专题 11 书面表达
2022-2023 学年九年级英语上学期期末高分冲刺专练
一、话题作文
1.你在生活或学习中一定取得过不少进步,比如生活技能的获得、学习方法的掌
握。良好习惯的养成。请选取其中一个方面,结合自身经历,谈一谈你是如何取得这
一进步的,以及毕业前你下一步的打算。请以My progress为题写一篇短文。
要求:(1)观点正确、条理清晰、表达流畅;
(2)文中不得出现自己的真实姓名和学校名称;
(3)卷面整洁,书写工整,词数80词左右。
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______
2.“绿水青山就是金山银山。”请你结合自己平时保护环境的一些做法,以
“How to Make Our Hometown More Beautiful"为题,写一篇英语短文。
写作要求:
1.表达清楚,语法正确,上下文连贯;
2.80词左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数);
3.文中不得出现真实的地名、校名、人名等信息。参考词汇: environment ; pollution; reduce; sort the rubbish(垃圾分类)
The clean water and green mountains are our
treasures.___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________
3.节日是了解各国文化的窗口,中外节日中,最令你青睐的是什么节日?你对它
有什么了解?请以My favorite festival为主题写一篇短文。
要求:1. 词数不少于80词。
2.文中不得出现真实的人名、校名。
3.包含以上提到的所有信息。
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__
4.提示: 情绪,是指人有喜、怒、哀、乐、惧等心理体验, 这种体验是人对客
观事物态度的一种反映。我们如果管理不好情绪,不但处理不好每天的生活,还会给
身体带来伤害。请你以“How to Keep Happy in Everyday Life”为题,分享你是如何保
持开心的。要求:1. 语言流畅、书写规范、卷面整洁,词数不少于60个;
2. 文中不得使用真实姓名、校名,否则以零分计;
3. 请将短文写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
5.自从“双减”政策实施以来,我们学生有更多的空闲时间参与文娱、体育、艺
术等方面的课外活动,这些活动为我们的生活增添了生机和活力。请以“After-school
Activities Make My Life Colorful”为题,写一篇英语短文来介绍你参与的课外活动。
内容:1. 介绍你所参与的1至2项关于文娱、体育或艺术方面的课外活动;
2.谈一谈课外活动给你带来的收获及感受。
要求:1.文中不得出现真实姓名校名或地名;
2.语言通顺,意思连贯,书写工整;
3.词数在80词左右,短文开头已给出,不计入总词数。
After- school Activities Make My Life Colorful
Nowadays, we have more free time to take part in after -school
activities.___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
二、材料作文
6.书面表达
76. 减负之后,同学们有了更多的课余时间。某校英语角就“如何让课余生活更有意
义?”展开了讨论,大家各抒己见。请你根据下图提示,以“How To Make Our Spare
Time More
Meaningful?”为题,用英语写一篇短文。
注意: (1)短文应包括所给内容要点,可适当发挥,使文章连贯;
(2)词数90左右,短文开头已给出,不计入总词数;
(3)短文中不得出现考生的真实姓名、校名等信息。
(4)参考词汇:提升素养promote literacy
How To Make Our Spare Time More Meaningful?
Nowadays, we students have much more spare time than ever before, but how to make our
spare time more meaningful?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________7.2020年,因为疫情(COVID-19)我们第一次居家上网课;2022年,我们又有
了同样的经历。形式一样,感受不同。原来我们重视程度不够,听讲不够认真,课上
悄悄玩游戏、聊天;但这次我们有了变化:有的同学准备更加充分,笔记、作业完成
的更好,有的同学提高了自己的自控能力,学会了合理利用时间,还有的同学学会和
家人和睦相处,分享烦恼,解决问题……请以My Online Classes为题,总结自己眼中
的网课变化,并就如何更好的上网课给学弟学妹们提出至少两条建议。
注意:
(1)词数100词左右;
(2)短文应包括所给内容要点,可适当发挥,使文章连贯;
(3)短文中不得出现考生的真实姓名、校名等信息。
My Online Classes
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8.初中生活已近尾声,同学们即将步入高一级学校。请你仔细阅读下表中的内容
和所给提示,从下面两所学校中选择一所你喜欢的学校,并根据该校信息写一篇短文。
Names
Purple School Orange School
Items(条目)
Schools public, a long history private, well-known
Teachers hard-working young and active
Students less homework colorful activities
提示:(1) Which school would you like to go to?
(2) Why do you choose it?
