专题 02 阅读理解（说明文）
（一）
（2025·河南郑州·一模）
Artificial intelligence (AI) might be the biggest winner of the Nobel Prize in 2024. US scientist John
Hopfield and British-Canadian Geoffrey Hinton won the 2024 Nobel Prize in physics for discoveries and
inventions in machine learning that paved the way for the AI rapid growth, according to Reuters.
In 1982, Hopfield created a network that helps computers store and recall patterns, similar to how our brains
remember things. A year later, Hinton developed the Boltzmann machine, which allows computers to learn
independently to recognize patterns in data, such as identifying specific objects in images.
As for the Nobel Prize in chemistry, US scientists David Baker and John Jumper, along with British
computer scientist Demis Hassabis, won the prize. Half the prize was awarded to Baker “for computational protein
design” while the other half was shared by Jumper and Hassabis for their development of the AI model AlphaFold2.
Scientists struggled for decades to predict how proteins fold into their 3D shapes that determine their
function. However, AlphaFold2, developed by AI research laboratory DeepMind, can accurately predict the 3D
structures of nearly all known proteins, showing great potential in the field of drug development.
“AI can be a powerful tool for solving problems that involve obtaining outputs from inputs, showing its great
potential in scientific research, ” Professor Yang Maojun from Tsinghua University told Science and Technology
Daily.
In his view, AI applications are not limited to fields like biology, chemistry or physics. Their range mainly
depends on how well problems from the real world can be abstracted into a form that AI can learn and process, and
whether there is sufficient real-world data to train and build deep learning networks.
AI's importance in scientific research is increasingly evident. Yang believes that scientists should actively
accept this trend while remaining aware of AI's limitations. Hinton expressed a similar concern at the Nobel press
conference. “We also have to worry about a number of possible bad consequences, particularly the threat of these
things getting out of control, ” he said.
“Humans carry the responsibility for using this new technology in a safe and ethical (合乎道德的) way, for
the greatest benefit of humankind,” said Ellen Moons, chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
1．What was John Hopfield’s contribution to the 2024 Nobel Prize in physics?
A．Inventing a new learning machine. B．Designing a new type of data processor.C．Creating an AI model for image analysis.D．Developing a network for pattern storage.
2．Why is AlphaFold2 important in the field of drug development?
A．It can forecast protein folding patterns. B．It can produce new proteins for drug use.
C．It can identify proteins related to diseases.D．It can analyze the genetic orders of proteins.
3．What may determine the potential of AI applications according to Yang Maojun?
A．The accuracy of AI training data. B．The effectiveness of machine learning.
C．The availability of enough real-world data. D．The level of real-world problem settlement.
4．What can be the best title of the passage?
A．AI also has its weak points. B．AI should benefit humankind.
C．AI steals the show at the Nobel Prize. D．AI may run out of control in the future.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述人工智能可能是今年诺贝尔奖的最大赢家。美国科学John
Hopfield和英裔加拿大人Geoffrey Hinton获得了诺贝尔奖物理学奖，他们的发明为人工智能的快速发展铺
平了道路。诺贝尔化学奖也有与人工智能相关的贡献。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In 1982, Hopfield created a network that helps computers store and recall
patterns, similar to how our brains remember things. (1982年，Hopfield创建了一个网络，帮助计算机存储和
回忆模式，类似于我们的大脑记忆事物的方式)”可知，John Hopfield对2024年诺贝尔物理学奖的贡献是发
明了一种存储模式的网络，故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Scientists struggled for decades to predict how proteins fold into their 3D
shapes that determine their function. However, AlphaFold2, developed by AI research laboratory DeepMind, can
accurately predict the 3D structures of nearly all known proteins, showing great potential in the field of drug
development. (几十年来，科学家们一直在努力预测蛋白质如何折叠成决定其功能的3D形状。然而，人工
智能研究实验室DeepMind开发的AlphaFold2可以准确预测几乎所有已知蛋白质的3D结构，在药物开发
领域显示出巨大的潜力)”可知，AlphaFold2可以预测蛋白质的折叠模式，因此在药物开发领域非常重要，
故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“In his view, AI applications are not limited to fields like biology, chemistry
or physics. Their range mainly depends on how well problems from the real world can be abstracted into a form
that AI can learn and process, and whether there is sufficient real-world data to train and build deep learning
networks. (在他看来，人工智能的应用并不局限于生物、化学或物理等领域。它们的范围主要取决于现实
世界中的问题能在多大程度上抽象成人工智能可以学习和处理的形式，以及是否有足够的现实世界数据来训练和构建深度学习网络)”可知，杨茂君认为足够的现实世界数据的可用性决定了人工智能应用的潜力，
故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“Artificial intelligence (AI) might be the biggest winner of the
Nobel Prize in2024. (人工智能可能是2024年诺贝尔奖的最大赢家)”可知，文章主要在围绕着AI在2024年
诺贝尔奖中不但实现了零的突破，而且所占的比重很大来展开，所以C项“AI steals the show at the Nobel
Prize (人工智能在诺贝尔奖上抢尽风头)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。
（二）
（2025·河南安阳·一模）
Most of us use too much laundry detergent (洗涤剂), which can present all kinds of problems. Whatever
amount of detergent you use, it must be completely rinsed (漂洗) away.
There are so many variables. Generally, for a standard-size washing machine in areas with soft water, use 1
tablespoon of high-efficiency detergent per wash load. If you have hard water, use 2 tablespoons.
