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2023 年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清
阅读理解之主旨大意题解读
1
考点复习
【题型解读】
主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、
中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中
心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心
论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：
(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?
(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/The general idea is/The main theme of this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea of the passage?
(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpose of this passage is.
(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly focuses on.
从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心
思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。
▲主旨大意题的分类
1.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种
①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主题的综
②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻
找或总结。
2.从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种①主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；
②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；
③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
◆设问特点：
1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。
2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。
3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。
4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。
◆常考问题：
（1）中心思想类
The main point /idea of the passage is…
The passage is mai nly about…
The passage mainly discusses…
The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
（2）标题类
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
The best title for the passage would be …
（3）目的类
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …
The passage is meant to ….
In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to
▲怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思
想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小
段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要
表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效
的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主
题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。
因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，
一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：
1. 中心主题句出现在文首
开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见
的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，
是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。
【典例示例】
（2018·新课标卷I）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there
has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly
knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts
believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000
languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too
became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade, industrialization, the development of the
nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications
in the past few decades, all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English.
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The
general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones
have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000.
Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over
800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are
spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly
speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan
Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seemsto have much chance of survival.
31. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of
years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进
行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
2. 主题句出现在文尾
在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，
即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。
【典例示例】
The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she
pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her
hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.
Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the
Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster(a frightening animal), and helped to
show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.
Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the
wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by
the cutting down of their forest homes.
Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two
photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below
it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The
words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth.
We must retrain it for its own good.”
56. The text mainly talks about ________.A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda
C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist
【答案】C
【解析】文章第一段谈到Diane Fossey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三
段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的措施。前面三段都是为最后一段做铺
垫的，从最后一段的“It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.”可知，最主要的目的还
是要人们保护大猩猩。
3. 首尾呼应的写作方法
为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，
前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
【典例示例】
Lacrosse( 曲棍球 ) is a popular sport in Canada . The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for
war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal.
The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “cross”. The player hit a ball
into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball
at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the
lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
【答案】D
【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。
4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句
阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。
分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳
形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。【典例示例】
【2019·全国卷II，C】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she
waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more
Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent) have breakfast
alone and nearly half(46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,
74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said, looking up from her book.
Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us,
too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the
shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he
can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to
have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It’s
a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have
felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us
company at the table. “It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie
Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛
围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
31. A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工
作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。5. 主题句出现在文章的中间
通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步
的解释、支撑或发展。
【典例示例】
The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates
each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better
attended by locals.
During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend
the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the
sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following
another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful
traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.
On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair
is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.
...
67. This passage mainly tells readers _______.
A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
【答案】A
【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”
开幕式上的活动。答案选A。
【解答攻略】
一、文章大意题
文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。
它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高
度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
1. 主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想
转折词
要表达的观点。
如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主
总结词
题。
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
2.高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因
此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便
容易抓住文章的中心。
3.逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会
有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
注意：
1．正确选项特征：涵盖性强，覆盖全文
2．错误选项特征
(1)以偏概全，主次不分
(2)无中生有，曲解文意
【典型例题】 (2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)
Some parents will buy any high－tech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles
help children with math－related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine，an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of
Chicago，found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知)after controlling for differences in parents’ income，education and the amount of parent talk，Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child－parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not，on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would，and about half of the children
in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higher－income parents tended to have children play with puzzles
more frequently，and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However，boys tended
to play with more complex puzzles than girls，and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were
more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method.
B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist.
D．A teaching program.
【分析】
·第一步 读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子
来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男
孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。
·第二步 利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是
一项科学研究。
二、段落大意题
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段
落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为
利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。【典型例题】 (2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have
found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of
the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their
workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
【分析】
·第一步 首尾兼顾定段意：通读全文可知，Recent studies have found positive effects.是本段的主旨，后通过
列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人类的好处。
·第二步 析选项，斟酌判断：
对不同植物的一项新研究。原文中提到对绿色植物的研 以偏概全
A
究，但不是该段的主旨。 断章取义
犯罪率大幅下降。用犯罪率下降来证明的是绿色植物的好 以偏概全
B
处，故混淆主次。 断章取义
来自不同工作场所的员工。虽涉及工作场所的员工，但是 以偏概全
C
以偏概全，不是本段的主题。 生搬硬套
绿色植物的好处。本段主旨就是列举两项科学研究来说明 涵盖性强，
D 绿色植物对人类的好处。该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和
概括 覆盖全段
·第三步 比对选项得出答案。
三、标题归纳题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。
要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关
键词或者概括全文。
1. 利用4大技巧解题
关键词法 反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定
穿珠连串法
标题
逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项
2.结合3大特点解题
3.排除3种错误选项
【典型例题】 (2020·浙江7月卷阅读C)
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your
brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over
age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then，for eight years，
the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the
tests.And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally
challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise，”says Francisca Then，who led the study.“After a long run，you may
feel like you’re in pain，you may feel tired.But it makes you fit.After a long day at work—sure，you will feel
tired，but it can help your brain stay healthy.”
It’s not just corporate jobs，or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit，Then points out.A waiter’s job，
for example，that requires multitasking，teamwork and decision－making could be just as stimulating as any high－ level office work.And “running a family household requires high － level planning and coordinating( 协
调)，”she says.“You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”
Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences
or genetic factors.Still，continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
30．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
【分析】
·第一步 找准文章的主题句：通读全文，本文是“总—分”结构，文章开头提出主旨“Challenging work
that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as
you age”。
·第二步 根据正误选项特征，斟酌判断：A、B选项无中生有，曲解文意；D选项以偏概全；主次不分；
选项C“棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷”精炼地概括了文章内容。
·第三步 比对选项得出答案。
2
能力强化
1
（2022·河南·模拟预测）Scientific research on yoga has found that yoga practice can help with problems
such as back pain, depression and anxiety. Still, yoga studies tend to be of uneven quality, often relying on self-
reported survey data. However, a 2019 review paper focused on a more objective measure: brain scans. Though far
from definitive, the findings show that the practice may improve brain health, and they indicate a way to bring yoga
and science more convincingly together.
The review, led by Neha Gothe, director of the Exercise Psychology Lab, examined 11 papers that used
various types of brain scans to assess the impact of yoga practice on the brain. Gothe and her colleagues limited
their review to studies in which all three major elements of yoga were included: the physical poses, breathing
exercises, and meditation or mindfulness. Three patterns emerged with some consistency: yoga practice could belinked to increased gray matter volume(体积) in the hippocampus, a key structure for memory; increased volume in
certain regions of the prefrontal cortex, the seat of higher-order-cognition(认知); and greater connectivity across the
default mode network. This network plays a role in processing memories and emotions.