注意:1. 短文须包括表格中你所选学校的全部信息和提示中的两个要点,可适当
发挥;2. 文中不得出现真实的地名、校名和人名;3. 词数80个左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数)
I would like to go to
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___
9.假如某中学生英文报开展关于生活变化的征文活动,请你根据下表中的提示,
以“Changes in Our Life”为题写一篇短文,简述社会及个人生活各方面的变化,展望未
来并浅谈如何为之努力。
家乡 老旧房屋→高楼林立
变化 交通 步行;骑车→乘坐公交车;开小汽车
个人 书本学习→网络学习
愿望 更加美好的生活(或自拟内容,说明自己的理想生活)
打算 ……
要求:1. 词数80左右; 2. 必须包含所有提示内容,可适当发挥;
3. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Changes in Our Life
Great changes have taken place in our life in the past few years.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
I believe that our life will be better and better.
10.阅读是英语学习的重要途径。请你结合下面图示信息,以“How reading
improves my English”为题,根据写作要求,用英语写一篇短文,向学校校刊的英语专
栏投稿。
写作要求:
1)文中须包含上图提示的所有信息,可适当发挥;
2)文中不得出现考生的真实姓名和学校名称;
3)词数100左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数)。
参考词汇:improve 提高
How reading improves my English
Reading plays an important role in my English learning.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________三、看图作文
11.
假如你是李华,最近,你看到TEENS上正在开展以“Colourful school activities”为
主题的征文活动。请结合图片提示,介绍学校开展的活动,并陈述你参加此活动的理
由或收获。
1. 征文稿要求语句通顺、意思连贯、符合题意;
2. 思维导图非限定性内容,仅供参考;
3. 词数 100个左右,征文稿的首尾已在答题卡上给出,不计入总词数;
4. 征文稿中不得使用真实的个人及学校信息。
My school life is colourful, especially the school activities.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
12.如今,很多父母望子成龙心切,给孩子安排很多任务,导致孩子没有了自己
的周末,如下图中的Jack。请分析图中的这种现象并谈谈你的看法,以“Weekend or
Not?”为题,写一篇约110词的英语短文向Parents杂志投稿,让父母们通过阅读你的文
章能有所启发。注意: 文中不得出现“Jack”以外的人名或任何学校名称。
Weekend or Not?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
13.越来越多的人将阅读作为一种生活习惯。假如你是李欣,你校校园电视台英
语栏目正在征集以阅读为主题的视频,请根据以下图示撰写视频文稿。1. ___ways___ 2. ___family___
注意:
1. 请先在答题卡上填写图示中空格(一空一词);
2. 须全面反映图文信息;
3. 文中不能出现真实姓名及学校名称;
4. 词数80—100,开头已给出,且不计入总词数。
Hello, everyone. I’m Li Xin.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
14.近些年,人们的交流方式有了许多改变,请根据图画写一篇80词左右的英语短文,描述今昔通信方式的变化,以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意:1. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
3. 文中不能出现真实的人名、地名。
参考词汇:communicate with (与……交流),efficient (效率高的)
The Changes of the Way of Communication
Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people’s life in recent
years.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
In a word, people have an easier life nowadays.
15.假如你校有几位来自美国的交换生,他们打算周末步行去翠湖公园。请根据提示
为他们写出前往的路线,并简介公园情况。
①路线(见下图)②公园环境优美、凉爽,还可以游泳、野餐等;
要求:①词数:80词左右,开头已给出,不计入总词数。②文中不能出现自己的姓名
和所在学校的名称。
Cuihu Park is not far from here. It's easy to get there. Just go straight
四、书信作文
16.假如你是某中学生英语报刊的知心栏目负责人Sam,你收到一名学生Lily的
来信,请你根据信件内容及所给提示,给出建议。
Dear Sam,I am a grade 9 student. I often stay up late to complete my homework. In this
way, I feel tired during the daytime and fall asleep in class. As a result, I can’t get good
scores and I don’t have my personal time to relax myself. This makes me feel stressed and
unhappy. What should I do?
Yours,
Lily
内容提示:
(1)不要熬夜,熬夜对身体健康不好;
(2)合理安排时间,尽可能在学校多完成作业;(3)周末适当放松,通过运动锻炼缓解压力;
(4)……(提出一个你的建议)
要求:
(1)表达清楚,语句通顺;
(2)要点必须包括上文所有信息并适当发挥;
(3)词数:80 词左右。开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Lily,What you said is common among some middle school students. Here are my
suggestions for you.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Hope you can get out of your problems soon.
