专题 02 阅读理解（说明文）
考查范围：主题、语篇范围
题号 难度 知识点
一、阅读理解
1 适中 发明与创造 ,科学技术 ,说明文
2 适中 环境保护,说明文
3 适中 天体和宇宙,科学技术 ,说明文
4 较易 发明与创造 ,说明文
5 适中 职业内容,说明文
6 适中 科普知识 ,说明文
7 适中 方法/策略,说明文
8 适中 发明与创造 ,说明文
9 适中 自然灾害与防范,科普知识 ,说明文
10 适中 说明文,气候变化及影响
11 适中 情绪,科普知识 ,说明文
12 适中 社会关系,方法/策略
13 适中 科普知识 ,说明文,人工智能
14 适中 科普知识 ,说明文,航空航天
15 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文,人工智能
16 较易 科普知识 ,说明文
17 适中 科普知识 ,说明文
18 适中 动物,科普知识 ,说明文
（一）
（2025届河南省信阳市固始县高级中学第一中学等校一模）Self-driving cars may sound like something
from a futuristic sci-fi novel. However, with advanced trials expected from 2021, they are a lot closer to reality than
you may think, and they could really help you.
Connected and automated vehicles (also known as CAVs), are vehicles that could perform many of the
functions of today’s human drivers in the future. Aware of the potential benefits of the technology from improving
road safety and reducing traffic congestion (拥塞), to enabling greater travel independence — the U.K. government
has been encouraging the technology.
“However, we won’t get there unless those designing the technology engage properly with a wide range of
transport users,” said lain Forbes, head of the Centre for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles.
FLOURISH, one initiative that received government backing, has helped to advance the successfulimplementation of CAVs in the U.K. by developing services and capabilities which maxi-mise the benefits of
driverless vehicles for users and transport authorities.
The project was a collaboration between small and medium companies and large businesses across multiple
industries, universities, local authorities and the not-for-profit sector, to investigate how these vehicles might
benefit older adults and those with mobility-related conditions.
Mervyn Kohler, an Age U.K. spokesman, believes FLOURISH’s approach will be key to the positive impact
self-driving cars have on older adults. “The project’s connectivity findings will also help the users of the future to
make real-time journey decisions, responding to live information,” Tracey Poole, FLOURISH’s project manager
and transport planning specialist says: “Not only will these vehicles be more inclusive; they will also be safer, more
efficient and more environmentally friendly.”
Although safety is one of the big prizes associated with the introduction of self-driving cars, with the vast
majority of collisions caused by human error, concerns about their safety are common.
The government is keen to understand the public’s view on CAVs and continues to survey public attitudes. It
is also taking big steps towards establishing how our laws and regulations might need to change to support the safe
use of self-driving cars.
1．What is the advantage of self-driving cars?
A．They guarantee road safety.
B．They remove traffic jams.
C．They provide more freedom of traveling.
D．They get over the elder’s dependence on drivers.
2．What does the underlined word “prizes” in paragraph 7 refer to?
A．Awards. B．Achievements.
C．Realization. D．Characteristics.
3．What can we infer about self-driving cars?
A．Collisions between self-driving cars can’t be avoided.
B．Self-driving cars are more eco-friendly than today's cars.
C．There is still a way to go before self-driving cars hit the road.
D．People are not worried about the safety problems of self-driving cars.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．CAVs: a substitute for today’s human driverB．How do CAVs help people less able to travel?
C．FLOURISH: a new project on self-driving cars
D．Could self-driving cars soon be a reality?
（二）
（2025届河南省名校联盟一模）Covering over 170,000 hectares, the bio-diverse Hasdeo Aranya forest
bears the burden of being resource-rich. It sits on top of some 5.6 billion tons of coal, making it one of India’s
largest reserves and the focus of intense interest from coal companies. But the forests, as well as the animals, birds
and many small creatures in this area, are facing the risk of being destroyed.
Shukla spent his childhood in his hometown surrounded by the natural beauty. Growing up, he found himself
drawn to environmental activism. He met other activists, visited various parts and saw first-hand how polluted its
rivers were and how quickly industries were springing up.
Meanwhile, multiple movements and organizations were fighting similar battles, so Shukla managed to bring
them together, creating one strong platform that could expand their struggles at the state level. One of Shukla’s
biggest successes was to organize farmers to protest a limestone (石灰岩) mining project that endangered the lakes
there. As a result of their extensive effort, the project was terminated.
In 2011, a large company wanted to open up new mines in the forest and that was pressurizing local
communities. But the people of the area lacked any legal know-how and were easily taken in by widespread
misinformation. Shukla started educating the residents about their rights. He made the residents aware of the law,
their rights, and then find the safeguards to protect themselves.
However, there were both victories and setbacks during Shukla’s 12-year-long fight. For instance, the central
government had proposed 21 coal blocks in 2020. The next year 1, 995 square kilometers of the forest was
designated as a reserve, and 1, 700 square kilometers declared as a mining-free zone. But there are still a few areas
where the threat exists. There is also the danger to his own safety.
However, hope remains, thanks to a generation of young environmentalists emerging from these
communities. “The dream is that not a single tree should be cut for mining against the wishes of the community.
And if society places more stress on protecting the environment, governments will be forced to act,” Shukla
concludes.
5．What has drawn people’s attention to the Hasdeo Aranya forest?
A．Its rich biodiversity and unique wildlife.B．Its vast reserves of coal beneath the forest.
C．Its cultural significance to local communities.
D．Its potential for eco-tourism and sustainable development.
6．What does the underlined word “terminated” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Acknowledged. B．Canceled. C．Assessed. D．Justified.
7．What does Shukla hope for in the future?