Jessica Damoiseaux, a co-author of the review paper, focuses her research on aging-related changes in the
brain, and she notes that the structures that seem to be strengthened by yoga are ones that tend to shrink with aging.
The greater volumes linked to yoga are similar to those seen in studies of aerobic (有氧的)exercise. This raises a
question: Is there really anything special about yoga or is it just another brain-preserving workout?
At this point it’s hard to say. Clearer answers will come with better studies that build on the smaller
experiments. Gothe, for example, recently received government funds for a study that will assign 168 old adults to
six months of classes of yoga, aerobic exercise, or stretching and strengthening. “It’s exactly the kind of trial we
need,” says Gothe.
1. What do we know about the 2019 review paper on yoga?
A. It is far from objective. B. It is centered on brain scans.
C. It proves to be of low quality. D. It relies on self-reported data.
2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. Three major elements of yoga. B. The key structure for memory.
C. The finding of the review by Gothe. D. The emotion processing network.
3. What does Gothe plan to do in the future?
A. Take aerobic exercise. B. Apply for government funds.
C. Assign old people to jobs. D. Carry out smaller experiments.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Yoga back in fashion. B. Age can affect brain power
C. Brain trials on the way D. Yoga may boost brain health
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，瑜伽练习可以帮助解决背痛、抑郁和焦虑等问题。使用
一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描，表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“However, a 2019 review paper focused on a more objective measure: brain
scans.( 然而，2019年的一篇综述论文关注的是一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描。)”可知， focused on a
more objective measure: brain scans.，与B项内容中It is centered on brain scans.（它以脑部扫描为中心。）
意义一致。故选B项。
2. 主旨大意题。根据第二段首句“The review, led by Neha Gothe, director of the Exercise Psychology Lab,examined 11 papers that used various types of brain scans to assess the impact of yoga practice on the brain.（这项
研究由运动心理学实验室主任内哈·戈特牵头，研究了11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响
的论文。）”可知，Gothe 和他的团队研究了之前的11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响的
论文，接下来整个段落展开陈述他们的研究发现。故选C项。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二三句“Clearer answers will come with better studies that build on the smaller
experiments. Gothe, for example, recently received government funds for a study that will assign 168 old adults to
six months of classes of yoga, aerobic exercise, or stretching and strengthening.（基于小型实验的更好的研究将
带来更清晰的答案。例如，Gothe最近获得了一项政府资助的研究，该研究将安排 168名老年人参加为期6
个月的瑜伽、有氧运动或伸展和强化课程。）”可知，在接下来的时间里 Gothe将在政府资助下进行基于
小型实验的研究，有可能会更清晰准确的回答倒数第二段末的问题。故选D项。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段的三四句“However, a 2019 review paper focused on a more objective measure:
brain scans. Though far from definitive, the findings show that the practice may improve brain health, and they
indicate a way to bring yoga and science more convincingly together.（…尽管还远未确定，但研究结果表明，
这种练习可能改善大脑健康，而且它们表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。）可知，
研究发现瑜伽练习可以促进大脑健康”，接下来全文张开叙述使用脑部扫描进行的研究过程。故选D项。
2
（2022·河南·一模）“Human activity has wiped out two-thirds of the world’s wildlife since 1970,” CNN
reported on September 10, 2020. Later that month, the Guardian reported that “40 percent of the world’s plant
species are at risk of extinction”. Stanford biologist Paul Ehrlich and his colleagues argued that “the ongoing sixth
mass extinction may be the most serious environmental threat to the persistence of civilization”. Around the same
time, the Daily Mail warned that “human civilization stands a 90 percent chance of collapse within decades due to
deforestation”.
These horrible calculations and projections come from authoritative-sounding reports issued by international
agencies, conservation groups, and peer-reviewed scientific journals. But is the future of wild nature and human
civilization really so poor?
Data from uncontroversial mainstream sources strongly indicate that both humanity and the natural world are
likely to be flourishing rather than collapsing at the end of this century. Humanity is becoming an urban species,
and that’s good for the environment, since urban dwellers generally use less electricity, produce less globe-warming
carbon dioxide, and have smaller land footprints than people living in the countryside. By 2100, it is estimated that
85 percent of people will be city dwellers, which would leave only 1.2 billion still living in the countryside. Thatmeans more space for the wildlife and less pollution from the agriculture.
The global tree-covering area increased by 865,000 square miles between 1982 and 2016. The researchers
found that gains in forest area in the mild, subtropical and northern climatic zones are offsetting declines in the
tropics. The Maryland researchers owe much of that increase to “natural afforestation on abandoned agricultural
land”. “Furthermore, forests in mountainous regions are expanding as climate warming enables trees to grow at
higher altitudes,” they added.
Humanity does face big environmental challenges in the coming century. But the scientific and economic
evidence shows that most of the trends are positive or can be turned in positive direction by human wisdom. Rather
than an age of extinction, the 21st century promises to be an era of environmental renewal.
