句子成分，简单句，并列句（讲义）
目录
一 句子成分解析
二 英语句子分类
三 并列句易错点
四 高考模拟试题
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。
主语通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。
1）名词：A tree has fallen across the road.
（2）代词：He told a joke but it fell flat.
（3）数词：Three is enough.
（4）动名词：Smoking is bad for you.
（5）不定式： To find your way can be a problem.
（6）it 形式主语：It is certain that he will win the match.
（7）从句：That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
谓语：主语的行为或状态，一般在主语之后。
谓语反映：时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等。
I. 常用的动词时态
时间
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
形态
一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked
完成
have/has been asking
进行
I. 常用被动语态
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变
化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下：
be（时态、人称、数的变化形式）+物动词的过去分词
一般 进行 完成 完成进行
时间形态
have/has
am/is/are being
has/ have been
现在 am/is/are done been being
done done
done
was/were being
过去 was/were done had been done
done
shall/will have
将来 shall/will be done
been done
should/would be
过去将来
done
含有情态动词 must be / have been done
谓语分为：简单谓语和复合谓语。
The breeze brushed her cheek.
I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.（“助动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。）
He might be able to speak English.（“情态动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。）
宾语: 是动作的对象或承受者， 一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。
可以作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。
（1）名词：Do you fancy a drink?
（2）代词：They won’t hurt us.
（3）数词：If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.
（4）不定式：Does she really want to leave home?
（5）动名词：We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen.
（6）从句（即宾语从句）：Do you understand what I mean?
（7）it 形式宾语：I find it difficult to learn English well.
2. 宾语的种类
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）
间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in computer studies.
表语：用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。表语与系动词一起构成复合谓语 (系
表结构)。
可作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、过去分词、介词短
语、从句。（1）名词：The wedding was that Sunday.
（2）代词：Seventy-four?—You don’t look it.
（3）数词：We are seven.
（4）形容词：Are you busy?
（5）副词：I am here.
（6）不定式：All I could do was to wait.
（7）动名词：Seeing is believing.
（8）过去分词：I’m very pleased with what he has done.
（9）介词短语：She is in good health.
（10）从句：That is why I was angry.
定语：是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。
可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、分词、不定式、动名词、介词短
语和从句等。
（1）形容词：She is a natural musician.
（2）名词：A baby girl is crying.
（3）代词：Your hair needs cutting.（物主代词）
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.（不定代词所有格）
（4）数词：Do it now, you may not get a second chance. （序数词）
（5）副词：The room above is my sister’s. （副词作定语后置）
（6）不定式：Her promise to write was forgotten.
（7）动名词：Learning methods vary from person to person.
（8）分词： The broken window has been replaced.（过去分词）
The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.(现在分词）
（9）介词短语：This is a map of China.
（10）从句(定语从句): The car that is parked outside is mine.
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。
主语补足语: 补充说明主语意义的句子成分。
宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语意义的句子成分。可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
（1）You must keep the room clean and tidy.
（2） John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
（3） I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
（4） We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground
状语: 状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。
可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结
构和从句等。
状语的分类：状语按用途可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、
程度、方式、伴随等 。
He was late because he got up late.
He got up so late that I missed the train.
My father worked in this school ten years ago.
I waited to see you.
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
This book is very interesting.
The meeting over，we left the room．
He arrived home, hungry and tired.
They cared for the child day and night.
同位语：对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位
的句子成分叫做同位语。
（1）名词：We, the Chinese people, are determined to
build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
（2）代词：They all wanted to see him.
He himself doesn’t know why.
（3）数词：Are you two ready?
（4）同位语从句：The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间
没有语法关系。
To be frank, I don’t agree with you.
Strictly speaking, you are wrong.
This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.
英语句子分类
英语句子分为: 简单句、并列句、复合句
简单句
1. 英语的基本句型
（1）主语 ＋谓语（不及物动词）
She came．/ My head aches.
主谓结构的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。但也可以加介词跟宾语：“主＋谓+介
词+宾语”。We go to school everyday.
（2）主语 ＋谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语
She likes English.
（3）主语 ＋谓语（双宾动词）＋ 间宾＋直宾
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise
等。
he gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
（4）主语 ＋谓语（宾补动词）＋ 宾语＋宾补
She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）,
force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider
（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。
（5）主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
She is happy．
（6）There +be
There lies a book on the desk.
2. 简单句的扩展：基本句型 + 附属成分（定语、状语）
She likes oranges imported from the USA.
John gave Mary many books，which are full of picturess．She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
并列句
并列句由两个或者两个以上独立分句并列在一起构成， 起基本结构是 分句加并列连词加
分句。
在并列句中， 除了使用并列连词以外还可以使用并列连词词组， 或者连接副词来连接分
句，有时甚至不用并列连词， 只用逗号. 分号. 冒号等把分句隔开。
常用的并列连词有：and , but , or, for, so , neither, nor …
并列连词词组有：either…or, neither…nor, both…and, as well as, not only…but also…
连接副词有：besides, furthermore, moreover …
1. 表示联合关系
常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词
There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.
