专题 02 阅读理解（说明文）
（一）
（2025•山西•二模）
Rise with the sun and rest at sunset — this was the way of life for our ancestors. Thanks to
artificial light, which improves visibility at night, we can enjoy a much safer society and around-the-clock
productivity. For wildlife, however, studies have shown it disturbs animals’ natural sleep cycles, affects
amphibian (两栖的) reproduction and throws migrating birds off course.
New research in Frontiers in Plant Science investigated how artificial light impacts plant-insect relationships.
Researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect
damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed 5,500 leaf samples from two tree species throughout Beijing.
Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less
evidence of hungry insects. They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial light at
night might be extending their photosynthesis (光合作用) time.
“Plants distribute their limited resources, such as nutrients, water and energy, among various functions like
growth, reproduction and defense, depending on the environment. Light can affect how plants use resources,” says
Ellen Cieraad, a plant ecologist from New Zealand. “Since plants use light for growth, artificial night light could be
unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis, allocating more resources to chemical compounds
that make leaves tougher.”
“If the same applied to leaves of other species, this would be bad news for insects,” researchers said.
Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban
ecosystem. Herbivorous insects, which rely on leaves for food, may struggle to survive, disrupting the food
chain. Fewer herbivorous insects could lead to declines in predators like birds, affecting biodiversity.
Insects also play vital roles as pollinators (传粉媒介) and eat decaying plants, helping to break down leaves
and returning nutrients to soil. In cities, healthy soil and healthy plant life supported by insects are good for
humans, as plants provide shade and reduce heat trapped in cities. Moving forward, researchers are committed to
refining their discovery, aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions.
64．What influence does artificial light bring according to the text?
A．It toughens tree leaves.
B．It shortens animals’ sleep hours.C．It illuminates birds’ migrating routes.
D．It increases amphibian reproduction rates.
65．Why is Ellen Cieraad quoted in paragraph 3?
A．To raise a concern. B．To introduce a concept.
C．To support an assumption. D．To clarify a misunderstanding.
66．Which of the following best summarizes the phenomenon in paragraph 4?
A．Time heals all wounds. B．Nature always finds a way.
C．A chain is as strong as its weakest link. D．A small move may affect the bigger picture.
67．What will the following research probably focus on?
A．Approaches to enhancing soil quality.
B．Ways of improving urban biodiversity.
C．Standards for selecting plant species in cities.
D．Solutions to reducing impacts of nighttime light.
（二）
（2025•内蒙古呼和浩特•二模）
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the
ball cost? If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give the same answer (the correct
answer is 5 cents). The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part
of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify (证实)”
— in other words, to stop and question what you know.
In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of
volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate
their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not
understand the concept. The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they
said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an
average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding,
Sloman says.
According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion (传染病). This idea can
be seen in many fields, including politics. “If everyone around you is saying they understand why apolitician is dishonest,” Sloman says, “then you’re going to start thinking that you understand, too.”
Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”, writes Adam Waytz, a management
professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’s
possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,” Sloman admits. However, training people to
care about fact — checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities. “Develop a norm in your
community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says. “Verify before
you believe.”
76．Why does the author mention the bat and ball question in paragraph 1?
A．People respond quickly without thinking.
B．People forget what they learned in school.
C．People give multiple answers to a question.
D．People tend to overcomplicate simple problems.
77．More volunteers claimed to understand helium rain when______.
A．some volunteers explained it to them
B．they believed scientists fully understood it
C．they received a detailed description of how it works
D．Sloman and his colleagues showed them how it worked
78．Which of the following is an example of “motivated reasoning”?
A．You share your opinion about a news story.
B．You search online to verify a social media story.
C．You trust a story because many friends shared it.
D．You ignore a negative story about a player you like
79．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Stop, Question and Verify
B．The Influence of Fake News
C．Rate, Explain and Understand
D．The Spread of Fake News
（三）（2025·河南·二模）
As a result of decades of man-made climate change, an increasing number of trees are suffering. So far, the
European beech (山毛榉), the most important native forest tree species in Europe, has experienced a decline in
growth, primarily in southern Europe. A research team from the University of Gottingen has now demonstrated in a
study that the European beech is also suffering from increased drought stress in northern Germany during the
summer. This climate stress is more palpable in warmer locations, where these trees are more densely planted, and
on very sandy soils.
Climate change is affecting forests worldwide, including those in northern Germany. Rising temperatures can
lead to drought, stressing and killing trees. Changes in precipitation (降水) patterns, such as drought and extreme
weather events like heavy rainfall or flooding, also impact forest health. Warmer temperatures increase the risk of
pests and diseases that can damage or kill trees. Additionally, drought, extreme weather, and higher temperatures
elevate the risk of forest fires.