A．Communities should prioritize economic development.
B．More young people can engage in environmental protection.
C．Environmental awareness can influence government actions.
D．The government should strengthen their control over forest resources.
8．Which of the following words can be used to describe Shukla?
A．Responsible and determined. B．Humble and ambitious.
C．Open-minded and honest. D．Selfless and considerate.
（三）
（2025届河南省名校联盟高三一模）The sun likes to remind us that Earth is merely one part of a joint
system. Despite our connection with the sun, there are still numerous scientific mysteries to uncover about this
critical star, particularly its magnetic field (磁场). Now, for the first time, scientists have taken nearly daily
measurements of the sun’s coronal (日冕的) magnetic field and this observation offers a more dynamic view of this
solar region.
The solar magnetic field is the primary driver of solar storms and flares. As society grows increasingly
reliant on technology, this space weather generates threats to power networks, communication systems, and in-
space technologies like GPS and satellites. “Global mapping of the coronal magnetic field has been a big missing
part in the study of the sun,” said Zihao Yang, a postdoctoral fellow from Peking University in China. “This
research is helping us fill a crucial gap in our understanding of coronal magnetic fields, which are the source of the
energy for storms that can impact Earth.”
Scientists have been able to routinely measure the magnetic field on the sun’s surface. Large telescopes like
the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), which is the world’s largest solar telescope, can measure the three-
dimensional coronal magnetic fields in depth. It recently demonstrated its ability to make detailed observations of
the coronal magnetic field. However, DKIST can’t map the sun all at once.To try to get more overall mapping, the team turned to the Upgraded Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter
(UCoMP). UCoMP can block out parts of the sun. It uses a dise called a coronagraph to enable scientists to
measure the sun’s atmosphere. UCoMP has a much smaller aperture (光图) compared to DKIST, but it can take a
wider view, which makes it possible for scientists to study the entire sun on most days.
“We are entering a new age of solar physics research when we can routinely measure the coronal magnetic
field,” said Yang. Using DKIST’s and UCoMP’s measurements together offers a more all-sided view of the coronal
magnetic field.
9．What is the significance of the new observation of the sun’s coronal magnetic field?
A．It reveals the source of the sun’s energy.
B．It helps us fully understand the solar system.
C．It enables us to predict solar storms accurately.
D．It allows further insight into a certain solar region.
10．What does Zihao Yang think of the research?
A．It’s well-received. B．It’s risk-free. C．It’s pioneering. D．It’s misleading.
11．What is the main advantage of UCoMP compared to DKIST?
A．It provides a wider view of the sun.
B．It has a larger aperture for higher-quality images.
C．It can measure the sun’s magnetic field in greater depth.
D．It can block out the sun’s light for better measurements.
12．What is the main idea of the text?
A．The importance of solar physics research.
B．The comparison between DKIST and UCoMP.
C．The sun’s magnetic field and its impact on Earth.
D．The new progress in measuring the sun’s coronal magnetic field.
（四）
（2025届河南省五市高三下学期一模）Kesa Bhai Prajapati wears a smile as he models blocks of clay
into vases on a potter’s wheel. These days, Prajapati, 68, from the village of Modhera in western India, has doubled
the amount of earthenware (陶制品) he makes compared to a few months ago, because he no longer has to tum the
wheel manually as he could not then afford high electricity bill. That could be up to 1,500 Indian rupees ($ 18.19) a
month.Now, however, his machine moves on solar power as earlier this month Prajapati’s village of around 6,500
residents, consisting mainly of potters, farmers and shoemakers, was declared India’s first village to run entirely on
solar energy all the time. “Electricity has helped us to save time and produce more products,” Prajapati said.
India is the world’s third-largest carbon dioxide emitter. It aims to meet half of its energy demands from
renewable sources, such as solar and wind by 2030, which the government said in December 2023. The project in
Modhera, financed by the federal and provincial government at nearly $10 million, involved setting up over 1,300
rooftop panels on residential and government buildings that were connected to a power plant. The government buys
extra energy produced here from residents if they do not use all of the capacity given to the households.
With this money, Praveen Bhai, 43, a tailor, plans to buy a gas connection and stove, since many houses in
the village cook food in wood-fired stoves that leave smoky air. “I had to teach the kids under the street lamp. Now
they will be able to study inside the house.”
For Reena Ben, 36, a housewife, who also works as a tailor part time, the solar power has hugely aided her
work. “When we got access to solar power, I bought an electric motor worth 2,000 rupees ($ 24) to attach to the
sewing machine. Now I am able to sew one or two more clothes daily.”
13．Why does the author mention Kesa Bhai?
A．To advertise for his earthen works.
B．To present the hard life in Modhera.
C．To introduce local people’s traditional art.
D．To show changes brought by solar energy.
14．What is special about Modhera?
A．The first to introduce green energy in India.
B．The first to use clean energy in handwork in India.
C．The first to depend totally on solar energy in India.
D．The first to adopt sustainable development in India.
15．What can be known about the solar energy project in Modhera?
A．Great profits have been made.
B．Many other places will follow.
C．Funds come from big companies.
D．It may produce more energy than needed.
16．What is Reena Ben’s attitude to the solar energy promoted in Modhera?A．Critical. B．Supportive. C．Tolerant. D．Uncertain.
（五）
（2025届山西省太原市一模）During the Spring Festival, Ne Zha 2 has become a phenomenon-level
animated film, with cinema attendance rate reaching over 90%. When Ne Zha and Ao Bing had a fierce battle with
Infinite Immortal, the vivid sound effects made me feel as if I were right there on the scene. Suddenly, a question
popped into my mind: How were these impressive sounds created? Out of curiosity, I started searching back home
and then entered the mysterious world of Foley artists.
