专题 02 阅读理解（说明文）
（一）
（2025•山西•二模）
Rise with the sun and rest at sunset — this was the way of life for our ancestors. Thanks to
artificial light, which improves visibility at night, we can enjoy a much safer society and around-the-clock
productivity. For wildlife, however, studies have shown it disturbs animals’ natural sleep cycles, affects
amphibian (两栖的) reproduction and throws migrating birds off course.
New research in Frontiers in Plant Science investigated how artificial light impacts plant-insect relationships.
Researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect
damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed 5,500 leaf samples from two tree species throughout Beijing.
Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less
evidence of hungry insects. They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial light at
night might be extending their photosynthesis (光合作用) time.
“Plants distribute their limited resources, such as nutrients, water and energy, among various functions like
growth, reproduction and defense, depending on the environment. Light can affect how plants use resources,” says
Ellen Cieraad, a plant ecologist from New Zealand. “Since plants use light for growth, artificial night light could be
unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis, allocating more resources to chemical compounds
that make leaves tougher.”
“If the same applied to leaves of other species, this would be bad news for insects,” researchers said.
Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban
ecosystem. Herbivorous insects, which rely on leaves for food, may struggle to survive, disrupting the food
chain. Fewer herbivorous insects could lead to declines in predators like birds, affecting biodiversity.
Insects also play vital roles as pollinators (传粉媒介) and eat decaying plants, helping to break down leaves
and returning nutrients to soil. In cities, healthy soil and healthy plant life supported by insects are good for
humans, as plants provide shade and reduce heat trapped in cities. Moving forward, researchers are committed to
refining their discovery, aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions.
64．What influence does artificial light bring according to the text?
A．It toughens tree leaves.
B．It shortens animals’ sleep hours.C．It illuminates birds’ migrating routes.
D．It increases amphibian reproduction rates.
65．Why is Ellen Cieraad quoted in paragraph 3?
A．To raise a concern. B．To introduce a concept.
C．To support an assumption. D．To clarify a misunderstanding.
66．Which of the following best summarizes the phenomenon in paragraph 4?
A．Time heals all wounds. B．Nature always finds a way.
C．A chain is as strong as its weakest link. D．A small move may affect the bigger picture.
67．What will the following research probably focus on?
A．Approaches to enhancing soil quality.
B．Ways of improving urban biodiversity.
C．Standards for selecting plant species in cities.
D．Solutions to reducing impacts of nighttime light.
【答案】64．A 65．C 66．D 67．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人造光对人类有益，但会干扰野生动物的自然睡眠周期，新研究
还发现它会使树叶变硬，影响城市生态系统。
64．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher
leaves. (研究人员发现，特定区域的人造光越多，树叶就越坚硬)”可知，人造光会使树叶变硬。故选A项。
65．推理判断题。根据第二段中“They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial
light at night might be extending their photosynthesis (光合作用) time. (他们并不完全明白原因，但推测
夜间处于人造光下的树木可能会延长它们的光合作用时间)”和第三段中引用Ellen Cieraad的话“Since
plants use light for growth, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on
photosynthesis, allocating more resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher. (由于植物利用
光进行生长，夜间人造光可能会不自然地增加树木进行光合作用的时间，将更多的资源分配到使树叶更坚
硬的化合物上)”可推知，引用Ellen Cieraad的话是为了支持第二段中研究人员的假设。故选C项。
66．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can
significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem. Herbivorous insects, which rely on leaves for food, may
struggle to survive, disrupting the food chain. Fewer herbivorous insects could lead to declines in
predators like birds, affecting biodiversity. (植物的变化以及植物与动物之间相互作用的变化，会对整个城市生态系统产生重大影响。以树叶为食的食草昆虫可能难以生存，从而破坏食物链。食草昆虫数量的减少
可能会导致鸟类等捕食者数量的减少，影响生物多样性)”描述的现象可知，植物和动物间的小变化会影响
整个城市生态系统，即小的变动可能会影响大局。故 D项“A small move may affect the bigger picture.
(一个小小的变动可能会影响大局)”能概括该段现象。故选D项。
67．推理判断题。根据前文提到人造光对生态系统的诸多影响和最后一段中“Moving forward, researchers
are committed to refining their discovery, aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions. (未来，研
究人员致力于完善他们的发现，旨在引导人们采取相应的行动)”可推断，后续研究可能会关注减少夜间人
造光影响的解决方案。故选D项。
（二）
（2025•内蒙古呼和浩特•二模）
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the
ball cost? If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give the same answer (the correct
answer is 5 cents). The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part
of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify (证实)”
— in other words, to stop and question what you know.
In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of
volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate
their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not
understand the concept. The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they
said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an
average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding,
Sloman says.
According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion (传染病). This idea can
be seen in many fields, including politics. “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a
politician is dishonest,” Sloman says, “then you’re going to start thinking that you understand, too.”
Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”, writes Adam Waytz, a management
professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’spossible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,” Sloman admits. However, training people to
care about fact — checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities. “Develop a norm in your
community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says. “Verify before
you believe.”
76．Why does the author mention the bat and ball question in paragraph 1?
A．People respond quickly without thinking.
B．People forget what they learned in school.
C．People give multiple answers to a question.
D．People tend to overcomplicate simple problems.
77．More volunteers claimed to understand helium rain when______.
A．some volunteers explained it to them
B．they believed scientists fully understood it
C．they received a detailed description of how it works
D．Sloman and his colleagues showed them how it worked
78．Which of the following is an example of “motivated reasoning”?
A．You share your opinion about a news story.
B．You search online to verify a social media story.
C．You trust a story because many friends shared it.
D．You ignore a negative story about a player you like
79．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Stop, Question and Verify
B．The Influence of Fake News
C．Rate, Explain and Understand
D．The Spread of Fake News
【答案】76．A 77．B 78．D 79．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们为何会轻信假新闻，以及如何应对假新闻。
76． 推理判断题。根据第一段“A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the
ball. How much does the ball cost? If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give
the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents). The bat and ball question helps explain why we often
believe in fake news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake newsis to know to verify (证实)” — in other words, to stop and question what you know. (一只蝙蝠和一个
球总共花费1.10美元。蝙蝠比球贵1.00美元。球的价格是多少呢？如果你回答10美分，那么你并非个例
—— 大多数人都给出了相同的答案（正确答案是5美分）。蝙蝠和球的问题有助于解释我们为何经常相信
假新闻。斯洛曼说，相信是人类的天性。但 “应对假新闻的诀窍在于要懂得去核实”—— 换句话说，要
停下来质疑你所知道的事情)”可知，作者在第一段提到球棒和球的问题是为了说明人们常常不假思索地快
速回答问题，从而引出文章主题——人们为何会轻信假新闻。故选A。
77．细节理解题。根据第二段“In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called
helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it
was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated
themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept. The researchers then told another group of
volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked
to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave
the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says. (在一项实验中，斯洛曼和一位
同事虚构了一个名为 “氦雨” 的发现。他们向一组志愿者讲述了这个发现，但承认他们无法完全解释这
是什么。然后，他们让志愿者对自己对“氦雨”的理解程度进行评分。大多数志愿者给自己打了1分（满
分7分），这意味着他们不理解这个概念。研究人员随后向另一组志愿者讲述了这个发现。这一次，他们
说科学家们能够完全解释其原理。当被要求评分时，志愿者们给出的平均答案是2分。斯洛曼说，科学家
的自信让志愿者们对自己的理解程度有了更高的认知)”可知，当志愿者们相信科学家们完全理解氦雨时，
他们更倾向于声称自己理解氦雨。故选B。
78．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated
reasoning”, writes Adam Waytz, a management professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more
likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. If you already have a negative opinion about
someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them. (凯洛格管理学院的管理学教授亚当・韦茨写
道，假新闻传播的另一个原因是 “动机性推理”。我们天生就更有可能相信那些证实我们现有观点的事
情。如果你已经对某人有负面看法，你就更有可能相信关于他们的负面报道)”可知，“动机性推理”指的
是人们更容易相信那些符合自己现有观点或利益的信息。D选项“You ignore a negative story about a
player you like (你忽略了一个关于你喜欢的球员的负面故事)”是“动机性推理”的一个例子，因为这个
人因为喜欢某个球员，所以选择忽略关于他的负面新闻。故选D。
79．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段中“Verify before you believe. (在相信之前先核实)”可知，文章主要讨论了人们为何会轻信假新闻，并提出了应对策略，即在相信之前先核实信息。A选项
“Stop, Question and Verify (停止、质疑和核实)”最符合文章主旨。故选A。
（三）
（2025·河南·二模）
As a result of decades of man-made climate change, an increasing number of trees are suffering. So far, the
European beech (山毛榉), the most important native forest tree species in Europe, has experienced a decline in
growth, primarily in southern Europe. A research team from the University of Gottingen has now demonstrated in a
study that the European beech is also suffering from increased drought stress in northern Germany during the
summer. This climate stress is more palpable in warmer locations, where these trees are more densely planted, and
on very sandy soils.
Climate change is affecting forests worldwide, including those in northern Germany. Rising temperatures can
lead to drought, stressing and killing trees. Changes in precipitation (降水) patterns, such as drought and extreme
weather events like heavy rainfall or flooding, also impact forest health. Warmer temperatures increase the risk of
pests and diseases that can damage or kill trees. Additionally, drought, extreme weather, and higher temperatures
elevate the risk of forest fires.
The researchers chose a wide range of sites in their study, from wet to very dry, because there are very dry
beech forests even in northern Germany. The scientists collected numerous wood samples at each of these locations
in order to measure the tree rings in the tree trunks.
