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22.主题阅读-自然地理
知识积累
在有关自然地理阅读材料中，我们通常会遇到描述地球各个自然景观、气候特点、地理现象以及它们
对人类生活影响的文章。这类阅读不仅要求我们掌握一定的词汇和语法，还需要我们具备理解和分析地理
信息的能力。文章往往会通过生动的描述和具体的例子，让我们感受到大自然的奇妙和地理知识的实用性。
在阅读过程中，我们需要注意文章中的细节描述，如地理位置、气候特征、地形地貌等，同时也要理解文
章所传达的深层含义，比如人类与自然的关系、环境保护的重要性等。
主题相关核心词汇
geography地理学 cave洞 穴
continent大陆 cliff悬 崖
ocean海 洋 swamp沼泽
mountain山 waterfall瀑布
river河流 tundra苔原
lake湖 泊 archipelago群岛
desert沙漠 equator赤道
forest森林 longitude经度
valley山谷 latitude纬度
glacier冰川 erosion侵蚀
plateau高原 delta三角洲
island岛屿 canyon峡 谷
peninsula半岛 tsunami海啸
volcano火 山 drought干旱
earth地球 rainforest雨林
sky天 空 savanna热带草原
star星，恒星 coralreef珊瑚礁
sun太 阳 estuary河口
moon月球，月亮
相关形容词
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自然的natural 有雾的foggy
晴朗的clear/sunny 温暖的warm
多云的cloudy 热的hot
有风的windy 凉爽的cool
多雨的rainy 冷的cold
下雪的snowy 干燥的dry
暴风雨的stormy 湿的wet
突破练习
1
Many Canadian kids woke up to the smell of wildfire smoke last summer. Some are wondering: Is it
dangerous? How can I protect myself? CBC Kids News talked to two children’s lung (肺) experts, Tom Kovesi and
Dan Hughes, to find out how kids can stay safe.
Is wildfire smoke dangerous?
For most people, the effect of wildfire smoke is only short-term. Effects (影响) can include irritation (刺激)
of the eyes, nose and throat; coughing and shortness of breath. They will get worse the more time you spend
outdoors, especially if you’re active outside—doing sports and other exercise.
I spend my summers around a campfire. ▲
The difference between campfire smoke and wildfire smoke is that wildfire smoke is harder to avoid,
Hughes said. “When you’re camping, you typically don’t stay in front of a fire for too long,” he said. “And if it’s
really smoky, you’d probably sit upwind from the smoke or take a break.” Wildfire smoke, on the other hand, is
everywhere. Therefore, the effects can be more long-term and dangerous.
The key to staying safe? Stay inside.
Both Kovesi and Hughes agree that the best thing for kids to do is stay inside when wildfire smoke is in the
air.
“It’s especially important for kids who are super active to stop those activities. This is not the time to go
jogging, play soccer and other sports,” Hughes said. “Those activities require you to breathe harder and deeper,
which gives you a greater exposure (暴露) to the smoke and the particles (微粒) the smoke carries.”
Other steps you can take.
It’s best to close your windows and doors when inside. You can also use an air conditioner (空调), if you
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have one, to filter (过滤) the air more. Kovesi said that masks can also help lower the risk a little, particularly N95
masks. But they need to be worn correctly.
1．What’s the purpose of Paragraph 1?
A．To give an example. B．To lead into the topic.
C．To describe a story. D．To ask a question.
2．Wildfire smoke can make people ________.
A．die young B．be super active C．stop coughing D．feel breathless
3．Which sentence should be put into the ________?
A．Where is campfire smoke from? B．How is it different from wildfire smoke?
C．What causes wildfire smoke? D．How can we stop them?
4．Which of the following can we do to stay safe from wildfire smoke?
A．ac B．ad C．bc D．cd
5．What is the best title for the passage?
A．How can kids stay safe when there is wildfire smoke?
B．What are the differences between campfire smoke and wildfire smoke?
C．What effects may the wildfire smoke cause?
D．What sports can we do when wildfire happens?
2
We should all have at least one fire extinguisher (灭火器) somewhere in our house or office building.
However, it's not enough to simply keep an extinguisher somewhere. The best way to be ready for a sudden fire is
to study this guide carefully and review it from time to time.
{1}Have a clear exit route (疏散路线)
Before using the fire extinguisher, make sure you have a clear exit route. If you cannot put out the fire, you
will need to make a safe exit. Also, make sure everyone else is out.