The term Foley was coined in memory of Jack Foley and his contribution to the art of sound effects. When
sound effects were first added into movies, he innovated a unique way of creating sound effects, recording sounds
onto a single track of audio and adding them to actions happening on the screen accordingly.
Foley artists are like magicians of sound, adding vitality to films. Their working scenes seem simple but are
filled with all kinds of tools and equipment. Ordinary objects are often transformed into precise sound effects:
Shaking an umbrella can simulate (模拟) the howling of a violent storm; hitting two halves of a coconut together
sounds like a horse clip-clopping along. Even though Foley artists often work behind the scenes, their cooperation
with actors is crucial to capturing the essence of a film. “You have to act the scene… You have to be the actors and
get into the spirit of the story the same as the actors did, on the set. It makes a big difference,” Jack Foley once
stressed.
In general, attention to detail is fundamental to successful Foley artists. They also need to have the ability to
recreate sounds themselves, which requires creativity and imagination. Getting the perfect sound requires trial and
error, which is why patience and persistence are equally important. In order to simulate the sound of a character
running in the mud, Foley artists have to try countless materials, constantly adjusting the force and rhythm of
stepping.
As I was digging deep, titles like “Fewer than 100 Foley Artists Remain Active Worldwide” indeed struck
me hard. I stumbled upon the sad truth that while Foley work is an incredible addition to movies, the small number
of working artists today may put it on the path to becoming a dying art. However, Foley work, to my relief, may
change as virtual reality develops. Next time you’re watching a movie, remember those subtle sounds. They are
like secret messages from Foley artists, reminding us they’re always there.
17．What contribution did Jack Foley make to the film industry?
A．He improved background music. B．He invented recording equipment.C．He pioneered sound effect creation. D．He advanced live recording methods.
18．What did Jack Foley value most?
A．Being at one with actors. B．Practising trial and error.
C．Being sensitive to details. D．Stimulating active imagination.
19．What does the last paragraph imply?
A．Foley work may be redefined in the future.
B．Modern audiences are well aware of Foley work.
C．Foley artists may soon be replaced by virtual reality.
D．Foley work is no longer a must as technology develops.
20．What is the writing purpose of the text?
A．To persuade readers to engage in Foley work.B．To introduce Foley work and its significance.
C．To explore the reasons for Ne Zha 2’s success. D．To discuss the challenges Foley work will face.
（六）
（2025届山西省太原市一模）If you’re digitally skilled, it has likely been a while since you spent much
time writing by hand. The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a
thing of the past in our screen-dominated world, where text messages and thumb-typed grocery lists have replaced
handwritten letters and sticky notes. To keep up, many schools are introducing computers as early as preschool,
meaning some kids may learn the basics of typing before writing by hand. Although electronic keyboards offer
obvious efficiency benefits, giving up handwriting may come at a significant cost.
Typing pays no attention to the form of the letters — only involving relatively simple and uniform
movements. By contrast, handwriting is a complex task. Motor system has to delicately adjust the pressure that
each finger applies on the pen to recreate each letter. Adding to the complexity, your visual system must
continuously process that letter as it’s formed, with your brain making adjustments to fingers in real time to create
the letters’ shapes. “This process lets you make your body and what you are seeing mesh.” says Robert Wiley, a
cognitive psychologist at the University of North Carolina, adding “such complexity is crucial to mental
development.”
Screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might affect kids’ ability to learn letters, which is actually an
important predictor of later reading and math attainment. If young children are not receiving any handwriting
training, their brains simply won’t reach their full potential. For adults, typing often results in failing to actuallyprocess information. During a lecture, it’s possible to type what they’re hearing word for word. But often, they’re
just typing blindly, failing to make information their own. On the other hand, taking notes by hand forces them to
write only key words and use drawings or arrows to work through ideas.
Actually, we don’t have to drop digital tools, like graphics tablets and smart pens, to capitalize on the power
of handwriting. Recent research suggests that writing on a screen activates the same brain pathways as writing on
paper. It’s the movement that counts, not its final form.
21．What does the author intend to convey in paragraph 1?
A．Abandoning handwriting is unwise. B．Digital literacy is essential nowadays.
C．Handwritten communication is out of date. D．Computer courses are urgently needed in preschools.
22．What does the underlined word “mesh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Set up. B．Run fast. C．Mess up. D．Work together.
23．What can be inferred from paragraph 3?
A．Blind typing contributes to brain development.
B．Kids have a preference for screens and keyboards.
C．Handwritten markers are good for getting ideas linked.
D．Adults have the ability to memorize complex information.
24．What is the author’s attitude towards using digital pens?
A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Favorable. D．Unclear.
（七）
（2025届山西省太原市一模）Many people encourage competition and focus on success. “Giving up” is
frowned upon. We are overjoyed at stories of people who persevered and succeeded. Friends and colleagues always
encourage you to keep trying. “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” “Follow your dream! Winners never
quit!”
Perseverance is indeed important, to a limit. However, never take it too far. For one thing, goals and dreams
might be beyond reach. Stories of achieving childhood dreams through perseverance might be uplifting, but they
suffer from “selection bias”. Put simply, they are not informative, because nobody tells stories about the many
people who persevered but failed after wasting a good part of their lives. It is indeed frustrating if you follow an
unrealistic dream. For another, every road taken means another road is not taken. An unrealistic goal means missing
out on other opportunities. What if everybody with the childhood dream of becoming an astronaut persistently kepttrying forever? Winners always wisely choose what to quit and what to pursue.
Recent studies have shown that being able to give up some goals and dreams and redirect your energy
toward more reasonable ones is important for mental well-being and leads to higher quality of life in the long term.