The researchers chose a wide range of sites in their study, from wet to very dry, because there are very dry
beech forests even in northern Germany. The scientists collected numerous wood samples at each of these locations
in order to measure the tree rings in the tree trunks.
“We can look back over many decades and reconstruct tree growth in the past,” says Dr. Robert Weigel, a
researcher in Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research. These data were combined with those from climate stations
in order to determine the relationship between climate and tree growth.
Research has found that the drought and high temperatures in June are key climatic factors affecting the
growth of beech trees in all study areas. The drier the region, the slower the growth of trees. “These results are a
warning that the European beech will also be increasingly affected by drought, not just in southern Europe, but also
in many regions here in Germany,” says Weigel.
104．Why did the author mention the significance of the European beech?
A．To estimate its status.
B．To investigate its variety.
C．To show the basis of the research.
D．To prove the necessity of the research.
105．What does the underlined word “palpable” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Mysterious. B．Distinct.
C．Authentic.D．Smooth.106．What is the function of the second paragraph?
A．To provide background for the European beech trees study.
B．To raise a reasonable doubt about the research process.
C．To present a further explanation of the research methods.
D．To speculate potential application of the research findings.
107．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Global warming’s impact on forest ecosystem.
B．The beech’s tree ring analysis in climate research.
C．Climate change’s effect on European beech trees.
D．Measures to handle pests and diseases in European beech forests.
（四）
（2025·四川达州·二模）
Although daydreaming is often seen as an enjoyable escape from the dull, tough or repetitive aspects of
everyday life, the act of “pleasurable thinking” is more challenging and less satisfying than many people might
think, according to a growing body of research.
Years ago, Nicholas Buttrick and his team conducted a study. The researchers asked, “Which is more
enjoyable: trying to think enjoyable thoughts or doing daily individual activities?” They found that of the 2,557
participants from 12 sites in 11 countries, most people, across cultures, enjoyed engaging in individual activities
more than thinking freely and entertaining themselves with their thoughts as best they could. “Participants
randomly assigned to do something reported significantly greater gratification than that of participants randomly
assigned to think for pleasure, and the results were consistent in every country,” Buttrick concluded.
Recently, a follow-up study led by Erin Westgate, a psychology professor at the University of Florida,
investigated why so many people do not choose to think for pleasure, and when directed to do so, struggle to
concentrate successfully.
The researchers started by providing participants with specific examples of meaningful topics and then
instructed them to think “meaningful” thoughts. Surprisingly, they discovered that asking people to think
meaningful thoughts actually made daydreaming much less enjoyable than freely thinking about unguided
thoughts. “I was so confused,” Westgate said. But after analyzing which meaningful topics participants reported
thinking about when asked to think about something meaningful, she realized that “they were heavy stuff”.Westgate wants to help people recapture that daydream state, which may boost wellness. Although improving
daydream states can be difficult, she recommends priming (指引) the brain to think about topics that are both
enjoyable and meaningful.
“It’s something that sets us apart. Thinking for pleasure allows us to imagine new realities,” Westgate said.
“But that kind of thinking requires practice. As you build your ability to daydream, you’ll have a source of
enjoyable thoughts during stressful times. The next time you’re walking, instead of pulling out your phone, try it.”
116．What is the common understanding of “pleasurable thinking” among people?
A．It is a form of relaxation. B．It is a usual daily practice.
C．It is a sign of wasting time. D．It is a hard but rewarding activity.
117．What is the closest meaning to the underlined word “gratification” in paragraph 2?
A．Success. B．Boredom. C．Hesitation. D．Enjoyment.
118．Which of the following made Westgate puzzled?
A．The research methods.
B．The joy levels of the participants.
C．The participants’ choice of meaningful topics.
D．The lack of a clear definition of “meaningful thoughts”.
119．What advice does Westgate give to people?
A．Focusing on new realities.
B．Engaging in physical exercise.
C．Keeping daydreaming during tough times.
D．Daydreaming on both pleasant and significant subjects.
（五）
（2025·云南曲靖·二模）
The spinal cord (脊髓) is the control cable that connects the brain to the rest of the body. If it is severed,
people lose the ability to move their body below the site of the injury. But if it is only partly cut, the brain can
sometimes adapt to the damage. Some people who are paralysed (瘫痪) by a spinal cord injury can gradually regain
at least a limited ability to walk.
Exactly which bits of the brain are involved in this adaptation is not clear. But, in a paper just published in
Nature Medicine, a group of researchers led by Jocelyne Bloch of Lausanne University Hospital and Grégoire
Courtine at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne shed some light. In doing so, they demonstratethat stimulation (刺激) of the right bits of the brain can produce dramatic and seemingly permanent improvements
in the ability of patients to walk again.
