t,aren’t)alwayswherethey________(were,are)today.
3.Assoonashereturnshome,I’lltellhimwhenyou________(come,willcome)andseehim.
4.—Whydidyouleavethatposition?
—I________(wasoffered,offered)abetterpositionatIBM.
5.We________(hadn’tmet,haven’tmet)ournewneighborsyet,sowedon’tknowtheirnames.
6.—DidLindaseethetrafficaccident?
—No,nosooner________(hadshegone,hasshegone)thanithappened.
7.Whatweusedtothink________(was,hasbeen)impossiblenowdoesseempossible.
8.Ihavetogotoworkbytaxibecausemycar________(hasbeenrepaired,isbeingrepaired)atthegarage.
9.Customersareaskedtomakesurethatthey________(havegiven,havebeengiven)therightchangebeforeleavingthe
shop.
10.Thefatheraswellashisthreechildren________(goes,isgoing)skatingonthefrozenrivereverySundayafternoonin
winter.
11.Whenyougetthepaperback,payspecialattentiontowhat________(havebeenmarked,hadbeenmarked).
12.—Didyouseeamaninblackpassbyjustnow?
—No,sir.I________(wasreading,amreading)anewspaper.
13. If Newton lived today,he would be surprised bywhat ________ (has discovered, has been discovered) in science and
technology.
14. The girl has a great interest in sport and ________ (has been taking, takes) badminton classes twice a week over the
lastthreeyears.
II. 用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文或对话。
A
Sincecomputerswerefirstintroducedtothepublicintheearly1980’s,technology1.________(change)agreatdeal.
The first computers were simple machines designed for basic tasks. Early computers were often quite expensive and
第 5 页 共 7 页customers often 2. ________ (pay) thousands of dollars for machines which actually did very little. Most computers 3.
________(be)separate,individualmachinesusedmostlyasexpensivetypewritersorforplayinggames.
Timeshavechanged.Computershavebecomepowerfulmachineswithverypracticalapplications.Programmershave
created a large selection of useful programs which 4. ________ (do) everything from teaching foreign languages to
bookkeeping.ManycomputerusershavealsogottenontheInternetandhavebeguncommunicatingwithothercomputer
usersaroundtheworld.We5.________(start)tocreateinternationalcommunitiesonline.
B
Ican’tbelieveIgotthatapartment.I1.________(submit)myapplicationlastweek,butIdidn’tthinkIwouldhavea
chance of actually getting it. When I showed up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who 2.
________(arrive) beforeme.Mostofthem hadalreadyfilled outtheirapplicationsand3. ________(leave). Thelandlord
(房东)saidIcouldstillapply,soIdid.
I had already filled to fill out the form, but I couldn’t answer half of the questions. They 4. ________ (want) me to
include references, but I didn’t want to list my previous landlord because I had had some problems with him in the past
andIknewhewouldn’trecommendme.Iendeduplistingmyfatherasareference.
Itwastotal luck thathedecided to giveme the apartment. It turns out thatthe landlord and myfather5. ________
(go) to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he looked at my credit report. I really
luckedout!
C
Tom: The waitress must have forgotten us. We 1. ________ (wait) here for over forty minutes and nobody has taken our
orderyet.
Angela:She2.________(pass)byusseveraltimes.Maybeshethinkswe3.________(order).
Tom:Thecoupleovertherehaveonlybeenhereforafewminutesandtheyalreadyhavetheirfood.
Angela: She should be aware of the fact that we haven’t ordered yet! We 4. ________ (sit) here for over forty minutes
staringather.
Tom: I have no idea if she haseven noticed us. She 5. ________ (run) from tableto table taking orders and serving food.
However,shehasn’tlookedinourdirectiononce.
Angela:Allright.Ithinkweshouldgotoanotherrestaurant.
D
Seventeencustomerswereinthebankatthetimeoftherobbery.Theyfollowed theinstructionsoftherobbers,and
dropped to the ground. No customers 1. ________ (hurt) in the robbery. One robber 2. ________ (shoot) by a police
officer when he tried to leave the bank. The robber was hit by one bullet, but he escaped with the other robbers. They
第 6 页 共 7 页droveawayinawhitetruck.Someofthecustomers3.________(interview)onTVabouttherobbery.Theywerehappyto
bealiveafterthisterribleexperience.
Themostimportantcluesarefingerprintsoftherobbers.Thefingerprintswerefoundonthedesk,onthedoors,and
ontheguns.Twoguns4.________(leave)atthebankastherobbersescaped. Onerobberwasinjured,andthebloodhe
leftonthefloorisanotherimportantclue.Thefingerprintsandtheblood5.________(study)bypoliceinvestigatorsnow.
III. 选用括号内合适的内容完成下面短文。
I come from a very large family and recently my parents decided that they 1. ________ (spent, had spent) long
enough living in an overcrowded house in Birmingham. “We 2. ________ (are moving, have moved) to the country,” my
fatherannouncedoneevening.“I3.________(sell,willsell)thishouseandwewillliveonafarm.”
Solastweekwe4.________(loaded,haveloaded)allourbelongingsintotwohiredvans(货车),andforthelastfew
days we 5. ________ (have been trying, tried) to organise ourselves in our new home. Yesterday, for example, my two
brothers and I started painting the upstairs rooms. Unfortunately, while I 6. ________ (am mixing, was mixing) the paint,
one of my brothers opened the door. Nobody told him that the paint bucket was behind the door. So instead of painting
thewallswe7.________(havespent,spent)allmorningcleaningpaintoffthefloor.
Butworsethings8.________(havehappened,happened)sincethen.Thismorning,whenI9.________(woke,wake)
up,waterwasdripping(滴下)throughtheceilingnexttomybed.Wehavespentthelastfivehoursrepairingtheroof.Itis
notallbadnewsthough.Theschoolinthevillagenearbycloseddowntwoyearsago,andmyparents10.________(didn’t
find,haven’tfound)anotherschoolforusyet.
参考答案
动词的时态和语态专项练习
I. 1.hadlearned 2.weren’t;are 3.willcome 4.wasoffered 5.haven’tmet 6.hadshegone 7.was
8. isbeingrepaired 9.havebeengiven10.goes 11.havebeenmarked 12.wasreading 13.hasbeendiscovered
14.hasbeentaking
II.A.1.haschanged 2.paid 3.were 4.do 5.havestarted
B.1.submitted 2.hadarrived 3.wereleaving 4.wanted 5.went
C.1.havebeenwaiting 2.haspassed 3.haveordered 4.havebeensitting 5.hasbeenrunning
D.1.werehurt 2.wasshot 3.wereinterviewed 4.wereleft 5.arebeingstudied
III.1.hadspent 2.aremoving 3.willsell 4.loaded 5.havebeentrying
6.wasmixing 7.spent 8.havehappened 9.woke 10.haven’tfound
第 7 页 共 7 页