The psychological term is “goal disengagement”. If you are currently devoting too much time and effort to an
unattainable goal, here are some hints that might help.
First, do not tie a goal to your identity. Nobody can be defined by a single goal or interest. Besides,
disengage from a goal but keep some of the effort. It’s called “turning it into a hobby”. Few stamp and coin
collectors desire to become professionals, yet many enjoy collecting. Last and most important, do not think of
giving up as a failure, but as a choice. Your time is limited. Try new activities, rediscover previous interests, and
revise your ambitions. Be honest with yourself about your chances, and choose the goals that best suit you. And
remember that, when you give up a goal, you do not fail. You make a choice to free up your time for other
possibilities.
25．What result may “selection bias” bring to people?
A．Setting self-limit. B．Giving up more easily.
C．Misjudging the situation. D．Ignoring successful stories.
26．How can people benefit from “goal disengagement”?
A．By motivating their desire for success. B．By gaining a sense of self-satisfaction.
C．By telling easy goals from difficult goals. D．By saving energy to focus on practical goals.
27．Which of the following may the author agree with?
A．Accepting failure with ease does make sense.
B．One can make a hobby out of an unattainable goal.
C．Turn to professionals when realizing personal goals.
D．Choosing a goal is more challenging than realizing it.
28．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Identity Crisis: Be True to Yourself. B．Goals or Hobbies: Make Your Choice.
C．Never Say Never: The Key to Success. D．Winners Do Quit: Be Wise About Your Goals.
（八）
（2025届山西省高三下学期一模）Incredible new eco-friendly sensors, inspired by spider silk and 50
times smaller than a human hair, could be used in fields ranging from healthcare monitoring to virtual reality.Developed by University of Cambridge researchers, these sensors can be printed on biological surfaces, from a
human finger to a delicate flower leaf. They are so lightweight that they can even be printed directly onto the soft
seed head of a dandelion (蒲公英) without collapsing its structure. When printed on human skin, the fibre (纤维)
sensors fit the skin, exposing sweat tiny holes, making them undetectable to the wearer.
Tests on human fingers suggest these sensors could serve as continuous health monitors, providing a less
noticeable alternative to large wearables like smartwatches. “The connection between the device and the surface is
vital for accurate sensing, ” said Prof. Yan Yan Shery Huang, who led the research. She also stressed that
bioelectronics should be unnoticeable to users and environmentally sustainable. These sensors can change how we
interact with the world, whether for healthcare or enhancing virtual reality experiences.
Most existing wearable sensor technologies have limitations, such as blocking air and liquids or relying on
energy-and waste-intensive production techniques. Flexible electronics, for example, are often printed on plastic
films that restrict gas and liquid passage. The Cambridge team’s approach solves this by using PEDOT: PSS, a
suitable conducting material mixed with hyaluronic (透明质) acid and polyethylene oxide (聚乙烯氧化物). The
bioelectronic fibres are created at room temperature from a water-based solution, enabling precise control over their
properties.
These fibres can adapt to various shapes, from micro to macro size, without requiring image recognition.
Their production is less energy-intensive, and they generate less waste compared to traditional sensors. The fibres
are also repairable and can be washed away when no longer needed. Looking forward, the team plans to
incorporate additional functional materials into this fibre printing method, potentially allowing for integrated fibre
sensors with display, computation, and energy conversion capabilities.
29．Which is a possible application of the sensors discussed in the text?
A．Enhancing healthcare through continuous monitoring.
B．Improving virtual reality experiences via smartwatches.
C．Providing a less efficient alternative to spider silk.
D．Making large and heavy sensors for industrial use.
30．What can be one of the challenges for the sensors described?
A．Making them visible to users for easy monitoring.
B．Increasing their production speed at high temperatures.
C．Ensuring they are both functional and unnoticeable to users.
D．Balancing cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability.31．How are the bioelectronic fibres created?
A．By reacting with metals to form flexible fibers.
B．By printing flexible materials onto plastic films.
C．By heating liquid mixtures in a certain container.
D．By using a chemical solution at a controlled temperature.
32．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text?
A．To explore the challenges and limitations of existing wearable sensors.
B．To describe the environmental impact of traditional sensor production.
C．To explain the environmental advantages of the bioelectronic sensors.
D．To introduce new eco-friendly sensors and their potential applications.
（九）
（2025届陕西省西安市新城区西安中学一模）As part of a post-fire response and recovery project, the
Debris Flow Hazard Team (泥石流危害小组) is engaging in several studies to better understand the drivers of
post-fire debris flows and improve post-fire hazard assessments across the Pacific Northwest. Wildfires make
debris flows easy to happen, a fast-moving mixture of water, soil, and rock that can cause property damage and loss
of life.
After a wildfire, emergency managers need rapid answers to the questions: Where are debris flows likely?
How much rain will it take to cause a debris flow? And how big will that debris flow be? Researchers are
conducting applied research and emergency hazard assessments to answer these questions. Evaluated burn areas
they’ve assessed included the nearly 2021 Dixie fire, the 2020 Labor Day wildfires, and many of the 2021 wildfires
in Washington.
The models used for hazard assessment have been developed and tested in drier places. But the models have
not been tested widely in wetter places. Are the models accurate for wetter regions? Researchers have begun
monitoring post-fire debris-flow activity in wetter places to answer the question. Post-fire monitoring involves
measuring the rainfall within the burned areas and recording the flow response after rainstorms. The observed flow
response is compared to the predicted possibility. If the model predicted a high possibility of debris flow and there
was a debris flow, the model got it right.