{2} Report the fire
Even if the fire appears manageable, you should always have the firemen on the way. Once they arrive, they
can double-check to see if the fire has been completely put out.
{3} Stand back
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Face the fire and keep your back to the clear exit. You should stay between 1.8 and 2.5. meters away from
the flames (火焰) as you prepare to use the fire extinguisher.
{4} Use the extinguisher
It can be difficult to think clearly during a fire. One method to help you remember how to use an
extinguisher is to remember “PASS”:
▶P-Pull: Pull the pin on the fire extinguisher.
▶A-Aim (瞄准): Aim low. Point the nozzle at the bottom of the fire.
▶S-Squeeze: Squeeze (挤压) the handle to let out the extinguishing chemicals.
▶S-Sweep: Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the fire is put out.
{5} _________
After the fire appears to be out, continue to watch the fire area to make sure it doesn’t start burning again. If
the fire does start up again, repeat the “PASS”.
{6} Got to a safe place
Once the fire is out, or if you are unable to put it out, find a place out of reach of the fire.
1．What is the text about?
A．How to prevent a big fire. B．How to use an extinguisher.
C．How to keep an extinguisher. D．How to deal with a sudden fire.
2．Why is a fireman needed even if the fire is under control?
A．To teach useful methods. B．To make sure the fire is out.
C．To find the missing people. D．To help leave the dangerous place.
3．Which order of the pictures describes “PASS”?
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A．②①④③ B．⑧②④① C．②④③① D．③①④②
4．Which is the most proper for _________?
A．Keep an eye on things B．Look for a safe place to go
C．Check the loss in the fire D．Improve the “PASS” process
5．In which theme (主题) activity of a school can the text be used?
A．A better self. B．Safety with me. C．Young scientists. D．Home, sweet home
3
From red apples and yellow lemons to blueberries and green melons, fruit comes in many different colors.
Why do different kinds of fruit have so many colors? Fruit colors actually come from their different pigments (色
素), such as red or yellow carotenoid (类胡萝卜素) and blue or purple anthocyanin (花青素). These pigments
appear in different numbers, depending on the fruit’s environment. This causes the fruit to turn a certain color.
To find out how environment affects fruit colors, Chinese scientists studied more than 280 different fruit
colors, including white, red, blue, purple and black. They found that red fruit tends (倾向) to grow in cooler places.
And instead of just growing in one place, you can find them growing in many places around the world. Blue and
purple fruit mostly grows in warmer places. These fruits tend to grow a lot in just one special area. The scientists
also found that the closer the fruit is to the equator (赤道), the darker its color will be.
Animals have also had an influence on the evolution of fruit colors. Animals eat fruit and drop the seeds (种
子) in other places later. This helps the fruit spread and grow in different places. Therefore, in order to attract
animals, some fruit develop colors that are easy for animals to see.
However, animals see colors in a different way. Fruit needs to develop colors that are suited to animals’
seeing abilities. For example, birds can see red more easily than humans can. Therefore, there tends to be more red
fruit in areas where birds live. The lemurs (狐猴) of Madagascar are red-green color-blind. Many yellow fruit can
be found in their living areas, as they can easily see this color.
1．According to paragraph 1, fruit colors depend on ________.
A．red carotenoid B．blue anthocyanin
C．their numbers D．their environment
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2．You are more likely to find blue and purple fruit in ________ places.
A．cooler B．warmer C．higher D．lower
3．What does the underlined word “evolution” in paragraph 3 probably mean in Chinese?
A．特性 B．辨识 C．演变 D．参数
4．Some fruit develop certain colors to ________.
A．frighten animals away B．get more sunlight
C．attract animals to eat them D．protect themselves
5．What do we know from the text?
A．Dark fruit enjoys growing close to the equator.
B．Green fruit is fond of growing in cool places.
C．Humans can see red more easily than birds.
D．Lemurs are color-blind and can’t see any colors.
4
Tomatoes are red, the sky is blue, and bananas are yellow, right? Well, not exactly — color does not really
exist (存在). What exists is light. Light is real, but color is not. It is our brain that creates color.