Then there comes the question, “How do I know if my water is hard or soft?” Call your water company or go
to its website to learn about the grains of hardness per liter in your local water supply. If the water quality is a little
bit hard and you want precise control, use 1.5 tablespoons of high-efficiency detergent per load.
Another important variable is the machine capacity. If it’s a super-size machine, you need to adjust the
amount of detergent accordingly. Check the instructions for guidance. Also, you may need to use more or less
detergent if you’re running a heavily soiled load or a very small load.
Above all, the most important thing to consider when it comes to laundry detergent is whether or not the
detergent gets completely rinsed away before that load of laundry is finished.
The next time you do a load of wash, take a washcloth out of the dryer when it is finished and put it in a
warm dish of water. If the water remains clean, it means you have not used too much detergent. If the water turns
even slightly cloudy, it means all the detergent has not been removed and you’re using too much detergent.
Finding the exact amount of laundry detergent you need based on the hardness of your water, the size of your
washing machine and the size of the laundry load may take experimentation. But once you discover what’s right for
you — and you are getting all that detergent out of the clothes, too — you’re going to be pleasantly surprised by the
fantastic results.
1．How can one know the hardness of water in his area?
A．By counting the grains in the water. B．By checking the water color.
C．By communicating with neighbors. D．By consulting the water company.2．What is the purpose of using a washcloth according to paragraph 6?
A．To see whether the dryer works well.
B．To show how to determine the load properly.
C．To judge whether the laundry detergent is totally rinsed away.
D．To prove water hardness influences how much water is used.
3．What conclusion can be drawn about laundry detergent?
A．The more, the cleaner. B．More isn’t necessarily better.
C．The users have the final say. D．Quality is more important than quantity.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．The Science of Laundry Detergent
B．The Impact of Laundry Detergent on the Environment
C．How to Figure Out the Right Amount of Laundry Detergent
D．What to Take into Consideration When Choosing a Washing Machine
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了使用过多洗衣液会有问题，阐述了根据水质硬度、洗衣机容量等
确定洗衣液用量的方法及检测洗衣液是否漂洗干净的方式。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Call your water company or go to its website to learn about the grains of
hardness per liter in your local water supply.(打电话给你的供水公司或访问其网站，了解你当地供水每升的硬
度颗粒数)”可知，通过咨询供水公司可以知道所在地区水的硬度。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第六段“The next time you do a load of wash, take a washcloth out of the dryer when it is
finished and put it in a warm dish of water. If the water remains clean, it means you have not used too much
detergent. If the water turns even slightly cloudy, it means all the detergent has not been removed and you’re using
too much detergent.(下次你洗衣服时，洗完后从烘干机里拿出一块毛巾，把它放在一盘温水中。如果水保持
干净，说明你没有使用过多的洗涤剂。如果水哪怕只是稍微变浑浊，就意味着所有的洗涤剂都没有被去除，
你使用的洗涤剂太多了)”可知，使用毛巾的目的是判断洗衣液是否被完全漂洗干净。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Most of us use too much laundry detergent (洗涤剂), which can present all kinds
of problems.(我们大多数人使用的洗衣液太多了，这会带来各种各样的问题)”以及全文内容可知，使用过多
洗衣液会有问题，所以洗衣液并非越多越好。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“There are so many variables. Generally, for a standard size washing machine in
areas with soft water, use 1 tablespoon of high efficiency detergent per wash load. If you have hard water, use 2tablespoons.(有很多变量。一般来说，对于软水地区的标准尺寸洗衣机，每次洗涤使用1汤匙高效洗涤剂。
如果你使用的是硬水，则使用2汤匙)”、第四段“Another important variable is the machine capacity.(另一个
重要的变量是洗衣机的容量)”以及最后一段“Finding the exact amount of laundry detergent you need based on
the hardness of your water, the size of your washing machine and the size of the laundry load may take
experimentation.(根据水的硬度、洗衣机的大小和洗衣量来确定你所需的确切洗衣液用量可能需要进行试
验)”等内容可知，文章主要围绕如何确定合适的洗衣液用量展开。故C项“How to Figure Out the Right
Amount of Laundry Detergent(如何确定合适的洗衣液用量)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选C项。
（三）
（2025·河南安阳·一模）
What is happiness? Gopnik’s new book All That Happiness Is provides an answer. It suggests that happiness
is the pursuit of something meaningful.
What that pursuit requires, and how we know if we might have arrived at the desired destination are the meat
of the book, with Gopnik sharing a personal moment of great happiness, when he locked himself in his teenage
bedroom with a guitar and pursued the knowledge of a handful of rock ‘n’ roll from the Beatles songbook.
Gopnik declares that 50 years on he is “not much better” at the guitar than he was at the end of that first
week. However, the period of self-study, during which he discovered some measure of the Beatles’ magic for
himself, became the foundation of almost every accomplishment in his life since.
Gopnik draws a distinction between “accomplishment” and “achievement”, stating that accomplishment is
rooted in an internal sense of having done something interesting and worthwhile, while achievement is rooted in
external reward, having fulfilled the demands coming from an outside force.
I can’t help but think that today’s schools focus more on achievement than on accomplishment, which
obviously does harm to our pursuit of happiness. Students must consistently achieve without the accompanying
satisfaction of accomplishment.
