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专题 05 名词和名词短语
（原卷版）
三年真题
1. 【2022·全国乙卷】China has a ______ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy
development of the tea industry.
2. 【2022·全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental
_____ (protect).
3. 【2022·全国新I卷】The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ______
(population)and homes of giant pandas.
4. 【2022·浙江】When the answer, was no, she, declined the ______ （invite）.
5. 【2021·全国乙卷】Ecotourism often provides money for conservation and benefits the ____(develop)of the
local areas.
6. 【2021·全国乙卷】 (activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations
aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
7. 【2021·全国甲卷】Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and
______ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their ________ (day)
routines.
8. 【2021·新高考I卷】The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny
we _______ (human) are.
9. 【2021·全国新高考 II 卷】A company _______ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was
switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
10. 【2021·北京】Scientists aren't completely sure,and they have diverse_______ (idea)．
11. 【2021·浙江】It is calculated by dividing a ________ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters
squared.
12. 【2021·天津】Great improvements in public health have been brought about by ________ in medical
science.
A．traditions B．advances C．pressures D．examples
13. 【2021·天津】In the lab, keeping things clean and organized can help provide a safer ________.A．system B．method C．investment D．environment
14. 【2020·天津】His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his
_____________as one of America's greatest writers.
A．trust B．contact C．reputationD．theory
15. 【2020·江苏】The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______.
A．reservation B．transformation C．distinctionD．submission
16. 【2020·全国I卷】The far side of the moon is of particular _____ (interesting) to scientists because it has
a lot of deep craters (环形山).
17. 【2020·全国II卷】Chinese New Year is a _____ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and
the beginning of spring.
18. 【2020·全国III卷】Filled with ______ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
19. 【2020·北京】Now, lots of_____(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to
stop people using them.
20. 【2020·浙江】For Japan, the______(number)are more striking-22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.
21. 【2020·浙江】Later，they learned to work with the ____ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry
areas， making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
考频统计
在2020-2022年三年高考真题中，名词和名词短语的考查频率统计如下：
名词和名词短语 考频 出处
词性转换 8次 【2022·全国乙卷】【2022·全国甲卷】【2022·浙江】
【2021·全国乙卷】【2021·全国新高考II卷】
【2020·全国I卷】【2020·全国II卷】 【2020·全国III卷】
名词单复数 8次 【2022·全国新I卷】【2021·全国乙卷】【2021·全国甲卷】
【2021·新高考I卷】【2021·北京】【2021·全国乙卷】
【2021·新高考I卷】【2021·北京】
名词所有格 1次 【2021·浙江】
考点清单
一、名词的分类
类别 意义 例词
专有名词 指人或物特有的名称 Tom, China, the Great Wall
普 可数名词 个体名词 单个的人或事 chair,school,book, computer通 集体名词 若干同类个体的集合体 family, class, police, team
名
不可数名词 物质名词 不能分成个体的事物 water, snow, bread, paper
词
抽象名词 非实物的概念 truth, happiness, knowledge
二、名词的功用
名词在句子中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾(主)语补足语、状语、同位语和独立成分。
1. My daughter has been studying abroad for almost 2 years.(做主语)
2. Unfortunately, the famous football player hurt his leg in the game.(做宾语)
3. He is a n exper t in the field of agriculture. (做表语)
4. To his joy, the winter vacation is coming, during which he will be able to go home.(做定语)
5. We consider him a good teacher for his patience to answer our questions. (做宾语补足语)
6. Paul was elected ou r monito r in our class. (做主语补足语)
7. The teacher came in the classroom, a boo k in hand.(做状语)
8. Mo Yan, a famous Chinese writer, once won the Nobel Literature Prize, (做同位语)
三、名词的数
1. 可数名词：可数名词有复数的变化，有规则变化和不规则变化，具体方式如下：
规则变化：
名词特征 词尾 例词
一般情况 -s schools flowers
以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾 -es buses boxes watches
以“辅音+y”结尾 -y---ies city--cities lady--ladies
以“元音+y”结尾 -s toys boys
以f（fe）结尾 -f(fe)----ves half-halves leaf-leaves self-selves
-es heroes tomatoes potatoes Negroes
以o结尾
-s pianos photos tobaccos radios
不规则变化：
名词特征 变化 例词
单复数同形 不变 sheep, deer, means, crossroads, species
复数形式，单数意义 不变 news, maths, physics, politics
shoes, socks, trousers, gloves, glasses, savings,
只有复数形式
surroundings
含有“oo”的单词 oo--ee foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese
man/woman man-men woman-women gentleman-gentlemen
其他 child-children ox-oxen mouse-mice
外来词汇 analysis--analyses basis--bases crisis--crises
2. 复合名词的数规则 例词
一般情况下把后面的名词变成复数 store-keepers, boyfriends
含man/woman的复合名词，前后两部分都变为复数 women singers, men servants
以“动词/过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词，在副词后面加 grown-ups
s
3. 不可数名词
常见的不可数名词：
water水 information消息 fun乐趣
weather天气 news新闻 clothing衣服
work工作 paper纸 coffee咖啡
homework家庭作业 ice冰 dust灰尘
grass草 rice稻子/大米 bread面包
traffic交通 luck运气 behavior举止
trouble烦恼 honesty诚实 butter黄油
knowledge知识 harm损害 advice建议
progress进步 furniture家具 air空气
sugar糖 glass玻璃 baggage行李
snow雪 fruit水果
注意：不可数名词表示个体时，须用单位名词（量词）。以下为常见的单位名词：
a piece of/a bar of/a bottle of/a slice of/a set of/a cup of
e.g.: a piece of bread/advice a bar of chocolate a bottle of water
四、名词的格
1. 名词所有格表示所有关系、修饰名词，作定语。
1)名词加's(词尾有s、则加’)形式的所有格，多用来表示有生命的东西:
the boy's mother at the doctor's( office)
Children's Day to Jeff’s( home)
a women's hospital Jack and John's room
somebody else's flat Jack's and John's room
但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构等事物时也常用这种形式，如:
today's newspaper twenty miles' journey
five minutes' walk the Unite States' policy
2)“of+名词”形式的所有格，多用来表示无生命的东西，但与“名词+'s”形式在很多情况可通用：
the arrival of the visitor( the visitor's arrival)a plan of the government( a government's plan)
the leg of the desk( the desk's leg)
此外of还表示同位关系:
the city of London the three of us
双重所有
有时，名词后加“of+名词*/物主代词”的形式来修饰,这种结构叫双重所有用来表示部分概念。
a friend of your father's你父亲的一个朋友
several colleagues of mine我的几个同事
a latest book of my teacher's我的老师的一部新书
五、常见名词后缀
四、名词构词法
后缀 意义 例词
develop--development 发展
achieve-achievement 功绩
-ment 表示"行为、结果” equip-equipment 设备
manage-management 管理
agree-agreement 协议，同意
aware- awareness意识
表示“状态、性质或特
-ness calm-calmness平静
点”
lazy-laziness懒惰
art- artist艺术家
表示“......专家，从事......