We’re told to trust our eyes, but our eyes have little to do with vision (视觉). We see much more with our
brains. You sometimes see different colors because your brain thinks they have a different meaning. The brain does
this by looking at what’s around the object. Here is an example. If you see a person wearing a white shirt against
different backgrounds, your brain might express the same white color differently. Suppose this person stands in
front of a bright yellow background, your brain might think the white shirt is more like gray. If the person moves to
a dark blue background, the same white shirt might appear closer to a brighter color.
Color is created according to our past experiences, and sometimes there are optical illusions (视错觉). That
is because your brain includes the recent history of what you saw, at least for a brief time. But if you watch the
thing for a longer time, your brain may forget the recent history and see the real color.
This raises the question: Do you see what I see? The answer, in short, is no. Our past and present experiences
are different. None of us even sees the world as it really is, but as a meaning that comes from our own experiences.
It’s clear that seeing is not always believing.
1．What is real according to the writer?
A．Light. B．Mind. C．Meaning. D．Color.
2．Why does the writer give an example in Paragraph 2?
A．To make the text longer. B．To make a comparison.
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C．To support the idea. D．To show a problem.
3．What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us?
A．Color is influenced by the background of an object.
B．Color comes from our past experiences.
C．Color is changing all the time.
D．White is the lightest color.
4．Which word is close to the underlined word “brief”?
A．Hard. B．Simple. C．Quick. D．Short.
5．Which can be a proper title for the text?
A．Does Color Stay the Same? B．Is Seeing Really Believing?
C．Do You See What I See? D．Is Color a Recent History?
5
The natural world is full of colors, seen in humans, plants, and animals. Human skin comes in different
shades (色块), which is influenced by sunlight, emotions, and health. When we feel strong emotions like anger or
excitement, our skin can turn red as a result of increased blood flow to the face. Therefore, people often say “seeing
red” when someone is angry.
Plants also use colors to survive. Flowers have bright colors to attract insects like bees, which help with
pollination (授粉) by moving pollen from one flower to another. Bees can see colors we can’t, so they’re attracted
to these bright flowers, which is important for the plants’ reproduction. Without bees, many plants would struggle
to survive.
Animals also use colors for survival. Some change their fur or skin colors to blend in with their surroundings
and avoid being seen by predators (捕食者). For example, the snowshoe hare changes its fur from brown in the
summer to white in the winter to match the snow. Others use bright colors to warn predators to stay away.
In summary, colors play many roles in the natural world. They contribute to the beauty of our planet and are
helpful for life to thrive. From the different tones of human skin to the bright colors of flowers and the pretending
strategy of animals, the role of color in nature is fascinating and important.
1．Which is NOT the cause to change human skin color according to the passage?
A．Sunlight exposure. B．Emotional intensity.
C．Health conditions. D．Facial expressions.
2．Why do flowers have bright colors as mentioned in the passage?
A．To make them easier to move. B．To attract insects for pollination.
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C．To protect them from predators. D．To keep them warm in cold days.
3．How do some animals use colors as a survival strategy according to the passage?
A．By changing colors to match with predators.
B．By using bright colors to attract some mates.
C．By using colors to keep away from predators.
D．By changing colors to show different feelings.
4．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Nature is beautiful because of its colors.
B．Flowers need insects to survive well.
C．Animals change colors to avoid predators.
D．Colors serve important functions in nature.
5．How is the information organized in this passage?
A．By listing examples of colors in some dangerous situations.
B．By discussing the history of colors development in humans.
C．By comparing the colors of plants, animals, and humans.
D．By showing different roles of colors in the natural world.
6
Different countries have different languages and cultures. In this article, I’ll simply introduce the meaning of
two colors between China and Western countries.
In Chinese culture, red usually represents (代表) something good. The bride and groom (新娘和新郎) usually
wear red clothes at their wedding, because they believe it will bring happiness to them. But in Western countries,
red is the color of force and it usually represents a strong feeling. Wearing red can make it easier to take action. So
when you have difficulty making a decision, just wear red.
Another color is green. In China, green usually represents a new life, which has the same culture with Western
countries. However, green is also the color of envy (嫉妒) in Western countries. So people may describe someone is
“green with envy”.
In a word, it can be said that color words carry different cultures. Learning the difference of color meanings
between China and Western countries can not only help us to know about our cultures better, but also open our
eyes. And it’s also interesting to know about the cultural differences between countries.
1．Which two colors are mentioned in the passage?
A．Red and black. B．Green and red. C．Green and pink. D．Red and pink.
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2．Why do the bride and groom usually wear red clothes in China?