“We already knew that changes in the brain were key to regaining walking after a spinal cord injury,” says Dr
Courtine. “But we didn’t know which regions were the most important.” To find out, the researchers built detailed
maps of the brains of a dozen mice whose spinal cords had been partially severed.
By examining some brains shortly after the injury, and others later, as their animal owners were regaining the
ability to walk, the researchers were led to a set of neurons (神经元) in the LH (下丘脑外侧) as the likely factor.
That was unexpected, says Dr Bloch, for the LH is best known for being involved with hunger, thirst and other
involuntary functions of the nervous system.
To check they were on the right track, the researchers turned to a method of stimulating neurons, deep-brain
stimulation (DBS). This involves inserting fine electrodes (电极) into the brain and stimulating neurons with
electric currents. As hoped, stimulating neurons in the brains of injured rats over the course of several weeks helped
them to regain the ability to walk. The improvements continued even when the current was turned off, with analysis
of their spinal cords showing an increased density of neuronal wiring below the site of their injuries.
128．What was the aim of the researchled by Jocelyne Bloch and Grégoire Courtine?
A．To show how the spinal cord connects the brain to the body.
B．To figure out which part of the brain is linked to regaining walking.
C．To explain how a spinal cord injury leads to people’s paralysis.
D．To build a map of the brain for those with spinal cord injuries.
129．What was beyond the researchers’ expectation?
A．The existence of neurons in LH.
B．The effect of LH on hunger and thirst.
C．The role of LH neurons in regaining walking.
D．The application of DBS in the study.
130．What were the results of DBS in injured rats?
A．They managed to walk again.
B．They couldn’t walk without the current.
C．They were seriously injured by the current.
D．They had a lower density of neuronal wiring.
131．What is the best title for the text?A．The Impact of a Spinal Cord Injury. B．The Function of the Spinal Cord.
C．The Prevention Strategies of a Spinal Cord Injury. D．The Benefit of Stimulating Parts of the Brain.
（六）
（2025·陕西渭南·二模）
At first glance, a dead tree might just look like a lifeless, fallen log. But look closer: beneath the rotting bark
(树皮), the wood is full of life. Upon its death, the tree’s tightly sealed tube system, previously used to transport
nutrients and water, becomes empty and allows some creatures to pass through, according to Matteo Garbelotto, a
professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
These empty trunks, still standing upright, are also called snags or wildlife trees. Because of their verticality,
they can host a high diversity of species that varies from top to bottom. Fallen trees, often called logs, are also
valuable habitats, though for smaller species, Garbelotto says. Both types attract all sorts of life, starting with fungi
(真菌).
Fungi do much of the hard work of speeding up the decomposition process, softening the hard trunk into
something with many small holes. This allows in a whole host of species seeking food and shelter: beetles get in to
lay egg, amphibians nestle under the bark, and birds feeding on insects build nests within the trunk itself.
The collection of wildlife changes over the course of the tree’s decay ( 腐烂), with each new species
contributing to and profiting from the process. Logs generally increase opportunities for insects, amphibians, and
reptiles and make a good combination with snags, Garbelotto says.
While some species like bark beetles and woodpeckers strongly prefer dead or rotting wood for nesting,
others, including wood-decaying fungi, can only survive in deadwood.
And it’s not just the animals that benefit from decaying trees. They provide natural protection and support for
young seedlings to grow. As trees decompose, carbon and nitrogen stores are slowly reabsorbed into the soil, a
critical step in nutrient recycling, both for young trees and for the larger ecosystem.
From a climate perspective, letting trees rot is critical. Large trees in particular act as significant carbon sinks,
which can absorb the carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, and allowing them to decompose naturally reduces
the amount of carbon dioxide — and, thus, heat — in the atmosphere.
Whenever possible, forestry experts prefer to leave dead trees untouched.
136．What is the main function of dead trees according to paragraph 1?
A．They block the growth of young seedlings.B．They provide food and shelter for large animals.
C．They support species and maintain biodiversity.
D．They have little ecological impact when decaying.
137．What does the underlined word “verticality” most likely mean?
A．The age of a tree. B．The height of a tree.
C．The empty structure of a tree. D．The upright position of a tree.
138．Which of the following about fungi is true?
A．They prefer wildlife trees to fallen logs. B．They provide nesting spaces for insects.
C．They seal the tube system of dead trees. D．They accelerate the breakdown of dead trees.
139．What is the best title of the passage?
A．The Afterlife of a Dead Tree. B．The Silent Power of Nature.
C．The Quite Decay of Fallen Leaves. D．The Battle Against a Tree’s Decay.
（七）
（2025·青海西宁·二模）
Experts believe that earthquakes may become more intense and closer together as a result of climate change.