I can neither write songs nor play the guitar.
2. 表示选择关系
常用or, either …or 等连词
We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk.
…either one of his daughters replaces him as a prisoner in the castle, or he will die. …
3. 表示转折和对比关系
常用yet， but， however， while 等
but表示完全转折， 语气较强。 while主要表示对比。 however在使用时必须用逗
号把它和句子其他成分隔开。 yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。
Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors.
They wanted to charge ﹩5,000 for the car, but we managed to bring the price down.
In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their
children.
One can not see wind, however, it does exist.
I’d like to go with you ; however , my hands are full.
The essay is good; it could be improved ,however.
He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词)
It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词)4. 表示因果关系
常用so， for，therefore等连接词
I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning.
It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home.
He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail.
5. 表示条件或者结果
常用and或者or等连词
Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time.
Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident .
Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better.
You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past.
6. 表示递进关系
常用besides， furthermore，moreover等连接副词。
Television is entertaining; besides/furthermore/moreover, it is instructive.
并列句固定句型
1.包含并列连词的特殊句式。
(1)祈使句，and/or＋主谓结构。
(2)名词短语，and＋主谓结构。
(3).be about to...when...正要……这时突然……
Climb to the top of the mountain，and you'll get a good view of the city.
Hurry up，or you'll be late.
Another five minutes，and I'll finish the composition.
A few minutes and they went away.
He was about to go out when it began to rain heavily.
2.however，but，while的用法比较。
however另起新句,有逗号与句子隔开。but不需另起新句。while既表示对比，又表转折。
He was ill，but he still kept on working.
What she said sounded reasonable，Mr. Green，however，didn't believe her. 她说得有道理，
然而，格林先生就是不信她。
There is plenty of rain in the south while there is little rain in the north. 南方多雨而北方少
雨。
3.(1) so不能与because连用。(2)but，while不与although连用，但yet，still可与although连用
并列句易错点
误区一 并列连词的缺失或误用
(1)【误】We bought her a birthday present, she liked it very much.
【正】We bought her a birthday present, and she liked it very much.
[分析] 分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“我们给她买了生日礼物，
而且她很喜欢”可知，前后分句之间是并列关系，故在she前加and。
(2)【误】Everyone in the town knew him, we had no trouble finding his house.
【正】Everyone in the town knew him, so we had no trouble finding his house.
[分析] 分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“镇上谁都认识他，因此
我们毫不费力就找到了他的家”可知，前后分句之间是因果关系，故在we前加so。
(3)【误】Come a little earlier next time, and you'll miss the best part of the TV play.
【正】Come a little earlier next time, or/otherwise you'll miss the best part of the TV play.
[分析] 此句是“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”句型。
[注意] 导致以上错误的原因主要在于两方面：①用逗号连接两个简单句；②不清楚
句意或句式区别造成连词误用。要记住，逗号前后不能为两句话，要么其中一个是从句，
要么有连词连接，这才符合语法规则。另外，还应注意避免机械地排列简单句，这也是书
面表达中不能取得高分的原因之一，如：
I believe I am fit for it. I'm writing to apply for the position.
如果我们把这两个意义相关的句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子：
I believe I am fit for it， so I'm writing to apply for the position.
比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的
逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（23-24 广东深圳·一模）Not only ________my skills of communication but also
________me to know more about our traditional culture.A．the activity trained; it allowed B．did the activity train; did it allow
C．did the activity train; it allowed D．the activity trained; did it allow
2．（2024·山东济南·二模）— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022.
— ______! Will it pass my house?
A．What an excited news B．What exciting news
C．How an excited news D．How exciting news
3．（2024·山东烟台·二模）John, read the text for us, ______?
A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you
4．（2024·山东·临沂三模）______ polite to others, and you will find it easy to get on well with
them.
A．Being B．Doing C．Be D．Do
5．（2024·山东日照·三模）—Can you tell me ______ he will come back?
—In two weeks.
A．how long B．how far C．how soon D．how much
6．（2024·山东济南·二模）It’s fine today. Let’s go a walk, ______?
A．do you B．let we C．shall we D．does it
7．（2024·山东济南·二模）-- ______?
--Yes, a bit cold, though.
A．Freezing, isn't it B．Nice day, isn't it
C．Bad weather, don't you think D．Cold weather, isn't it
8．（2024·山东青岛·一模）__________advice the teacher gave us!
A．What B．What a C．What an D．How
9．（2024·山东·一模）Adams never has breakfast, __________ he?
A．does B．doesn’t C．has D．hasn’t
10．（2024·山烟台·一模）Work hard, __________you will have a bright future.
A．and B．or C．since D．but
11．（2024·北京·高考真题）In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-
trained agent will get you the help you need.
A．press B．to press
C．pressing D．pressed
二、翻译12．（2024·上海奉贤·一模）穿着睡衣去超市不太合适，不是吗? (It)
13．（2024·上海嘉定·二模）我刚才一不小心点了“提交申请”，还有可能撤回吗？(there
be)
14．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）冷静，别让焦虑影响你的表现。（or）
