考点一名词的分类及句法功能

1．表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等名称的词称为名词。名词可以分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是一类人或东西，或是一个抽象概念的名词。专有名词是某个/些人、地方、机构等专有的名称。

 得分速记

1．单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。

2．熟练掌握固定短语中名词的单复数形式。

3．不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。

【易错提醒】物质名词前有定语修饰时，前面要使用冠词。

We have a heavy snow every year. 我们这儿每年都下一场大雪。

名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、同位语、状语、定语、称呼语等。 

1. 作主语

The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。

【2025浙江首考读后续写文本】The couple had both gone to work, so it was strange that someone was over there. 这对夫妇都去上班了，所以有人在那里很奇怪。

2. 作宾语

（1）作及物动词的直接宾语

I met your elder brother in the street. 我在街上碰见你哥哥了。

Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？

（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。

I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。

She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。

（3）作介词的宾语。

After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。

Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？

3. 作表语

It’s a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。

She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。

4. 作宾语的补足语

They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）

The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。

5. 作定语

（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。

college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛

Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！

He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。

（2）名词所有格作定语。

students’ books学生用书 

China’s capital中国的首都 

the world’s population世界人口

（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语

man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。

He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。

There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。

（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语

某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。

arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车 

savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系

（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。

Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部

（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。

a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)

（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。

women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机

girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友

mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头

（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性

6. 作状语

时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。

The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里

Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。

得分速记

1．根据所处位置精准分析句子结构。

2．明确设空处在句中承担的句法功能，为后续判断提供依据。

3．重点关注名词最常见的功能：主语和宾语。

4．主语：空格位于谓语动词前；

5. 宾语：空格位于及物动词或介词后；

6. 表语：位于系动词后；

7. 同位语：解释前文名词；

8. 定语：需判断是否为名词所有格。

思维建模名词作定语与其它成分作定语的区别

1.名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或功能，但与其同根的形容词作定语则强调被修饰成分的特点或属性。

a gold watch 一块金表（指手表是含金的）

a golden watch一块金色的手表（指手表的颜色是金色的，但不一定含金）

He got two gold medals at the 34^th Olympic Games.

他在第三十四届奥运会上取得了两枚金牌。

2.名词作定语往往说明被修饰词的材料、用途、时间、类别等；而名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰词的所属关系或主谓关系。

考点二名词的数 

知识点1  规则变化

可数名词单数变复数的规则变化

得分速记

1. 口诀：“小偷妻子切面包，半片树叶当作刀，狼保己命架后藏”。这些名词变成复数时，改-f或-为v, 再加-es

2.口诀：以f结尾的名词，直接加-s。记忆口诀：海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望，谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。gulf-gulfs,roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,serf-serfs ；belief-beliefs,proof-proofs

handkerchief-handkerchiefs /-ves

3.口诀：“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”。这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的名词复数加s。

知识点2  不规则变化

1.可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化

2.只有复数形式的名词 :由两个相同的部分构成的一个物体的名词

【注意】two pairs of trousers“两条裤子”；a pair of glasses“一副眼镜”。

3.以-ing形式结尾的名词 

4.合成名词的复数形式

得分速记

1.名词作定语，一般用单数：如，twogirl students; 

2.用复数作定语的有：goodstrains货车；sports meet运动会；

customsofficer海关人员；a salesgirl一个售货员；

3.man/woman构成的合成词：复数形式将a变为e，twowomendoctors。但German复数形式是直接在词尾加-s。

4.表示“某国人”，记忆口诀：中日不变英法变，其余-s加后面。Chinese, Japanese, Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen, American-Americans, Arabian-Arabians

知识点3不可数名词

1. 常考不可数名词

【易错提醒】 1.不可数名词没有复数形式。

2. 前边也不能有不定冠词a或an。

3. fish指鱼的种类时，加-es; 指鱼的条数时，单复数相同；指鱼肉时，为不可数名词。

2. 表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时，可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词，可以与a/an连用，常见的这类词有：

3. 物质名词的复数现象

考向1 考查名词数的判断及变化形式

例1(2025·浙江真题·1月) As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer ___57___ (time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular.

例2(2024·全国高考甲卷) They are  _ 62 _  (treasure) of American heritage (遗产). How did the national park system come about? 

例3（2024北京卷）  To practise this, we need to establish clear ___14___ (boundary) in our personal and professional life.

思维建模多维度根据语境判断名词数的用法的解题思路

解答此类试题的关键是根据所给文本信息提取有效信息并正确解读，根据修饰词以确定名词的复数单复数形式。解题的基本思路如下：

【变式训练1·变载体】（2025·重庆·一模）The China Cultural Center in Malta launched its 2024-2025 term on Tuesday, introducing a fresh lineup of classes in Chinese language, traditional Chinese painting, and calligraphy, offering _________ (local) new ways to immerse (沉浸) themselves in Chinese culture.

【变式训练2·变情景】（24-25高三上·浙江·阶段练习）In the Tang Dynasty, to celebrate the festival, the emperor and his ministers offered sacrifices to heaven and held court meetings, while the common people held celebration________ (ceremony) to welcome the upcoming year.

【考查复杂语境中的名词用法】The _________ (friend) between gentlemen appears indifferent but is pure like water.

考向2 考查复杂语境下名词单复数的判断

例1(2024·全国新课标I卷) These plants included modern Western __________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road.

例2 （2024·湖南百所名校高三模拟）The trading activity has brought culture exchange, religions spreading and contrasts to the connected (region) and formed a remarkable culture tie featured by Asian, European and the Mediterranean bank.