The melting (融化) of glaciers is speeding up due to global warming. The land that was beneath the melted glacier
water rises when it runs off land and into the sea.
Among the most terrible of all natural disasters are earthquakes. While experts can prepare when the major
ones will strike, smaller ones can strike seemingly at any time, destroying entire cities and causing smaller disasters
like fires, landslides and tsunamis (海啸).
An upcoming rise in sea level along with glacier melt may make future earthquakes more frequent, according
to John Cassidy, an earthquake seismologist. The risk of earthquakes caused by glacial retreat (退缩) is less than
that of what may be associated with rising sea levels. An increase in sea level results in an increase in underwater
pressure on the seabed and therefore on the fault lines near the shore.
According to researchers, many earthquakes that are anticipated soon close to San Francisco and Los Angeles
still have late earthquake cycles. Consequently, the geological clock can be moved faster with slightly higher
temperatures. It could cause earthquakes in several regions. The stop in sea level rise could take up to a thousand
years, even in the event that we immediately stopped using greenhouse gases.
Cassidy is unsure if, at least during our lifetimes, the sea level rise would result in a significant enough changein pressure to precipitate these massive earthquakes. Cassidy underlined that the effects of climate change will
increase their risk when they occur. As sea level rises, earthquake-caused tsunamis will extend farther inland.
Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the likelihood of landslides caused by earthquakes. As
any vibration (震动) in wet ground is far more intensified than in dry ground, rainfall will likewise highlight
earthquake shaking. “It’s an important topic, one that I’m sure we’ll see a lot of information coming out on in the
coming months and years,” Cassidy said.
156．What aspect of earthquakes is stressed in paragraph 2?
A．Their universality. B．Their predictability.
C．Their suddenness. D．Their intensity.
157．What does the text imply about stopping using greenhouse gases right away?
A．Earthquakes will be prevented.
B．The sea level rise will stop at once.
C．The geological clock will move faster.
D．Coastal earthquakes may be fewer in the future.
158．What does the underlined word “precipitate” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Reduce. B．Quicken. C．Predict. D．Prevent.
159．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Cassidy is concerned about changes in sea level.
B．Disastrous earthquakes surely suffer from sea level rises.
C．Climate change has no impact on earthquake occurrences.
D．The chance of the secondary effects from earthquakes is low.
（八）
（2025·宁夏石嘴山·二模）
A study conducted by Branching Minds, an ed-tech company, found that 60-70 percent of students who were
identified as needing additional social-emotional support were also identified as needing additional academic
support.
To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study analyzed
student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4, 000K-8
students in the 2021—2022 school year.
The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students' reading and math performance.However, there’s still a gap in understanding how those pieces of data should be integrated and used together to
create intervention plans for students.
The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students performing
below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic
achievement. Therefore, it would be beneficial for educators to think about more integrated support plans for
struggling students.
For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we build that into a support plan,
and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social and play to that strength that
they have? ” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds. “Perhaps the students could
take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice reading
comprehension, as well as social skills,” Sutton added.
The study recommended that results from academic, social-emotional, and behavioral screeners should be
used for developing intervention plans for students. “It’s really important to look at students’ strengths and needs
comprehensively,” Sutton said. To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic,
behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and
teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention plans.
13．How did Branching Minds obtain the links between students’ academic performances and SEL skills?
A．By giving students tests. B．By interviewing students.
C．By conducting data analysis. D．By carrying out experiments.
14．What can we infer from Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A．Academic achievement is critical to intervention plans.
B．Students with strong SEL skills might do well academically.
C．The data have been integrated into effective intervention plans.
D．There’s a long way to go before the data are understood.
15．What could be done for sociable students with reading problems according to Sutton?
A．Making the most of their social strengths.
B．Providing them with additional reading materials.
C．Organizing more reading support groups for them.
D．Encouraging them to consult their peers about reading.
16．Which of the following is essential for the establishment of intervention plans?A．Technology. B．Flexibility. C．Assessment. D．Cooperation.
（九）
（2025·山西晋城·二模）
It’s impossible to predict when we’re going to die. But if we’re aiming for a long and healthy life, it pays to
worry less about our genes (基因) — which we can’t change anyway — and more about our lifestyle and
surroundings. That’s the conclusion of a new study published in Nature Medicine.
The study was based on data from more than 490,000 people, all of whom are registered with the UK
Biobank, a massive collection of participants’ detailed medical histories. The researchers used this rich data to
study the influence of genes and more than 100 environmental and socioeconomic factors on the risk of 22 diseases
that make up most of the major causes of death.
To do that, they focused especially closely on a subset of 45,000 people whose blood samples had been
subjected to what is known as proteomic profiling: an analysis of thousands of proteins or genes that help
determine physical age compared to calendar age.