“We can look back over many decades and reconstruct tree growth in the past,” says Dr. Robert Weigel, a
researcher in Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research. These data were combined with those from climate stations
in order to determine the relationship between climate and tree growth.
Research has found that the drought and high temperatures in June are key climatic factors affecting the
growth of beech trees in all study areas. The drier the region, the slower the growth of trees. “These results are a
warning that the European beech will also be increasingly affected by drought, not just in southern Europe, but also
in many regions here in Germany,” says Weigel.
104．Why did the author mention the significance of the European beech?
A．To estimate its status.
B．To investigate its variety.
C．To show the basis of the research.D．To prove the necessity of the research.
105．What does the underlined word “palpable” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Mysterious. B．Distinct.
C．Authentic.D．Smooth.
106．What is the function of the second paragraph?
A．To provide background for the European beech trees study.
B．To raise a reasonable doubt about the research process.
C．To present a further explanation of the research methods.
D．To speculate potential application of the research findings.
107．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Global warming’s impact on forest ecosystem.
B．The beech’s tree ring analysis in climate research.
C．Climate change’s effect on European beech trees.
D．Measures to handle pests and diseases in European beech forests.
【答案】104．D 105．B 106．A 107．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了气候变化对欧洲山毛榉树的影响，尤其是在德国北部地区的
研究结果。
104．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“So far, the European beech, the most important native forest tree species
in Europe, has experienced a decline in growth, primarily in southern Europe. A research team from the University
of Gottingen has now demonstrated in a study that the European beech is also suffering from increased drought
stress in northern Germany during the summer.(到目前为止，欧洲山毛榉是欧洲最重要的原生森林树种，其生
长速度有所下降，主要集中在南欧。哥廷根大学的一个研究团队在一项研究中证实，欧洲山毛榉在夏季也
正遭受着德国北部日益加剧的干旱胁迫)”可推知，作者提到欧洲山毛榉是欧洲最重要的本土森林树种是为
了证明研究的必要性。故选D。
105．词句猜测题。根据第一段的“A research team from the University of Gottingen has now demonstrated in a
study that the European beech is also suffering from increased drought stress in northern Germany during the
summer.(哥廷根大学的一个研究团队在一项研究中证实，欧洲山毛榉在夏季也正遭受着德国北部日益加剧
的干旱胁迫)”以及划线单词后半句话“where these trees are more densely planted, and on very sandy soils(这些
树木种植更密集的地方，并且位于非常沙质的土壤上)”可知，这种气候压力在更温暖的地方以及沙质土壤上更为明显，由此可推断出划线词的意思为“明显的”。故选B。
106．推理判断题。根据第二段“Climate change is affecting forests worldwide, including those in northern
Germany. Rising temperatures can lead to drought, stressing and killing trees. Changes in precipitation (降水)
patterns, such as drought and extreme weather events like heavy rainfall or flooding, also impact forest health.
Warmer temperatures increase the risk of pests and diseases that can damage or kill trees. Additionally, drought,
extreme weather, and higher temperatures elevate the risk of forest fires.(气候变化正在影响着全世界的森林，包
括德国北部的森林。气温上升会导致干旱、压力和杀死树木。降水模式的变化，如干旱和极端天气事件，
如强降雨或洪水，也会影响森林健康。温暖的气温会增加病虫害的风险，这些病虫害可能会损坏或杀死树
木。此外，干旱、极端天气和高温会增加森林火灾的风险)”第二段主要讲述了气候变化对全球森林的影响，
包括气温上升导致的干旱、降水模式的变化、病虫害的增加以及森林火灾风险的提高。由此可推知，这些
信息为后文关于欧洲山毛榉树的研究提供了背景。故选A。
107．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“A research team from the University of Gottingen has now
demonstrated in a study that the European beech is also suffering from increased drought stress in northern
Germany during the summer.(哥廷根大学的一个研究团队在一项研究中证实，欧洲山毛榉在夏季也正遭受着
德国北部日益加剧的干旱胁迫)”可知，本文主要介绍了由于气候变化的影响，越来越多的树木受到影响。
特别是欧洲山毛榉，作为欧洲最重要的本土森林树种，在欧洲南部已经出现了生长衰退的现象。由此可知，
本文主要谈论的是“气候变化对欧洲山毛榉树的影响”。故选C。
（四）
（2025·四川达州·二模）
Although daydreaming is often seen as an enjoyable escape from the dull, tough or repetitive aspects of
everyday life, the act of “pleasurable thinking” is more challenging and less satisfying than many people might
think, according to a growing body of research.
Years ago, Nicholas Buttrick and his team conducted a study. The researchers asked, “Which is more
enjoyable: trying to think enjoyable thoughts or doing daily individual activities?” They found that of the 2,557
participants from 12 sites in 11 countries, most people, across cultures, enjoyed engaging in individual activities
more than thinking freely and entertaining themselves with their thoughts as best they could. “Participants
randomly assigned to do something reported significantly greater gratification than that of participants randomly
assigned to think for pleasure, and the results were consistent in every country,” Buttrick concluded.
Recently, a follow-up study led by Erin Westgate, a psychology professor at the University of Florida,investigated why so many people do not choose to think for pleasure, and when directed to do so, struggle to
concentrate successfully.
The researchers started by providing participants with specific examples of meaningful topics and then
instructed them to think “meaningful” thoughts. Surprisingly, they discovered that asking people to think
meaningful thoughts actually made daydreaming much less enjoyable than freely thinking about unguided
thoughts. “I was so confused,” Westgate said. But after analyzing which meaningful topics participants reported
thinking about when asked to think about something meaningful, she realized that “they were heavy stuff”.
Westgate wants to help people recapture that daydream state, which may boost wellness. Although improving
daydream states can be difficult, she recommends priming (指引) the brain to think about topics that are both
enjoyable and meaningful.
“It’s something that sets us apart. Thinking for pleasure allows us to imagine new realities,” Westgate said.
“But that kind of thinking requires practice. As you build your ability to daydream, you’ll have a source of
enjoyable thoughts during stressful times. The next time you’re walking, instead of pulling out your phone, try it.”
116．What is the common understanding of “pleasurable thinking” among people?
A．It is a form of relaxation. B．It is a usual daily practice.
C．It is a sign of wasting time. D．It is a hard but rewarding activity.
117．What is the closest meaning to the underlined word “gratification” in paragraph 2?
A．Success. B．Boredom. C．Hesitation. D．Enjoyment.
118．Which of the following made Westgate puzzled?
A．The research methods.
B．The joy levels of the participants.
C．The participants’ choice of meaningful topics.
D．The lack of a clear definition of “meaningful thoughts”.
119．What advice does Westgate give to people?
A．Focusing on new realities.
B．Engaging in physical exercise.
C．Keeping daydreaming during tough times.
D．Daydreaming on both pleasant and significant subjects.
【答案】116．A 117．D 118．B 119．D
【导语】本文是说明文。本文主要讲述了愉快的思考的含义，以及如何愉快的思考。116．细节理解题。根据第一段“Although daydreaming is often seen as an enjoyable escape from the dull,
tough or repetitive aspects of everyday life, the act of “pleasurable thinking” is more challenging and less satisfying
than many people might think, according to a growing body of research.(尽管白日做梦通常被认为是逃避日常生
活枯燥、艰难或重复的一种愉快的方式，但越来越多的研究表明，“愉快思考”的行为比许多人想象的更
具挑战性，也不那么令人满意)”可知，人们对“愉快思考”的共同理解是这是一种放松的方式。故选A项。
117．词句猜测题。根据前文“They found that of the 2,557 participants from 12 sites in 11 countries, most
people, across cultures, enjoyed engaging in individual activities more than thinking freely and entertaining
themselves with their thoughts as best they could.(他们发现，在来自11个国家12个地点的2557名参与者中，
不同文化背景的大多数人更喜欢参与个人活动，而不是自由思考和尽可能地用自己的想法娱乐自己)”可知，
被随机分配做某件事的参与者比被随机分配思考快乐的参与者报告的满足感要大得多，推知 gratification应
是“满足感”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
118．细节理解题。根据第四段“Surprisingly, they discovered that asking people to think meaningful thoughts
actually made daydreaming much less enjoyable than freely thinking about unguided thoughts. “I was so
confused,” Westgate said.(令人惊讶的是，他们发现，要求人们思考有意义的内容实际上会让白日梦的乐趣
大打折扣，远不如自由放飞思绪来得愉快。“我当时非常困惑，”韦斯特盖特说)”可知，思考有意义的内
容远不如自由放飞思绪来得愉快，所以是参与者的快乐程度，让韦斯特盖特感到困惑。故选B项。
119．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Westgate wants to help people recapture that daydream state, which may
boost wellness. Although improving daydream states can be difficult, she recommends priming (指引) the brain to
think about topics that are both enjoyable and meaningful.(韦斯特盖特希望帮助人们重拾白日梦的状态，这可
能会促进健康。尽管改善白日梦状态可能很困难，但她建议让大脑开始思考既有趣又有意义的话题)”可知，
韦斯特盖特建议对愉快和重要的话题做白日梦。故选D项。
（五）
（2025·云南曲靖·二模）
The spinal cord (脊髓) is the control cable that connects the brain to the rest of the body. If it is severed,
people lose the ability to move their body below the site of the injury. But if it is only partly cut, the brain can
sometimes adapt to the damage. Some people who are paralysed (瘫痪) by a spinal cord injury can gradually regain
at least a limited ability to walk.
Exactly which bits of the brain are involved in this adaptation is not clear. But, in a paper just published in
Nature Medicine, a group of researchers led by Jocelyne Bloch of Lausanne University Hospital and GrégoireCourtine at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne shed some light. In doing so, they demonstrate
that stimulation (刺激) of the right bits of the brain can produce dramatic and seemingly permanent improvements
in the ability of patients to walk again.
