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语法干货 | 初中英语宾语从句知识点汇总,建议收藏!
初中英语语法·宾语从句完全手册
01 什么是宾语从句?
简单来说,在复合句中,作动词或介词宾语的句子就叫宾语从句。
基本结构:
主句 + 引导词 + 宾语从句
例句:
I know that he is a good student. (我知道他是个好学生。)
02 宾语从句的“三要素”
这是解题的核心,一定要记牢!
一、引导词的选择
A. that —— 陈述句变宾语从句
当从句是陈述句时,用 that 引导。that无实际意义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。
例句:He said, “I am busy.” → He said (that) he was busy.
注意:当有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句时,第一个 that 可省,但后面的 that 不能省。
例:He said (that) he was busy and that he would come later.
B. if / whether —— 一般疑问句变宾语从句
当从句是一般疑问句时,用 if 或 whether 引导,意为“是否”。
例句:She asked, “Do you like English?” → She asked if / whether I liked English.
C. 连接代词 / 连接副词—— 特殊疑问句变宾语从句
当从句是特殊疑问句时,用原来的疑问词作引导词。
常见连接代词:who, whom, whose, what, which
常见连接副词:when, where, why, how
例句:Can you tell me where he lives? / I don’t know what he is doing.
二、语序:必须用陈述语序
这是最容易出错的地方!
宾语从句的语序必须是:引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分。千万不能用疑问语序!
正确: Do you know where he lives?
错误: Do you know where does he live?
特殊情况:当 what / who 在从句中作主语时,语序本身就是“主语+谓语”,不需要变动。
例:I don’t know what’s wrong with him.(what作主语)
经典陷阱提醒:“Could you tell me…?” 开头时从句仍用陈述语序,因为这里的 could 只是委婉语气,不是过去时。
例:Could you tell me where the post office is?(正确)例:Could you tell me where is the post office?(错误)
三、时态:主从句时态呼应
A. 主句一般现在时
从句可根据实际需要用任何时态。
I know he is a teacher. / I know he was a teacher. / I know he will come tomorrow.
B. 主句一般过去时
从句要用相应的过去时态。
从句原时态 | 变为 |
一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
一般将来时 | 过去将来时 |
现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
一般过去时 | 过去完成时 |
例句:
He said, “I am reading.” → He said that he was reading.
She said, “I will go.” → She said that she would go.
He said, “I saw the film.” → He said that he had seen the film.
重要补充——过去完成时的简化规则:如果从句有明确的过去时间状语(如 yesterday, in 1990, last year),或时间先后关系清晰,过去完成时可以简化为一般过去时。
例:He said he saw the film yesterday.(= He said he had seen the film.)
C. 客观真理、自然现象、科学事实
无论主句是什么时态,从句永远用一般现在时。
例句:The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.
易错例句补充: He said that light travels faster than sound.(travels不变went)
D. 特殊情况
could / would 表示委婉语气时,不算过去时。
例:Could you tell me where the post office is?
03 难点辨析与特殊情况
一、否定前移
当主句谓语是 think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, guess 等,且主语是 I / We 时,如果从句是否定意义,通常把否定词移到主句。
例句:I think he won’t come. → I don’t think he will come.
注意反意疑问句:
I don’t think he is right, is he?(主语是第一人称时,疑问部分与从句一致,主语用 he 而非I)
He doesn’t think he is right, does he?(主语不是第一人称时,与主句一致)
强调用法补充:在口语和非正式文体中,当主句谓语是 think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess 等,且需要强调时,可以用 do/does/did + 动词原形。
例:I do think he is right.(我确实认为他是对的。)例:She does know the answer.(她确实知道答案。)
二、if与 whether 的区别
两者在宾语从句中常可互换,但以下情况只能用 whether(不能用if):
1.与 or not 直接连用时:I don’t know whether or not he will come.
2.在介词后:It depends on whether it rains.
3.与不定式连用时:I don’t know whether to go.
4.在 discuss 等动词后只能用 whether(不是“常用”,是强制性的):We discussed whether we should go to the park.(不能用if)
注意: if 也可以和 or not 连用,但要分开。
例:I don’t know if he will come or not.(正确)
三、it作形式宾语
当宾语从句后面有宾语补足语时,常用 it 作形式宾语,把真正的宾语从句放到后面。
结构:主语 + think / find / make / feel / consider + it + 形容词/名词 + that 从句
例句:I find it important that we learn English well.
句型转换补充: It is + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth. 与 that 从句可互相转换。
例:It is important for you to learn English well. → It is important that you (should) learn English well.
四、宾语从句的简化
当主句主语和从句主语一致时,常把宾语从句简化为:疑问词 + 不定式。
例句:I don’t know what I should do. → I don’t know what to do.