思维建模 通过句子成分确定名词的可能性，排除其他词性干扰

技巧1：1.冠词/形容词后：a/an/the + ___ 或 adj. + ___ → 优先名词

2.动词后无宾语：若及物动词后无宾语，可能缺名词；

3.介词后：介词+ ___ → 通常为名词/代词。

技巧2：逻辑与语法双验证单复数形式

1.冠词提示：a/an + 单数；the + 单/复数；some/many + 复数

2.谓语动词：主谓一致（例：The ___ are... → 填复数）

3.数词/限定词：two/several + 复数；each/every + 单数

4.不可数名词：无复数形式（例：information, advice）

例1（2024·新课标I卷）The latest 56 (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful. 

例2 （2025高三·河北保定·开学考试）For instance, many people sent New Year’s  (greet) to their relatives through social media rather than visiting them in person and instead went to cinemas or played online games for fun in preference to going to dinner parties or playing mahjong with their old pals.

【变式训练1·变考法】（24-25高三下·江苏南通·模拟试题）Daily  (necessity) and farming items had to be delivered by cart. 

【变式训练2·变载体】（24-25高三下·浙江宁波·阶段试题）Li Ziqi, one of the most popular _________(influence) in China, made a dramatic return to social media after a three-year hiatus, capturing the world’s attention from home and abroad.

考点三名词的格

知识点1 -’s所有格

1.主要用于表示有生命的人或物的所有关系，一般是名词词尾加-'s。

John's home约翰的家;

2.表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。

at the barber’s在理发店

at the teacher’s在老师办公室

3.以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加-'。

students' textbooks 学生们的课本;

4.词尾不带-(e)s的复数名词,仍加-'s。

children's game 孩子们的游戏。

5.用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。

Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。

Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。

知识点2 -of所有格

表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。

the content of the novel小说的内容the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字

the window of the room 房间的窗户the cost of living生活成本；

the news of success捷报；the window of the room 房间的窗户

知识点3 双重所有格

指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰,但不能用the。

a picture of my mother's我母亲(拥有)的一张照片;

this little cat of your sister's你妹妹的这只小猫

a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)

a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)

【易错提醒】’s所有格my mother’s friend强调我母亲和这个朋友的关系，不涉及其他人。双重所有格a friend of my mother’s指我母亲还有其他朋友。如：a picture of Jack’s指杰克所拥有的照片中的一张；而a picture of Jack指一张杰克的照片，照片上的人就是杰克。

考向1-’s名词所有格

例1（24-25高三下·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Unlike older generations who might favor Western culture and brands, Chinese youth were born and raised when the  (country) economy was taking off, so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture. 

例2 Today is September 10th. It’s ________(Teacher) Day. Let’s say “Thank you” to our teachers.

【变式训练】（24-25高三上·山东济宁·期末）Moreover, this honor fosters global unity in safeguarding our_________ (planet) diverse cultural treasures, guaranteeing that China’s vibrant traditions will keep inspiring people across the globe. 

考向2 复数名词的所有格

例1（2022新高考II卷）He saved my ______ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown.

例2We should remember these ________ (hero) names forever. 

思维建模名词所有格解题基本思路

1. 有生命名词用’s/s’（the boy’s bag，teachers’ office）；

2. 无生命用of（the title of the poem），牢记时间/距离（today’s news）。

3. 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加-'。students' textbooks 学生们的课本;

4. 词尾不带-(e)s的复数名词,仍加-'s。children's game 孩子们的游戏。

5. 用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。

Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。

Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间

【变式训练1】（2024·江苏省前黄高级中学学情检测）During a visit earlier this year to the crowded and noisy market in the(city) Wuning subdistrict, Mao Fenghua, head of the local trade union federation, found a child doing homework near a street stall.

【变式训练2】 It is believed that _______ (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease. 

考点四名词后缀

知识点1 动词转化为名词的后缀

知识点2 形容词转化为名词的后缀

思维建模

例1（24-25高三下·江苏盐城·阶段练习） But what makes this Asian renaissance? The answer lies in a unique blend of visionary leadership, economic growth and a culture of discipline and (resolve).

例2 (2021年新高考英语·全国II卷) A company _________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over the plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.

【变式训练1·变载体】（2025·江苏·模拟预测）Other factors that might make it more challenging for people to make friends include having social  (anxious) disorder, preferring to stay alone, or not knowing where to look for new friends.

【变式训练2】（2024·安徽滁州·一模） Testifying before a Senate Judiciary committee this week, Altman “advocated a number of(regulate)— including a new government agency charged with creating standards” for AI. 

考点五名词动化、熟词生义

知识点 名词动化、熟词生义

例1（2018年全国III卷语法填空改编）I quickly lower myself, ________（duck）my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.

例2 （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇）The team pioneered a new method to recycle plastic waste.

【变式训练1·变载体】（2024·福建宁德一中高三模拟）The complex layout of the turret posed an unprecedented (史无前例的) technical challenge for Zhang and his team of designers and (develop). 

【变式训练2·变考法】（2023年浙江卷完形填空）She eyed the stranger suspiciously.

【变式训练3·变题型】（2022年新高考I卷语法填空改编） The project aims _________ (bridge) the gap between rural and urban education.

【变式训练3·变题型】（2022年北京卷阅读理解C篇）The artist cornered the market with his unique style.

1.（2025年浙江首考）“I really want to make this work for ___64___ (people) lives today, and I know that doesn’t always mean returning a dress on the Monday after a special weekend,” she says.

2.（2023年全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.

3.（2022年新高考I卷)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ______ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 

4.(2022年全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ______ (protect).

5. (2023年新高考英语·全国II卷)Since June 2017, right before the  (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confidence speaking English.

6.（2023年浙江1月卷）Thanks to Beijing’s long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic  (event).

7.（2022浙江1月卷）Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. When the answer was no, she declined the _____________ (invite).

8.（2021全国甲卷）Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ________ (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.

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