All That Happiness Is calls for respecting the necessity and benefits of experiencing a sense of
accomplishment. Once that sense is achieved, the work required for external achievements comes more naturally.
Ultimately, to be happy, you have to center on what truly fulfills you. I can prove it. Even after a dozen
years, I still get a kick out of the choice of writing a column in my hometown newspaper, from which I gained a
sense of achievement.
It took me maybe 20 minutes to read All That Happiness Is, not much of an achievement; but the full worth
of a book isn’t in how long it took to read it, but in how long it continues to exist in our lives. In this case, Gopnikhas accomplished much.
1．What does Gopnik’s experience of learning the guitar mean to him?
A．It has given him a taste for the guitar. B．It has guided him to do something meaningful.
C．It has helped him make a lifelong career. D．It has taught him to learn all by himself.
2．How does achievement differ from accomplishment according to Gopnik?
A．Accomplishment comes from inside.
B．Accomplishment is easy to get.
C．Achievement has greater influence than accomplishment.
D．Achievement brings people more joy than accomplishment.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward today’s schools?
A．Unclear. B．Uncaring. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving.
4．What does the underlined part “get a kick out of” in paragraph 7 mean?
A．Feel regretful for. B．Gain pleasure from.
C．Get attracted by. D．Become nervous about.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章以Gopnik的新书All That Happiness Is探讨了什么是幸福。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, the period of self-study, during which he discovered some measure
of the Beatles’ magic for himself, became the foundation of almost every accomplishment in his life since.(然而，
在自学期间，他为自己发现了披头士的魔力，这成为他一生中几乎所有成就的基础)”可知，Gopnik学习吉
他的经历成为他一生中几乎所有成就的基础，即指导他去做出了一些有意义的事情，故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Gopnik draws a distinction between “accomplishment” and “achievement”,
stating that accomplishment is rooted in an internal sense of having done something interesting and
worthwhile(Gopnik对“成绩”和“成就”进行了区分，他指出，成绩根植于一种内在的感觉，即做了一些
有趣和有价值的事情)”可知，“成绩”来源于内在，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“I can’t help but think that today’s schools focus more on achievement than on
accomplishment, which obviously does harm to our pursuit of happiness.(我不禁认为，今天的学校更注重成绩，
而不是成就，这显然不利于我们追求幸福)”可知，作者不赞成当今学校的做法，故选D。
4．词句猜测题。根据划线短语前“Ultimately, to be happy, you have to center on what truly fulfills you.(最终，
要想快乐，你必须专注于真正能让你满足的事情)”以及后文“from which I gained a sense of achievement(从
中我获得了成就感)”可知，划线短语表示积极的情绪，做能让自己满足的事情应是有乐趣，get a kick out of意为“从中得到乐趣”，故选B。
（四）
（2025·河南新乡·一模）
Anxieties about children and reading are not unusual, but news that fewer than half of those aged 8 -18 admit
to actually enjoying it — the lowest level since 2005 — should raise a red flag. The survey, conducted by the
National Literacy Trust (NLT) ahead of World Book Day, also revealed a worrying picture of growing inequality.
One in 10 of 3, 000 parents and carers interviewed across the UK said they were too stressed to read to their
child because of economic pressures, doubling to nearly one in five among those who described themselves as
struggling financially. Meanwhile, 20% said they were spending less on books for their children as a result of the
cost of living crisis, rising to 36% among those in financial difficulty. This gap was thrown into sharp relief by sales
data for the last year, released by market analysts Nielsen Book Scan, which revealed a 15% increase in the overall
number of children's books sold compared with 2019, though that number has fallen back by 1.2% in the first
month of this year. If poorer families are spending less of the money invested in children's reading, it follows that
richer ones must be investing more.
The World Book Day survey was not all sadness and worry: it quoted government data showing that reading
levels rose slightly in primary schools between 2019 and 2022. But success in getting a child to jump through
hoops at 10 or 11 is only a small part of equipping that child to become a happy and willing reader, with all the
benefits that reading habits are known to bring.
So what is to be done? At a time of financial stress, libraries have a key role to play. A welcome sign that
they are doing so came with borrowing figures for last year. For the first time in 14 years, a children’s author —
Julia Donaldson, creator of The Gruffalo — topped the lending charts, with five others in the top 10. Libraries are
where children of all ages go to choose books for themselves, as opposed to bookshops, where parental budgets,
and tastes unavoidably have a noticeable effect.
1．What can we know from the first paragraph?
A．Worries about children and reading are unusual.
B．Most children aged 8 — 18 find reading interesting.
C．There is intelligence inequality among most children.
D．Fewer than half of the children aged 8 — 18 enjoy reading.
2．What makes some parents and carers unable to read to their children?
A．The shortage of time. B．Economic pressures.C．The inability to read. D．The lack of interest in reading.
3．Why does the author mention Julia Donaldson in the last paragraph?
A．To show the popularity of libraries. B．To stress the importance of reading.
C．To encourage children to read more. D．To introduce a famous children’s writer.
4．What role do libraries play in promoting reading among children?
A．They send free books to children.
B．They offer reading activities for children.
C．They are the main source of children’s books.