可简化为“疑问词 + 不定式”的动词主要有: know, wonder, decide, determine, ask, tell, learn, remember, forget, explain, show, consider, understand, doubt 等。
例:I don’t know what to do. / She decided where to go. / Please tell me when to start.
注意区别: - what to do:what作 do 的宾语,后面不加 it。 - how to do it:how是方式副词,do后必须加宾语 it。 - when / where / which + to do 也同理,如“I don’t know which to choose.”
五、宾语从句 vs if 条件状语从句
if 在宾语从句中意为“是否”,时态根据实际需要选择。
if 在条件状语从句中意为“如果”,遵循“主将从现”原则。
例句:
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow.(宾语从句,if=是否)
If he comes tomorrow, I will tell you.(条件状语从句,if=如果,主将从现)
解题技巧:看到 if 先判断含义—— - if = “是否”→ 宾语从句→ 时态根据实际情况选择 - if = “如果”→ 条件状语从句→ 遵循“主将从现”
六、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用(中考高频考点)
以下两类动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气:
① suggest / insist / demand / require / request / urge / propose + (should) + 动词原形
例:The teacher suggested that we (should) read more books.(建议我们多读书)
例:He insisted that she (should) stay for dinner.(他坚持让她留下来吃饭)
注意:当 suggest 意为“暗示、表明”、insist意为“坚持说(某种事实)”时,不用虚拟语气,按正常时态规则。
例:He suggested that the room was too small.(他暗示这个房间太小了→ 不是建议,是暗示,用正常时态)
例:She insisted that she had done her homework.(她坚持说她做过作业了→ 不是要求,是陈述事实,用正常时态)
② wish 引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气
与什么相反 | 从句时态 | 例句 |
与现在相反 | 过去时(be动词用were) | I wish I were a bird. |
与过去相反 | 过去完成时 | I wish I had studied harder. |
与将来相反 | would/could/might + 动词原形 | I wish it would stop raining. |
③ would rather 后接从句也用虚拟语气
例:I would rather you didn’t smoke here.(我宁愿你在这里不要抽烟→ 与现在相反,用过去时)
例:I would rather you hadn’t told anyone.(我宁愿你没有告诉任何人→ 与过去相反,用过去完成时)
七、宾语从句中频率副词/状态副词的位置
频率副词(always, never, sometimes, often, usually, ever, already, yet, just 等)在宾语从句中的位置:
规则:频率副词放在主语之后、谓语之前。
例:I know that he always gets up early.(正确:主语后谓语前)
例:I know that always he gets up early.(错误:引导词后主语前)
例:Do you know if she has finished her homework yet?(yet放在句末)
八、宾语从句中 some/any 的转换规则
当宾语从句的主句主语是第一人称(I/We)且表示请求、建议时,some可以变为 any。
例:I don’t have any money.(否定句中 some → any)
例:Could you give me some water?(请求中 some 不变any)
九、宾语从句中 used to 的用法
例:He said he used to play basketball every day.(他说他以前每天打篮球。)
注意:used to 在宾语从句中不变,不变成 use to 或 useded to。
04 常见易错点总结
1.语序错误:误用疑问语序。切记:从句必须用陈述语序!错例:Do you know where does he live?(错误)
2.错用引导词:混淆 that 和 what。that 在从句中不充当成分,what在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。
3.时态不一致:主句过去时,从句忘了变成过去时。
4.漏掉引导词: He said he was busy.(口语可省,但考试最好加上that)
5.discuss 后误用if: discuss 后只能用whether,不能用 if。
6.if 与 whether 混用:在介词后、与 or not 直接连用、与不定式连用时,只能用 whether。
7.虚拟语气遗漏: suggest/insist 后忘记用 (should) + 动词原形。
05 中考常考考点清单
•宾语从句的语序选择
•引导词的辨析(that / if / whether / 特殊疑问词)
•宾语从句的时态呼应
•if / whether 的辨析
•否定前移及反意疑问句
•宾语从句与条件状语从句的区别
•疑问词 + 不定式的转换
•虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用(suggest/insist/demand + should + V原形、wish虚拟语气、would rather 虚拟语气)
•频率副词/状态副词在宾语从句中的位置
•some/any 在宾语从句中的转换
06 记忆口诀
宾语从句三要素,引导词、语序、时态。 that 可省无意义,if / whether 表“是否”。疑问词作引导词,陈述语序要记住。时态呼应看主句,真理永远用现在。 think 等词否定前移,从句否定莫忘记。 suggest 后 should 省,wish虚拟要记清。 if 表“是否”宾从用,表“如果”主将从现行。
希望这份总结能帮大家理清宾语从句的脉络!如果你觉得有用,记得收藏并分享给身边的同学哦!