人教版新教材高中英语必修一 Unit 4 Natural Disasters基础精讲

必修一 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 基础精讲

高一同步· 课文精读 · 基础过关

一、开篇导语

单元主题

Natural Disasters（自然灾害）

学习目标

通过唐山大地震的纪实描写，积累「灾害、救援、重建」相关词汇；学习定语从句（介词 + 关系代词 / whose）与被动语态，体会灾难中人性的力量。

内容标签

#自然灾害 #定语从句进阶 #唐山地震

主题导入（100 字以内）

1976 年 7 月 28 日凌晨，河北唐山在睡梦中经历了二十世纪最致命的地震之一。本文用近乎镜头般的笔触，记录震前异象、瞬间的毁灭，以及军民同心、在废墟上重建家园的感人历程。

二、课文原文呈现（Reading and Thinking）

课文标题：The Night the Earth Didn't Sleep（大地未能入睡之夜）

Para. 1（震前异象）

Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei. For several days, the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell. There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. At least one well had some smelly gas coming out of it. Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat, and dogs refused to go inside buildings. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide, and fish jumped out of the water. At about 3:00 a.m., on 28 July 1976, bright lights were seen in the sky outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard. But the city's one million people were asleep as usual that night.

Para. 2（瞬间毁灭）

At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end! Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing. Nearly one third of the nation felt it! A huge crack, eight kilometres long and 30 metres wide, cut across houses, roads, and waterways. Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt. In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins. Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. Thousands of children were left without parents. The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.

Para. 3（满城废墟）

Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing but ruins. Nearly everything in the city was destroyed. About 75 percent of the city's factories and buildings, 90 percent of its homes, and all of its hospitals were gone. Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away. Most bridges had fallen or were not safe to cross. The railway tracks were now useless pieces of metal. Tens of thousands of cows, hundreds of thousands of pigs, and millions of chickens were dead. Sand now filled the wells instead of water. People were in shock—and then, later that afternoon, another big quake shook Tangshan again. Even more buildings fell down. Water, food, and electricity were hard to get. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.

Para. 4（救援与希望）

But hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. More than 10,000 doctors and nurses came to provide medical care. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. Hundreds of thousands of people were helped. Water and food were brought into the city by train, truck, and plane. Slowly, the city began to breathe again.

Para. 5（重建新生）

Tangshan started to revive itself and get back up on its feet. With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city's people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins. The new city has become a home to more than seven million people, with great improvements in transportation, industry, and environment. Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.

三、课文逐段精讲

第一段（Para. 1 震前异象）

核心词汇

·crack /kræk/ n.裂缝；裂纹

·课本原句：There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.

·造句：A crack ran across the old wall.

·smelly /ˈsmeli/ adj.有臭味的；发出难闻气味的

·课本原句：At least one well had some smelly gas coming out of it.

·造句：Take out the smelly rubbish, please.

·as usual像往常一样；照例

·课本原句：...the city's one million people were asleep as usual that night.

·造句：He got up early as usual.

重点句型

·结构：There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.（There be 句型 + that 定语从句）

·There be 表"存在有"；that 引导从句修饰 cracks。

·仿写：There was a strange light that lit up the sky.

语法点

·概念：一般过去时的被动语态 were seen / were heard，描述"被看见 / 被听见"的客观现象。

·句例：...bright lights were seen in the sky ... and loud noises were heard.

第二段（Para. 2 瞬间毁灭）

核心词汇

·deadly /ˈdedli/ adj.致命的；致死的

·课本原句：...one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century...

·造句：Smoking is a deadly habit.

·ruins /ˈruːɪnz/ n.（pl.）废墟；遗迹

·课本原句：In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins.

·造句：The old temple was in ruins after the war.

·injure /ˈɪndʒə(r)/ v.使受伤；伤害

·课本原句：Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.

·造句：Several workers were injured in the accident.

重点句型

·结构：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!（as if 引导表语从句，虚拟语气用 were）

·as if "好像"，后接虚拟语气表示与事实相反。

·仿写：It seemed as if it were raining cats and dogs.

语法点

·概念：定语从句 who 指人；two thirds of the people who lived there 中 who 在从句作主语。

·句例：Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.

第三段（Para. 3 满城废墟）

核心词汇

·destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ v.摧毁；毁坏

·课本原句：Nearly everything in the city was destroyed.

