文档内容
作业 23 人与自然及环境类说明文
(分值：37.5分)
(每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
A
(2024·湖南邵阳二模)
Coral reefs are the rainforests of the ocean.They exist on vast scales and are equally important
havens(避风港) of biodiversity.Reefs occupy 0.1% of the oceans. 1
2 Without the protection which reefs afford from crashing waves，①low-lying islands
such as the Maldives would have flooded long ago，and a billion people would lose food or
income.However，reefs are under threat from rising sea temperatures.Heat causes the algae(海藻)
with which corals are living together to generate toxins(毒素) that force those coral to leave.This
can cause a coral’s death.
Research groups around the world are coming up with plans of action to see if that will help，
such as identifying naturally ②heat-resistant corals and ③cross-breeding such corals to create a
new type. 3 Without carbon reduction and decline in local，coral-killing pollution，even
resistant corals will not survive the century.
Doubters doubt humanity will get its act together in time to make much difference. 4
Carbon targets are being set and ocean pollution is being dealt with.Countries that share
responsibilities for reefs are starting to act together.Scientific workarounds can also be
found.Natural currents can be applied to facilitate mass breeding.Sites of the greatest ecological
and economical importance can be identified to maximize bang for buck.
This mix of natural activity and human intervention is important. 5 Hard-core greens—
those who think that all habitats should be kept unspoiled—may not approve.But when entire
ecosystems are facing destruction，the cost of doing nothing is too great to bear.
A．Corals are useful to people.
B．But there are ④grounds for optimism.
C．And they host a quarter of marine species.
D．It could serve as a blueprint for other ecosystems.
E．Coral’s global ecosystem services are worth up to $10trn a year.
F．This research can also be brought to bear on trying to save entire ecosystems.
G．However，the assisted evolution of corals does not meet with universal enthusiasm.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。珊瑚礁对海洋生态系统和人类至关重要，但是珊瑚礁正受到海
水温度上升的威胁，研究人员正在采用自然活动和人为干预相结合的措施进行保护。1．答案 C
解析 根据前文“珊瑚礁是海洋中的热带雨林。它们规模庞大，同样是生物多样性的重要避
风港”可知，此处是讲珊瑚礁是海洋生物多样性的重要避风港，C项“它们是四分之一海洋
物种的家园”同样描述前文语境，切合文意。故选C。
2．答案 A
解析 根据后文“如果没有珊瑚礁所提供的保护，像马尔代夫这样地势低洼的岛屿很久以前
就会被洪水淹没，10亿人将失去食物和收入”可知，此处是说明珊瑚礁的重要用途。A项
“珊瑚对人类很有用”切合文意，起到引出后文的作用。故选A。
3．答案 G
解析 根据前文“世界各地的研究小组正在制定行动计划，看看这是否会有所帮助。比如识
别天然耐热珊瑚，并对这种珊瑚进行杂交，以创造一种新的珊瑚”和后文“如果不减少碳排
放，不减少对当地珊瑚造成伤害的污染，即使是有抵抗力的珊瑚也无法在本世纪存活”可知，
此处是指珊瑚的辅助进化并没有受到广泛的认可，G项“然而，珊瑚的辅助进化并没有受到
普遍的支持”切合文意，起到承上启下的作用。故选G。
4．答案 B
解析 根据后文“碳排放目标正在制定，海洋污染正在处理。对珊瑚礁负有共同责任的国家
开始共同行动”可知，此处是指情况也有好的趋势，B项“但我们有理由感到乐观”说明事
情在往好的方面发展，切合文意，起到承上启下的作用。故选B。
5．答案 D
解析 根据前文“这种自然活动和人类干预的相结合的措施是很重要的”并结合选项可知，
此处应讲这种措施更广泛的应用情况。D项“它可以作为其他生态系统的蓝图”切合文意。
D项中的It指代前文的措施“This mix of natural activity and human intervention”。故选D。
语境猜词
①low-lying(合)＝low＋lying低洼的
②heat-resistant(合)＝heat＋resistant抗热的，耐热的
③cross-breed(合)＝cross＋breed使杂交，杂交繁育
④ground熟义：n.地，地面 生义(文义)：n.充分的理由
B
(2024·湖北七市州二模)
My name is McKenzie Skiles and I’m a snow hydrologist(水文学家) at the University of
Utah in Salt Lake City. 1 Actually，the purpose is to track dust’s impact on water resources.