Recent data bespeaks both similarities and differences in debris-flow processes between the areas with
higher humidity (湿度) and drier areas. For example, in the 2021 Dixie fire, major debris flows were caused byshort bursts of intense rainfall like they are in drier places. In contrast, debris flows in the 2017 Eagle Creek Fire
were caused by long time rainfall. Continued observation and testing is expected to lead to an improved set of
hazard assessment models.
Other frequently asked questions after wildfires are: How far will debris flows travel? What will be
impacted? And how long will the burned areas remain hazardous? These questions are presently not addressed in
current debris-flow hazard assessments, but the researchers are doing research to provide answers soon.
33．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．Contents included in a project. B．Hazards caused by debris flows.
C．Causes of post-fire debris flows. D．Reasons for conducting the studies.
34．What places are current studies focusing on?
A．Places seldom noticed. B．Places with debris flow records.
C．Places with higher humidity. D．Places once affected by wildfires.
35．What does the underlined word “bespeaks” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Replaces. B．Reveals.
C．Recognizes. D．Recommends.
36．What may be included in the next studies according to the text?
A．Methods to prevent debris flows. B．Possible effects of debris flows.
C．The lasting time of the debris flows. D．Other risks in the burned areas.
（十）
（2025届陕西省菁师联盟高三一模）Climate change is already having impacts like soaring temperatures,
stronger hurricanes, intensified floods and a longer and more severe wildfire season. Scientists warn ignoring it will
bring “untold suffering” to humanity. But will it lead to humans extinction?
If we just consider the direct impacts, it’s unlikely to cause our extinction. However, climate change can still
endanger hundreds of millions of lives. It may cause food and water shortage, potentially leading to a societal
collapse and global conflict.
Humans are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, in the atmosphere
through the burning of fossil fuels and other activities. These gases trap and hold heat from the sun, causing global
temperatures to rise and the climate to change much faster than it otherwise would, putting humanity on a
dangerous path.A runaway (失温) greenhouse effect is probably the only way climate change impacts could directly cause
human extinction, according to Luke Kemp, a research associate at the Centre at the University of Cambridge in the
United Kingdom. Fortunately, the runaway green-house effect is unlikely to occur on Earth. For the effect to occur
a planet needs carbon dioxide levels of a couple of thousand parts per million (Earth has a little over 400 parts per
million) or a huge release of methane, and there isn’t evidence for that at this time, Brian Kahn, a research scientist
told NASA in 2018.
Michael Mann, an atmospheric science professor, says a global temperature increase of 3℃or more could
lead to a collapse of societal infrastructure (社会基础设施) and massive conflict, similar to Hollywood films.
Climate change could cause a societal collapse by creating food insecurity. Planet warming negatively
impacts food production, like increasing water shortage and reducing food harvests, Live Science reported. Food
production losses can increase human deaths, drive economic loss and socio-political instability.
While avoiding complete extinction doesn’t appear to be a very promising aspect of climate change, there is
reason for hope. Experts say it isn’t too late to avoid the worst-case scenarios (情况) with significant cuts to
greenhouse gas emissions.
“It is up to us,” Mann said. “If we fail to reduce carbon emissions substantially in the decade ahead, we are
likely committed to a worsening of already dangerous extreme weather events, coastlines inundation (淹没) due to
melting ice and rising sea level, more pressure on limited resources as a growing global population competes for
less food, water and space due to climate change impacts. If we act boldly now, we can avoid the worst impacts.”
37．What are the current impacts of climate change mentioned in the passage?
A．More rainfall and shorter wildfire seasons.
B．Lower sea-levels, fewer wildfires, and stable climate.
C．Rising temperatures, stronger hurricanes, and intensified floods.
D．Decreasing temperatures, weaker hurricanes, and less severe floods.
38．What is required for a runaway greenhouse effect to occur?
A．An enormous amount of methane emissions.
B．An increase in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
C．A decrease in, the amount of methane in the atmosphere.
D．Carbon dioxide levels of a few hundred parts per million.
39．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Humans will not be affected by climate change in the future.B．Scientists have found a way to completely stop climate change.
C．The runaway greenhouse effect is likely to happen on Earth in the future.
D．Climate change doesn’t directly cause human extinction but brings serious problems.
40．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．To describe the possible solutions to climate change.
B．To explain how climate change is caused by human activities.
C．To discuss whether climate change could lead to human extinction.
D．To introduce the main impacts of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere.
（十一）
（2025 届陕西省菁师联盟一模）As a child, Molly Easterlin loved playing sports. Sports, Easterlin
believes, underlie most of her greatest successes. They taught her discipline and teamwork, helped her make
friends and enabled her to navigate the many challenges of growing up.
When Easterlin became a doctor, she started seeing a lot of children suffering from trauma (心理创伤).
Many of these kids didn’t respond fully to traditional treatment for trauma. Depressed and searching for answers,
Easterlin turned to her own past. “I suspected that sports might have a powerful impact,” she says.
Her research, published Tuesday, finds that, in short, yes: Participation in team sports as a young person can
significantly reduce the long-term likelihood of depression and anxiety for people with childhood trauma.
To analyze how team sports impact the health of people who have experienced childhood adversity (逆境).
Easterlin and her colleagues analyzed data from 9,668 teens who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of
Adolescent to Adult Health. They homed in on about 5,000 teens who had reported one or more adverse childhood
experiences (ACEs).
The kids were assessed first in 1994–1995 when they were in seventh to 12th grade and asked whether they
participated in team sports. Fourteen years later, in 2008, these same people, now adults, were asked whether they
had ever received a diagnosis (诊断) of depression or anxiety. They were also tested for depressive symptoms in
case they just hadn’t been diagnosed.