5. Why does the author mention the reports in Paragraph 1?
A. To give examples. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To make a contrast. D. To support his opinion.
6. What will happen according to Paragraph 3?
A. No one will choose to live in the countryside.
B. More space will be available for the wildlife.
C. Neither humanity nor the natural world will develop quickly.
D. Urban residents will do more walking than those in the countryside.
7. Which of the following statements will the researchers agree with about forest area?
A. The expanding and disappearance in forest area aren’t evenly matched.
B. The forest area in the mild, tropic and northern zones is increasing.
C. There are more forests in mountainous regions due to the climate warming.
D. The plan of “natural afforestation on abandoned agricultural land” is unfavorable.
8. What might be the best title of the passage?
A. The Bright Future of Humanity
B. The Challenges in the Coming Century
C. Better Environment, Better Future of Human
D. 21st Century: An Era of Environmental Renewal
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类和自然将在下一世纪迎来全新且充满希望的未来，而非
某些媒体所预测的人类文明的崩溃，并通过列举具体的数据来论证这一点。科学和经济证据表明，大多数
趋势是积极的，或者可以通过人类的智慧转向积极的方向。21世纪不是一个灭绝的时代，而是一个环境更
新的时代。5. 推理判断题。根据第一段““Human activity has wiped out two-thirds of the world’s wildlife since 1970,”
CNN reported on September 10, 2020. Later that month, the Guardian reported that “40 percent of the world’s plant
species are at risk of extinction”. Stanford biologist Paul Ehrlich and his colleagues argued that “the ongoing sixth
mass extinction may be the most serious environmental threat to the persistence of civilization”. Around the same
time, the Daily Mail warned that “human civilization stands a 90 percent chance of collapse within decades due to
deforestation”.(美国有线电视新闻网2020年9月10日报道称：“自1970年以来，人类活动已经使世界上三
分之二的野生动物灭绝。”当月晚些时候，《卫报》报道称，“世界上 40%的植物物种正面临灭绝的危
险”。 斯坦福大学生物学家Paul Ehrlich和他的同事们认为，“正在进行的第六次大灭绝可能是对文明持
续存在的最严重的环境威胁”。与此同时，《每日邮报》警告称，“由于森林砍伐，人类文明有 90%的可
能在几十年内崩溃。”)”以及第二段中“But is the future of wild nature and human civilization really so poor?
(但是野生自然和人类文明的未来真的那么糟糕吗)”可知，第一段中列出了不同媒体对于物种灭绝的讨论以
及人类文明未来的预测，后文则就人类环境的未来趋势进行讨论，可推知，第一段的报道只是为了引出文
章主题而给出的铺垫。故选B。
6. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“That means more space for the wildlife and less pollution from the agriculture.
(这意味着野生动物有更多的生存空间，农业带来的污染更少)”可知，可能会发生野生动物将获得更多的空
间的情况。故选B。
7. 细节理解题。根据第四段中““Furthermore, forests in mountainous regions are expanding as climate
warming enables trees to grow at higher altitudes,” they added.(他们补充说：“此外，由于气候变暖使树木能
够在海拔更高的地方生长，山区的森林正在扩大。”)”可知，研究人员可能会同意C选项“由于气候变暖，
山区有更多的森林”的说法。故选C。
8. 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Data from uncontroversial mainstream sources strongly indicate that both
humanity and the natural world are likely to be flourishing rather than collapsing at the end of this century.(来自毫
无争议的主流来源的数据强烈表明，人类和自然世界在本世纪末可能是繁荣的，而不是崩溃)”以及最后一
段中“Rather than an age of extinction, the 21st century promises to be an era of environmental renewal.(21世纪
不是一个灭绝的时代，而是一个环境更新的时代)”结合文章介绍了人类和自然将在下一世纪迎来全新且充
满希望的未来，而非某些媒体所预测的人类文明的崩溃，并通过列举具体的数据来论证这一点。科学和经
济证据表明，大多数趋势是积极的，或者可以通过人类的智慧转向积极的方向。21世纪不是一个灭绝的时
代，而是一个环境更新的时代。可知，D选项“21世纪：环境更新的时代”最符合文章标题。故选D。
3
（2022·四川·成都七中二模）Todd Bol, a retired businessman, could never have expected that a woodencontainer he built in his front yard one day would have the global impact it does today.
Bol built a dollhouse-size structure that looked like a schoolhouse on a post and he put it in his yard as a free
community library to remember his mother, who was a book lover and school teacher. Bol's prototype gave birth to
Little Free Library (LFL), a nonprofit organization that seeks to place small, accessible book exchange boxes in
neighborhoods around the world. The concept is simple: Neighbors are invited to share a book, leave a book, or
both. Today, there are over 50 ,000 of these libraries registered in 70 countries.
Almost everyone can register with LFL and start a library as long as the person keeps it in good shape and
makes sure that book materials are appropriate for his/her neighborhood. Library owners can create their own
library boxes; therefore, the libraries are usually unique in appearance, and there seems to be no limit to the
possibilities. One library in California was built out of a used wine container； another in Texas had tiny stairs and
bright colored walls. Once registered, libraries are assigned a number at LFL's website. The LFL Index lists the
locations of all libraries with GPS coordinates (坐标)and other information. Owners receive a sign saying “Little
Free Library”.
People say they have been attracted to pick up a book when walking by a Little Free Library, out of curiosity
and because it's convenient. Some sidewalk librarians say they have met more neighbors since having a little library
in their front yard. Bol is also most proud of the way Little Free Library is bringing communities together. "It's
started a neighborhood exchange. It gets people talking and more comfortable with their neighbors," he says. "This
leads to them helping each other."
9. What does the underlined word "prototype" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A community center. B. A dollhouse on a post.
C. A book exchange box. D. A nonprofit organization.
10. What can we learn about the operation of a Little Free Library?
A. There is no limit to the selection of books.
B. The library can come in any shape and color.
C. The library needs to hire many professional librarians.
D. The owner must first be assigned a number from the LFL website.
11. What can be inferred about Little Free Library?
A. It helps improve GPS functions.
B. It connects libraries around the world.
C. It makes reading accessible to the poor.D. It helps restore human connections.
12. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. LFL: A Booster to Shared Reading
B. LFL: The Best Place to Meet Neighbors
C. Todd Bol: A Successful Book Businessman
D. Reading: An Approach to Improving Yourself
【答案与解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Todd Bol退休之后为了纪念自己的母亲在自己家院子建立的
供人阅读的木质容器催生了小免费图书馆—— 一个非营利组织，旨在在世界各地的社区设置小型、方便
的图书交换箱。
9. 推理判断题。根据第二段段首句“Bol built a dollhouse-size structure that looked like a schoolhouse on a
post and he put it in his yard as a free community library to remember his mother, who was a book lover and school
teacher.”（Bol在柱子上建造了一个玩偶屋大小的结构，看起来像校舍，他把它放在自己的院子里，作为一
个免费的社区图书馆，以纪念他的母亲，她是一个图书爱好者和学校老师。）和划线词所在句子可知，
Bol的prototype诞生了小型免费图书馆，由此可知，划线词指的是Bol自制的图书交换箱。故选C项。
10. 细节理解题。根据第3段的第二句“Library owners can create their own library boxes； therefore, the
libraries are usually unique in appearance, and there seems to be no limit to the possibilities.”（图书馆所有者可以
创建自己的图书馆盒；因此，图书馆在外观上通常是独一无二的，而且似乎没有任何限制。）可知，免费
图书馆可以有任何形状和颜色。故选B项。
11. 推理判断题。根据文章最后3句话“It's started a neighborhood exchange. It gets people talking and more
comfortable with their neighbors. This leads to them helping each other.”（它开始了一个社区交换。它让人们交
谈，和他们的邻居更舒服。这导致他们互相帮助。）可推知，小型免费图书馆帮助恢复人际关系。故选 D
项。
12. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的“Todd Bol, a retired businessman, could never have expected that a
wooden container he built in his front yard one day would have the global impact ii does today.”（退休商人托德·
博尔绝对没有想到，有一天他在自家前院建造的一个木箱会产生今天这样的全球影响。），第二段的
“The concept is simple: Neighbors are invited to share a book, leave a book, or both. Today, there are over 50 ,000
of these libraries registered in 70 countries.（这个概念很简单：邀请邻居分享一本书，留下一本书，或者两者
兼而有之。今天，在70个国家注册的图书馆超过50000个。）”和“People say they have been attracted to
pick up a book when walking by a Little Free Library, out of curiosity and because it's convenient.”（人们说，当
他们经过一个小型免费图书馆时，他们会被吸引去拿一本书，一方面出于好奇，另一方面是因为它很方便。）可知，文章主要介绍的是Little Free Library和它的作用，因为便利它带动了“共享阅读”。A项
“LFL：共享阅读的助推器”可以作为本文标题。故选A项。
4
（2022·上海·模拟预测）
Reading the Screen
The debate on literacy is one of the most heated in education. On the one hand, there is an army of people
convinced that traditional skills of reading and writing are declining. On the other hand, a large number of
progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of reading and writing.