D．They provide equality in children’s reading to some extent.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文，英国的一项调查研究表明：孩子们阅读的不平等与家庭的收入有关，在资金紧
张时，图书馆可以在一定程度上促进儿童阅读的平等。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Anxieties about children and reading are not unusual, but news that fewer than
half of those aged 8 -18 admit to actually enjoying it — the lowest level since 2005 — should raise a red flag.(对孩
子和阅读的焦虑并不罕见，但有消息称，在8-18岁的年轻人中，只有不到一半的人承认自己真正喜欢阅读，
这是2005年以来的最低水平，这应该引起警惕)”可知，在8-18岁的年轻人中只有不到一半的人喜欢阅读，
故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“One in 10 of 3, 000 parents and carers interviewed across the UK said they
were too stressed to read to their child because of economic pressures, doubling to nearly one in five among those
who described themselves as struggling financially.(在英国接受采访的3000名父母和照顾者中，十分之一的人
表示，由于经济压力，他们压力太大，无法给孩子读书，在那些称自己经济困难的父母中，这一比例翻了
一番，达到近五分之一)”可知，经济方面的压力使得父母或者照顾者无法给孩子读书，故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“At a time of financial stress, libraries have a key role to play. A welcome
sign that they are doing so came with borrowing figures for last year. For the first time in 14 years, a children’s
author — Julia Donaldson, creator of The Gruffalo — topped the lending charts, with five others in the top 10.(在
资金紧张时期，图书馆可以发挥关键作用。去年的借书数据显示，他们正在这么做。14年来，儿童作家
——The Gruffalo的作者julia Donaldson——首次登上图书借阅榜榜首，另外五人进入前十)”可知，在资金
紧张时，图书馆可以在一定程度上促进儿童阅读的平等，且它们正在发挥作用，接着提到14年来儿童作家
Julia Donaldson首次登上图书借阅榜榜首，是为了证实上述观点，表明图书馆受到欢迎，故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Libraries are where children of all ages go to choose books for themselves,as opposed to bookshops, where parental budgets, and tastes unavoidably have a noticeable effect.(图书馆是所有
年龄段的孩子为自己选择书籍的地方，而不是像书店那样，父母的预算和品味不可避免地会产生明显的影
响)”可知，图书馆在某种程度上为孩子们的阅读提供了平等，故选D。
（五）
（2025·河南驻马店·一模）
Many think that language is what sets humans apart from other animals and that language is a must for us to
think. British philosopher Russell even claimed in 1948 that no intelligent thinking can take place without
language. However, a recent study in Nature suggests otherwise. It found that language and thought are two distinct
entities (实体), working in separate parts of the brain. In short, they are “far more independent than we imagined”,
wrote ZME Science.
The study explored the language-thought relationship through two research approaches. First, they studied
patients suffering from global aphasia (完全失语症), who had lost much of their ability to understand or speak due
to damage to the left part of their brain. However, they can still fulfil complex tasks “You can ask people with
global aphasia to solve math problems or perform social reasoning tests, and as long as the instructions are non-
verbal (非语言的), they can succeed,” Evelina Fedorenko, a US researcher, told ZME Science.
The researchers also used brain-imaging tools to study the brains of healthy volunteers as they performed
non-verbal tasks, like solving puzzles and planning. It was found that the brain’s language regions were mostly
inactive during such activities. In other words, we generally need language to express our thoughts, but we can still
think without words.
So, if language isn’t necessary for thinking, then why did humans develop it? Fedorenko said language
serves mainly as a tool for communication “Most of the things that you probably learned about the world are
learned through language but not through direct experience with the world,” she said. By being able to share
complex information through language, humans gained an evolutionary (进化的) advantage.
Although language doesn’t give rise to thoughts, past research shows that how we speak can heavily
influence how we think. For example, the English sentence “He fired the gun” is usually phrased as “The gun went
off” in Japanese. As a result, English speakers are more likely to focus on the person responsible for an accident
than Japanese speakers, according to Psychology Today.
1．What does the recent study show about language and thought?
A．Language and thought work separately. B．Language is the basis of intelligent thought.
C．Language and thought depend on each other. D．Language determines the complexity of thought.2．What does the underlined word “fulfil” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Understand. B．Complete. C．Assign. D．Manage.
3．What did the brain-imaging study on healthy people mainly focus on?
A．The changes in their brains’ language regions.
B．Their preferences for different non-verbal tasks.
C．Their ability to think while doing non-verbal tasks.
D．The impact of non-verbal tasks on their intelligence.
4．What role does Fedorenko think language plays in serving humans?
A．It helps humans to generate thoughts. B．It enhances humans’ problem-solving skills.