“We can get an estimation of how quickly or slowly each participant is aging biologically compared to their
calendar age,” says lead author Austin Argentieri from Massachusetts General Hospital. “This is referred to as the
‘proteomic age gap’, since it’s the gap in years between protein-predicted age and calendar age.”
Just knowing that age gap, of course, is only part of the picture. Equally important is the cause of that gap. To
help determine that, the researchers analyzed people’s many environmental and behavioral exposures that
contribute to disease and biological age. These factors include income, neighborhood, employment status, diet, as
well as whether people smoke or exercise regularly. To cover the genetic side, researchers looked for genetic
markers associated with the 22 key diseases.
The results were striking. Environment and lifestyle accounted for 17% of people’s disease-related risk of
dying, compared to just 2% for genetics. Of the various environmental exposures, smoking was the riskiest
behavior, linked to 21 diseases; socioeconomic factors such as income, neighborhood were associated with 19
diseases; and a lack of physical activity was linked to 17 diseases.
68．What did the researchers do in their study?
A．They analyzed the causes of 22 diseases.
B．They focused on 100 environmental factors.
C．They interviewed more than 490,000 people.D．They collected blood samples from 45,000 people.
69．Which of the following is the so-called proteomic age gap?
A．Protein-predicted age + calendar age. B．Calendar age-Proteomic age gap.
C．Protein-predicted age - calendar age. D．Proteomic age gap - calendar age.
70．Which factor has the biggest effect on our health?
A．Diet. B．Income.
C．Physical activity. D．Smoking.
71．What can we learn from the new research?
A．Our genes determine our intelligence.
B．Our lifestyles matter more than our genes.
C．It is easy to control the environmental factors.
D．It is vital to monitor some diseases in advance.
（十）
（2025·内蒙古乌兰察布·二模）
Sublingual delivery means delivering medicine under the tongue. This area is not a very common place to
deliver drugs, but it is very effective for the drugs to be absorbed quickly into the body.
A Swiss biotech company, BioLingus, has developed sublingual delivery of peptides (肽) and proteins. It has
opened the door to non-invasive delivery of many biological drugs that had so far only been taken through
injections.
The primary challenge in developing the technique was stabilising the proteins. BioLingus turned to nature to
find a solution. The seeds of plants contain a high concentration of proteins, which have to survive and remain
complete for years, sometimes in extreme conditions of temperature, moisture, or drought. By mimicking these
mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for a very long time
at room temperature through advanced bioengineering.
And because of this, sublingual drugs are more adaptable than injection solutions that must usually be
refrigerated. In itself, this opens up the possibility for social innovation as well as biological innovation.
Due to the strong stability of BioLingus’ technology, sublingual drugs are very well suited for use in some less
developed countries. Biological drugs usually have to be cooled all the way from manufacturing right up to when
they reach the patient, and then injected. In many less developed countries, however, effective logistical cold chainsare non-existent or not very good. With BioLingus’ sublingual technology, however, the cold chain can be
minimised or not needed at all.
In addition, because the drugs can be given orally instead of by injection, complications (并发症) due to
infected needles are also prevented. What’s more, although the technology is hi-tech, from a manufacturing
perspective it is relatively low-cost. So, the combination of these factors makes it an excellent technology for use in
some less developed countries — very much a social innovation.
92．Which of the following inspired BioLingus’ solution to stabilising the proteins?
A．Proteins contained in plants.
B．Plants that live in extreme conditions.
C．The ways proteins survive extreme conditions.
D．Seeds growing at a steady and high temperature.
93．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Proteins in injection solutions must be refrigerated.
B．BioLingus came up with a technology through biomimicry.
C．Sublingual drugs are both socially and biologically innovative.
D．Sublingual drugs keep proteins stable for a long time at room temperature.
94．Why is sublingual delivery suited to some less developed countries?
A．Because these countries lack effective cold chains.
B．Because it is easier to be accepted in these countries.
C．Because it is less expensive and more high-tech than injection solutions.
D．Because there are more complications due to infected needles in these countries.
95．What is the best title of this passage?
A．Inspiration from Nature Transforms How Medicines Work
B．The Challenges Facing the Production of Sublingual Drugs
C．The Promotion of Sublingual Drugs in Developed Countries
D．Proteins in Different Natural Conditions Contribute to Innovation
（十一）
（2025·河南·二模）
It’s almost Christmas Eve, the night when Santa and Rudolph pull the king of all-nighters to deliver their gifts.
But what about the rest of the year? How do real reindeer manage to get enough sleep? One challenge for reindeeris that their habitat is different from most places on the planet: “In winter and in summer, in the Arctic, we either
have constant darkness or constant light,” says Gabi Wagner, a neuroscientist at the Norwegian Institute of
Bioeconomy Research and an author of the study.