This second position is supported by most of the relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies
argue that literacy can only be understood in its social and technical context. In Renaissance England, for example,
many more people could read than could write, and within reading there was a distinction between those who could
read print and those who could manage the more difficult task of reading manuscripts (手稿). An understanding of
these earlier periods helps us understand today’s “crisis in literacy” debate.
It seems that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading and writing—you only need to
compare the newspapers of today with those of 50 years ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and
simplification of sentence patterns.
While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies, it is doubtful
whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 40 years ago. While print holds much of its
authority as a source of topical information, television has increasingly taken this role. The ability to write fluent
letters has been weakened by the telephone and research suggests that for many people the only use for writing,
outside formal education, is making shopping lists.
The decision of some car factories to issue their instructions to mechanics as a video pack rather than as a
handbook might end the automatic link between industrialization and literacy. On the other hand, it is also the case
that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of writing, which is better rewarded than ever before.
Schools are generally seen as institutions where books rule—films and recorded sound have almost no place, but it
is not clear that this opposition is appropriate. While you may not need to read and write to watch television, you
certainly need to be able to read and write in order to make programs. Those who work in new media are anything
but literate. The traditional oppositions between old and new media are inadequate for understanding the world
which a young child now encounters. There is evidence that children are mastering reading and writing in order to
get on to the Internet.Nevertheless, there is a crisis in literacy and it would be foolish to ignore it. To understand that literacy may be
declining because it is less central to some aspects of everyday life is not the same as reluctantly accepting this state
of affairs. The production of school work with the new technologies could be a significant stimulus to literacy. How
should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isn’t enough to call for computers in every
classroom. They will stand unused unless they are properly combined with the educational culture.
13. When discussing the debate on literacy in education, the writer notes that________.
A. children can read and write as well as they used to
B. academic work has improved over the last 20 years
C. there is evidence that literacy is related to external factors
D. people’s reading skills are more important than writing skills
14. What is the writer’s main point in the 4th paragraph?
A. The printed word is both gaining and losing power.
B. The car factories’ decision brings benefits to labors.
C. Those who do manual jobs no longer need to read.
D. New media offers the best career for the literate.
15. According to the passage, what is the main problem that schools face today?
A. How to teach students the skills of reading and writing.
B. How to apply new technologies to classroom teaching.
C. Raising money to purchase technological equipment.
D. Managing the widely differing levels of literacy among pupils.
16. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Modern communication has completely replaced writing letters.
B. New media has the potential to promote students’ literacy.
C. New technologies are inadequate for us to know about children’s world.
D. Current newspapers use more complicated sentence patterns than before.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了屏幕科技下孩子的读书识字问题。
13. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中句子“These studies argue that literacy can only be understood in its social
and technical context. ”（这些研究认为，只有在其社会和技术背景下才能理解识字。）可知，在讨论教育中
的识字问题时，作者指出有证据表明，识字与外部因素有关。故选C项。
14. 段落大意题。根据文章第四段中句子“The decision of some car factories to issue their instructions to
mechanics as a video pack rather than as a handbook might end the automatic link between industrialization andliteracy. On the other hand, it is also the case that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of
writing, which is better rewarded than ever before. ”（一些汽车厂决定将机械说明书以视频包的形式而不是以
手册的形式发布，这可能会结束工业化和识字之间的自动联系。另一方面，也有越来越多的人以写作为生，
这比以往任何时候都有更好的回报。）可知，该段的只要讲的是印刷字有得又有失。故选A项。
15. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中句子“The production of school work with the new technologies could
be a significant stimulus to literacy. How should these new technologies be introduced into the schools?”（利用新
技术开展的学校工作可能是对识字的一个重大刺激。这些新技术应该如何引入到学校？）可知，学校现在
面临的主要问题是如何将新技术应用于课堂教学。故选B项。
16. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The traditional oppositions between old and new media are inadequate
for understanding the world which a young child now encounters. There is evidence that children are mastering
reading and writing in order to get on to the Internet.”（旧媒体和新媒体之间的传统对立不足以理解一个孩子
现在所遇到的世界。有证据表明，为了上网，孩子们正在掌握阅读和写作。）可知，新媒体有促进学生识
字的潜力。故选B项。
5
（2022·全国·重庆南开中学模拟预测）“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No
other writer of our time had so fiercely stated, or so consistently (一贯地) illustrated the writer’s duty to speak
truly. His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own
experience. “I only know what I have seen”, was a statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had
personally done, or what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he was
interested in telling about.
The primary intention of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for the reader what he often
called “the way it was”. This is a characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and
Hemingway’s concept of its meaning subtly (微妙地) changed several times in the course of his career - always in
the direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can invariably recognize the operation
of three instruments of beauty appreciation: the sense of place, the sense of fact, and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of place. “Unless you have
geography, background,” he once told George Antheil, “you have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic
vacuum. Few writers have been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical ground
work of their novels while managing to keep background so unnoticeable. Few, accordingly, have been able torecord more economically and graphically the way it is when you watch the bulls running through the streets of
Pamplona, Spain towards the bull-ring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the release of the bulls. Down below
the narrow street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd came down the street.