-ist piano- pianist 钢琴家
的人”
science- scientist 科学家
attract- attraction 吸引力，吸引
-ion
educate- education 教育
-ation
表示“行为、状态" invite-invitation邀请
-ition
add- addition 增加
-tion
introduce- introduction 介绍
employ- -employer雇主
-er
direct--director主任,经理
-or
assist- assistant 助手
-ant 表示“......的人”
serve- servant 仆人，职员
-an
history--historian 历史学家
-ian
music -musician 音乐家
-ity 表示“状态、性质” able- ability 能力-y honest- honesty 诚实
-ance accept- acceptance 接受
-ence 表示“性质、状态或 exist- existence 存在
-ancy 行为” expect- expectancy 期待
-ency tend- -tendency趋势
marry-marriage 结婚
表示“行为、状态、结果
-age short-shortage 缺少
或一组”
pack-package 包裹
fiend- friendship 友谊
-ship
表示“状态、地位” member-membership会员资格
-dom
wise- wisdom 智慧
expose-exposure 暴露.揭露
-ure 表示“行为或结果”
fail-failure失败
变式练习
基础练
1. The (possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists
to explore the outer space.
2. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the (assume) you have
made.
3. The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative
.(explain) are hard to find.
4. It is important to pay your (electric) bill on time.
5. Some schools will have to make (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer team.
6. -Go and say sorry to your mom, Dave.
-I’d love to, but I am afraid she won’t be happy with my (apologize).
7. There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some (think) and then let me know.
8. He gave himself a new name to hide his (identify) when he went to carry out the secret
task.
9. Her (motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
10. He turned down side to side, eyeing him self in the mirror with a serious, studied (express)
that soon changed into a smile.11. A much better way must be found to achieve an equal (distribute) of the resources.
12. To play better, all the players have to know their (strong) and weaknesses.
13. The Harry Potter books enjoy great (popular). They are in great demand in this city.
14. Such is life--whether you are an antelope or a lion, you ought to dash towards without
(hesitate) when the sun rises.
15. A person of high ideals is highly respected. What people value is not based on outside
(appear).
提升练
1. -- Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?
-- Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
2. The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.
A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance
3. It is importance to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your .
A. condition B. income C. credit D. status
4. If you can’t trust your friend to have a relationship with another person you consider a friend, it is a
clear of a problem in your friendships.
A. disappearance B. symbol C. symptom D. settlement
5. After living in Shaoxing for 5 years, she has developed an for the city.
A. association B. affection C. appreciation D. ambition
6. The boy promised to make up the missing lessons during his from school as soon as he got
back from leave.
A. presence B. absence C. appearance D. attendance
7. Intellectual should have the basic characteristics of having social and public concern, and
persevering the spiritual standpoint of “edge person”.
A. eagerness B. grace C. appreciation D. conscience
8. With all the members making great efforts, there is a growing that the problem can be settled
soon.
A. interest B. concern C. preference D. optimism
9. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless
families.A. prescription B. abortion C. accommodation D. prevention
10. Much to his joy, the old man may be able to get a hardship from the government, which
covers his expense.
A. insurance B. allowance C. competence D. circumstance
11. Applicants for the job must be between 25 and 35 years old and a good of English is
required.
A. command B. experience C. demand D. comment
12. -Why does our manager look so happy?
-He is relieved to know the of the difficult problem.
A. judgement B. evaluation C.settlement D. preparation
13. The patient’s family was expressed their to the Press in letters for the money raised.
A. purpose B. apologies C. gratitude D. sympathy
14. Now that the banks are back on their feet, we expect extraordinary from them to help rebuild
the economy.
A. commitment B. appointment C. instrument D. requirement
15. People with simple names enjoy quicker career advancement because names which are hard to
pronounce inspire negative from superiors.
A. consideration B. consequences C. expectations D. reactions