I am most interested in the impact of warming temperatures on snow melting rates，and I
have started studying snowmelt since 2009 in Utah and Colorado.When I skied to research sites in
Utah to collect snow for my experiment，the ①mountainous landscapes were covered in dust. 2It’s clear that 2009 was one of the biggest years for dust deposition(沉积) onto snow.
3 I usually have to cover several kilometers，carrying a 27-kilogramme pack with a
shovel(铲子) to dig a snow hole，tools to cut snow and measure its density，and containers to
collect snow for analyses.One year，I hit a dusty area of snow，broke my ski and sliced my leg
open.
In areas with heavy dust deposition，such as the southern Rocky Mountains，dust speeds up
melting by one or two months.Warming air temperatures affect snow gathering，but dust builds up
over time and ②darkens the surface. 4
I’m now exploring different ice and snow landscapes for further research.For example，how
black-carbon buildup following forest fires affects melting. 5 As we move into a future that is
likely to be even dustier，we need them to predict snowmelt for many reasons，including working
out how to use water in the western United States efficiently.
A．The dust caused a lot of trouble.
B．I went for miles in the wilderness.
C．Doing my research is no easy task.
D．One of the goals is to develop snowmelt models.
E．In Colorado，the red dust from desert soils had also blown in.
F．As a result，the snow will absorb more sunlight and quicken melting.
G．My job is to ski in the wilderness to measure dust on top of snow each spring.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了雪水文学家 McKenzie Skiles的研究工作及
其意义。
1．答案 G
解析 根据上文“My name is McKenzie Skiles...in Salt Lake City.”以及下文“Actually，the
purpose is...resources.(实际上，目的是追踪灰尘对水资源的影响。)”可知，这里介绍了
Mckenzie Skiles的身份和职业并指出实际上工作的目的是追踪灰尘对水资源的影响。因此，
空处内容需衔接上下文，并解释Mckenzie Skiles的工作具体是什么，G项“My job is to ski
in the wilderness to measure dust on top of snow each spring.”符合语境，故选G。
2．答案 E
解析 根据上文“When I skied to...were covered in dust.(当我滑雪到犹他州的研究地点为我的
实验收集雪时，山区景观被灰尘覆盖。)”以及下文“It’s clear that...snow.(很明显，2009年
是雪上灰尘沉积最多的年份之一。)”可知，此处描述了在犹他州的研究地点滑雪收集雪样
时，山区景观被灰尘覆盖的情景。因此空处内容应既能与上句中的描述相联系，又能为下句
提供背景或证据，E项“In Colorado，the red dust from desert soils had also blown in.(在科罗
拉多州，沙漠土壤中的红色灰尘也被吹进来了)”符合语境，故选E。3．答案 C
解析 根据下文“I usually...for analyses.(我通常要走几公里，带着一个27公斤重的包和一把
挖雪洞的铲子，带着削雪和测量雪密度的工具，带着收集雪进行分析的容器)”可知，此处
表达的是作者的研究工作不是一件容易的事，C项“Doing my research is no easy task.(做我
的研究绝非易事)”符合语境，故选C。
4．答案 F
解析 根据上文“Warming air temperatures...the surface.(气温升高会影响积雪，但随着时间
的推移，灰尘会堆积起来，使地表变暗)”可知，空处承接上文内容，并解释灰尘使雪的表
面变黑之后可能产生的后果，F 项“As a result，the snow will absorb more sunlight and
quicken melting.(因此，雪会吸收更多的阳光，加速融化)”符合语境，故选F。
5．答案 D
解析 上文提到作者正在探索不同的冰雪景观以进行进一步的研究，并给出了一个具体的例
子，即森林火灾后黑色碳的积累如何影响融化。下文提到未来可能会出现的更加多尘的环境，
并强调了预测雪融化的重要性，包括如何在美国西部有效利用水资源。由此可知，空处需承
接上文关于雪融化的研究，并引出下文对未来环境的预测以及水资源利用的讨论，D项
“One of the goals is to develop snowmelt models.(目标之一是开发融雪模型)”符合语境，故
选D。
语境猜词
①mountainous(派)＝mountain＋ous多山的
②darken(派)＝dark＋en使变暗，变黑
C
(2024·江西萍乡一模)
New Animals
In northern Vietnam，in thick forests in the North Annamite Mountains，there is a wildlife
park called Vu Quang.In 1986，the area was made an official forest reserve.In 2002,550 square
kilometers of the area were declared a National Park. 1 It is in an area that is hard to get to，
for one thing.And it’s an area that’s difficult to walk through because the rocks are covered with
algae and are very ①slippery.