C．It enriches humans’ emotions as it develops. D．It allows humans to exchange and learn information.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了最近的研究表明语言和思维是分开工作的，解释了研究开展的
经过以及发现。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It found that language and thought are two distinct entities (实体), working in
separate parts of the brain. In short, they are “far more independent than we imagined”, wrote ZME Science.(研究
发现，语言和思维是两个截然不同的实体，分别在大脑的不同部分工作，简而言之，它们“比我们想象的
要独立得多”，ZME Science写道)”可知，最近的研究表明语言和思维是分开工作的。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“You can ask people with global aphasia to solve math problems or perform
social reasoning tests, and as long as the instructions are non-verbal (非语言的), they can succeed(你可以让患有
全局性失语症的人解决数学问题或进行社会推理测试，只要指令是非语言的，他们就能成功)”可知，后文
提到可以让全局性失语症的人解决数学问题或进行社会推理测试，说明失去了大部分理解或说话的能力但
是仍然能完成任务。故划线词意思是“完成”。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“The researchers also used brain-imaging tools to study the brains of healthy
volunteers as they performed non-verbal tasks, like solving puzzles and planning. It was found that the brain’s
language regions were mostly inactive during such activities. In other words, we generally need language to
express our thoughts, but we can still think without words. (研究人员还使用脑成像工具来研究健康志愿者在执
行非语言任务时的大脑，如解决谜题和计划。结果发现，在这些活动中，大脑的语言区域大多处于不活跃
状态。换句话说，我们通常需要语言来表达我们的想法，但我们仍然可以在没有语言的情况下思考)”可知，
健康人脑成像研究的重点是他们在做非语言任务时的思考能力。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Fedorenko said language serves mainly as a tool for communication “Mostof the things that you probably learned about the world are learned through language but not through direct
experience with the world,” she said. By being able to share complex information through language, humans gained
an evolutionary (进化的) advantage.(费多连科说，语言主要是作为一种交流的工具。她说：“你可能学到的
关于世界的大部分东西都是通过语言学习的，而不是通过对世界的直接体验。”通过语言分享复杂的信息，
人类获得了一种进化优势。)”可知，费多连科认为语言允许人们交换和学习信息。故选D。
（六）
2025届河南省信阳市高三第一次教学质量检测（一模）
As a writer specializing in psychology, I've come across hundreds of evidence-based tips for better thinking.
Few have proven as useful to me as the ancient strategy of illeism. Put simply, illeism is the practice of talking
about oneself in the third person, rather than the first person.
The rhetorical device (修辞手法) is often used by politicians to try to give their words an air of objectivity. In
his account of the Gallic War, for example, the emperor Julius Caesar wrote “Caesar avenged the public” rather
than “I avenged the public”. To the modern ear, illeism can sound a little silly or pompous. Yet recent psychological
research suggests that illeism can bring some real cognitive benefits. If we are trying to make a difficult decision,
speaking about ourselves in the third person can help to neutralise the emotions that could lead our thinking off the
right way, allowing us to find a wiser solution to our problem.
When making personal choices, we become too immersed (沉浸于) in our emotions, which cloud our thinking
and prevent us from dealing with our issues objectively. If I have received negative feedback from a colleague, for
example, my feeling of embarrassment might lead me to become overly self- defensive. I might therefore abandon
their opinions without considering whether their advice could be helpful in the long term.
By switching to the third person, our descriptions of the situation will start to sound as if we are talking about
someone else rather than ourselves. This sense of detachment (超脱) would allow us to see the bigger picture,
rather than getting caught up in our own feelings. By encouraging us to deal with our problems objectively, the use
of illeism may also help us to have a more balanced response to daily stresses.
1. What is illeism according to the passage?
A. Mentioning others in the third person. B. Referring to oneself in the third person.
C. Talking about oneself in the first person. D. Speaking about others in the first person.
2. Why do politicians often use illeism in their speeches?
A. To make their words more emotional. B. To make their language more complex.
C. To add a sense of humor to their speeches. D. To make their statements sound objective.3. What benefit of illeism does recent psychological research highlight?
A. It increases people's self- confidence. B. It improves people's physical health.
C. It aids in seeking for better approaches. D. It helps people make decisions more quickly.
4. How can illeism help when we deal with personal choices and emotions?
A. By making us feel less embarrassed. B. By encouraging us to be more defensive.
C. By making us ignore our emotions. D. By allowing us to take a broader view.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于“（过多地）使用第三人称自称”的探讨，包括其定义、
用法、心理效应及其在科学上的解释。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Put simply, illeism is the practice of talking about oneself in the third person, rather
than the first person.( 简单地说，illeism就是用第三人称而不是第一人称谈论自己的行为。)”可知，illeism
是用第三人称指代自己。故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段“The rhetorical device (修辞手法) is often used by politicians to try to give their
words an air of objectivity. (政客们经常使用这种修辞手法，以使他们的话显得客观。)”可知，政客们使用
“（过多地）使用第三人称自称”是为了让他们的陈述听起来更加客观。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第二段“Yet recent psychological research suggests that illeism can bring some real
cognitive benefits. If we are trying to make a difficult decision, speaking about ourselves in the third person can
help to neutralise the emotions that could lead our thinking off the right way, allowing us to find a wiser solution to
our problem.”(然而，最近的心理学研究表明，“（过多地）使用第三人称自称”行为可以带来一些真正的
认知益处。如果我们正试图做出一个困难的决定，用第三人称谈论自己可以帮助中和可能导致我们偏离正
确思路的情绪，让我们找到一个更明智的解决问题的方法。)”可知，“（过多地）使用第三人称自称”能
够通过帮助找到更明智的解决方案来改善思维方式。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“By switching to the third person, our descriptions of the situation will start to
sound as if we are talking about someone else rather than ourselves. This sense of detachment (超脱) would allow
us to see the bigger picture, rather than getting caught up in our own feelings.( 通过切换到第三人称，我们对情
况的描述将开始听起来好像我们在谈论别人而不是我们自己。这种超然的感觉会让我们看到更广阔的视野，
而不是陷入自己的感觉)”可知，“（过多地）使用第三人称自称”可以让我们更加客观地看待问题，看到
更广阔的视野。故选D。
（七）
2025届河南省信阳市高三第一次教学质量检测（一模）In recent years, some researchers have been exploring the possibility of so-called “automated valet parking”, a
function that would allow a car to drive itself from the entrance of a parking to a free parking spot. While this
autonomous driving application gathered great research interest, its reliable realization has so far proved
challenging.