·造句：The fire destroyed the whole building.

·disaster /dɪˈzɑːstə(r)/ n.灾难；灾害

·课本原句：...how long the disaster would last.

·造句：We should be ready for natural disasters.

·in shock震惊；吃惊

·课本原句：People were in shock—and then...

·造句：The neighbours were in shock at the news.

重点句型

·结构：Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away.（like 介词短语作方式状语 + but 转折）

·仿写：Snow covered the hills like a white blanket, but the wind soon blew it off.

语法点

·概念：分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词作主语时，谓语与 of 后名词的数一致（factories 复数 → were）。

·句例：About 75 percent of the city's factories ... were gone.

第四段（Para. 4 救援与希望）

核心词汇

·shelter /ˈʃeltə(r)/ n.避难处；收容所

·课本原句：Workers built shelters for survivors...

·造句：The Red Cross provided shelters for the homeless.

·survivor /səˈvaɪvə(r)/ n.幸存者；生还者

·课本原句：Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

·造句：The survivors were taken to hospital.

·trap /træp/ v.使陷入困境；困住

·课本原句：...to dig out those who were trapped...

·造句：The heavy snow trapped the travellers.

重点句型

·结构：Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.（whose 引导定语从句，表"……的"）

·whose 在从句中作定语，指人或物。

·仿写：We helped the families whose houses fell down.

语法点

·概念：定语从句 whose + 名词（所属关系）。此处 whose homes = the survivors' homes。

·句例：...survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

第五段（Para. 5 重建新生）

核心词汇

·revive /rɪˈvaɪv/ v.复活；恢复；振兴

·课本原句：Tangshan started to revive itself and get back up on its feet.

·造句：The cool rain revived the flowers.

·unify /ˈjuːnɪfaɪ/ v.统一；使联合

·课本原句：...people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive...

·造句：We should unify our efforts to finish the task.

·rebuild /ˌriːˈbɪld/ v.重建；重建起

·课本原句：...rebuild for a brighter future.

·造句：They rebuilt their village after the flood.

重点句型

·结构：Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that ...（prove to sb. that 从句）

·prove 后接 that 宾语从句，表示"向……证明……"。

·仿写：He proved to us that he was honest.

语法点

·概念：现在完成时 has become / has proved，强调动作对现在造成的影响（新唐山如今已是七百万人的家）。

·句例：The new city has become a home to more than seven million people...

四、篇章整体梳理

主旨大意（100 字以内）

本文按时间顺序再现唐山大地震：震前诡异征兆、瞬间的毁灭性破坏、满城废墟的惨状，以及军民同心救援、在废墟上重建新城的历程，讴歌了人在灾难面前团结、坚强、乐观重建的精神。

文章结构框架

The Night the Earth Didn't Sleep（大地未能入睡之夜）

│

├─ Para. 1 震前：井水反常、动物惊惶、地光地声

├─ Para. 2 震时：3:42 巨震，城市一分钟成废墟（>40 万人伤亡）

├─ Para. 3 震后：满城废墟、余震不断、物资匮乏

├─ Para. 4 救援：军队挖救、医护照料、搭建 shelters

└─ Para. 5 重生：新城拔地而起，证明团结与希望的力量

五、基础巩固练习

I. 单词拼写（5 题）

1. 裂缝 _________ （crack）

2. 致命的 _________ （deadly）

3. 废墟（复数）_________ （ruins）

4.灾难 _________ （disaster）

5.幸存者 _________ （survivor）

II. 短语选词填空（5 题）

as usual　in ruins　in shock　dig out　get back up on one's feet

6. After the flood, the whole village was __________.

7.The soldiers worked day and night to __________ the people trapped under the building.

8. He went to school __________ even though he felt sick.

9.The family was __________ when they heard the bad news.

10. With help from friends, she __________ and started a new life.

III. 单句语法填空（5 题）

11. There were deep cracks that __________ (appear) in the well walls.

12.Two thirds of the people who __________ (live) there were dead or injured.

13. Workers built shelters for survivors __________ homes had been destroyed.

14.The city began __________ (breathe) again after the rescue.

15.A large city lay in __________ (ruin) in less than one minute.

