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小学英语语法体系 · 语法归纳 03——代词篇

小学英语语法体系 · 语法归纳 03——代词篇

代 词

Pronouns | 人称 · 物主 · 反身 · 疑问 · 指示 · 不定

一、定义:凡是能代替名词,也能代替作用相当于名词的短语、分句乃至整句话的词,统称为代词。

同一个人或物反复出现时,第一次用名词点明,后面交给代词接手,句子更短、也更顺。

二、代词的分类:六类代词各司其职——人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、疑问代词、指示代词、不定代词。

人称代词物主代词反身代词疑问代词指示代词不定代词

第一节 | 人称代词

(一)人称代词的两种形式

1、I am a teacher.  2、I love you.3、Give me that book.  4、Give that book to me.

上面四句里的「我」,位置一变,形式就跟着变:I 站在谓语之前,me 跟在动词之后。

口诀|第一人称「我」在前,第二人称「你」居中,第三人称「他」在后;主格守在谓语之前,宾格跟在动词、介词之后。

(二)并列时的前后顺序

几个不同人称的人称代词并列作主语,谁先谁后是有规矩的。

1. You, he and I have a good time.(第二人称,第三人称,第一人称)2. We, you and they like learning English.(第一人称,第二人称,第三人称)3. A policeman and a policewoman are over there.4. I and you are wrong.

口诀|单数按「二、三、一」排,复数按「一、二、三」排;男女并列时男士在前,承认错误时「我」站最前。

(必会表格)

第一人称主格I(单) · we(复)宾格me(单) · us(复)

第二人称主格you(单) · you(复)宾格you(单) · you(复)

第三人称主格he she it(单) · they(复)宾格him her it(单) · them(复)

第二节 | 物主代词

物主代词要分成两支来记:一支必须紧挨着名词,另一支可以自己单独站住。

1. This is my shirt. (L11) = This is mine.Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second.This is my umbrella. (L3)Is this your handbag? (L1)

把这几个句子摆在一起就能看出差别:「形容词性物主代词」的后面还接着名词;「名词性物主代词」后面不再接名词,它自己就顶了名词的位置。

口诀|后面接名词,用形容词性;后面不接名词,用名词性。

(必会表格)

第一人称形容词性my(单) · our(复)名词性mine(单) · ours(复)

第二人称形容词性your(单) · your(复)名词性yours(单) · yours(复)

第三人称形容词性his her its(单) · their(复)名词性his hers its(单) · theirs(复)

记忆口诀|形容词性变名词性:第一人称词尾变 mine,第二人称词形不变,其余的在词尾加 s。

第三节 | 反身代词 oneself

判断标准只有一条:句子的主语和宾语如果指同一个人,宾语位置就改用反身代词。

1. I always enjoy myself.He cut himself when he was shaving this morning.She was talking to herself.

对照上面三句:主语与宾语指的都是同一个人,所以宾语都用了反身形式。

必会表格:

第一人称myself(单) · ourselves(复)第二人称yourself(单) · yourselves(复)第三人称himself herself itself(单) · themselves(复)

反身代词的构成口诀(记法):

表示「自己」用反身,基本形式是 oneself;第一、第二人称取形容词性开头,第三人称换用宾格;复数把词尾的 f 换成 ves。

Eg:I look at myself in the mirror. The problem itself is wrong.

常用反身代词短语(必背)。

1. help yourself (单) / yourselves (复) to… 请自便2. enjoy oneself 玩得愉快3. teach oneself = learn… by oneself 自学4. talk to oneself 自言自语5. make yourself at home. 别客气

第四节 | 疑问代词

疑问代词常出现在特殊疑问句里,用来问「谁」「哪一个」「什么」这类信息。

疑问词 中文含义 所指范围who谁(主格) 人whom谁(宾格) 人whose谁的 人which哪一个 人、事、物what什么 事、物

拿下面这句话当测试句,逐段提问:

I went to Lily's house with my mother on the first Sunday in May.

①  ②  ③  ④

说明:标号 ①②③④ 圈出的是句子中可以被提问的成分;换一个疑问词去问,同一句话就能变出五个特殊疑问句。

1. Who went to Lily's house with my mother on the first Sunday in May?

2. Whose house did you go to with your mother on the first Sunday in May?

3. Whom did you go with to Lily's house on the first Sunday in May?

4. What did you do with your mother on the first Sunday in May?

5. Which Sunday of May did you go to Lily's house with your mother in May?

第五节 | 指示代词

一、分类:一共四个词——this、that、these、those。

近指this(单) · these(复)远指that(单) · those(复)

二、打电话时说身边这一头,用 this;指电话那一头的人,用 that。

Hello! This is Mary.(我是 Mary)  Is that Jack speaking?(你是 Jack 吗?)