“We already knew that changes in the brain were key to regaining walking after a spinal cord injury,” says Dr
Courtine. “But we didn’t know which regions were the most important.” To find out, the researchers built detailed
maps of the brains of a dozen mice whose spinal cords had been partially severed.
By examining some brains shortly after the injury, and others later, as their animal owners were regaining the
ability to walk, the researchers were led to a set of neurons (神经元) in the LH (下丘脑外侧) as the likely factor.
That was unexpected, says Dr Bloch, for the LH is best known for being involved with hunger, thirst and other
involuntary functions of the nervous system.
To check they were on the right track, the researchers turned to a method of stimulating neurons, deep-brain
stimulation (DBS). This involves inserting fine electrodes (电极) into the brain and stimulating neurons with
electric currents. As hoped, stimulating neurons in the brains of injured rats over the course of several weeks helped
them to regain the ability to walk. The improvements continued even when the current was turned off, with analysis
of their spinal cords showing an increased density of neuronal wiring below the site of their injuries.
128．What was the aim of the researchled by Jocelyne Bloch and Grégoire Courtine?
A．To show how the spinal cord connects the brain to the body.
B．To figure out which part of the brain is linked to regaining walking.
C．To explain how a spinal cord injury leads to people’s paralysis.
D．To build a map of the brain for those with spinal cord injuries.
129．What was beyond the researchers’ expectation?
A．The existence of neurons in LH.
B．The effect of LH on hunger and thirst.
C．The role of LH neurons in regaining walking.
D．The application of DBS in the study.
130．What were the results of DBS in injured rats?
A．They managed to walk again.
B．They couldn’t walk without the current.
C．They were seriously injured by the current.
D．They had a lower density of neuronal wiring.131．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Impact of a Spinal Cord Injury. B．The Function of the Spinal Cord.
C．The Prevention Strategies of a Spinal Cord Injury. D．The Benefit of Stimulating Parts of the Brain.
【答案】128．B 129．C 130．A 131．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脊髓损伤及其对人体的影响，特别是当脊髓只是部分切断时，
大脑如何适应这种损伤并可能帮助患者恢复行走能力。而一项研究则揭示了大脑中特定区域在脊髓损伤后
恢复行走能力中的重要作用，并通过实验验证了通过刺激这些神经元可以显著改善患者的行走能力。
128．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Exactly which bits of the brain are involved in this adaptation is not clear.
But, in a paper just published in Nature Medicine, a group of researchers led by Jocelyne Bloch of Lausanne
University Hospital and Grégoire Courtine at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne shed some
light.(究竟大脑的哪些部分参与了这种适应过程，目前尚不清楚。不过，由洛桑大学医院的 Jocelyne Bloch
和洛桑联邦理工学院的Grégoire Courtine带领的一组研究人员在刚刚发表于《自然・医学》杂志的一篇论
文中揭示了一些线索。)”以及第三段““We already knew that changes in the brain were key to regaining
walking after a spinal cord injury,” says Dr Courtine. “But we didn’t know which regions were the most
important.” To find out, the researchers built detailed maps of the brains of a dozen mice whose spinal cords had
been partially severed.( Courtine博士表示：“我们早已知道，脊髓损伤后，大脑的变化是恢复行走能力的关
键。但我们并不清楚哪些区域最为重要。”为了找到答案，研究人员绘制了十二只脊髓部分受损的小鼠大
脑的详细图谱。)”可知，研究人员想要弄清楚大脑的哪些部分参与了脊髓损伤后恢复行走能力的适应过程，
也就是找出大脑中与恢复行走相关的部分。因此，Jocelyne Bloch和Grégoire Courtine领导的研究的目的是
弄清楚大脑的哪个部分与恢复行走能力有关。故选B。
129．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“By examining some brains shortly after the injury, and others later, as their
animal owners were regaining the ability to walk, the researchers were led to a set of neurons (神经元) in the LH
(下丘脑外侧) as the likely factor. That was unexpected, says Dr Bloch, for the LH is best known for being
involved with hunger, thirst and other involuntary functions of the nervous system.(研究人员对一些小鼠在受伤
后不久的大脑进行了检查，对另一些小鼠则在它们逐渐恢复行走能力时进行检查。通过这种方式，他们发
现下丘脑外侧（LH）的一组神经元可能是关键因素。Bloch博士说，这一发现出人意料，因为人们最为熟
知的是，下丘脑外侧主要参与饥饿、口渴以及神经系统的其他非自主功能。)”可知，研究人员发现下丘脑
外侧（LH）的一组神经元可能是脊髓损伤后恢复行走能力的关键因素，而布洛赫博士说这是出乎意料的，
因为人们熟知的是下丘脑外侧主要参与饥饿、口渴等神经系统的非自主功能，所以出乎研究人员意料的是下丘脑外侧神经元在恢复行走能力中所起的作用。故选C。
130．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“As hoped, stimulating neurons in the brains of injured rats over the
course of several weeks helped them to regain the ability to walk. The improvements continued even when the
current was turned off, with analysis of their spinal cords showing an increased density of neuronal wiring below
the site of their injuries.(正如他们所期望的那样，在数周时间里对受伤大鼠大脑中的神经元进行刺激，帮助
这些大鼠恢复了行走能力。即使在电流关闭后，这种改善仍在持续。对它们脊髓的分析显示，受伤部位以
下的神经元连接密度有所增加。)”可知，对受伤大鼠大脑中的神经元进行数周的刺激（深部脑刺激 DBS）
帮助它们恢复了行走能力，并且即使在电流关闭后，这种改善仍在持续，对它们脊髓的分析显示受伤部位
以下的神经元连接密度有所增加。故选A。
131．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章开篇介绍了脊髓损伤的相关情况，即如果脊髓部分受损大脑
有时能适应损伤，部分瘫痪患者能逐渐恢复行走能力。接着重点阐述了由 Jocelyne Bloch 和Grégoire
Courtine带领的研究团队的研究，他们发现对大脑特定部位（下丘脑外侧的神经元）进行刺激（深部脑刺
激 DBS），能够显著且看似永久性地改善患者重新行走的能力，并且详细说明了研究的过程和结果。所
以文章主要围绕刺激大脑特定部位对脊髓损伤后恢复行走能力的益处展开。选项 D“The Benefit of
Stimulating Parts of the Brain(刺激大脑特定部位的益处)”准确地概括了文章关于刺激大脑特定部位对脊髓损
伤患者恢复行走能力有益的主旨。故选D。
（六）
（2025·陕西渭南·二模）
At first glance, a dead tree might just look like a lifeless, fallen log. But look closer: beneath the rotting bark
(树皮), the wood is full of life. Upon its death, the tree’s tightly sealed tube system, previously used to transport
nutrients and water, becomes empty and allows some creatures to pass through, according to Matteo Garbelotto, a
professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
These empty trunks, still standing upright, are also called snags or wildlife trees. Because of their verticality,
they can host a high diversity of species that varies from top to bottom. Fallen trees, often called logs, are also
valuable habitats, though for smaller species, Garbelotto says. Both types attract all sorts of life, starting with fungi
(真菌).
Fungi do much of the hard work of speeding up the decomposition process, softening the hard trunk into
something with many small holes. This allows in a whole host of species seeking food and shelter: beetles get in to
lay egg, amphibians nestle under the bark, and birds feeding on insects build nests within the trunk itself.The collection of wildlife changes over the course of the tree’s decay ( 腐烂), with each new species
contributing to and profiting from the process. Logs generally increase opportunities for insects, amphibians, and
reptiles and make a good combination with snags, Garbelotto says.
While some species like bark beetles and woodpeckers strongly prefer dead or rotting wood for nesting,
others, including wood-decaying fungi, can only survive in deadwood.
And it’s not just the animals that benefit from decaying trees. They provide natural protection and support for
young seedlings to grow. As trees decompose, carbon and nitrogen stores are slowly reabsorbed into the soil, a
critical step in nutrient recycling, both for young trees and for the larger ecosystem.
From a climate perspective, letting trees rot is critical. Large trees in particular act as significant carbon sinks,
which can absorb the carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, and allowing them to decompose naturally reduces
the amount of carbon dioxide — and, thus, heat — in the atmosphere.
Whenever possible, forestry experts prefer to leave dead trees untouched.
136．What is the main function of dead trees according to paragraph 1?
A．They block the growth of young seedlings.
B．They provide food and shelter for large animals.
C．They support species and maintain biodiversity.
D．They have little ecological impact when decaying.
137．What does the underlined word “verticality” most likely mean?
A．The age of a tree. B．The height of a tree.
C．The empty structure of a tree. D．The upright position of a tree.
138．Which of the following about fungi is true?
A．They prefer wildlife trees to fallen logs. B．They provide nesting spaces for insects.
C．They seal the tube system of dead trees. D．They accelerate the breakdown of dead trees.
139．What is the best title of the passage?
A．The Afterlife of a Dead Tree. B．The Silent Power of Nature.
C．The Quite Decay of Fallen Leaves. D．The Battle Against a Tree’s Decay.