IV. 基础汉译英（3 题）

16. 凌晨三点，一切开始摇晃。

17. 军队派士兵去挖出被困的人。

18. 唐山向世人证明，灾难中人们必须团结。

六、参考答案与解析

I. 单词拼写

1. crack— 名词"裂缝"，动词也可表"破裂"。

2. deadly— 形容词"致命的"，由 dead + -ly 构成。

3. ruins— 常用复数，in ruins 是固定搭配。

4. disaster— 名词"灾难"，形容词 disastrous。

5. survivor— survive（v. 幸存）+ -or 表"人"。

II. 短语选词填空

6. in ruins— "洪水后村庄成废墟"，in ruins 表"成为废墟"。

7. dig out— "日夜挖掘被困者"，dig out 表"挖出"。

8. as usual— "照常去上学"，as usual 表"像往常一样"。

9. in shock— "听到坏消息惊呆了"，in shock 表"震惊"。

10. got back up on her feet— "重新站起开始新生活"，get back up on one's feet 比喻"恢复"。

III. 单句语法填空

11. appeared— 过去时，that 指代 cracks 在从句作主语。

12. lived— 过去时，who 指代 people 在从句作主语。

13. whose— 定语从句，whose homes = the survivors' homes。

14. to breathe— begin to do sth. 开始做某事。

15. ruins— lie in ruins 固定短语"成为废墟"。

IV. 基础汉译英

16. At 3:00 a.m., everything began to shake.

17. The army sent soldiers to dig out the people who were trapped.

18. Tangshan has proved to the world that in times of disaster people must unify.

附上  Reading and thinking参考译文

地球的不眠之夜

河北省东北部的农村地区怪事连连。一连几天,村里的井水升升降降,起起伏伏,井壁上出现了深深的裂缝,不止有一口水井冒出臭气。鸡甚至猪都焦躁不安,不愿进食;狗拒绝进入屋内。老鼠跑到田外,寻找藏身之所;鱼儿也跳出水面。1976年7月28日凌晨3:00左右,唐山城外的天空中出现了耀眼亮光,接着又传出巨大的声响。然而,那天晚上城里的百万居民仍像往常一样沉睡在梦乡。

凌晨3:42,万物开始摇晃,仿佛世界末日即将来临! 在城市正下方的11千米处,20世纪伤亡最惨重之一的一场地震爆发了,远在150多千米以外的北京都受到了这场地震的破坏,全国几乎三分之一的地方均有震感。 一条8千米长、30米宽的巨大裂缝横切房屋、道路和水路。坚硬的石山变成了泥石流。 在不到一分钟的时间里,一座大城市沦为废墟。城里三分之二的居民在地震中死亡或受伤,数以千计的孩子失去了父母。在此次地震中丧生或身受重伤的人数超过了40万。

幸存者目及之处无一不是废墟。市内大约75%的工厂和大楼、90%的住房和所有的医院都倒塌了。砖块就像秋天的红叶覆盖着地面,但是却没有风能将其吹走。大多数桥梁不是坍塌了,就是无法安全通行了;铁轨变成了废金属块;数万头奶牛、数十万头猪和数百万只鸡也都死掉了。沙子灌满水井,井水消失殆尽。人们惊恐万状,然而临近傍晚时分,又一次强烈的地震撼动唐山。更多的楼房倒塌了,没有水和食物,电也停了。人们心里开始疑惑这场灾难还会持续多久。

然而,希望尚存。地震发生后不久,部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山,将受困群众从废墟中挖出,并掩埋死者。 上万名医疗工作者赶到现场,救死扶伤。工人们为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所,数十万的群众获得了帮助,火车、卡车和飞机给城市运来了食物和饮用水。慢慢地,这座城市又开始恢复了生机。

唐山重新站起来并获得了新生。有了来自政府的大力支持以及唐山人民的不懈努力,一个新的唐山在废墟中被建立起来。这座新的城市已经成为700多万人的家园,交通、工业和环境都得到了巨大的改善。 唐山向中国、向世界证明,在自然灾害中,人类必须勠力同心,保持积极乐观的心态和重建家园的决心。

七、结尾互动

最深的黑暗里，也总有一束光——那是彼此伸出的手。唐山的故事告诉我们：城市可以被震塌，但人心不会被打倒。愿你也能在困难面前，做一个"重新站起来"的人。

下一单元预告：Unit 5 Languages Around the World（世界上的语言）——从汉字的千年演变，看一门文字如何连接过去与现在。

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