They were all running, packed close together. They passed along and up the street toward the bull-ring and behind
them came more men running faster, and then some stragglers (落后者) who were really running. Behind them
was a little bare space, and then the bulls tossing their heads up and down. It all went out of sight around the corner.
One man fell, rolled to the gutter (排水沟), and lay quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They
were all running together.”
17. What’s the main idea of the first two paragraphs?
A. Hemingway’s writing began from reality and then he would let his mind wander.
B. Hemingway’s primary purpose in writing was to report faithfully reality as he experienced it.
C. Hemingway’s writing reflects his preference for a simple story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy.
D. Hemingway would construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a specific historical
period.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that Hemingway preferred ______ as the sources for his work.
A. Stories that he had experienced rather than read about.
B. Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other sources.
C. Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances.
D. Stories that came to him in periods of deep thinking or in dreams.
19. The author calls “the way it was” a “characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary
complexity” because ______.
A. it shows how Hemingway understated complex issues in his books.
B. it reflects Hemingway’s talent for making ordinary events difficult to understand.
C. Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details overshadowed the dramatic element of his stories.
D. the relationship between simplicity and complexity reflected the relationship between the style and content of
Hemingway’s writing.
20. Why does the author include an except (节选) from The Sun Also Rises in the last paragraph?
A. To vividly illustrate how exciting the bull run is.
B. To demonstrate that all kinds of runners can take part in the bull run.
C. To show Hemingway’s delicate description of the background of the bull run.D. To place greater emphasis on the importance of geography, economically speaking.
【答案与解析】本文属于说明文，海明威一直坚持使用自己的经历作写作素材，坚持说真话，坚持简明的
语言风格，但是能够很好地表达复杂的概念。
17. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was
ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other
sources than his own experience.”以及第二段“The primary intention of his writing, from first to last, was to seize
and project for the reader what he often called “the way it was”.”可知，而且，他讲真话的标准仍然很高，也很
严格，所以他通常不愿意承认次要证据，无论是文学证据还是从他自己的经历以外的其他来源获得的证据。
他至始至终写作的目的是坚持为读者呈现原原本本的信息，故可知，前两段主要关于海明威写作的主要目
的是如实地写他所经历的现实，故选B。
18. 推理判断题。根据第一段“His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was
ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other
sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen”, was a statement which came often to his lips and
pen.”可知，而且，他讲真话的标准仍然很高，也很严格，所以他通常不愿意承认次要证据，无论是文学证
据还是从他自己的经历以外的其他来源获得的证据，可知海明威坚持根据自己的经历来写作，故选A。
19. 推理判断题。根据第二段“This is a characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary
complexity, and Hemingway’s concept of its meaning subtly (微妙地) changed several times in the course of his
career - always in the direction of greater complexity.”可知，“the way it was”是一个典型的简单的词组但是表
达了非常复杂的概念，而他的这个含义的概念在他写作生涯改变了好几次，但是都是朝着更复杂的方向前
进。海明威崇尚的是简明的写作风格，事实上，他的简约背后隐藏深意，反映了海明威简明写作风格和复
杂内容之间的关系，故选D。
20. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Few writers have been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted
out the geographical ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so unnoticeable.”可知，只
有少数的作家能够有场所的意识，很少的作家都能在让背景信息不明显的同时，又能够仔细地标注出小说
的场所基础信息，所以最后一段引用《太阳照常升起》段落是为了帮助阐明这一观念，即坚持简洁的语言，
但是很生动形象地把背景描述出来，所以最后一段引用《太阳照常升起》是为了来展示海明威对奔牛节背
景的精致描述。故选C。
6
（2022·湖南·二模）Ever wondered if dogs can learn new words? Yes, say researchers as they have found
that talented dogs may have the ability to grasp new words after hearing them only four times.While previous evidence seems to show that most dogs do not learn words, unless eventually very well
trained, a few individuals have shown some extraordinary abilities, according to a study published in the journal
Scientific Reports.
“We wanted to know under which conditions the gifted dogs may learn novel words,” said researcher xuekw
Claudia Fugazza from the Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary. For the study, the team involved two gifted dogs,
Whisky and Vicky Nina. The team exposed the dogs to the new words in two different conditions.
In the exclusion-based task, presented with seven known toys and one new toy, the dogs were able to select the
new toy when presented with a new name. Researchers say this proves that dogs can choose by exclusion when
faced with a new word, they selected the only toy which did not have a known name.
However, this was not the way they would learn the name of the toy. In fact, when they were presented with
one more equally new name to test their ability to recognize the toy by its name, the dogs got totally confused and
failed.
The other condition, the social one, where the dogs played with their owners who pronounced the name of the
toy while playing with the dog, proved to be the successful way to learn the name of the toy, even after hearing it
only 4 times. “The rapid learning that we observed seems to equal children’s ability to learn many new words at a
fast rate around the age of 18 months,” Fugazza says. “But we do not know whether the learning mechanisms(机
制) behind this learning are the same for humans and dogs. ”
To test whether most dogs would learn words this way, 20 other dogs were tested in the same condition, but
none of them showed any evidence of learning the toy names, confirming that the ability to learn words rapidly in
the absence of formal training is very rare and is only present in a few gifted dogs.
21. What was the purpose of the study published in Scientific Reports?
A. To better train dogs’ ability to learn new words.
B. To further confirm previous evidence about dogs.
C. To prove extraordinary memory abilities of gifted dogs.
D. To explore favorable conditions for gifted dogs’ new-word learning.
22. How did the dogs react when exposed to two new names in the first condition?
A. Slow to understand. B. Quick to learn. C. At a loss. D. In a panic.
23. What was found about dogs’ new-word learning in the social condition?
A. Learning through playing applied to most dogs.
B. The social condition helped dogs learn new words.C. Dogs’ new-word learning turned out to be less effective.
D. Dogs shared similar learning mechanisms with children.
24. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Gifted Dogs Can Learn New Words Rapidly.