“In summer,” says co-author Sara Meier, “they have an open meal and can choose what they like best,”
including lichens, mushrooms, and plants. That’s when they really fatten up. In winter, however, “they have to dig
through the snow and maybe find some lichen or some grass.” The result, says Wagner, is that “they’re very, very
active and lead a rich life during the very short growing season in summer. And they’re very lazy in winter when
there isn’t any food.”
Wagner measured the reindeer’s brain waves incessantly for several days straight in the summer, again in the
fall, and once again in the winter. “What we found,” says Furrer, a researcher of the study, “was, first of all, they
sleep a similar amount of time across the whole year.” Furrer thought maybe something was happening during
rumination, the process of chewing their food. “While they chew,” Furrer says, “they are in a body position that is
very similar to the one of deep sleep. So they usually have their eyes closed and they are quite still.” They’re like us
— they can’t sleep one hour today and then catch up next week. Rather, reindeer need a certain amount of sleep
every day.
As scientists look to what’s next, these new findings also echo the traditional wisdom of the Sámi, native
people of Norway who have herded (放牧) reindeer for centuries. “Sámi reindeer herders have known all along that
the animals need peace to eat and lie down to ruminate.” says Wagner who works with the community, “For the
first time, we now have the physiological data that is a requirement for the reindeer.”
100．What is the main reason for reindeer’s special sleep pattern?
A．Their huge weight. B．Their eating habits.
C．Their brain structure. D．Their living conditions.
101．Which can best describe reindeer’s life in summer?
A．Carefree and inactive. B．Sleepy and exhausted.
C．Colorful and energetic. D．Lazy and demanding.
102．What does the underlined word “incessantly” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Irregularly. B．Casually. C．Infrequently. D．Continuously.
103．Why is Sámi mentioned in the last paragraph?
A．To back up the scientific finding. B．To present old herding ways.
C．To introduce new research directions. D．To contrast with the new study.（十二）
（2025·四川攀枝花·二模）
Energy crops can be used for heat, electricity and even biofuels like bioethanol. They will become more
important as the world turns away from fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. In a new study, researchers from the
University of Surrey have shown that where you choose to plant energy crops makes a big difference to
biodiversity.
A detailed analysis has shown that, compared to planting them elsewhere, planting energy crops on existing
agricultural land in places like China and Central Europe could diminish harm to biodiversity. Planting in these
locations could then allow agricultural land in other places to be restored to natural habitats, maximizing the
benefits to biodiversity. The study is published in the Journal ofApplied Ecology.
Sophi e Tudge, who carried out the research at Surrey’s Center for Environment and Sustainability, said, “Our
study suggests that, as far as biodiversity is concerned, it is always best to restore farmland to nature rather than re-
plant it with energy crops.”
“Yet, we are realists. In the future, more fuel will come from crops, and it is far better to plant them on existing
farms than to destroy remaining natural habitats. We have shown that where you plant those crops makes a huge
difference to how many species continue to grow healthily,” she added.
When farmland is restored to nature, it creates new habitats for many species. Using that land to plant energy
crops instead can be a missed opportunity to improve biodiversity. Given that energy crops need to be planted
somewhere, researchers calculated which locations would have the smallest net impact on biodiversity.
They studied which habitats contained the richest mix of species. They then compared that information with
maps of land use and information about where energy crops could produce the biggest yields ( 产量). The
researchers found that the harm to biodiversity could be minimized in places like Central Europe and the east coasts
of the U. S. and China. However, food security, farmers’ willingness, and surrounding energy infrastructure (基础
设施) are also important. “After all, we depend on them to grow crops,” she said.
120．What does the underlined word “diminish” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Make something smaller.B．Increase greatly.
C．Remain unchanged. D．Get rid of completely.
121．What can we learn from Sophie Tudge’s words in paragraph 4?
A．Highest yields are the only priority.B．Energy crops do harm to biodiversity.
C．Restoring farmland to nature is the best choice.
D．Planting on current farms protects natural habitats.
122．What should be done in energy crop planting areas according to the last paragraph?
A．Considering many factors besides biodiversity.
B．Caring about biodiversity over other factors.
C．Focusing primarily on energy crop yields.
D．Planting energy crops in all available farmland.
123．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Farmland should be restored to nature. B．Energy crops will replace fossil fuels.
C．Biodiversity calls for concern.D．Where Energy Crops grow Affects Biodiversity.
（十三）
（2025·陕西渭南·二模）
Recently, Earth grabbed itself a second moon in the form of a newly discovered asteroid (小行星) named 2024
PT5. Unlike the moon, Earth’s primary companion which has accompanied our planet for around 4.5 billion years,
this “new mini-moon” will stick around for just two months before it heads back to its home in an asteroid belt
following our planet and orbiting the sun.