Yours,
Sam
17.2020年3月3日是联合国第七个"世界野生动植物日",我国提出了"维护全球
生命共同体"的主题。我们的世界因这些生物而丰富多彩、妙趣横生。保护它们,就是
守护我们的未来。下面,让我们一起来听听熊猫惜惜的倾诉吧!
假如你是熊猫惜惜,请根据以下信息给人类朋友写一封80词左右的书信。
要求:1.信中包含所给信息内容;2.适当增加细节,使行文连贯。
注意:1.文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;2.书信的开头和结尾已为你写出,不计入
总词数。1.基本信息:13岁,来自四川,中国的象征;爱好(自主发挥)。
2.我的烦恼:朋友少,家园常常遭到破坏……
3.我的愿望或建议(自主发挥,至少两条)。
参考词汇:symbol (n. 象征) 、destroy (v. 破坏)
Dear friends,
My name is Xixi.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Yours,
Xixi
18.假设你叫李华,即将从初中毕业。请你根据下面表格中的信息给校长写一封
信,谈谈你对学校的一些看法。
优点 不足
优秀的老师 课外活动少
友好的同学 休息时间短
美丽的校园 ……
你的建议……
提示词:schoolyard校园
要求:1.短文应涵盖上述所有内容,可适当发挥。
2.行文连贯,条理清楚,语句通顺,书写规范。3.不得在文中出现学校名称和人名。
4.词数80-100,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总数。
Dear Mr./Ms. Headmaster,I am writing to show my sincere gratitude to you for the
progress I have made in the past three years.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Li Hua
19.假如你是李华,你的笔友Mark将要来你家做客,向你寻问如何在中国举止得
当。请根据下面的提示,给Mark写一封80~100词的回信。把答案写在答题卡上相应
位置。(可能用到的单词:chopsticks筷子)
1. 见面礼仪。 2. 餐桌礼仪。 3. 外出礼仪。
Dear Mark,
I am glad to hear that you are coming to China soon. I’d like to give you some
suggestions on how to behave properly in China.
When you come to my house,
__________________________________________________________
When you are eating with us,
__________________________________________________________
Before you go outside,
__________________________________________________________
A safe trip to you and I hope to meet you soon!
Best wishes,
Li Hua20.假设你是李华,你所在的国际学校下个月将会举行以“让世界听到中国声
音”为主题的中国文化节。请你写一封邀请信,邀请同学们参加此次活动。
内容包括:
1.举办此次活动的目的;
2.中国文化节的具体活动(举办汉语角、组织中国图书展览、举办关于中国传统文化的
讲座等);
3.邀请大家参加此次活动。
注意:
1.词数80~100,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数;
2.短文需包括所给信息,可以适当增加细节,使行文流畅;
3.在文中不要出现考生和相关人物的真实姓名和校名。
Dear fellow students,
There will be a Chinese culture festival in our school next month.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
五、电子邮件
21.假如你是李华,你所在的学校社团将举行一场交流分享会,主题是“如何准
备听说考试”(How to Prepare for the Listening and Speaking Test)。请你用英文给你
的交换生Peter写一封邮件,邀请他参加,告诉他具体的时间和地点,并建议他做一些
准备。
提示词语:discuss,practice,share
提示问题:When and where are you going to hold the sharing meeting?
What do you advise Peter to do?Dear Peter,
I’m writing to invite you to come to our sharing meeting.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
22.假设你是李华,你的英国朋友John来信表示他对中国的剪纸 ( paper cutting)
很感兴趣。请你用英文回复一封邮件向他介绍剪纸。
要点:
1. 剪纸是中国传统技艺之一,受到人们的喜爱;
2. 剪纸有各种形状,如动物花和汉字 (character) 等;
3. 剪纸通常被贴在窗户门或者墙上,因为人们认为它能带来幸福和好运。
要求:
1. 必须包括所有内容要点,可适当增加细节;
2. 词数:80词左右,邮件开头和结尾已给出,但不计入总词数。
Dear John,
I am glad that you are interested in Chinese paper cutting.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
I truly hope this e-mail will help you understand more about Chinese paper cutting.