【答案】136．C 137．D 138．D 139．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了枯树死后支持物种和维持生物多样性，介绍了枯树中存在的生
命形式。
136．细节理解题。根据第一段“At first glance, a dead tree might just look like a lifeless, fallen log. But lookcloser: beneath the rotting bark (树皮), the wood is full of life. Upon its death, the tree’s tightly sealed tube system,
previously used to transport nutrients and water, becomes empty and allows some creatures to pass through,
according to Matteo Garbelotto, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.(乍一看，一棵死树可能只
是看起来像一个没有生命的，倒下的原木。但仔细看，在腐烂的树皮下，木头充满了生命。加州大学伯克
利分校的Matteo Garbelotto教授说，在树死后，以前用于运输营养物质和水的紧密密封的管道系统变得空
了，允许一些生物通过)”可知，枯树的主要功能是支持物种和维持生物多样性。故选C。
137．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“These empty trunks, still standing upright, are also called snags or wildlife
trees.(这些仍然直立的空树干也被称为荆棘树或野生树)”以及后文“they can host a high diversity of species
that varies from top to bottom(它们可以容纳从上到下变化的高度多样性的物种)”可知，枯树可以容纳从上到
下变化的高度多样性的物种，这是因为它们处于直立位置。故划线词意思是“树的直立位置”。故选D。
138．细节理解题。根据第三段“Fungi do much of the hard work of speeding up the decomposition process,
softening the hard trunk into something with many small holes. (真菌在加速分解过程中做了很多艰苦的工作，
把坚硬的树干软化成有许多小孔的东西)”可知，真菌加速了枯树的分解。故选D。
139．主旨大意题。根据第一段“At first glance, a dead tree might just look like a lifeless, fallen log. But look
closer: beneath the rotting bark (树皮), the wood is full of life.(乍一看，一棵死树可能只是看起来像一个没有生
命的，倒下的原木。但仔细看，在腐烂的树皮下，木头充满了生命)”结合文章主要说明了枯树可以支持物
种和维持生物多样性，介绍了枯树中存在的生命形式可知，A选项“死树的来世”最符合文章标题。故选
A。
（七）
（2025·青海西宁·二模）
Experts believe that earthquakes may become more intense and closer together as a result of climate change.
The melting (融化) of glaciers is speeding up due to global warming. The land that was beneath the melted glacier
water rises when it runs off land and into the sea.
Among the most terrible of all natural disasters are earthquakes. While experts can prepare when the major
ones will strike, smaller ones can strike seemingly at any time, destroying entire cities and causing smaller disasters
like fires, landslides and tsunamis (海啸).
An upcoming rise in sea level along with glacier melt may make future earthquakes more frequent, according
to John Cassidy, an earthquake seismologist. The risk of earthquakes caused by glacial retreat (退缩) is less than
that of what may be associated with rising sea levels. An increase in sea level results in an increase in underwaterpressure on the seabed and therefore on the fault lines near the shore.
According to researchers, many earthquakes that are anticipated soon close to San Francisco and Los Angeles
still have late earthquake cycles. Consequently, the geological clock can be moved faster with slightly higher
temperatures. It could cause earthquakes in several regions. The stop in sea level rise could take up to a thousand
years, even in the event that we immediately stopped using greenhouse gases.
Cassidy is unsure if, at least during our lifetimes, the sea level rise would result in a significant enough change
in pressure to precipitate these massive earthquakes. Cassidy underlined that the effects of climate change will
increase their risk when they occur. As sea level rises, earthquake-caused tsunamis will extend farther inland.
Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the likelihood of landslides caused by earthquakes. As
any vibration (震动) in wet ground is far more intensified than in dry ground, rainfall will likewise highlight
earthquake shaking. “It’s an important topic, one that I’m sure we’ll see a lot of information coming out on in the
coming months and years,” Cassidy said.
156．What aspect of earthquakes is stressed in paragraph 2?
A．Their universality. B．Their predictability.
C．Their suddenness. D．Their intensity.
157．What does the text imply about stopping using greenhouse gases right away?
A．Earthquakes will be prevented.
B．The sea level rise will stop at once.
C．The geological clock will move faster.
D．Coastal earthquakes may be fewer in the future.
158．What does the underlined word “precipitate” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Reduce. B．Quicken. C．Predict. D．Prevent.
159．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Cassidy is concerned about changes in sea level.
B．Disastrous earthquakes surely suffer from sea level rises.
C．Climate change has no impact on earthquake occurrences.
D．The chance of the secondary effects from earthquakes is low.
【答案】156．C 157．D 158．B 159．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了气候变化对地震活动可能产生的影响，特别是冰川融化和海平面上升如何可能增加地震的频率和强度。
156．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Among the most terrible of all natural disasters are earthquakes. While
experts can prepare when the major ones will strike, smaller ones can strike seemingly at any time, destroying
entire cities and causing smaller disasters like fires, landslides and tsunamis (海啸).(在所有的自然灾害中，地震
是最为可怕的灾害之一。虽然专家们能够预测大型地震的发生时间，但小型地震似乎随时都可能发生，它
们会摧毁整座城市，并引发火灾、山体滑坡和海啸等次生灾害。)”可知，地震是最可怕的自然灾害之一，
虽然专家能预测大型地震的发生，但小型地震似乎随时都可能发生，并造成严重后果。这里强调的是小型
地震发生的突然性，也就是它们可能毫无预兆地突然出现。故选C。
157．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“According to researchers, many earthquakes that are anticipated soon
close to San Francisco and Los Angeles still have late earthquake cycles. Consequently, the geological clock can be
moved faster with slightly higher temperatures. It could cause earthquakes in several regions. The stop in sea level
rise could take up to a thousand years, even in the event that we immediately stopped using greenhouse gases.(研究
人员称，预计不久后旧金山和洛杉矶附近将会发生的许多地震，其地震周期仍然较晚。因此，温度稍有升
高就可能会加快地质时钟的运转。这可能会在多个地区引发地震。即使我们立即停止使用温室气体，海平
面上升的趋势也可能需要长达一千年的时间才会停止。)”可知，海平面上升和冰川融化可能会使未来地震
更频繁，而即便我们立即停止使用温室气体，海平面上升的停止也可能需要长达一千年，但这暗示了如果
停止使用温室气体，从长远来看，海平面上升的趋势会得到控制，所以控制住海平面上升，未来沿海地区
的地震可能会减少。故选D。
158．词义猜测题。根据文章划线单词上下文“Cassidy is unsure if, at least during our lifetimes, the sea level
rise would result in a significant enough change in pressure to precipitate these massive earthquakes. Cassidy
underlined that the effects of climate change will increase their risk when they occur.(Cassidy 不确定，至少在我
们的有生之年，海平面上升是否会导致压力发生足够显著的变化，从而……这些大规模的地震。Cassidy强
调，一旦地震发生，气候变化的影响将会增加其造成的风险。)”可知，前面提到海平面上升和气候变化与
地震的关系，Cassidy不确定在我们有生之年海平面上升是否会导致足够显著的压力变化来“precipitate”这
些大规模地震，且后面又说气候变化的影响会增加地震发生时的风险，推测“precipitate”意思是引发、促
使（地震发生），也就是加快地震发生的进程。选项B“quicken”意为“加速、加快”，与划线词意思相近。
故选B。
159．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As sea level rises, earthquake-caused tsunamis will extend farther
inland. Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the likelihood of landslides caused byearthquakes. As any vibration (震动) in wet ground is far more intensified than in dry ground, rainfall will likewise
highlight earthquake shaking. “It’s an important topic, one that I’m sure we’ll see a lot of information coming out
on in the coming months and years,” Cassidy said.(随着海平面上升，地震引发的海啸将会向内陆蔓延得更远。
温暖的海水带来的降雨增多，将会增加地震引发山体滑坡的可能性。因为潮湿地面的震动比干燥地面的震
动要强烈得多，降雨同样也会加剧地震带来的晃动。Cassidy说：“这是一个重要的话题，我相信在未来的
几个月乃至几年里，我们会看到大量关于这个话题的信息。”)”可推测，Cassidy提到海平面上升可能带来
的一系列影响，从这些内容可以看出，Cassidy对海平面上升所带来的各种变化，尤其是对地震及其次生灾
害的影响非常关注。故选A。
（八）
（2025·宁夏石嘴山·二模）
A study conducted by Branching Minds, an ed-tech company, found that 60-70 percent of students who were
identified as needing additional social-emotional support were also identified as needing additional academic
support.
To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study analyzed
student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4, 000K-8
students in the 2021—2022 school year.
The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students' reading and math performance.
However, there’s still a gap in understanding how those pieces of data should be integrated and used together to
create intervention plans for students.
The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students performing
below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic
achievement. Therefore, it would be beneficial for educators to think about more integrated support plans for
struggling students.
For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we build that into a support plan,
and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social and play to that strength that
they have? ” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds. “Perhaps the students could
take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice reading
comprehension, as well as social skills,” Sutton added.
The study recommended that results from academic, social-emotional, and behavioral screeners should beused for developing intervention plans for students. “It’s really important to look at students’ strengths and needs
comprehensively,” Sutton said. To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic,
behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and
teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention plans.
13．How did Branching Minds obtain the links between students’ academic performances and SEL skills?
A．By giving students tests. B．By interviewing students.
C．By conducting data analysis. D．By carrying out experiments.
14．What can we infer from Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A．Academic achievement is critical to intervention plans.
B．Students with strong SEL skills might do well academically.
C．The data have been integrated into effective intervention plans.
D．There’s a long way to go before the data are understood.
15．What could be done for sociable students with reading problems according to Sutton?
A．Making the most of their social strengths.
B．Providing them with additional reading materials.
C．Organizing more reading support groups for them.
D．Encouraging them to consult their peers about reading.
16．Which of the following is essential for the establishment of intervention plans?
A．Technology. B．Flexibility. C．Assessment. D．Cooperation.