A team of scientists spotted 2024 PT5 as they routinely monitored newly discovered objects around Earth.
“The asteroid paying us a visit belongs to the Arjuna asteroid belt, a secondary asteroid belt made of space rocks
that follow the orbit very similar to that of Earth at an average distance to the sun of about 150 million kilometers,”
said research lead author Carlos de la Fuente Marcos.
Marcos explained that some of these asteroids in the Arjuna asteroid belt can approach Earth at a close range
of around 4.5 million kilometers and at low speeds of around 3,540 kilometers per hour. “Under these conditions,
one of these asteroids may be captured by Earth’s gravity and become a temporary moon of Earth. The asteroid
2024 PT5 will undergo this process for about two months,” Marcos added. “It will not follow a full orbit around
Earth.”
Mini-moon events come in two flavors. The first is about long episodes during which the asteroid completes
one or more revolutions about our planet, with these gravitational engagements (引力作用) lasting one or more
years. The second type of episodes is short engagements in which the small body does not complete one fullrevolution. These temporary captures can last just days, weeks or even a few months. Short mini-moon events are
relatively frequent, with several events happening per decade. Long mini-moon events, on the other hand, are rare
with Earth experiencing one around every ten or twenty years.
Unfortunately, during its occupation around Earth, 2024 PT5 won’t be visible to the vast majority of sky
watchers. “The asteroid is too small and dark for typical amateur telescopes. However, it is well within the
brightness range of typical telescopes by professional astronomers,” Marcos said.
140．How long will the asteroid 2024 PT5 stay near Earth?
A．Over a decade. B．About two months.
C．Less than a week. D．Around 4.5 billion years.
141．What makes 2024 PT5 a “mini moon” rather than a true moon?
A．It lacks a stable orbit around Earth.B．It is smaller than other asteroids.
C．It moves faster than Earth’s moon. D．It reflects too little light to be seen.
142．What writing technique is used to explain mini-moon events?
A．Definition. B．Classification. C．Comparison. D．Illustration.
143．What can we infer from Marcos’ words from the last paragraph?
A．The asteroid 2024 PT5 is unusually bright.
B．Sky watchers should purchase advanced telescopes.
C．Professional knowledge is needed for asteroid observation.
D．Amateur telescopes are not powerful to observe 2024 PT5.
（十四）
（2025·青海海东·二模）
The international merchant fleet of more than 100, 000 cargo (货物) ships transports more than 80% of global
trade. But it’s also responsible for about 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions (排放). Without a quick switch
from dirty fuels to cleaner energies, its pollution is forecast to increase. So sails make a comeback in shipping.
Mariners (水手) pushing for wind power say investors used to view them as something of a joke. But as they
pioneer a comeback for sail-powered cargo ships, they’re having the last laugh. “It’s our job to prove that it’s
possible,” Jourdan, a mariner, said aboard the new Grain de Sail II as it sailed off the French port of Saint-Malo.
“We want to reduce and even remove the carbon footprint,” said Jourdan. They made their first sail-powered
cargo ship, Grain de Sail I. Later, with its latest techniques and materials, Grain de Sail II comes a superchargedmodern advanced replacement to the former sail-powered cargo ship.
In the European Union(EU), larger cargo ships have to start paying for some of their emissions from 2025 and
follow new EU regulations that aim to promote low-carbon fuels. Such pressure could strengthen wind’s appeal.
What happens when the wind doesn’t blow? A French shipper is open about the fact that when its new ship
begins sailing in 2025, it will use its fuel system when winds alone can’t meet its target of 13-day crossings. “We
accept and recognize the fact that about 30% of our energy will come from a fuel system.” a manager of the shipper
said.
“We are going to learn and improve. And we’ll build ships that are bigger, that are more specialized for certain
goods, and more efficient at every level,” the manager added. The bigger ship will also use only wind power,
except for operation in ports. That will reduce its ships’ carbon footprint to just a small part of the emissions from
fuel-powered ships.
160．What is the main reason for sails returning to shipping?
A．To lower shipping coats. B．To reduce carbon footprint.
C．To increase trade efficiency. D．To improve shipping capacity.
161．What was investors’ attitude to the sail-powered cargo ships?
A．Confident.B．Unclear. C．Objective.D．Negative.
162．How does the French shipper deal with insufficient wind power for its new ship?
A．By adopting extra power system. B．By relying completely on wind.
C．By stopping the operations. D．By using alternative energy.
163．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The Extinction of Fuel-powered Ships. B．The New Pioneer of Carbon Reduction.