Easterlin found that kids who had participated in team sports were significantly less likely to receive a
diagnosis of depression or anxiety and less likely to test positive for depressive symptoms. The study also doesn’t
point out exactly why sports may help, but. Easterlin thinks teamwork may be a key.
However, Easterlin says, it’s important to consider additional factors, like emotional connection withrelatives and a sense of safety and support. Easterlin also notes that the study did not distinguish between kids with
one ACE and those with multiple ACEs: For kids with more ACEs, she thinks the effect of team sports would very
likely have been even more powerful, but it remains to be further studied.
41．What does the underlined word “underlie” mean in Paragraph 1?
A．Stabilize. B．Facilitate. C．Relieve. D．Dismiss.
42．How was the National Longitudinal Study mainly conducted?
A．By doing questionnaire surveys.
B．By setting up experimental and control groups.
C．By referring to and comparing with other research data.
D．By conducting long-term tracking of research subjects.
43．What might play a key role in sports’ impact according to Easterlin?
A．Time management. B．Teamwork. C．Exercise intensity. D．Gender.
44．What does the last paragraph focus on?
A．The illustration of the research’s possible limitations.
B．The methodology of the research on adolescent health.
C．The significance of sports in treating childhood trauma.
D．The connection between team sports and reduced depression.
（十二）
（2025 届陕西省菁师联盟高三一模）Imagine any gathering of people — a wedding reception, a job
interview, or even just two off-duty workers chatting on the street. 45 ? They all involve people trying to
converse with one another. Yet, in these moments, we often struggle to find words to say. Let’s change that and turn
small talk into big ideas.
One way to move beyond small talk is to ask open-ended questions. 46 . Radio interviewer Terry
Gross once said that the best icebreaker is simply, “Tell me about yourself.” Instead of asking a pointed question
like “What do you do?”, this type of open question allows someone to introduce a topic they’re genuinely excited
to discuss.
47 . In our attempts to be polite, we tend to answer questions directly, or just repeat others’
observations. Look at the example.
James: It’s a beautiful day!
John: Yes, a beautiful day!See? By mirroring James’s opinion and language, John stopped the conversation and missed an opportunity
for a more engaging interaction.
An even better way to break the boring-conversation mirror is to skip over the expected response, and go
somewhere next-level. For instance, if someone says, “I love this coffee shop,” instead of simply agreeing, you
might respond with, “Me too! Have you tried their seasonal latte? It’s my favorite and pairs perfectly with their new
cake.” 48 . It also opens up the conversation for further exploration.
The art of transforming small talk into engaging conversations lies in our ability to ask open-ended questions
and avoid the trap of mirroring. 49 .
A．This not only avoids mirroring
B．Or worse, we do a passable job at talking
C．Which ideas will be worth spreading next
D．What do these situations have in common
E．We can invite people to share stories rather than give one-word answers
F．A phenomenon called “mirroring” also prevents small talk turning into real talk
G．With it, we can turn even the most boring exchanges into opportunities for connection
（十三）
（2025内蒙古自治区赤峰市一模）An experimental screening method that paired the dogs with artificial
intelligence was able to detect the smell of cancer carried on patients’ breaths. The canine (犬科的)-AI pair was
highly accurate and sensitive, successfully spotting four types of cancer in 94% of cases, according to a report
published on November 15 in Scientific Reports.
“The screening worked just as well detecting early stage cancers as it did later stage cancers,” says Assaf
Rabinowicz, chief technology officer at SpotitEarly, the company that developed the method. “That’s crucial
because early detection can substantially contribute to increasing cancer survival rates.” The method employs dogs’
“amazing sense of smell”, Rabinowicz says. Canines can act like discase detectives, finding faint smells that serve
as cancer’s smell signature.
For this study, Rabinowicz’s team trained Labrador dogs to smell breath samples and sit if they detected
breast, lung, colorectal (直肠) or prostate (前列腺) cancer. However, reading dogs’ body language can be hard, so
the researchers trained an AI model using machine learning and computer vision to interpret the dogs’ signals.
The team partnered with medical centers in Israel to test their system on breath samples from nearly 1,400participants, 261 of whom had tested positive for one of the four cancer types. With AI, the doggy detectors
identified 245 cases with only 60 false positives out of 1,048 negative samples.
SpotitEarly is planning a larger clinical trial in the United States and aims to report early results in 2026. The
company is now working with Beagle dogs for cancer detection, partly because they’re smaller and easier to train.
But the Labradors who worked in the study are still top dogs and continue to contribute to research and
development, Rabinowicz says.
50．Which of the following best describes the screening method?
A．It cures four kinds of cancers. B．It reduces cancer treatment costs.
C．It removes human involvement in testing. D．It combines dogs and AI to detect cancer.
51．What is the basis of the screening method, according to Rabinowicz?
A．Cancer’s visible signs. B．Dogs’ sense of smell.
C．AI’s calculating system. D．Patients’ medical records.
52．What can be inferred about the future of the detection system?
A．It will be widely promoted in 2026. B．Bigger dogs will join in the research.
C．Further research is required to test the results.D．It will replace traditional detection methods.
53．Where is this text probably taken from?
A．A dog-raising guide. B．A science magazine.
C．A medical textbook. D．A technology brochure.
（十四）
（2025届内蒙古阿拉善盟一模）“If you take a regular piece of paper and try to make it fly, it will flutter,
tumble, flip around in the air and do all sorts of crazy motions,” says Leif Ristroph, an associate professor of
mathematics at New York University. “But if you fold it into a paper airplane, the magic of it is that it doesn’t do all
those things,” he says. “It will fly smoothly.” This awesome ability is why he’s so keen on paper airplanes.