【答案】13．C 14．B 15．A 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项研究发现社交情感学习与学业成绩的关系。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic
outcomes, the study analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math
performance of nearly 4, 000K-8 students in the 2021—2022 school year. (为了了解社交情感学习（SEL）与学
业成绩之间的联系，该研究分析了2021-2022学年近4000 K-8年级学生的社交情感技能以及阅读和数学成
绩的筛查评估。)”可知，Branching Minds是通过进行数据分析来获得学生学业成绩和SEL技能之间的联系
的。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据第三段“The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students'
reading and math performance. (研究表明，社交情感技能与学生的阅读和数学成绩呈正相关。)”以及第四段“The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students performing
below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic
achievement. (该研究还发现，社交情感技能可能对一些学业水平低于标准的学生起到“保护因素”的作用，
这意味着学生的社交情感优势可以用来提高他们的学业成绩。)”可推断，具有较强SEL技能的学生在学业
上可能表现良好。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据第五段“For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we
build that into a support plan, and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more
social and play to that strength that they have?” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching
Minds. “Perhaps the students could take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help
them practice reading comprehension, as well as social skills, ” Sutton added. (例如，如果在阅读方面有困难的
学生非常善于社交，“我们如何将这一点纳入支持计划中，也许可以让这些有针对性的或个性化的阅读支
持小组更具社交性，并发挥他们所拥有的优势呢？”Branching Minds的学习科学总监埃西・萨顿问道。
“也许学生们可以扮演老师的角色，向他们的同龄人解释一些东西，以帮助他们练习阅读理解以及社交技
能，”萨顿补充道。)” 可知，对于有阅读问题的善于社交的学生，可以充分利用他们的社交优势。故选
A。
16．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic,
behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and
teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention plans. (为了实现这一目标，学区和学校领导应确保
他们的学业、行为和社交情感支持团队共同合作，并且所有利益相关者——学生、家长和教师——都参与
到制定干预计划的过程中。)”可知，合作对于制定干预计划是至关重要的。故选D。
（九）
（2025·山西晋城·二模）
It’s impossible to predict when we’re going to die. But if we’re aiming for a long and healthy life, it pays to
worry less about our genes (基因) — which we can’t change anyway — and more about our lifestyle and
surroundings. That’s the conclusion of a new study published in Nature Medicine.
The study was based on data from more than 490,000 people, all of whom are registered with the UK
Biobank, a massive collection of participants’ detailed medical histories. The researchers used this rich data to
study the influence of genes and more than 100 environmental and socioeconomic factors on the risk of 22 diseases
that make up most of the major causes of death.To do that, they focused especially closely on a subset of 45,000 people whose blood samples had been
subjected to what is known as proteomic profiling: an analysis of thousands of proteins or genes that help
determine physical age compared to calendar age.
“We can get an estimation of how quickly or slowly each participant is aging biologically compared to their
calendar age,” says lead author Austin Argentieri from Massachusetts General Hospital. “This is referred to as the
‘proteomic age gap’, since it’s the gap in years between protein-predicted age and calendar age.”
Just knowing that age gap, of course, is only part of the picture. Equally important is the cause of that gap. To
help determine that, the researchers analyzed people’s many environmental and behavioral exposures that
contribute to disease and biological age. These factors include income, neighborhood, employment status, diet, as
well as whether people smoke or exercise regularly. To cover the genetic side, researchers looked for genetic
markers associated with the 22 key diseases.
The results were striking. Environment and lifestyle accounted for 17% of people’s disease-related risk of
dying, compared to just 2% for genetics. Of the various environmental exposures, smoking was the riskiest
behavior, linked to 21 diseases; socioeconomic factors such as income, neighborhood were associated with 19
diseases; and a lack of physical activity was linked to 17 diseases.
68．What did the researchers do in their study?
A．They analyzed the causes of 22 diseases.
B．They focused on 100 environmental factors.
C．They interviewed more than 490,000 people.
D．They collected blood samples from 45,000 people.
69．Which of the following is the so-called proteomic age gap?
A．Protein-predicted age + calendar age. B．Calendar age-Proteomic age gap.
C．Protein-predicted age - calendar age. D．Proteomic age gap - calendar age.
70．Which factor has the biggest effect on our health?
A．Diet. B．Income.
C．Physical activity. D．Smoking.
71．What can we learn from the new research?
A．Our genes determine our intelligence.
B．Our lifestyles matter more than our genes.
C．It is easy to control the environmental factors.D．It is vital to monitor some diseases in advance.
【答案】68．A 69．C 70．D 71．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了影响人类寿命的因素。
68．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The researchers used this rich data to study the influence of genes and more
than 100 environmental and socioeconomic factors on the risk of 22 diseases that make up most of the major causes
of death.(研究人员利用这些丰富的数据来研究基因和100多种环境和社会经济因素对22种疾病风险的影响，
这些疾病构成了大多数主要的死亡原因)”可知，研究人员主要是通过分析22种疾病的诱因来得出结论的。
故选A。
69．细节理解题。根据第四段中“This is referred to as the ‘proteomic age gap’, since it’s the gap in years
between protein-predicted age and calendar age.(这被称为‘蛋白质组年龄差距’，因为它是蛋白质预测年龄
和实际年龄之间的年数差距)”可知，proteomic age gap指的是预期寿命与实际寿命之差。故选C。
70．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Of the various environmental exposures, smoking was the riskiest behavior,
linked to 21 diseases; socioeconomic factors such as income, neighborhood were associated with 19 diseases(在各
种环境暴露中，吸烟是最危险的行为，与21种疾病有关；收入、社区等社会经济因素与19种疾病相关)”
可知，吸烟对人的寿命影响最大。故选D。
71．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But if we’re aiming for a long and healthy life, it pays to worry less about our
genes (基因) — which we can’t change anyway — and more about our lifestyle and surroundings.(但是，如果我
们的目标是健康长寿，那么少担心我们的基因（反正我们也无法改变基因），多担心我们的生活方式和周
围环境是值得的)”及最后一段中“Environment and lifestyle accounted for 17% of people’s disease-related risk
of dying, compared to just 2% for genetics.(环境和生活方式占人们疾病相关死亡风险的17%，而遗传因素仅
占2%)”可推断，我们更应该关注生活习惯而不是基因。故选B。
（十）
（2025·内蒙古乌兰察布·二模）
Sublingual delivery means delivering medicine under the tongue. This area is not a very common place to
deliver drugs, but it is very effective for the drugs to be absorbed quickly into the body.
A Swiss biotech company, BioLingus, has developed sublingual delivery of peptides (肽) and proteins. It has
opened the door to non-invasive delivery of many biological drugs that had so far only been taken through
injections.The primary challenge in developing the technique was stabilising the proteins. BioLingus turned to nature to
find a solution. The seeds of plants contain a high concentration of proteins, which have to survive and remain
complete for years, sometimes in extreme conditions of temperature, moisture, or drought. By mimicking these
mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for a very long time
at room temperature through advanced bioengineering.
And because of this, sublingual drugs are more adaptable than injection solutions that must usually be
refrigerated. In itself, this opens up the possibility for social innovation as well as biological innovation.
Due to the strong stability of BioLingus’ technology, sublingual drugs are very well suited for use in some less
developed countries. Biological drugs usually have to be cooled all the way from manufacturing right up to when
they reach the patient, and then injected. In many less developed countries, however, effective logistical cold chains
are non-existent or not very good. With BioLingus’ sublingual technology, however, the cold chain can be
minimised or not needed at all.
In addition, because the drugs can be given orally instead of by injection, complications (并发症) due to
infected needles are also prevented. What’s more, although the technology is hi-tech, from a manufacturing
perspective it is relatively low-cost. So, the combination of these factors makes it an excellent technology for use in
some less developed countries — very much a social innovation.
92．Which of the following inspired BioLingus’ solution to stabilising the proteins?
A．Proteins contained in plants.
B．Plants that live in extreme conditions.
C．The ways proteins survive extreme conditions.
D．Seeds growing at a steady and high temperature.
93．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Proteins in injection solutions must be refrigerated.
B．BioLingus came up with a technology through biomimicry.
C．Sublingual drugs are both socially and biologically innovative.
D．Sublingual drugs keep proteins stable for a long time at room temperature.
94．Why is sublingual delivery suited to some less developed countries?
A．Because these countries lack effective cold chains.
B．Because it is easier to be accepted in these countries.
C．Because it is less expensive and more high-tech than injection solutions.D．Because there are more complications due to infected needles in these countries.
95．What is the best title of this passage?
A．Inspiration from Nature Transforms How Medicines Work
B．The Challenges Facing the Production of Sublingual Drugs
C．The Promotion of Sublingual Drugs in Developed Countries
D．Proteins in Different Natural Conditions Contribute to Innovation
【答案】92．C 93．D 94．A 95．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述BioLingus如何从自然中获得灵感，开发舌下给药技术，解决了
冷链保存问题，成为一些欠发达国家使用的优秀技术。
92．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The seeds of plants contain a high concentration of proteins, which have to
survive and remain complete for years, sometimes in extreme conditions of temperature, moisture, or drought. By
mimicking these mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for
a very long time at room temperature through advanced bioengineering.(植物的种子含有高浓度的蛋白质，这些
蛋白质必须存活并保持完整多年，有时在极端的温度、湿度或干旱条件下。通过模仿这些机制，BioLingus
已经能够通过先进的生物工程，在室温下长时间保存和稳定蛋白质)”可知，植物种子中的蛋白质能够在极
端条件下长期存活，BioLingus模仿了这些机制，开发出稳定蛋白质的方法，故选C。
93．词句猜测题。第三段最后一句“By mimicking these mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with
a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for a very long time at room temperature through advanced bioengineering.