Researchers at Mach Drive in Shanghai recently developed OCEAN, an Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory
plaNner for the autonomous parking of vehicles. This planner was found to significantly improve the ability of cars
to safely reach a parking spot, without colliding (碰撞) with objects on the way. It was designed to overcome the
two primary shortcomings of approaches presented in previous studies tackling autonomous parking. The first of
these is the inability to accurately predict collisions, while the second involves poor performance in real-time tests.
The OCEAN planner builds on a previously introduced approach called Hybrd Optimization-based Collision
Avoidance (H-OBCA), dealing with its primary limitations. Its improved design ultimately improves its ability to
avoid collisions, along with its stability and speed in real time. “To avoid collisions, we have redesigned a simpler
mathematical model and found a method to deal with the problem, making the solution process faster and more
efficient,” Wang, Lu and their colleagues wrote in their paper.
They tested their planner on hundreds of simulated (模拟的) scenes and conducted real-world experiments in
public parking areas. Their results were highly promising, as OCEAN was found to outperform a variety of
methods for autonomous parking applications.
“Results show that the proposed method has better system performance compared with other standards,”
Wang, Lu and his colleagues explained in their paper. “Our method makes it possible to deploy (部署) large-scale
parking planner on low computing power platforms that require real-time performance.”
The planner developed by this team of researchers could be improved and tested in additional real-world trials.
In the future, it could be deployed by car-making firms, contributing to the introduction of automated vehicle
parking technologies.
1. What is the main function of OCEAN?
A. To help the car find a free parking spot faster.
B. To drive the car from the entrance to the exit of a parking lot.
C. To enhance the car’s ability to arrive at a parking spot safely.
D. To predict the number of the free parking spots in a parking lot.
2. Two primary shortcomings of previous approaches to autonomous parking are _________.
A. high cost and complex operation.B. limited application range and high energy consumption.
C. inability to accurately predict collisions and poor real-time performance.
D. difficulty in adapting to different parking lot layouts and long calculation time.
3. What is the author’s attitude towards the OCEAN planner?
A. Positive. B. Doubtful. C. Critical. D. Indifferent.
4. What can be the best title for this passage?
A. The Development of Autonomous Parking Technologies
B. Mach Drive: A Leading Company in Autonomous Driving
C. OCEAN: A Promising Planner for Autonomous Parking
D. Challenges in Real-World Autonomous Parking Experiments
【答案】1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种名为OCEAN(Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory
plaNner)的规划器，用于车辆的自主泊车。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This planner was found to significantly improve the ability of cars to safely
reach a parking spot, without colliding (碰撞) with objects on the way.(该规划器被发现可以显著提高汽车安全
到达停车位的能力，而不会与途中的物体碰撞)”可知，OCEAN的主要功能是提高汽车安全到达停车位的
能力。故选C。
2.细节理解题，根据第二段中的“It was designed to overcome the two primary shortcomings of approaches
presented in previous studies tackling autonomous parking. The first of these is the inability to accurately predict
collisions, while the second involves poor performance in real-time tests.(它旨在克服先前研究中提出的解决自
动停车问题的方法的两个主要缺点。第一个缺点是无法准确预测碰撞，第二个缺点是实时测试中的性能不
佳)”可知，先前研究提出的方法中的两个主要缺点是：无法准确预测碰撞和实时测试中的性能不佳。故选
C。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Their results were highly promising, as OCEAN was found to outperform a
variety of methods for autonomous parking applications.(他们的结果非常有希望，因为OCEAN被发现在自动
停车应用中优于各种方法)”和最后一段“The planner developed by this team of researchers could be improved
and tested in additional real-world trials. In the future, it could be deployed by car-making firms, contributing to the
introduction of automated vehicle parking technologies.(这个研究小组开发的规划器可以在更多的现实世界试
验中得到改进和测试。未来，汽车制造公司可以部署它，为自动停车技术的引入做出贡献)”可知，作者在
讲述OCEAN测试的结果时，用“highly promising(非常有希望)”来形容，并认为这个规划器可以在现实世界试验中进行更多的改进和测试，未来汽车制造公司可以部署该规划器，促进自动停车技术的使用。由此
推知，作者对OCEAN持有非常积极的态度。故选A。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“Researchers at Mach Drive in Shanghai recently developed
OCEAN, an Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory plaNner for the autonomous parking of vehicles.(上海迈驰智行
公司的研究人员最近开发了OCEAN，这是一种用于自动泊车的开放空间无碰撞轨迹规划器)”可知，本文
主要介绍了OCEAN这款用于自动停车的规划器。由此推知，C项“OCEAN：一种用于自动停车的有前景
的规划器”适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。
（八）
2025届河南省豫西北教研联盟（许洛平）高三一模
Training was cruel, as Penny Lee Dean prepared for what would be a record-setting swim — regardless of sex
— across the English Channel in 1978. “Your hands cramp (痉挛), your legs cramp,” she remembers.
While the cold was bone-chilling, overcoming it has been essential to her success as a record-breaking
swimmer. An ability to tolerate extreme cold is one of the advantages that women may have in this sport, as their
distribution of fat is helpful for regulating body temperature in cold water.