B. Dogs Identify Newly-named Toys by Exclusion.
C. Dogs Can Acquire Vocabulary through Tons of Training.
D. Gifted Dogs Have Similar Learning Abilities to Humans.
【答案与解析】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了狗狗通过训练能够学习新的单词。
21. 细节理解题。根据第三段“ ‘We wanted to know under which conditions the gifted dogs may learn novel
words,’said researcher xuekw Claudia Fugazza from the Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary.”（匈牙利Eötvös
Loránd大学的研究员Claudia Fugazza说:“我们想知道这些有天赋的狗在什么情况下可以学习新单词。）可
知研究的目的是想探索出狗在什么情况下可以学习新单词。故选D。
22. 细节理解题。根据第五段“In fact, when they were presented with one more equally new name to test their
ability to recognize the toy by its name, the dogs got totally confused and failed.”（事实上，当给它们一个同样
的新名字来测试它们通过名字识别玩具的能力时，狗完全困惑了，并失败了。）可知，在第一种环境下狗
非常的困惑。故选C。
23. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The other condition, the social one, where the dogs played with their owners
who pronounced the name of the toy while playing with the dog, proved to be the successful way to learn the name
of the toy, even after hearing it only 4 times.”（另一种情况是社会性的，在这种情况下，狗狗和它们的主人一
起玩耍，主人在和狗狗玩耍的同时念出了玩具的名字。结果证明，即使只听了 4次，狗狗也能成功地记住
玩具的名字。）可推出，在社会性条件下可以帮助狗狗学习新的单词。故选B。
24. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Ever wondered if dogs can learn new words? Yes, say researchers as they have
found that talented dogs may have the ability to grasp new words after hearing them only four times.”（想知道狗
狗能不能学会新单词吗?是的，研究人员称，因为他们发现，聪明的狗狗可能只听四次就能掌握新单
词。）以及文章中的案例，可知本篇文章主要讲述的是有天赋的狗能快速学习新单词。故选A。
7
（2022·江苏·南京市第一中学一模）For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel
like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually
merging (融合) into it.
Speaking at the Fast Company European Innovation Festival, Professor Yuval Noah Harari, a historian at theHebrew University claimed that it’s becomingmore and more difficult to tell where humans end and machines
begin. He said: “It’s increasingly hard to tell where I end and where the computer begins. In the future, it is likely
that the smartphone will not be separated from you at all. It may be embedded in your bodyor brain,
constantlyscanning your biometric data and your emotions.”
During his speech, Professor Harari highlighted how humans have affected our environment over time, and
suggested that now may be thetime to affect ourselves. He said: “Humanity has always remained constant. If we
told our ancestors in the Stone Age about our lives today, they would think we are already Gods. But the truth is
that even though we have developed more wonderful tools, we are the same animals. We have the same emotions,
the same minds. The coming revolution will change that. It will change not just our tools, it will change the human
being itself. ”
If we do manage to merge with machines, Professor Harari suggests it could open the door to setting
upcivilizations beyond Earth. He added: “Life willbe able to break out of planet Earth and no longer be confinedto
this flying rock.”
While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine-
human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming
irrelevant. He said: “Over time I think wewill probably see a closer merger of biological intelligence anddigital
intelligence.”
25. Why does the authormention smartphone in paragraph 1?
A. To collect data for his speech.
B. To have a good leadin of the topic.
C. To say it isharmful to the environment.
D. To catch up with the development of science.
26. What do we know about Professor Harari?
A. His opinions gained much support.
B. He is the first expert toput forward the idea.
C. He thinks technology will change ourselves as well.
D. His suggestion of us staying on planet Earth isconsiderate.
27. What’s probably Elon Musk’s attitude to Professor Harari’s speech?
A. Neutral. B. Favourable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.28. What is the best title for the text?
A. Humans are near to combining with machines
B. Call on people to develop advanced machines
C. Aspeech caused people’s concerns onmachines
D. Finding new ways to break away from apps is vital
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科技的发展给环境带来的影响。同时，给人类自身也带来
了巨大的影响。一位历史学家在他的演讲中提到，随着科技的发展，人类越来越依赖智能机器，人类与机
器融为一体的时代为时不远。
25. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel like a
lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually
merging into it.（对很多人来说，几个小时不使用智能手机就像过了一辈子。现在，一位专家声称，人类正
变得如此依赖科技，以至于我们实际上正在融入科技。）”可推知，第一段用智能手机作为引子，来导入
作者下面要陈述的话题。故选B。
26. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“It will change not just our tools, it will change the human being
itself.（它不仅会改变我们的工具，还会改变人类自身。）”可知，他认为技术也会改变我们自己。故选
C。
27. 推理判断题。 根据最后一段前两句“While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he
isn’t alone in his vision of a machinehuman world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge
with machines, or risk becoming irrelevant.（虽然哈拉里教授的观点听起来有些牵强，但他并不是唯一一个对
人-机世界有这种愿景的人。早在2017年，Elon Musk就曾宣称，人类应该与机器融合，否则就可能变得无
关紧要。）”可知，Professor Harari 的观点并非 一家之言，早在2017年，Elon Musk 就发表过相同的观
点。综上可推知，他对 Professor Harari的观点持支持的态度，故选B。
28. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on
technology, that we’re actually merging into it.（现在，一位专家声称，人类正变得如此依赖科技，以至于我
们实际上正在融入科技。）”可知，本文主要介绍了随着科技的发展，人类越来越依赖智能机器，人类与
机器融为一体变为可能。故选A。
8
（2022·上海·模拟预测）Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz was a philosopher and mathematician in search of a
model. In the late 1600s Leibniz decided there was a need for a new, purer arithmetic than our common decimal
（十进制）system. He got his inspiration from the 5000-year-old book that is at the heart of Chinese philosophy：the I-Ching, or Book of Changes.
This ancient text was such an influence on Liebniz that he titled his article on the new arithmetic “Explanation
of a new arithmetic and the ancient Chinese figure of Fu X”. Fu Xi was the legendary first author of the I-Ching.
The arithmetic that Liebniz described was binary（二进制）code, which is used in almost every modern computer,
from iPhones to China’s own Tihane-2 supercomputer.
To figure out what Liebniz learned in the I-Ching, we need to understand something that most of us have taken
for granted. When we listen to an MP3, look at a digital photo or watch the latest TV drama, we are experiencing a
digital representation of reality. That representation is basically just a string of binary signals that are commonly
known as 1s and 0s. What Liebniz’s gained from the book was that even the most complex reality could be
represented in the binary form as 1s and 0s.
In the philosophy of the I-Ching, reality is not entirely real. It is something more like a dream. This dream of
reality arises from the binaries of Yin and Yang, as they play out countless combinations, practically everything in
the universe. It’s not surprising then, from the l-Ching’s perspective, that anything in the dream of reality can be
represented in a string of 1s and 0s, processed by a computer.