A．To make a decision. B．To take action easily.
C．To get happiness. D．To show a strong feeling.
3．What does green represent both in Chinese and Western culture?
A．Strong envy. B．An action. C．A new life. D．Special feeling.
4．What does the underlined phrase “green with envy” most probably mean?
A．眼红的 B．后悔的 C．开心的 D．自豪的
5．What’s the writer’s purpose according to the text?
A．To introduce different people. B．To introduce modern languages.
C．To introduce cultural differences. D．To introduce meaningless colors.
7
You have just finished eating an apple while on a camp. There aren’t any rubbish bins around; what do you
do with the apple core (核)? If you answered “throw it in the grass” because you thought fruit would not have a bad
influence on nature, you are wrong.
According to the scientists, decomposition (分解) of fruit litter takes much longer time than you imagine.
Some of these “natural” food can take years to decompose depending on the environment they are in!
When animals start to get their food from people, they may stop looking for their own food in nature. This is
very dangerous because animals need different foods to stay healthy. Food waste also draws animals to go to areas
where there are a lot of people. And when food is thrown out of a car window, animals may develop the habit of
searching roadsides for food, which increases the chances of their being hit by a car.
In fact, apples, bananas and oranges are not from wild forests. If they are eaten by wild animals, they will
probably cause the animals to get sick. Seeds (种子) of these fruit or vegetables that end up on the ground could
grow into an exotic plant there. It’s not good to the local environment. And then, of course, nobody wants to see
somebody else’s fruit litter, which has already gone bad, while enjoying the beautiful outdoors. So, no litter is safe
litter, not even an apple core.
1．How does the writer start the text?
A．By collecting readers’ answers. B．By describing a situation in life.
C．By encouraging people to protect nature.D．By explaining how to deal with fruit litter.
2．What influence would throwing food waste have on animals?
A．It provides different foods for them.
B．It prevents them from dying of hunger.
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C．It makes them depend on humans too much.
D．It makes them develop the ability to live in nature.
3．The underlined word “exotic” in Paragraph 4 means “________”.
A．foreign B．beautiful C．bad D．strong
4．What’s the purpose of the passage?
A．To advise us not to eat while camping.
B．To ask us to protect the wild animals.
C．To explain how food waste is decomposed.
D．To call on people not to litter food waste.
5．This passage is mainly about ________.
A．HEALTH B．ENVIRONMENT C．SPORTS D．PEOPLE
8
When a new cell phone starts to be sold in stores, many people rush out to buy one. We all want the newest,
latest thing. But what should we do with our old cell phones?
Mike Townsend works at Total Recall, a cell phone recycling company. “Don’t throw your old phone away.
Send it to us and we’ll recycle it,” he says. “If you throw it away, it goes with other rubbish to become landfill. In
other words, it is put in a big hole in the ground—and it becomes a big problem.”
Cell phones contain some toxic materials (有毒物质), like lead, mercury and cadmium. If your phone goes
to a landfill, these toxic materials can get out and get into the water under the ground. That’s the water we want to
think or the water that goes into rivers or the ocean. Millions of cell phones are thrown away every year.
“At Total Recall, we take the old phones apart. Most of the materials in a cell phone can be recycled and
used again,” explains Mike. “We sell the parts and they are used to make new products. For example, phone
batteries contain nickel and cadmium (镍币和镉). The nickel is used to make steel, and the cadmium can be used to
make new batteries. The plastic cases of the phones are made into plastic fence posts (围栏柱子).”
Mike says recycling your old phone is easy. “You can usually take it into a cell phone shop and they’ll send it
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to us.” So, before you throw your old cell phone away, use it one last time: search for a cell phone recycling
company near you and give them a call.
1．What kind of company is Total Recall?
A．sells new cell phones B．recycles old cell phones
C．repairs old cell phones D．produces new cell phones
2．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “landfill”?
A．an area of land where a large amount of rubbish are buried
B．an area of land that is higher than the land around it
C．something used for filling holes and seems as a land
D．something added to soil to make plants grow fast and tall
3．What will happen if the old cell phones go to a landfill?
A．They will make a big hole in the ground and cause a big problem.
B．A cell phone company will reuse and sell them again.
C．They will be used to make new products in a short time.
D．Toxic materials will come out and get into the water under the ground.
4．Which kind of the materials can not be recycled in phone batteries?