三、比较句里为了避免重复:前面提到的是单数名词或不可数名词,用 that 顶上;是复数名词,就用 those。

The population of China is larger than that of France.The cars made in China are cheaper than those made in Japan.

第六节 | 不定代词

1. some, any, no

★ 规律:肯定句里用 some;否定句和一般疑问句里换成 any;not any 与 no 意思相同;若问句是在提建议、或盼着对方点头,仍然用 some。

I'm going to buy some clothes. → I'mnotgoing to buyany clothes.There'ssome icein the fridge. → Thereisn'tany orange juice.Wedid some exercises. → Wedidn'tdo any exercises.Is thereanyice in the fridge?I haven't got any money = I have got no money(no + 名词 = not + any/a + 名词)Would you likesome coffee? Can you lend me some money?

2. 复合不定代词

Everyanynosomeeveryoneanyonenonesomeoneeverybodyanybodynobodysomebodyeverythinganythingnothingsomethingeverywhereanywherenowheresomewhere

不定代词必会口诀,就这三条:

1. 不定代词作主语时,谓语按第三人称单数走。

Everything is possible.

2. 形容词或动词不定式来修饰不定代词时,要放到不定代词的后面。

I have something important to tell you.  Would you like something to eat?

3. something / somebody、anything / anybody 这一类由 some、any 构成的复合不定代词,用法跟 some、any 完全一致。

3. many, much 怎么选:可数名词复数用 many,不可数名词用 much

There are many apples on the desk.  There is much water in the bottle.

4. a little, little, a few, few

可数名词a few(一些·表肯定) · few(几乎不/没有·表否定)不可数名词a little(一点·表肯定) · little(几乎不/没有·表否定)

eg:There is a little milk in the bottle.  There is little milk in the bottle.There are a few mistakes.  There are few mistakes.

5. both, all

All of them go to the cinema.Both of my parents are healthy. = Both my father and my mother are healthy.

共同点:谓语动词都用复数。

不同点:all 说的是三者或三者以上的人或物;both 只用于两者,表示「两个都……」。

6. either, neither, none

Either you or I am right. 要么你对,要么我对Neither you nor I am right. 你和我谁都不对None of us are/is right. 我们当中没有一个是对的

共同点:either 与 neither 都看离谓语最近的那个主语(就近原则)。

不同点:neither 表示两者里一个都没有,是完全否定;

either 表示两者当中的任意一个,属于半否定;

none 作主语时,谓语动词用单数、复数都可以;

反义词成对记:neither ↔ both,none ↔ all。

(一句话记:否定用 neither / none,肯定换成 both / all。)

7. each, every

Each of us is here.  Every one is here.

共同点:谓语动词一律用单数。

不同点:each 可以指两者,也可以指两者以上,后面能接 of;every 只能指三者及以上,后面不能接 of。

8. one 与 it 区别

Your dress is beautiful. Where did you buy it?(同名同物)I want to buy a new one.(同名异物)

9. it 的用法

(1)时间 What time is it?  It's time to go home.

(2)日期 What day is it?  It's Thursday.

(3)距离 How far is it from London to China?  We can walk home. It isn't far.

(4)天气It's raining.  It's a nice day today.

(5)指代不明人或物(敲门, 图片,照片中) —Who is knocking at the door? —It's me.

(6)It 的 2 个句型

It's nice to see you again.It's impossible to understand her.I find it dangerous to swim in this river.

★It's easy / difficult / impossible / dangerous / safe / expensive / interesting / nice / wonderful / terrible to……

It's + adj to do sth (形式主语|真主)

主 + v. + it + adj + to do sth. (形宾|真宾)

六类代词 · 自查清单人称 主格守在谓语前,宾格跟在动、介后物主 后接名词用形容词性,后无名词用名词性反身 主宾同指一人,宾语才是反身疑问 who · whom · whose · which · what指示 近处 this / these,远处 that / those不定 作主语按单三,修饰语往后放

点个「在看」,把这六类代词一次理顺。

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《(4)形容词和副词》

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