But how smoothly can they fly? Ristroph and a team of fellow scientists decided to test this for the benefit of
science. “To try to understand the math and physics involved, we decided to go simple,” Ristroph says — so simple
that their “paper airplanes” were just small sheets of paper, two inches wide by six inches long, sometimes left
perfectly flat and sometimes folded a bit on each side to give them fins (鱼鳍).
But why study paper airplanes? What’s amazing about them, Ristroph says, “is that there’s no tail that’s
needed”. Most birds and airplanes rely on their tails to keep level while flying. Their wings are used to generate“lift”, which is the force that overcomes gravity’s tendency to pull objects down. Unless it has a fancy, tailed
design, “a paper airplane does this all in one”, he says. “I doubt our discoveries will change the way passenger
airplanes are designed,” Ristroph says. However, “it could be more useful as we start to think about very, very
small flying aircraft,” such as flying robots and tiny drones for helping search-and rescue teams or monitoring air
quality above cities. Because they may be too small to fit separate lift and stability mechanisms, perhaps they can
offer them together as a simple paper airplane does.
Kids can also benefit from Ristroph’s research. For the typical paper airplane - with paper folded into a
triangular shape - Ristroph suggests experimenting like he did to make it fly smoothly. Put a paper clip on the body
of the plane, the place where you hold it to launch it. Try putting the clip in various spots, forward and backward.
“Sooner or later, you will hit the perfect position and the airplane will gracefully soar.” Ristroph says.
54．Why did Ristroph use “simple sheets of paper” in his experiments?
A．To reduce the costs of scientific research.
B．To illustrate the basic principles of flight.
C．To imitate the flying complexity of birds.
D．To prove the unsteadiness of flat paper.
55．What can be inferred about future small flying robots based on the passage?
A．They will replace passenger airplanes entirely.
B．They require complex tail systems to function well.
C．Their design might combine lift and stability mechanisms.
D．Their development will differ from paper airplane research.
56．How does Ristroph view the practical impact of his research?
A．Cautious. B．Skeptical. C．Indifferent. D．Optimistic.
57．What is the best title for the passage?
A．How far can a paper plane go?
B．How was Ristroph’s research carried out?
C．How fast can a paper plane fly?
D．How will Ristroph’s research promote creativity?
（十五）
（云南省昆明市 2025届高三“三诊一模”）AI Morality (Oxford University Press, 2024), edited by
British philosopher David Edmonds, is a collection of essays exploring how AI will completely change our livesand the moral dilemmas it will set off, painting a picture of the reasons to be cheerful and to worry. In this excerpt
(节选), Muriel Leuenberger, a postdoctoral researcher in the ethics (道德) of technology and AI at the University of
Zurich, focuses on this very modern identity crisis.
An AI that tells you who you are and what you should do is based on the idea that your identity is something
you can discover — information you or an AI may access. But this view misses an important point: we also choose
who we are.
Constantly relying on AI recommendation systems might calcify your identity. By recommending products
and other contents, you become more likely to consume, think, and act in the way the AI system initially considered
suitable for you, gradually influencing you so much that you develop into who it took you to originally be.
This is, however, not a necessary feature of recommendation systems. In theory, they could be designed to
broaden the user’s horizon, instead of maximizing involvement by showing customers what they already like. In
practice, that’s not how they function.
Besides, by giving decisions to AI, you may fail to meet the moral demand to take responsibility for who you
are. This concern weighs particularly heavy when making the most substantial decisions. But even in ordinary
cases like selecting movies, music, books, or news, it would be good to put recommendation systems aside from
time to time, which in turn, calls for research, risk, and self-reflection.
An AI might state a lot of facts about you, but it is your job to find out what they mean to you and how you
let them define you. The same holds for actions. Your actions are not just a way of seeking well-being. Through
your actions, you choose what kind of person you are.
58．What does the collection of essays focus on?
A．Potential benefits and risks of AI. B．Various dominant roles of AI.
C．Recent policies on AI development. D．Individual estimates of AI’s future.
59．What does the underlined word “calcify” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Admit. B．Weaken. C．Remember. D．Reject.
60．What is the recommendation system designed for?
A．Developing users’ broader vision. B．Prioritizing the most ideal choice.
C．Highlighting existing preferences. D．Attracting consumers’ engagement.
61．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To prove the uniqueness of AI. B．To stress the huge influence of AI.
C．To present the confusion brought by AI. D．To advocate independent thinking in AI era.（十六）
（云南省昆明市 2025 届高三“三诊一模”）Encouraging bilingualism, the ability to speak two
languages equally well, at home can have many benefits on mental processes of understanding, which may be
particularly helpful to kids with autism (自闭症), a new research indicates.
The new research explored the role of bilingualism in 112 children, including children with typical
development and children with autism, between the ages of 7 to 12 years old. Overall, they found that children who
spoke two or more languages often had stronger executive (执行) functioning skills. This means they are able to
control the sudden desire and to switch between different tasks more easily than children who only speak one
language.
Published in the journal Autism Research, the results are significant because executive functioning skills are
a key challenge for children with autism, but are important for all kids to develop in school and later in the
workplace. While executive function skills develop and improve across the whole life, individuals with autism
often struggle with executive functioning, affecting their ability to manage daily tasks and adapt to new situations.
An idea called joint activation from the field of neuroscience (神经科学) can help explain the results. Prior
research suggests that the bilingual brain has two languages constantly active and competing. As a result, the daily
experience of shifting between these languages is associated with enhanced executive control. “If you have to deal
with two languages, you have to control one intentionally in order to use the other. That's the idea, that restriction or
the ability to stop you from doing something, might be strengthened by knowing two languages,” says Lucina
Uddin, now a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
“This will surely bring a sense of relief to many of our families living with loved ones with autism. But
maybe it takes time to translate that to families,” says Lynn Perry, an associate professor at the University of
Miami. Perry intends to conduct further research with preschool children to see if bilingualism also has an impact
on kids’ interpersonal skills, which are crucial for children's social and mental development.