(通过模仿这些机制，BioLingus已经能够通过先进的生物工程，在室温下长时间保存和稳定蛋白质)”提到，
BioLingus通过生物工程能够在室温下长期保存蛋白质，结合划线词所在句“And because of this, sublingual
drugs are more adaptable than injection solutions that must usually be refrigerated.(正因为如此，舌下药物比通
常必须冷藏的注射溶液适应性更强)”可知，this指代前文提到的“舌下药物能使蛋白质在室温下长时间保
持稳定”，故选D。
94．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In many less developed countries, however, effective logistical cold
chains are non-existent or not very good. With BioLingus’ sublingual technology, however, the cold chain can be
minimised or not needed at all.(然而，在许多欠发达国家，不存在有效的物流冷链，或者不是很好。然而，
有了BioLingus的舌下技术，冷链可以最小化，甚至根本不需要)”可知，由于一些欠发达国家缺乏有效的冷
链，而舌下药物不需要冷藏，所以适合这些国家，故选A。
95．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第三段中“The primary challenge in developing the technique wasstabilising the proteins. BioLingus turned to nature to find a solution.(开发这项技术的主要挑战是稳定蛋白质。
BioLingus转向大自然寻求解决方案)”可知，文章主要讲述BioLingus如何从自然中获得灵感，开发舌下给
药技术，解决了冷链保存问题，成为一些欠发达国家使用的优秀技术，A项“来自大自然的灵感改变了药
物的工作方式”最适合作为标题，故选A。
（十一）
（2025·河南·二模）
It’s almost Christmas Eve, the night when Santa and Rudolph pull the king of all-nighters to deliver their gifts.
But what about the rest of the year? How do real reindeer manage to get enough sleep? One challenge for reindeer
is that their habitat is different from most places on the planet: “In winter and in summer, in the Arctic, we either
have constant darkness or constant light,” says Gabi Wagner, a neuroscientist at the Norwegian Institute of
Bioeconomy Research and an author of the study.
“In summer,” says co-author Sara Meier, “they have an open meal and can choose what they like best,”
including lichens, mushrooms, and plants. That’s when they really fatten up. In winter, however, “they have to dig
through the snow and maybe find some lichen or some grass.” The result, says Wagner, is that “they’re very, very
active and lead a rich life during the very short growing season in summer. And they’re very lazy in winter when
there isn’t any food.”
Wagner measured the reindeer’s brain waves incessantly for several days straight in the summer, again in the
fall, and once again in the winter. “What we found,” says Furrer, a researcher of the study, “was, first of all, they
sleep a similar amount of time across the whole year.” Furrer thought maybe something was happening during
rumination, the process of chewing their food. “While they chew,” Furrer says, “they are in a body position that is
very similar to the one of deep sleep. So they usually have their eyes closed and they are quite still.” They’re like us
— they can’t sleep one hour today and then catch up next week. Rather, reindeer need a certain amount of sleep
every day.
As scientists look to what’s next, these new findings also echo the traditional wisdom of the Sámi, native
people of Norway who have herded (放牧) reindeer for centuries. “Sámi reindeer herders have known all along that
the animals need peace to eat and lie down to ruminate.” says Wagner who works with the community, “For the
first time, we now have the physiological data that is a requirement for the reindeer.”
100．What is the main reason for reindeer’s special sleep pattern?
A．Their huge weight. B．Their eating habits.C．Their brain structure. D．Their living conditions.
101．Which can best describe reindeer’s life in summer?
A．Carefree and inactive. B．Sleepy and exhausted.
C．Colorful and energetic. D．Lazy and demanding.
102．What does the underlined word “incessantly” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Irregularly. B．Casually. C．Infrequently. D．Continuously.
103．Why is Sámi mentioned in the last paragraph?
A．To back up the scientific finding. B．To present old herding ways.
C．To introduce new research directions. D．To contrast with the new study.
【答案】100．D 101．C 102．D 103．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家对驯鹿睡眠模式及其与生存环境关系的研究。
100．推理判断题。根据第一段“One challenge for reindeer is that their habitat is different from most places on
the planet: “In winter and in summer, in the Arctic, we either have constant darkness or constant light,” says Gabi
Wagner, a neuroscientist at the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research and an author of the study.(驯鹿面临
的一个挑战是，它们的栖息地与地球上的大多数地方都不同：“在北极地区，无论冬天还是夏天，要么是
持续的极夜，要么是持续的极昼。”挪威生物经济研究所的神经科学家、该研究的作者之一加比・瓦格纳
说道)” 以及下文关于驯鹿睡眠模式的研究内容可知，驯鹿特殊的睡眠模式主要原因是它们的生活环境。故
选D。
101．推理判断题。根据第二段““In summer,” says co-author Sara Meier, “they have an open meal and can
choose what they like best,” including lichens, mushrooms, and plants. That’s when they really fatten up.(共同作者
萨拉・迈耶说：“在夏天，它们可以随意进食，选择自己最喜欢的食物”，包括地衣、蘑菇和植物。那是
它们真正长膘的时候)”以及“The result, says Wagner, is that “they’re very, very active and lead a rich life during
the very short growing season in summer. And they’re very lazy in winter when there isn’t any food.”.(瓦格纳说，
结果就是“它们在夏季非常短暂的生长季节里极其活跃，生活丰富多彩。而在冬季没有食物的时候，它们
就非常慵懒。”)” 可推知，夏天驯鹿的生活丰富多彩且充满活力。故选C。
102．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在的句子“for several days straight in the summer, again in the fall, and
once again in the winter(在夏天连续几天，然后在秋天又一次，在冬天再一次)”可知，瓦格纳在夏天、秋天
和冬天连续几天测量驯鹿的脑电波，所以划线单词意为“连续的”。故选D。
103．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As scientists look to what’s next, these new findings also echo the traditionalwisdom of the Sámi, native people of Norway who have herded (放牧) reindeer for centuries.(当科学家们展望未
来时，这些新发现也呼应了萨米人的传统智慧，萨米人是挪威的原住民，他们已经放牧驯鹿几个世纪了)”
以及 ““Sámi reindeer herders have known all along that the animals need peace to eat and lie down to
ruminate.” says Wagner who works with the community, “For the first time, we now have the physiological data
that is a requirement for the reindeer.”(“萨米族的驯鹿牧民一直都知道，这些动物进食时需要安静的环境，也
需要安静地躺下反刍。” 与该社群合作的瓦格纳说道，“如今，我们首次掌握了驯鹿所需的生理数
据。”)”可推知，提到萨米人是为了支持科学发现。故选A。
（十二）
（2025·四川攀枝花·二模）
Energy crops can be used for heat, electricity and even biofuels like bioethanol. They will become more
important as the world turns away from fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. In a new study, researchers from the
University of Surrey have shown that where you choose to plant energy crops makes a big difference to
biodiversity.
A detailed analysis has shown that, compared to planting them elsewhere, planting energy crops on existing
agricultural land in places like China and Central Europe could diminish harm to biodiversity. Planting in these
locations could then allow agricultural land in other places to be restored to natural habitats, maximizing the
benefits to biodiversity. The study is published in the Journal ofApplied Ecology.
Sophi e Tudge, who carried out the research at Surrey’s Center for Environment and Sustainability, said, “Our
study suggests that, as far as biodiversity is concerned, it is always best to restore farmland to nature rather than re-
plant it with energy crops.”
“Yet, we are realists. In the future, more fuel will come from crops, and it is far better to plant them on existing
farms than to destroy remaining natural habitats. We have shown that where you plant those crops makes a huge
difference to how many species continue to grow healthily,” she added.
When farmland is restored to nature, it creates new habitats for many species. Using that land to plant energy
crops instead can be a missed opportunity to improve biodiversity. Given that energy crops need to be planted
somewhere, researchers calculated which locations would have the smallest net impact on biodiversity.
They studied which habitats contained the richest mix of species. They then compared that information with
maps of land use and information about where energy crops could produce the biggest yields ( 产量). The
researchers found that the harm to biodiversity could be minimized in places like Central Europe and the east coastsof the U. S. and China. However, food security, farmers’ willingness, and surrounding energy infrastructure (基础
设施) are also important. “After all, we depend on them to grow crops,” she said.
120．What does the underlined word “diminish” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Make something smaller.B．Increase greatly.
C．Remain unchanged. D．Get rid of completely.
121．What can we learn from Sophie Tudge’s words in paragraph 4?
A．Highest yields are the only priority.
B．Energy crops do harm to biodiversity.
C．Restoring farmland to nature is the best choice.
D．Planting on current farms protects natural habitats.
122．What should be done in energy crop planting areas according to the last paragraph?
A．Considering many factors besides biodiversity.
B．Caring about biodiversity over other factors.
C．Focusing primarily on energy crop yields.
D．Planting energy crops in all available farmland.
123．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Farmland should be restored to nature. B．Energy crops will replace fossil fuels.
C．Biodiversity calls for concern.D．Where Energy Crops grow Affects Biodiversity.