C．The Regeneration of Sail-powered Ships. D．The Rise of Low-carbon Shipping Technologies.
（十五）
（2025·河南许昌·二模）
Researchers at the Tokyo University of Science (TUS) have developed a groundbreaking sweat biosensor that
opens up new possibilities for real-time health monitoring.
Wearable sensors, typically worn directly on the skin, can monitor vital signs such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and muscle activity. However, designing chemical sensors for detecting substance in bodily liquid, like
sweat, has proven more complex due to issues of skin irritation (刺激) and accuracy when integrated into clothing.
Addressing these challenges, the research team at TUS used a technique called “heat-transfer Printing” to fix athin, flexible chloride ion (氯离子) sensor onto a clothing base and then integrated it into clothes such as T-shirts.
Further, health signs such as chloride ion concentration in sweat can be measured by simply wearing them. By
moving the sensor outside of the clothing piece, skin irritation is prevented. The wicking effect (芯吸效应) of fiber
helps distributing sweat evenly between the sensor’s electrodes (电极), ensuring stable electrical contact and
therefore improving the accuracy.
Additionally, the team carefully selected skin-friendly materials and conducted various experiments using
artificial sweat to prove the sensor’s accuracy in measuring chloride ion concentration. To assess its practicality, the
team tested the sensor on a volunteer who engaged in a 30-minute exercise on a still bicycle. Measurements of
bodily liquid were taken every five minutes and compared with the data collected by the sensor. The wearable
sensor reliably measured the concentration of chloride ions in sweat. Moreover, the sensor has the capability to
deliver data wirelessly, enabling real-time health monitoring.
This breakthrough can boost the development of advanced healthcare devices that offer precise and convenient
monitoring of important health indicators. With the power of these tiny electronics, researchers are pushing the
boundaries of healthcare innovation to improve disease prevention and overall well-being.
112．What is the main purpose of the sweat biosensor developed by TUS?
A．To measure muscle activity.
B．To monitor heart rate and blood pressure.
C．To detect chloride ions in sweat for health monitoring.
D．To prevent skin irritation caused by wearable sensors.
113．Why is designing sweat-based chemical sensors more complex?
A．Direct skin placement demands.
B．Limitations in heat-transfer printing technology.
C．Difficulties in manufacturing chloride ion sensors.
D．Skin irritation and accuracy challenges in clothing integration.
114．What method did TUS use to prevent skin irritation caused by the sensor?
A．By using skin-friendly materials. B．By moving the sensor outside clothing.
C．By improving the accuracy of the sensor. D．By conducting experiments using artificial sweat.
115．How was the practicality of the sensor assessed?
A．Conducting experiments using artificial sweat.
B．Measuring chloride ion concentration in sweat reliably.C．Testing the sensor on a volunteer and comparing results.
D．Selecting skin-friendly materials for the sensor.
（十六）
（2025·宁夏石嘴山·二模）
Natural disasters can have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and their communities at
large. There’s no doubt that seeing homes wiped away and city infrastructure (基础设施) in a mess right after a
disaster would be a severe blow. New research by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
showed that survivors of natural disasters often experience worsening mental health effect many months or years
later.
Surprisingly, the first few weeks after a natural disaster can be a time of emotional highs for a community. It
includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that inspire a sense of altruism (利他主义) .
That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival of large amounts of assistance encourages
optimism and bonding within a community.
However, the support gradually decreases over time due to limited resources and lack of recognition of the
lasting mental health impact of a disaster. That’s when communities enter the “disillusionment phase”. Recovery
workers have packed up and moved on, and people feel abandoned. Many community members become physically
exhausted and substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. And trigger
events, like the anniversary of the disaster, can cause dramatic increases in mental health problems.
The study indicates that emergency preparedness plans should find ways to extend mental health services
throughout the long-term recovery phase. “Focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the
visibility of mental health services during anticipated emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies should be
priorities,” said Dr Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center.
Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is critical to helping disaster
victims get back on their feet and recover from trauma (创伤). It’s a reminder that the natural disaster isn’t just an
environmental concern — it’s a mental health issue as well.
17．What mainly contributes to the community’s high spirits after a natural disaster?
A．Reconstruction work. B．Thankfulness for surviving.
C．Rescue efforts and support. D．Increased community participation.
18．What does the underlined word “disillusionment” in Paragraph 3 mean?A．Disappointment. B．Confusion. C．Disbelief. D．Indifference.
19．Which group of people might be the center of attention according to Small?
A．The young. B．The poor. C．The female. D．The sick.
20．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text?
A．To promote natural disaster response plans.
B．To highlight the shortage of mental health services.
C．To emphasize the damaging power of natural disasters.
D．To advocate long-term post-disaster mental health care.