Dean believes that any upper hand women might have in open-water swimming over long distances is more
about mental adaptation and the ability to bear discomfort than about insulation (阻隔). In ultradistance events, the
ability to handle more factors, from weather to pain, becomes particularly important.
In fact, women can outperform or perform similarly to men in a range of competitive events. From
ultrarunning to shooting sports, in some competitions women have the edge. Cassio Rippel, the ISSF Athletes
Committee Chair, says that while men’s muscles tend to give them more staying power, women’s lower body mass
and lower centre of gravity, on average, allow them better balance control. The rifle (步枪) events are the most sex-
balanced of the three types of shooting events in the Olympics, according to Rippel.
The nearly century-long history of the Olympics is also a history of the growth of female empowerment. An
increasing number of female athletes have broken gender barriers, achieving remarkable success in traditionally
male-dominated sports. The Paris Olympics are the first Olympics to have equal numbers of female and male
athletes. This is also an opportunity to think carefully about what gap s in inclusion still remain.
While much of the science of sex and performance may be unsettled, one thing that’s very clear is that more
research needs to involve women. The path toward greater inclusion has not been straight, and more questions than
answers remain about the role of sex in athletic performance.
1. What challenge did Dean face when breaking the record?A. The long distance. B. The low temperature.
C. The extra body fat. D. The intense training.
2. What advantage may women have in long and open-water swimming?
A. Strong awareness about keeping warm. B. Superior flexibility to tough situations.
C. Inborn talent for long distance swimming. D. Absolute concentration on swimming path.
3. What does the underlined phrase “have the edge” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Appear weaker. B. Seem conservative.
C. Take the lead. D. Show less pressure.
4. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. Women’s potential in sports. B. Sports suitable for women.
C. Views on gender and sports. D. Females in the Olympics.
【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了女性在体育领域的潜力和表现，通过具体事例和科学分析，
阐述了女性在长距离游泳等竞技项目中的优势和特点，以及女性在奥运会上的地位和赋权的历史。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Training was cruel, as Penny Lee Dean prepared for what would be a record-setting
swim — regardless of sex — across the English Channel in 1978. ‘Your hands cramp (痉挛), your legs cramp,’ she
remembers. (1978年，Penny Lee Dean准备横渡英吉利海峡，这将是一项打破纪录的游泳活动，训练是残酷
的。她回忆说：“你的手会抽筋，腿也会抽筋。”)”和第二段中“While the cold was bone-chilling,
overcoming it has been essential to her success as a record-breaking swimmer. (虽然寒冷刺骨，但克服寒冷是她
成功打破纪录的关键)”可知，Penny Lee Dean在1978年准备创造横跨英吉利海峡的游泳纪录时，克服寒冷
是她成功破纪录的关键。因此，Dean在打破纪录时面临的挑战是低温。故选B项。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dean believes that any upper hand women might have in open-water swimming
over long distances is more about mental adaptation and the ability to bear discomfort than about insulation (阻隔).
In ultradistance events, the ability to handle more factors, from weather to pain, becomes particularly important.
(Dean认为，女性在开放水域长距离游泳中所占的优势更多的是心理适应能力和承受不适的能力，而不是
阻隔能力)”可知，女性在长距离公开水域游泳中可能具有的优势更多地在于心理适应和承受不适的能力，
这表明女性在应对艰难情况方面具有更强的灵活性。故选B项。
3.词句猜测题。根据第四段中“From ultrarunning to shooting sports, in some competitions women have the
edge. Cassio Rippel, the ISSF Athletes Committee Chair, says that while men’s muscles tend to give them more
staying power, women’s lower body mass and lower centre of gravity, on average, allow them better balancecontrol. (从超跑到射击运动，在一些比赛中，女性have the edge。国际田径联合会运动员委员会主席Cassio
Rippel表示，男性的肌肉往往能给他们带来更大的耐力，而女性的体重和重心较低，平均而言，能让她们
更好地控制平衡)”可知，虽然男性的肌肉往往给他们更多的耐力，但女性的身体质量较低，重心较低，平
均而言，这使她们能够更好地控制平衡。由此可推知，在超跑到射击比赛中，女性往往能够表现优异或
“领先”。因此，画线短语have the edge意思是“领先”，与take the lead同义。故选C项。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中“Training was cruel, as Penny Lee Dean prepared for what
would be a record-setting swim — regardless of sex — across the English Channel in 1978.(1978年，Penny Lee
Dean准备横渡英吉利海峡，这将是一项打破纪录的游泳活动，训练是残酷的)”和倒数第二段中“The nearly
century-long history of the Olympics is also a history of the growth of female empowerment. An increasing number
of female athletes have broken gender barriers, achieving remarkable success in traditionally male-dominated
sports.(近一个世纪的奥运会历史，也是一部女性赋权的成长历史。越来越多的女运动员打破了性别障碍，
在传统上由男性主导的运动中取得了显著的成功)”可知，文章通过Penny Lee Dean打破游泳纪录的事例和
奥运会上女性运动员的赋权历史，主要探讨了女性在体育领域的潜力和表现。故选A项。
（九）
2025届河南省豫西北教研联盟（许洛平）高三一模
Plans are being drawn up for a lunar “Noah’s Ark” to help save endangered species from extinction. The
coming biorepository, a storage facility for frozen samples, would house live samples from most animals in the
world and serve as a save in case the species disappeared on Earth. It would likely be built at the north or south
pole of the moon, where craters (陨石坑) create permanent shadow and a temperature of almost -200℃.