【答案】120．A 121．D 122．A 123．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了能源作物种植地点对生物多样性的影响。
120．词句猜测题。由文章第二段中“A detailed analysis has shown that, compared to planting them elsewhere,
planting energy crops on existing agricultural land in places like China and Central Europe could diminish harm to
biodiversity. Planting in these locations could then allow agricultural land in other places to be restored to natural
habitats, maximizing the benefits to biodiversity. (一项详细分析显示，与在其他地方种植相比，在中国和中欧
等地的现有农业土地上种植能源作物可以diminish对生物多样性的损害。在这些地点种植，可以使其他地
方的农业土地恢复为自然栖息地，从而最大限度地促进生物多样性)”可知，在现有农业土地上种植能源作
物可以“减少”对生物多样性的危害，从而使其他地方恢复自然栖息地，最大化生物多样性益处。因此，
diminish在此处意为“使某物变小或减少”，与Make something smaller“使得某物更小”意思相符。故选
A。121．推理判断题。由文章第四段中““Yet, we are realists. In the future, more fuel will come from crops, and
it is far better to plant them on existing farms than to destroy remaining natural habitats. We have shown that where
you plant those crops makes a huge difference to how many species continue to grow healthily,” she added. (“然而，
我们也很现实。未来，更多燃料将来自作物，而且在现有农田上种植作物远比破坏剩余的自然栖息地要好
得多。我们已经证明，种植作物的地点对多少物种能够继续健康生长有着巨大影响，”她补充道)”可知，
在当前农场上种植能源作物可以保护自然栖息地，避免破坏它们。故选D。
122．细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“However, food security, farmers’ willingness, and surrounding energy
infrastructure (基础设施) are also important. “After all, we depend on them to grow crops,” she said. (然而，食品
安全、农民的意愿和周围的能源基础设施也很重要。“毕竟，我们依靠它们来种植作物，”她说)”可知，
除了生物多样性之外，还需要考虑许多其他因素。故选A。
123．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“In a new study, researchers from the University of
Surrey have shown that where you choose to plant energy crops makes a big difference to biodiversity. (在一项新
研究中，萨里大学的研究人员发现，种植能源作物的地点对生物多样性有着重大影响)”可知，文章主要讲
述了一项新的研究表明能源作物种植地点的选择对生物多样性有很大的影响。因此，文章的主旨大意是能
源作物的种植地点影响生物多样性。故选D。
（十三）
（2025·陕西渭南·二模）
Recently, Earth grabbed itself a second moon in the form of a newly discovered asteroid (小行星) named 2024
PT5. Unlike the moon, Earth’s primary companion which has accompanied our planet for around 4.5 billion years,
this “new mini-moon” will stick around for just two months before it heads back to its home in an asteroid belt
following our planet and orbiting the sun.
A team of scientists spotted 2024 PT5 as they routinely monitored newly discovered objects around Earth.
“The asteroid paying us a visit belongs to the Arjuna asteroid belt, a secondary asteroid belt made of space rocks
that follow the orbit very similar to that of Earth at an average distance to the sun of about 150 million kilometers,”
said research lead author Carlos de la Fuente Marcos.
Marcos explained that some of these asteroids in the Arjuna asteroid belt can approach Earth at a close range
of around 4.5 million kilometers and at low speeds of around 3,540 kilometers per hour. “Under these conditions,
one of these asteroids may be captured by Earth’s gravity and become a temporary moon of Earth. The asteroid
2024 PT5 will undergo this process for about two months,” Marcos added. “It will not follow a full orbit aroundEarth.”
Mini-moon events come in two flavors. The first is about long episodes during which the asteroid completes
one or more revolutions about our planet, with these gravitational engagements (引力作用) lasting one or more
years. The second type of episodes is short engagements in which the small body does not complete one full
revolution. These temporary captures can last just days, weeks or even a few months. Short mini-moon events are
relatively frequent, with several events happening per decade. Long mini-moon events, on the other hand, are rare
with Earth experiencing one around every ten or twenty years.
Unfortunately, during its occupation around Earth, 2024 PT5 won’t be visible to the vast majority of sky
watchers. “The asteroid is too small and dark for typical amateur telescopes. However, it is well within the
brightness range of typical telescopes by professional astronomers,” Marcos said.
140．How long will the asteroid 2024 PT5 stay near Earth?
A．Over a decade. B．About two months.
C．Less than a week. D．Around 4.5 billion years.
141．What makes 2024 PT5 a “mini moon” rather than a true moon?
A．It lacks a stable orbit around Earth.B．It is smaller than other asteroids.
C．It moves faster than Earth’s moon. D．It reflects too little light to be seen.
142．What writing technique is used to explain mini-moon events?
A．Definition. B．Classification. C．Comparison. D．Illustration.
143．What can we infer from Marcos’ words from the last paragraph?
A．The asteroid 2024 PT5 is unusually bright.
B．Sky watchers should purchase advanced telescopes.
C．Professional knowledge is needed for asteroid observation.
D．Amateur telescopes are not powerful to observe 2024 PT5.
【答案】140．B 141．A 142．B 143．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新发现的小行星2024 PT5将在地球附近停留大约两个月，对这
颗小行星的情况进行了说明。
140．细节理解题。根据第一段“Unlike the moon, Earth’s primary companion which has accompanied our
planet for around 4.5 billion years, this “new mini-moon” will stick around for just two months before it heads back
to its home in an asteroid belt following our planet and orbiting the sun. (月球是地球的主要伴星，已经陪伴地球大约45亿年了。与月球不同的是，这颗“新的迷你卫星”将在地球上停留两个月，然后就会回到它位于小
行星带的家，它跟着地球绕太阳运行。)”可知，2024 PT5小行星将在地球附近停留大约两个月。故选B。
141．细节理解题。根据第三段“The asteroid 2024 PT5 will undergo this process for about two months,”
Marcos added. “It will not follow a full orbit around Earth.” (小行星2024 PT5将经历这一过程大约两个月，”
马科斯补充道。“它不会沿着环绕地球的完整轨道运行。”)”可知，2024 PT5是“迷你月球”而不是真正
的月球因为它没有一个稳定的绕地球轨道。故选A。
142．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Mini-moon events come in two flavors. The first is about long episodes
during which the asteroid completes one or more revolutions about our planet, with these gravitational
engagements (引力作用) lasting one or more years. The second type of episodes is short engagements in which the
small body does not complete one full revolution. These temporary captures can last just days, weeks or even a few
months. Short mini-moon events are relatively frequent, with several events happening per decade. Long mini-
moon events, on the other hand, are rare with Earth experiencing one around every ten or twenty years. (迷你月亮
活动有两种形式。第一种是关于小行星绕地球一周或多次的长时间事件，这些引力作用持续一年或更长时
间。第二种类型的情节是短暂的交战，其中小身体没有完成一次完整的旋转。这些临时捕获可能只持续几
天、几周甚至几个月。短暂的小月亮事件相对频繁，每十年发生几次。另一方面，地球每十年或二十年就
会经历一次长时间的小月亮事件，这是罕见的。)”可知，通过分类法来解释小月亮事件。故选B。
143．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The asteroid is too small and dark for typical amateur telescopes. However,
it is well within the brightness range of typical telescopes by professional astronomers (对于典型的业余望远镜来
说，这颗小行星太小、太暗了。然而，它完全在专业天文学家使用的典型望远镜的亮度范围内)”可知，业
余望远镜不够强大，无法观测2024 PT5。故选D。
（十四）
（2025·青海海东·二模）
The international merchant fleet of more than 100, 000 cargo (货物) ships transports more than 80% of global
trade. But it’s also responsible for about 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions (排放). Without a quick switch
from dirty fuels to cleaner energies, its pollution is forecast to increase. So sails make a comeback in shipping.
Mariners (水手) pushing for wind power say investors used to view them as something of a joke. But as they
pioneer a comeback for sail-powered cargo ships, they’re having the last laugh. “It’s our job to prove that it’s
possible,” Jourdan, a mariner, said aboard the new Grain de Sail II as it sailed off the French port of Saint-Malo.
“We want to reduce and even remove the carbon footprint,” said Jourdan. They made their first sail-poweredcargo ship, Grain de Sail I. Later, with its latest techniques and materials, Grain de Sail II comes a supercharged
modern advanced replacement to the former sail-powered cargo ship.
In the European Union(EU), larger cargo ships have to start paying for some of their emissions from 2025 and
follow new EU regulations that aim to promote low-carbon fuels. Such pressure could strengthen wind’s appeal.
What happens when the wind doesn’t blow? A French shipper is open about the fact that when its new ship
begins sailing in 2025, it will use its fuel system when winds alone can’t meet its target of 13-day crossings. “We
accept and recognize the fact that about 30% of our energy will come from a fuel system.” a manager of the shipper
said.
“We are going to learn and improve. And we’ll build ships that are bigger, that are more specialized for certain
goods, and more efficient at every level,” the manager added. The bigger ship will also use only wind power,
except for operation in ports. That will reduce its ships’ carbon footprint to just a small part of the emissions from
fuel-powered ships.
160．What is the main reason for sails returning to shipping?
A．To lower shipping coats. B．To reduce carbon footprint.
C．To increase trade efficiency. D．To improve shipping capacity.
161．What was investors’ attitude to the sail-powered cargo ships?
A．Confident.B．Unclear. C．Objective.D．Negative.
162．How does the French shipper deal with insufficient wind power for its new ship?
A．By adopting extra power system. B．By relying completely on wind.
C．By stopping the operations. D．By using alternative energy.
163．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The Extinction of Fuel-powered Ships. B．The New Pioneer of Carbon Reduction.
C．The Regeneration of Sail-powered Ships. D．The Rise of Low-carbon Shipping Technologies.
【答案】160．B 161．D 162．A 163．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了航运业通过重新引入风帆动力货船来减少碳排放。
160．推理判断题。根据第一段“The international merchant fleet of more than 100, 000 cargo (货物) ships
transports more than 80% of global trade. But it’s also responsible for about 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions
(排放). Without a quick switch from dirty fuels to cleaner energies, its pollution is forecast to increase. So sails
make a comeback in shipping. (全球超过10万艘货船组成的国际商船队承担了80%以上的全球贸易运输。但同时，它也造成了全球约3%的温室气体排放。如果不尽快从污染严重的燃料转向更清洁的能源，其污染
预计将会增加。因此，帆船在航运业中卷土重来)”和第三段“We want to reduce and even remove the carbon
footprint.(我们想减少甚至消除碳足迹)”可知，帆船重返航运的主要原因是为了减少碳足迹。故选B。
161．推理判断题。根据第二段“Mariners pushing for wind power say investors used to view them as
something of a joke.(推动风力发电的水手们说，投资者过去常常把他们当作笑话)”可知，投资者对帆船动力
货船的态度是消极的。故选D。
162．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A French shipper is open about the fact that when its new ship begins
sailing in 2025, it will use its fuel system when winds alone can’t meet its target of 13-day crossings.(一家法国船
运公司公开表示，当其新船于2025年开始航行时，如果仅靠风力无法满足13天横渡的目标，该船将使用
其燃料系统)”可知，这家法国船运公司通过采用额外的动力系统来解决风力不足的问题。故选A。
163．主旨大意题。根据第一段“So sails make a comeback in shipping.(所以帆船在航运中卷土重来)”可知，
文章讲述了航运业通过重新引入风帆动力货船来减少碳排放。由此可知，C项“风帆动力货船的再生”可
以作为本文的最佳标题。故选C。
（十五）
（2025·河南许昌·二模）
Researchers at the Tokyo University of Science (TUS) have developed a groundbreaking sweat biosensor that
opens up new possibilities for real-time health monitoring.