The I-Ching was far more ambitious than the current practical applications of binary code. It is claimed that
the I-Ching represents nothing less than the basic situation of human life itself. As a system for predicting the
future, the I-Ching might disappoint, but as a way of questioning your own unconscious mind, it can be remarkably
useful.
The I-Ching’s teachings also contain warnings about our digital revolution. Binary code, powered by modern
computers, has an amazing capacity to represent reality. However, the ancient authors of the I-Ching might have
understood its potential-and its dangers-even better than we now do.
So when scientific thinkers ask whether computers can create “virtual realities” or “artificial intelligence”,
they are missing the point. Of course, we can create ever deeper and more complex layers of the dream of reality.
The real question is, can we wake up from the dream we’ re in already?
29. Which of the following is TRUE about binary codes?
A. They share the same source with the decimal system.
B. They can form numerous combinations.
C. They are documented in the Book of Changes.
D. They are first discovered by Fu Xi.
30. In paragraph 3, the underlined part refers to the fact that ______.A. media products are digitally represented using 1s and 0s.
B. TV dramas and digital photos are not worth seeing.
C. Reality is made more complex by binary codes.
D. Licbniz’s model is hardly understandable.
31. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Computers’ ability to represent reality is quite limited.
B. Human life is now in grave danger according to the I-Ching.
C. We have yet to understand the complete teachings of the I-Ching.
D. The I-Ching is perfectly accurate in predicting the future.
32. Which of the following is the best title?
A. The Ancient Book of Wisdom at the Heart of Every Computer
B. The Supercomputer that Employs Ancient Chinese Culture
C. The Father of Binary Code, Gottfried Wilhelm Liebniz
D. The Origin of Eastern and Western Philosophy
【答案与解析】本文是说明文，介绍了二进制源于中国哲学经典《易经》且在计算机的产生和发展中有重
大意义。
29. 细节理解题。根据第四自然段“This dream of reality arises from the binaries of Yin and Yang, as they play
out countless combinations, practically everything in the universe.”(这个现实的梦想来自于阴与阳的二进制，因
为它们拥有无数的组合方式，几乎包括宇宙中的一切。)可知binary codes有无数的组合可能。故选B项。
30. 细节理解题。根据第三自然段“When we listen to an MP3, look at a digital photo or watch the latest TV
drama, we are experiencing a digital representation of reality. That representation is basically just a string of binary
signals that are commonly known as 1s and 0s.”(当我们听MP3、看数码照片或看最新的电视剧时，我们正在
经历一种对现实的数码再现。这种再现基本上就是一串通常被称为1和0的二进制信号)可知媒体产品就是
用1和0的二进制信号进行的再现。故选A项。
31. 推理判断题。根据第六自然段“The I-Ching’s teachings also contain warnings about our digital
revolution…However, the ancient authors of the I-Ching might have understood its potential -and its dangers-even
better than we now do.”(《易经》的教义也对我们的数字革命提出了警告。……然而，古代《易经》的作者
可能比我们现在更了解它的潜力和危险。)可推知，我们还没有完全理解《易经》的教义。故选C项。
32. 主旨大意题。结合首段“In the late 1600s Leibniz decided there was a need for a new, purer arithmetic than
our common decimal（十进制）system. He got his inspiration from the 5000-year-old book that is at the heart ofChinese philosophy：the I-Ching, or Book of Changes.”（17世纪晚期Leibniz认为我们需要一个新的，比十进
制更加简单的算法。他的灵感来自于5000年前的《易经》，这是中国古代哲学的核心）和文中内容可知，
本文主要讲二进制源于中国哲学经典《易经》且在计算机的产生和发展中意义重大。A项“每台电脑的核
心都有一本古代智慧之书”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选A项。
9
（2022·陕西·西安中学二模）On a break from his studies in the MIT Media Lab,Anirudh Sharma traveled
home to Mumbai, India. While there, he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering
something that looked like dirt."I realized this was air pollution，or sooty（像煤一样）particulate matter (PM)，
made of black particles released from exhaust（尾气）of vehicles，" Sharma says. "This is a major health
issue."Soot consists of tiny black particles, about 2.5 micrometers or smaller, made carbon produced by incomplete
burning of fossil fuels.
Back at MIT,Sharma set out to help solve this air-pollution issue. After years of research and development,
Sharma’s startup Graviky Labs has developed technology that attaches to exhaust systems of diesel generators（柴
油发电机）to collect particulate matter.Scientists at Graviky then turn it into ink, called Air-Ink, for artists around
the world. So far, the startup has collected I.6 billion micrograms of particulate matter.More than 200 gallons of
Air-Ink have been harvested for a growing community of more than 1,000 artists, from Bangalore to Boston,
Shanghai,and London.
Posted all over Graviky Lab's Facebook page today are photos of art made from the Air-Ink and pant,
including street wall paintings, body art and clothing prints.At first, there was still no specific application for the
ink. Then the startup decided to find new ways to further spread its mission.It chose to do so through art."Art helps
us raise awareness about where the ink and paint comes from. Air pollution knows no borders. Our ink sends a
message that pollution is one of the resources in our world that's the hardest to collect and use.But it can be
done,"Sharma says.