Scientists from the Smithsonian, Harvard and other leading US institutions are working on how to obtain
samples from at-risk biodiversity on Earth, freeze them and send them to the lunar surface for safekeeping. In a
paper published in the journal BioScience, the academics say they have already begun creating a plan for space
storage based on the starry goby, a bony fish.
Potential difficulties include how the samples can be protected from the severity of space travel as well as the
high radiation levels in space. Biorepositories such as the one on Svalbard in Norway are designed to be durable
but may still conflict with earthly risks, the scientists warn, and having a shelter on the moon could provide a back-
up plan that is uninfluenced to earthbound events. The constantly cold temperatures on the moon are ideal for a
biorepository of cryopreserved (冷冻保存的) samples, the scientists say, as it would mean the system could be
passive and not need a power supply.
“Such a biorepository would safeguard biodiversity and act as a measure against its loss occurring because ofnatural disasters, climate change, over-population, resource depletion (枯竭), wars, socioeconomic threats and
other causes on Earth,” the scientists write. “This is a decades-long programme,” the scientists write. “Protecting
Earth’s life must be a top priority in the rush on the moon sites for industries and many types of science.”
NASA is also interested in the south pole of the moon for the same permanently shadowed regions because
they may also host ice and this could help establish a human possession on the moon.
1. What is the lunar “Noah’s Ark” actually?
A. A territory. B. A storehouse.
C. A burial field. D. A laboratory.
2. How do the bony fish appear in the project?
A. As an emergency food. B. As an endangered species.
C. As an easily stored fish. D. As an experimental article.
3. The moon is considered ideal for the project due to ________.
A. sustained cold B. a lack of sunlight
C. the best security D. lowered radiation
4. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?
A. Species on Earth are gradually increasing. B. The threats on the earth are under control.
C. Scientists have high hopes for “Noah’s Ark”. D. “Noah’s Ark” is currently running smoothly.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了月球上的“诺亚方舟”计划。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Plans are being drawn up for a lunar “Noah’s Ark” to help save endangered
species from extinction. The coming biorepository, a storage facility for frozen samples, would house live samples
from most animals in the world and serve as a save in case the species disappeared on Earth.(为了拯救濒临灭绝的
物种，月球上的“诺亚方舟”计划正在起草中。未来的生物库，一个冷冻样本的储存设施，将容纳世界上
大多数动物的活样本，并将作为防止物种在地球上消失的保险库。)”可知，月球上的“诺亚方舟”实际上
是一个储存设施。故选B项。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段“Scientists from the Smithsonian, Harvard and other leading US institutions are
working on how to obtain samples from at-risk biodiversity on Earth, freeze them and send them to the lunar
surface for safekeeping. In a paper published in the journal BioScience, the academics say they have already begun
creating a plan for space storage based on the starry goby, a bony fish.(来自史密森学会、哈佛大学和其他美国主
要机构的科学家们正在研究如何从地球上濒危的生物多样性中获取样本，将其冷冻并送到月球表面进行保管。在《生物科学》杂志上发表的一篇论文中，学者们表示，他们已经开始制定一项基于星形虾虎鱼，一
种硬骨鱼的空间存储计划。)”可知，硬骨鱼是作为研究文章中的样本，出现在项目中的。故选D项。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段中“The constantly cold temperatures on the moon are ideal for a biorepository of
cryopreserved (冷冻保存的) samples, the scientists say, as it would mean the system could be passive and not need
a power supply.(科学家们说，月球上持续的低温非常适合冷冻保存样本的生物储存库，因为这意味着该系
统可以是被动的，不需要电源。)”可知，由于持续寒冷，月球被认为是这个项目的理想选择。故选A项。
4.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“‘Such a biorepository would safeguard biodiversity and act as a measure
against its loss occurring because of natural disasters, climate change, over-population, resource depletion (枯竭),
wars, socioeconomic threats and other causes on Earth,’ the scientists write. ‘This is a decades-long programme,’
the scientists write. ‘Protecting Earth’s life must be a top priority in the rush on the moon sites for industries and
many types of science.’(科学家们写道：‘这样一个生物储存库将保护生物多样性，并作为一种措施，防止
自然灾害、气候变化、人口过剩、资源枯竭、战争、社会经济威胁和地球上其他原因造成的生物多样性损
失。这是一个长达数十年的项目，保护地球的生命必须成为工业和多种科学在月球上的首要任务。’)”和
最后一段“NASA is also interested in the south pole of the moon for the same permanently shadowed regions
because they may also host ice and this could help establish a human possession on the moon.(美国国家航空航天
局也对月球南极的永久阴影地区感兴趣，因为那里可能也有冰，这可能有助于人类在月球上定居。)”可知，
科学家对“诺亚方舟”寄予厚望。故选C项。
（十）
2025届河南省开封市顺河回族区高三上学期一模
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have
collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new
Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a
mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.,
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-
catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
1. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
2. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
.
3 What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
4. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
.
【答案】1 B 2. C 3. C 4. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，
建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and
other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可
知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical
specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding
to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而
且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段
““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the
greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍
摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记
录的物种观察数据。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to
bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead
of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比
如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense
because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording
their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的
人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方
式的不当。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas
and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导
到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家
确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