A．Cadmium. B．Mercury. C．Plastic cases. D．Nickel.
5．Tony has an old phone, which of the following is the right way to deal with the old cell phone?
①break the old phone into pieces ②take it into a cell phone shop
③throw it with other rubbish ④call for a cell phone recycling company
A．①② B．②③ C．①④ D．②④
9
AI is like giving superpower to computers. It helps them to learn things and do tasks that people usually do.
According to scientists, AI could be used to tell the weather more quickly and correctly than traditional methods.
The traditional way to tell the weather is by collecting data on what is happening in the air. The data may
come from places like weather satellites, planes and so on. Then the data is sent to supercomputers for weather
reports. Although supercomputers are powerful, it can take many hours to produce results.
AI models have been developed to quickly tell future weather. They can tell the weather by using two sets of
data: the weather at present and the weather from six hours ago. AI models are very helpful. They can be used on
standard computers like office computers, and it only takes a few minutes to get the results. However, the results
may not include as much information as those produced by traditional models.
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Will AI take the place of traditional models? Scientists say it probably won’t, but it will be used together
with them. That’s because AI still needs to learn from the data collected by traditional methods. But hopefully, AI
will be able to deal with tasks that older methods find difficult, such as telling when and how much it will rain in
the near future. This could give people enough time to solve the problems caused by bad weather.
1．The data in traditional weather reports may come from ________.
A．clouds B．towers C．trees D．planes
2．How does AI know about future weather?
A．By learning experience from satellites.
B．By comparing past and present weather.
C．By collecting data from different places.
D．By watching what is happening in the sky.
3．What does the underlined word “standard” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Huge. B．Slow. C．Ordinary. D．Expensive.
4．Which task will AI probably do according to the last paragraph?
A．Offering people weather maps.
B．Reporting how much it will rain.
C．Reporting when a snow will end.
D．Offering full weather information.
5．Which can be the best title for the passage?
A．AI Will Cause Bad Weather.
B．AI Could Stop Bad Weather.
C．AI Could Tell Future Weather.
D．AI Will Change Future Weather.
10
The sun shines again after rain, and you see red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,and purple light in the
sky—a rainbow.
Refraction in Action
Sunlight has all the colors of the rainbow, but some go faster when sunlight passes through water. From top
to bottom are the faster ones to the slower. Red is the fastest and purple is the slowest.
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As light enters water, it refracts. Red, traveling fastest, is refracted (使折射) least. Orange is refracted a little
more, and so on. Different colors are separated in this way and that’s what you need to get a rainbow.
How to See a Rainbow
Stand with your back to the sun and search the sky, because a rainbow appears opposite the sun. If the sun is
too high, no rainbow can appear. Look at your shadow, the dark shape your body makes on the ground. If it’s taller
than you, you have a good chance of seeing a rainbow. The longer your shadow is, the bigger the rainbow.
Guess the Weather
If a rainbow appears in the morning, that means the rainbow is in the west, which is where the rain is.
Weather usually moves from west to east, so the rain is coming your way. If it’s in the afternoon, things will be
different. Here’s a saying:
Rainbow in the morning, shepherd (牧羊人)’s warning.
Rainbow at night, shepherd’s delight.
See Two at Once
Look for a second rainbow after you see one, but it’s hard to see. The main rainbow has red on top and
purple on bottom, but the secondary has red on bottom and purple on top.
Unseen Rainbow Parts
Sunlight has infrared radiation (红外线), which we can’t see. Still, infrared radiation gets refracted by
raindrops, and lies above the main rainbow’s red light. Ultraviolet radiation (紫外线) is also part of a rainbow. It’s
just below purple.
1．Which light is refracted most when going through the rain?
A．Red. B．Yellow. C．Blue. D．Purple.
2．When can we probably see the biggest rainbow?
A．When the sun shines.
B．When the sun is low.
C．When our shadow is the shortest.
D．When we stand with our back to the sun.
3．What is probably “shepherd’s delight” according to the text?
A．Fine weather. B．Free time at night.
C．Seeing two rainbows. D．Beautiful rainbow colors.
4．What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A．Rainbows are hard to see.
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B．Parts of the rainbow are unseen to the eyes.
C．Rainbows can be divided into different parts.
D．Rainbows have all the colors of the sunshine.
5．How does the writer develop the whole text?
A．By giving advice. B．By telling stories.
C．By describing facts. D．By listing numbers.
14