33. What struck Sharma most during his break in India?
A. Dirt on his T-shirts. B. Health issue of the locals.
C. Coal industry in Mumbai. D. Incomplete burning of fossil fuels.
34. According to the text, Air-Ink is________.
A. a cleaner of outdoor air B. a product made from PM
C. a newly-founded company D. a printing technology
35. What can we infer about Air-Ink from the text?A. It improves artistic effect. B. It makes pollution acceptable.
C. It helps Sharma make a profit. D. It raises environmental awareness.
36. What might be the best title for the text?
A. Arts know no borders B. Waste has no price
C. Less pollution, more art D. Creative thinking, effective painting
【答案与解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了Sharma开发了新的技术，将空气中的颗粒物收集起来，制成
空气墨水，供艺术家们创作。他的目的是为了提高人们的环境意识。
33. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering
something that looked like dirt.”可知，在印度，Sharma注意到，他的T恤上都有一些看起来像灰尘样的东西
越来越多。故选A。
34. 细节理解题。文章第二段中提到“Sharma’s startup Graviky Labs has developed technology that attaches to
exhaust systems of diesel generators to collect particulate matter. Scientists at Graviky then turn it into ink, called
Air-Ink… .（Sharma创建的Graviky 实验室开发了一种技术，可以连接到柴油发电机的排气系统上，收集
颗粒物。然后，Graviky实验室的科学家将它转化为墨水，称为‘空气墨水’）”，其中it指代上一句中的
收集的“particulate matter”即PM。由此可知，Air-Ink是由PM制成的产品。故选B。
35. 推理判断题。文章第三段中提到Sharma所说的话 “Art helps us raise awareness about where the ink and
paint comes from.”。文章第二段中提到Air-Ink是由PM（空气中的颗粒物）制成的，用Air-Ink创作的艺术
画可以帮助我们认识到墨水和颜料是从哪里来的。由此可以推断，用 Air-Ink 绘制艺术画可以帮助人们提
高环境意识。故选D。
36. 主旨大意题。文章最后一段提到“Our ink sends a message that pollution is one of the resources in our
world that's the hardest to collect and use. But it can be done.(我们的墨水传达出一个信息：污染是世界上最难
收集和利用的资源之一。但这是可以做到的，)”，Sharma的研究表明虽然污染很难再次利用，但是还是可
以做到的； Sharma利用技术，将空气中的污染颗粒物（PM）收集起来，制成Air-Ink，给艺术家们创作艺
术作品，以提高人们的环境意识。他将污染加以回收利用，转化成艺术形式。因此文章标题应为“Less
pollution, more art”。故选C。
10
（2022·江西萍乡·一模）One of the astronomy's most well-known telescopes-the 305-metre-wide radio
telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico-is closing forever. Engineers cannot find a safe way to repair it after two cables
supporting the structure suddenly and catastrophically broke, one in August and one in early November.
The Arecibo telescope, which was built in 1963, was the world's largest radio telescope for decades and hashistorical and modern importance in astronomy. It was the site from which astronomers sent an interstellar radio
message in 1974, in case any extraterrestrial might hear it, and where the first known extrasolar planet was
discovered, in 1992. It has also done groundbreaking work in detecting near-Earth planets, observing the puzzling
celestial blasts known as fast radio bursts, and studying many other phenomena.
The cables that broke helped support a 900-tonne platform of scientific instruments, which hangs above the
main telescope dish. The first cable broke panels at the edge of the dish, but the second tore huge gashes in a central
portion of it. If any more cables fail-which could happen at any time-the entire platform could crash into the dish
below. The US National Science Foundation(NSF), which owns the Arecibo Observatory, is working on plans to
safely lower the platform down in a controlled fashion.
NSF's officials insist that the cable failures came as a surprise. After the first, engineering teams spotted a
handful of broken wires on the second cable, which was more crucial to holding up the structure, but they did not
see it as a major problem because the weight it was carrying was well within its design capacity.
Some of the observatory's scientific projects may be able to be transferred to other facilities, said Ralph
Gaume, the NSF's head of astronomy. And he expects scientists to suggest where to shift their research. Science
does continue at other portions of the Arecibo Observatory, which includes more than the 305-metre-dish. They
include two lidar facilities that shoot lasers into the atmosphere to study atmospheric phenomena.
37. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A. The history of building the telescope.
B. The key role of the telescope in astronomy.
C. The benefit of learning astronomical events.
D. The process of locating near-Earth planets.
38. According to Paragraph 3, we know that________.
A. NSF's officials tried to repair the platform
B. the second cable failure destroyed the platform
C. the scientific instruments broke down due to the cables
D. the platform would not break down if no more cables should fail
39. Why were NSF's officials careless about the broken wires on the second cable?
A. The cable was not very old.
B. The wires were specially designed.
C. The weight the cable bore did not go beyond its limit.D. The cable was not as important as the first one.
40. What will happen to the ongoing scientific projects at the observatory?
A. All of them will be shut down.
B. Some of them will be moved to other facilities.
C. They will be distributed to different scientists.
D. Some of them will be put off.
【答案与解析】这是一篇新闻报道。天文学中最著名的望远镜之一——位于波多黎各阿雷西博的 305米宽
的射电望远镜——将永远关闭。一根在8月，另一根在11月初，支撑这座建筑的两根钢索突然发生灾难性
的断裂，工程师们找不到安全的修复方法。文章主要介绍了这一望远镜的一些背景知识以及人们对此的看
法。
37. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The Arecibo telescope, which was built in 1963, was the world's largest radio
telescope for decades and has historical and modern importance in astronomy. It was the site from which
astronomers sent an interstellar radio message in 1974, in case any extraterrestrial might hear it, and where the first
known extrasolar planet was discovered, in 1992. It has also done groundbreaking work in detecting near-Earth
planets, observing the puzzling celestial blasts known as fast radio bursts, and studying many other phenomena.(阿
雷西博望远镜建于1963年，是几十年来世界上最大的射电望远镜，在天文学上具有历史和现代意义。1974
年，天文学家就是在这里发送了一条星际无线电信息，以防任何天外来客听到。1992年，人们在这里发现
了第一颗已知的太阳系外行星。它还在探测近地行星、观测被称为快速射电暴的令人困惑的天体爆炸以及
研究许多其他现象方面做了开创性的工作)”可知，第二段主要讲了望远镜在天文学中的关键作用。故选
B。
38. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“If any more cables fail-which could happen at any time-the entire platform
could crash into the dish below. The US National Science Foundation(NSF), which owns the Arecibo Observatory,
is working on plans to safely lower the platform down in a controlled fashion.(如果再有任何电缆断裂——这随
时都有可能发生——整个平台可能会坠入下面的盘子。拥有阿雷西博天文台的美国国家科学基金会正在制
定计划，以一种可控的方式安全降低平台)”可推知，如果没有更多的电缆发生故障，平台就不会崩溃。故
选D。
39. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“After the first, engineering teams spotted a handful of broken wires on the
second cable, which was more crucial to holding up the structure, but they did not see it as a major problem
because the weight it was carrying was well within its design capacity.(在第一次断裂后，工程团队在第二根电
缆上发现了几根断裂的电线，这对支撑结构来说更为关键，但他们不认为这是一个大问题，因为它所承载的重量完全在设计能力范围内)”可知，科学家们一开始并没有把第二根电缆线的断裂当做重大问题，是因
为它所承载的重量还是在它的能力范围内的。故选C。
40. 细节理解题。根据第五段中“Some of the observatory's scientific projects may be able to be transferred to
other facilities, said Ralph Gaume, the NSF's head of astronomy.(美国国家科学基金会天文学主管Ralph Gaume
说，该天文台的一些科学项目可能会被转移到其他设施)”可知，有些项目将被转移到其他的设备上。故选
B。