2 In the last twenty years，several new species of animals that have never been seen
anywhere in the world before have been discovered there.Some of them are so new that scientists
haven’t given them official names yet!
The new animals discovered at the park include the Vu Quang ox or Saola，a “slow”
deer，a giant muntjac(the world’s largest，in fact)，a black deer and a “holy” goat. 3
The Saola was the first new species of large mammal to be discovered in more than fiftyyears，so it caused a lot of excitement in the scientific world. 4 It has horns that can be
between one and two feet long，and that seem to come out of the animal’s head at slightly
different angles.That’s why it is called “Saola”，meaning “spinning wheel posts” in
Vietnamese.
The creature had hidden safely for generations in the Vu Quang area.But once it was
discovered，it was in danger. 5 Sadly，the Saola is now being hunted and may well end up as
another ②endangered species.
A．That’s why it attracts hunters.
B．Vu Quang is no ordinary park，though.
C．Hunters have no respect for new species.
D．But that’s not all that is unusual about Vu Quang.
E．Five new species of fish have also been found there.
F．This was the first time so many new species had been found in this area.
G．It is a strange goat-like creature that looks as if it is somehow related to cattle.
1．答案 B
解析 由下文内容可知武广国家公园位于一个很难到达的地区。这是一个很难穿过的区域，
因为岩石上覆盖着藻类，非常滑，和普通公园不一样，B选项“然而，武广不是一个普通的
公园”切合语境。故选B。
2．答案 D
解析 由上段内容可知武广国家公园难以到达，不同寻常，再结合下文讲武广国家公园里面
发现了一些闻所未闻的新物种，这也是不同寻常之处，可推断该空应该进一步提及武广国家
公园的不平凡之处。D选项“但这并不是武广国家公园的所有不同寻常之处”切合语境。故
选D。
3．答案 E
解析 由上文“The new animals discovered...a ‘holy’ goat.在公园里发现的新动物包括武
广牛或Saola、一只‘慢’鹿、一只巨大的麂(事实上是世界上最大的)、一只黑鹿和一
只‘神圣’山羊。”可知，该空应继续列举武广国家公园里面发现的新物种包括哪些，E选
项“在那里还发现了五种新的鱼类”切合语境。故选E。
4．答案 G
解析 由上下文内容可知，该空应承接上文继续介绍Saola的相关情况，G选项“It is a
strange goat-like creature that looks as if it is somehow related to cattle.(这是一种奇怪的山羊状
生物，看起来好像与牛有某种关系)”符合语境。故选G。
5．答案 C
解析 由上文“The creature had hidden safely...in danger.(这种生物已经在武广地区安全地隐藏了好几代。但一旦被发现，它就处于危险之中。)”和下文“Sadly，the Saola is now...
endangered species.(不幸的是，Saola现在正被猎杀，很可能会成为另一个濒危物种。)”可
知，Saola处于危险之中，空格处和后文为因果关系，正是因为猎人不尊重新物种，Saola才
会被猎杀，C选项“猎人不尊重新物种”切合语境。故选C。
语境猜词
①slippery(派)＝slip＋per＋y湿滑的，容易打滑的
②endangered(派)＝en＋danger＋ed ( 动植物 ) 濒危的