Yours,
23.假如你是Jim,正在美国学习。你的中国朋友Li Ping在学习英语过程中遇到了一些困难,向你求助,请你给他写一封电子邮件,介绍一些你学英语的方法,并鼓
励他一定要动脑学,别放弃。
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
24.假如你是李华,你们班输了上周的篮球赛。Henry认为是他未能投进最后一球所
造成的,有的队友也因此而责怪他。请你写一封英文邮件安慰他,谈谈你对此事的看
法,并就如何取得队友的理解提出建议。
要求:
(1)80词左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数);
(2)可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
(3)信中不得出现真实人名和校名。
Dear Henry,
I learned that you are feeling sorry and upset because of losing the basketball game…
25.假定你是李华,校摄影社团(Photography Club)负责人。社团计划近期举办
一期“外国人眼中的美丽深圳”摄影展。请你写一封email,邀请外教Jeff参加。
内容如下:
(1)举办摄影展的目的;
(2)作品要求与截止时间;
(3)你的愿望。
注意:(1)词数80左右;
(2)可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Jeff,
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
六、讲稿
26.近段时间,某中学不少学生因感冒不能正常上课,影响了学习。为此,学生
会主席李华准备利用English Broadcast时间建议学生养成良好的生活习惯和加强体育
锻炼,以提高身体素质。请你根据下表提示,为他准备一份英语,发言稿。
现
因感冒不能上课,影响了学习
象
健康饮食……
生活习惯
保证睡眠……
建
议
加强锻炼 参加体育活动……
其他 ……
期
……
望
参考词汇: affect vt. 影响
要求:
(1)短文须包含要点提示中的所有信息,可适当发挥;
(2)词数:80左右(短文开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数);
(3)文中不得出现真实姓名、校名和地名。Boys and girls,Welcome to our English Broadcast! I’m Li Hua, the chairman of
Students’ Union.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________
That’s all! Thanks for your listening!
27.假如你是李华,是一名学生。为大力推进生态文明建设,你所在的城市正开
展以“绿色生活,美丽家园”为主题的宣传月活动。请你根据以下提示以“共建美丽
家园”为主题,写一篇英语演讲稿,呼吁大家爱护环境、保护生态,建设美丽家园。
1.要点:
主题 Build green and beautiful hometown together
绿色出行,避免交通拥堵,减少空气污染;
具体做法 不乱扔垃圾,让家园变得干净舒适;
植树造林,美化家园,保护环境。
你的建议 ……
2.要求:文章必须包含所给的所有要点,可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3.文中不要出现所在学校的名称和师生姓名;
4.词数100左右,文章开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
提示词:垃圾箱dustbin;交通拥堵 traffic jams
Hello, everyone!
I’m Li Hua, a student from No.1 High School. Today I’d like to share my opinions on
“Build green and beautiful hometown together”.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________
28.有效控制愤怒能帮助我们恢复理智,找回方向,解决问题。你校English
Coner 将进行“Control Your Anger and Solve Your Problem”的成长分享。请你写一篇发
言稿,讲述你通过有效控制愤怒,成功解决某一问题的小故事,并分享你的感悟。
要求:
1. 80—120词,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词
2. 文中不能出现自己的姓名和所在学校的名称。
参考词汇:anger n.[U] 愤怒
1.有效控制愤怒,成功解决问题的小故事(起因、经过、结果)
2.你的感悟(保持冷静、学会反思、有效沟通……)
3. ……
Control Your Anger and Solve Your Problem
Have you ever controlled your anger and solved a problem better?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___
Thanks for listening.
29.假如你是李华,即将参加你们班主办的“I love you, my dear teachers”英语主题演
讲活动,请你写篇演讲稿,内容要点如下:
1. 因为关爱,改变了很多坏习惯;
2. 上课生动有趣,成绩提升了很多:3. 作业不多,选做自己感兴趣的作业:
4. 重视劳动教育和体育锻炼:
5. 补充一到两点个人想法。
注意:
1. 文中不能透露个人姓名和学校名称;
2. 词数60-80;
3. 内容连贯,不要逐条翻译;
4. 开头和已给出,不计入总数。
参考词汇:lively adj. 生动 give importance to重视 labor education劳动教育
I Love You, My Dear Teachers
How time flies! Three years has passed. On this special day, I want to say “I love you, dear
teachers!” _______
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Thank you, my dear teachers and I love you from the bottom of my heart.
30.生命中总有一些值得我们感恩的人。最近,无锡教育电视台将举办题为“The
Person I Want to Thank”的英语演讲比赛。假如你想感谢身边某位对你有影响的人(父/母
亲、老师、 朋友……),请根据以下流程图写一篇英文演讲稿参加比赛。注意事项:
1. 演讲稿须根据流程图自拟,要求语句通顺、意思连贯、符合题意;
2. 流程图中括号部分为非限定性内容,仅供参考;
3. 词数在100个左右,演讲稿的首尾已在答题卡上给出,不计入总词数;
4. 演讲稿中不得使用真实的个人及学校信息;
5. 演讲稿必须写在答题卡指定的位置上。
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________