62．What can be learned about executive functioning skills?
A．They help develop children's bilingualism. B．They contribute to children's sudden desire.
C．They are hard to obtain for kids with autism. D．They are formed between the ages of 7 to 12.
63．How does the idea “joint activation” work?
A．By activating the prior memory. B．By switching to other learning tasks.
C．By preventing language competitions. D．By enhancing restriction on one language.64．What might the follow-up study focus on?
A．Bilingualism's application in other fields. B．Parents' rising awareness of bilingualism.
C．Ways to cure preschool children with autism. D．Bilingualism's effect on kids' social interaction.
65．What is the text mainly about?
A．The benefits of being bilingual. B．The causes and effects of autism.
C．The strategies to master two languages. D．The role bilingualism plays in fighting autism.
（十七）
（2025届四川名优校联盟）The debate over birth order and personality traits (特性) has been ongoing for
over a century. After decades of contested claims, a handful of recent studies found there was little evidence for
meaningful differences. But in a study published last week, psychologists have pushed back and claim there is an
effect after all.
In one of the largest studies ever conducted on birth order, family size and personality, Canadian researchers
gathered data from more than 700,000 volunteers and found that on average, middle children scored higher than
their siblings (兄弟姐妹) on traits seen as important for cooperation.
Scores for the same traits were also higher in families with more children, suggesting that people may be
more likely to develop a cooperative personality when they are raised as part of a bigger group.
Michael Ashton, first author of the study, noted that individuals with more siblings were more likely to
develop cooperative personalities. “A commonsense possibility is that when one has more siblings, one must more
frequently cooperate rather than act on selfish preferences. This ongoing situation might then promote the
development of cooperative tendencies generally”.
Researchers have guessed about the impact of birth order for more than a century. In 1874, the polymath
Francis Galton, the youngest of nine siblings, gathered histories on a group of English scientists and found a large
proportion were firstborns. He suspected the eldest received more attention from their parents, propelling them to
greater intellectual heights. Decades later, the Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler claimed firstborns were often
conscientious and responsible, while the youngest might become independent and creative as they looked for ways
to stand out.
This new research lends some credence to Adler’s view, showing that middle children may indeed be more
cooperative due to the unique position they hold in the family dynamic. They are often required to balance the
needs of both younger and older siblings, fostering skills like negotiation and compromise.66．What’s the finding of the Canadian study?
A．Siblings are born the same.
B．Middle children shine in cooperation.
C．Birth order has little impact on personality.
D．A large family contributes to sibling harmony.
67．What are Michael Ashton’s words aimed at?
A．Offering an explanation. B．Forecasting a global trend.
C．Presenting a new argument. D．Defending his research finding.
68．What does paragraph 5 of the text mainly focus on?
A．Applications of the research finding.
B．Past theories the Canadian study builds on.
C．Previous studies on the impact of birth order.
D．Further explanations of the research methods.
69．What does the underlined word “credence” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Denial. B．Pardon. C．Confusion. D．Acceptance.
（十八）
（2025届四川名优校联盟一模）Using LED lighting on the underside of surfboards could prevent great
white shark attacks, new research suggests. According to an Australian-led study, underside lighting disrupted the
ability of great whites to see silhouettes (轮廓像) against the sunlight above, reducing the rates at which the sharks
followed and attacked the artificial prey (猎物).
The study’s lead author, Dr Laura Ryan of Macquarie University, said the animal has a far lower visual
acuity — the ability to see shapes and details — than humans. Her work has suggested that young great white
sharks are unlikely to be able to clearly tell seals apart from swimmers or people paddling surfboards.
The team tested multiple light treatments: covering the underside of the decoys ( 诱饵) with weak,
intermediate and bright LED lighting and strobe lighting, as well as horizontal and vertical strip lighting. After each
tow with one of the light treatments, they immediately towed a control decoy seal without any underside lighting.
As an extra experiment, they did paired tests where the unlit control dummy was towed 3 metres away from the
illuminated (点亮) dummy.
The unlit decoys were attacked or followed by sharks more than any of the illuminated decoys. The brightestlight seemed to be most effective, with zero predator incidents seen when the decoy’s illumination was most
radiant. Vertical strip lighting was less effective than the horizontal strips, possibly because it broke the silhouette
into longer sections that could still be identified as a seal, says Ryan. The strobe lighting was less effective than
continuous lighting, perhaps because the sharks could still see the silhouette of what they thought was prey between
flashes.
The team is testing a surfboard prototype with fitted lighting. “Surfers can be a little bit fussy with their
surfboards,” Ryan said. “As a surfer, I want it to be usable.” But Ryan warns that the illumination deterrent hasn’t
been tested on other species known to attack people, such as tiger sharks and bull sharks, which have different
hunting strategies.
70．According to the study, what might cause sharks’ attack on humans?
A．Colour blindness. B．Mistaken identity.
C．Strong sunlight. D．Survival needs.
71．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The process of the experiment. B．The subjects of the experiment.
C．The follow-up study of the experiment. D．The theoretical basis of the experiment.
72．What can be an implied way to prevent shark attacks on humans?
A．Using vertical strip lighting. B．Covering a surfboard entirely in lights.
C．Keeping the lights on the surfboards out.D．Lengthening the horizontal strip lighting.
73．What is Ryan’s attitude towards the research finding?
A．Disapproving. B．Optimistic. C．Unclear. D．Cautious.