Wearable sensors, typically worn directly on the skin, can monitor vital signs such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and muscle activity. However, designing chemical sensors for detecting substance in bodily liquid, like
sweat, has proven more complex due to issues of skin irritation (刺激) and accuracy when integrated into clothing.
Addressing these challenges, the research team at TUS used a technique called “heat-transfer Printing” to fix a
thin, flexible chloride ion (氯离子) sensor onto a clothing base and then integrated it into clothes such as T-shirts.
Further, health signs such as chloride ion concentration in sweat can be measured by simply wearing them. By
moving the sensor outside of the clothing piece, skin irritation is prevented. The wicking effect (芯吸效应) of fiber
helps distributing sweat evenly between the sensor’s electrodes (电极), ensuring stable electrical contact and
therefore improving the accuracy.
Additionally, the team carefully selected skin-friendly materials and conducted various experiments using
artificial sweat to prove the sensor’s accuracy in measuring chloride ion concentration. To assess its practicality, the
team tested the sensor on a volunteer who engaged in a 30-minute exercise on a still bicycle. Measurements ofbodily liquid were taken every five minutes and compared with the data collected by the sensor. The wearable
sensor reliably measured the concentration of chloride ions in sweat. Moreover, the sensor has the capability to
deliver data wirelessly, enabling real-time health monitoring.
This breakthrough can boost the development of advanced healthcare devices that offer precise and convenient
monitoring of important health indicators. With the power of these tiny electronics, researchers are pushing the
boundaries of healthcare innovation to improve disease prevention and overall well-being.
112．What is the main purpose of the sweat biosensor developed by TUS?
A．To measure muscle activity.
B．To monitor heart rate and blood pressure.
C．To detect chloride ions in sweat for health monitoring.
D．To prevent skin irritation caused by wearable sensors.
113．Why is designing sweat-based chemical sensors more complex?
A．Direct skin placement demands.
B．Limitations in heat-transfer printing technology.
C．Difficulties in manufacturing chloride ion sensors.
D．Skin irritation and accuracy challenges in clothing integration.
114．What method did TUS use to prevent skin irritation caused by the sensor?
A．By using skin-friendly materials. B．By moving the sensor outside clothing.
C．By improving the accuracy of the sensor. D．By conducting experiments using artificial sweat.
115．How was the practicality of the sensor assessed?
A．Conducting experiments using artificial sweat.
B．Measuring chloride ion concentration in sweat reliably.
C．Testing the sensor on a volunteer and comparing results.
D．Selecting skin-friendly materials for the sensor.
【答案】112．C 113．D 114．B 115．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了东京理科大学 研究人员开发的一种突破性汗液生物传感器，
该传感器为实时健康监测提供了新的可能性。文章详细描述了传感器的设计原理、测试过程及其在实际应
用中的潜力。
112．推理判断题。根据第一段“Researchers at the Tokyo University of Science (TUS) have developed a
groundbreaking sweat biosensor that opens up new possibilities for real-time health monitoring.(东京理科大学（TUS）的研究人员开发出一种开创性的汗液生物传感器，为实时健康监测开辟了新的可能性)”和第三段
中“Further, health signs such as chloride ion concentration in sweat can be measured by simply wearing them.(此
外，只需穿上它们，就可以测量出汗液中氯离子浓度等健康指标)”可推知，东京理科大学开发的汗液生物
传感器的主要目的是检测汗液中的氯离子来进行健康监测。故选C。
113．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, designing chemical sensors for detecting substance in bodily
liquid, like sweat, has proven more complex due to issues of skin irritation (刺激) and accuracy when integrated
into clothing.(然而，事实证明，设计用于检测汗液等体液中物质的化学传感器更为复杂，因为将其集成到
衣物中时会出现皮肤刺激和准确性问题)”可知，设计基于汗液的化学传感器更复杂是因为服装集成中的皮
肤刺激和准确性挑战。故选D。
114．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By moving the sensor outside of the clothing piece, skin irritation is
prevented.(通过将传感器移到衣服外面，可以防止皮肤受到刺激)”可知，TUS通过将传感器移动到衣物外部
来防止皮肤刺激。故选B。
115．细节理解题。根据第四段中“To assess its practicality, the team tested the sensor on a volunteer who
engaged in a 30-minute exercise on a still bicycle. Measurements of bodily liquid were taken every five minutes
and compared with the data collected by the sensor.(为了评估其实用性，研究小组在一名志愿者身上测试了传
感器，该志愿者骑着静止的自行车锻炼了30分钟。每五分钟测量一次体液，并与传感器收集的数据进行比
较)”可知，通过对志愿者进行测试并比较结果来评估传感器的实用性。故选C。
（十六）
（2025·宁夏石嘴山·二模）
Natural disasters can have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and their communities at
large. There’s no doubt that seeing homes wiped away and city infrastructure (基础设施) in a mess right after a
disaster would be a severe blow. New research by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
showed that survivors of natural disasters often experience worsening mental health effect many months or years
later.
Surprisingly, the first few weeks after a natural disaster can be a time of emotional highs for a community. It
includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that inspire a sense of altruism (利他主义) .
That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival of large amounts of assistance encourages
optimism and bonding within a community.
However, the support gradually decreases over time due to limited resources and lack of recognition of thelasting mental health impact of a disaster. That’s when communities enter the “disillusionment phase”. Recovery
workers have packed up and moved on, and people feel abandoned. Many community members become physically
exhausted and substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. And trigger
events, like the anniversary of the disaster, can cause dramatic increases in mental health problems.
The study indicates that emergency preparedness plans should find ways to extend mental health services
throughout the long-term recovery phase. “Focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the
visibility of mental health services during anticipated emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies should be
priorities,” said Dr Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center.
Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is critical to helping disaster
victims get back on their feet and recover from trauma (创伤). It’s a reminder that the natural disaster isn’t just an
environmental concern — it’s a mental health issue as well.
17．What mainly contributes to the community’s high spirits after a natural disaster?
A．Reconstruction work. B．Thankfulness for surviving.
C．Rescue efforts and support. D．Increased community participation.
18．What does the underlined word “disillusionment” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Disappointment. B．Confusion. C．Disbelief. D．Indifference.
19．Which group of people might be the center of attention according to Small?
A．The young. B．The poor. C．The female. D．The sick.
20．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text?
A．To promote natural disaster response plans.
B．To highlight the shortage of mental health services.
C．To emphasize the damaging power of natural disasters.
D．To advocate long-term post-disaster mental health care.
【答案】17．C 18．A 19．B 20．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了自然灾害对心理健康的长期影响，并通过研究建议延长心理健
康服务至恢复阶段。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段“Surprisingly, the first few weeks after a natural disaster can be a time of
emotional highs for a community. It includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that
inspire a sense of altruism (利他主义) . That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival oflarge amounts of assistance encourages optimism and bonding within a community. (令人惊讶的是，自然灾害发
生后的最初几周可能是一个社区情绪高涨的时期。它包括一个“英雄阶段”，当人们目睹并进行救援时，
激发了一种利他主义的感觉。接下来是“蜜月期”，在此期间，大量援助的到来鼓励了社区内的乐观情绪
和联系)”可知，救援努力和外部支持是情绪高涨的主要原因。故选C。
18．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“However, the support gradually decreases over time due to limited
resources and lack of recognition of the lasting mental health impact of a disaster.(然而，由于资源有限和对灾害
对心理健康的持久影响缺乏认识，这种支持会随着时间的推移而逐渐减少)”以及后文“Recovery workers
have packed up and moved on, and people feel abandoned. Many community members become physically
exhausted and substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. And trigger
events, like the anniversary of the disaster, can cause dramatic increases in mental health problems.(救援人员已经
收拾好行李，继续前进，人们感到被抛弃了。在此期间，许多社区成员变得身体疲惫，出现物质使用障碍，
这可能持续数月甚至数年。而触发事件，比如灾难周年纪念，会导致心理健康问题急剧增加)”可知，随着
时间推移，支持越来越少以及救援人员的离开，让人们感到被抛弃，导致心理健康问题，说明支持减少会
导致失望阶段。故划线词意思是“失望的”。故选A。
19．细节理解题。根据第四段““Focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the visibility
of mental health services during anticipated emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies should be priorities,”
said Dr Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center.(哈肯萨克大学医学中心精神病
学主席加里·斯莫尔博士说：‘应该优先关注经济资源有限的人，在预期的情绪低落期间提高精神卫生服务
的可见度，以及预防自杀的策略。’)”可知，根据斯莫尔的说法，穷人可能是关注的焦点。故选B。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is
critical to helping disaster victims get back on their feet and recover from trauma (创伤). It’s a reminder that the
natural disaster isn’t just an environmental concern — it’s a mental health issue as well.(无论采用何种策略，提供
长期的心理健康支持对于帮助灾民重新站起来并从创伤中恢复至关重要。这提醒人们，自然灾害不仅仅是
环境问题，也是心理健康问题)”以及文章主要说明了自然灾害对心理健康的长期影响，并通过研究建议延
长心理健康服务至恢复阶段。可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是提倡长期的灾后心理保健。故选D。
