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专题 05 名词和名词短语
（解析版）
三年真题
1. 【2022·全国乙卷】China has a ______ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy
development of the tea industry.
1. responsibility
【解析】考查名词。句意：中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国，作为国际茶日的主要推动者，中国有责任与
其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。
2. 【2022·全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental
_____ (protect).
2. protection
【解析】考查名词。句意：曹和吴还沿路收集垃圾，以促进环境保护。根据句意和空前的形容词
environmental可知，此处应用名词protection，作宾语，protection表示“保护”时，是不可数名词。故填
protection。
3. 【2022·全国新I卷】The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ______
(population)and homes of giant pandas.
3. populations
【解析】考查名词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的
野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语，应用可数名词population (种
群)的复数的形式。故填populations。
4. 【2022·浙江】When the answer, was no, she, declined the ______ （invite）.
4. invitation
【解析】考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词 decline的宾
语，故填invitation。
5. 【2021·全国乙卷】Ecotourism often provides money for conservation and benefits the ____(develop)of the
local areas.
5. development
【解析】考查名词。句意：这不同于传统的旅游，因为它能让旅行者了解这个地区——无论是地理环境还是文化特色，并且经常为环境保护提供资金，并有利于当地的发展。根据空格前的定冠词 the可知，此处
填入名词development来做动词benefits的宾语。故填development。
6. 【2021·全国乙卷】 (activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations
aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
6. Activities
【解析】考查名词。句意：那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行并且住宿宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。根据
谓语动词range可知，空格处应填用可数名词activity的复数形式作主语。故填Activities。
7. 【2021·全国甲卷】Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and
______ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their ________ (day)
routines.
7. watchtowers
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：据说你可以在两个小时内完成，但我们在不同的大门和了望台停下来拍照，
或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。根据句意以及前文形容词 different 可知，此处可数名词
watchtower是复数概念，应用其复数形式。故填watchtowers。
8. 【2021·新高考I卷】The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny
we _______ (human) are.
8. humans
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。human是we
的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。故填humans。
9. 【2021·全国新高考 II 卷】A company _______ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was
switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
9. representative
【解析】考查名词。句意：一位公司代表回信告诉我，该航空公司将把每天1200个航班的塑料杯换成纸杯。
该空作句子主语，用名词，前面有不定冠词修饰，用名词单数，所以填representative。
10. 【2021·北京】Scientists aren't completely sure,and they have diverse_______ (idea)．
10. ideas
【解析】考查可数名词的数。句意：科学家们还不能完全确定，他们有不同的想法。diverse“不同的，多
种多样的”，形容词作定语，后接可数名词复数；idea想法，可数名词。故填ideas。
11. 【2021·浙江】It is calculated by dividing a ________ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters
squared.
11. person’s【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19
到 25 之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知，person 是修饰 weight 的，用 person 的名词所有格
person’s。故填person’s。
12. 【2021·天津】Great improvements in public health have been brought about by ________ in medical
science.
A．traditions B．advances C．pressures D．examples
12. B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：医学的进步带来了公共健康的巨大改善。A. traditions传统；B.
advances前进，进步；C. pressures压力；D. examples例子。根据上文“Great improvements in public
health have been brought about”可知，公共健康的巨大改善是由医学的进步带来的，advances符合语境。
故选B。
13. 【2021·天津】In the lab, keeping things clean and organized can help provide a safer ________.
A．system B．method C．investment D．environment
13. D
【解析】考查名词。句意：在实验室里，保持物品的清洁和有序有助于提供一个更安全的环境。A. system
体系，系统；B. method方法；C. investment投资；D. environment环境。根据常识可知，保持物品清洁有
序可以创造更安全的实验环境（environment）。故选D项。
14. 【2020·天津】His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his
_____________as one of America's greatest writers.
A．trust B．contact C．reputationD．theory
14. C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作
家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. contact联系；C. reputation声誉；D. theory理论。根据句意，尤其是
greatest writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。
15. 【2020·江苏】The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______.
A．reservation B．transformation C．distinctionD．submission
15. B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A. reservation预订；B.
transformation改革，变革；C. distinction区别；D. submission提交。根据前文The health security systems
可知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。
16. 【2020·全国I卷】The far side of the moon is of particular _____ (interesting) to scientists because it hasa lot of deep craters (环形山)
16. interest
【解析】考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可知，空处应填名
词，interest是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。
17. 【2020·全国II卷】Chinese New Year is a _____ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and
the beginning of spring.
17. celebration
【解析】考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词 a后接名词形式。故
填celebration。
18. 【2020·全国III卷】Filled with ______ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
18. curiosity
【解析】考查名词。句意：怀着好奇心，艺术家收拾行囊离开了。with为介词，后跟名词curiosity作宾语，
表示“好奇心”。故填curiosity。
19. 【2020·北京】Now, lots of_____(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to
stop people using them.
19. countries
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：现在，许多国家和地区正在采取行动禁止销售这种袋子，以阻止人们使用。
lots of修饰可数名词复数，故填countries。
20. 【2020·浙江】For Japan, the______(number)are more striking-22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.
20. numbers
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：对日本来说，这个数字更加惊人——1950年是22岁，今天是46岁，2050
年是53岁。number为可数名词表示“数字”，且根据下文are可知主语应用复数形式，故填numbers。
21. 【2020·浙江】Later，they learned to work with the ____ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry
areas， making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
21. seasons
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年
的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasons。
考频统计
在2020-2022年三年高考真题中，名词和名词短语的考查频率统计如下：
名词和名词短语 考频 出处词性转换 8次 【2022·全国乙卷】【2022·全国甲卷】【2022·浙江】
【2021·全国乙卷】【2021·全国新高考II卷】
【2020·全国I卷】【2020·全国II卷】 【2020·全国III卷】
名词单复数 8次 【2022·全国新I卷】【2021·全国乙卷】【2021·全国甲卷】
【2021·新高考I卷】【2021·北京】【2021·全国乙卷】
【2021·新高考I卷】【2021·北京】
名词所有格 1次 【2021·浙江】
考点清单
一、名词的分类
类别 意义 例词
专有名词 指人或物特有的名称 Tom, China, the Great Wall
普 可数名词 个体名词 单个的人或事 chair,school,book, computer
通
集体名词 若干同类个体的集合体 family, class, police, team
名
词 不可数名词 物质名词 不能分成个体的事物 water, snow, bread, paper
抽象名词 非实物的概念 truth, happiness, knowledge
二、名词的功用
名词在句子中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾(主)语补足语、状语、同位语和独立成分。
1. My daughter has been studying abroad for almost 2 years.(做主语)
2. Unfortunately, the famous football player hurt his leg in the game.(做宾语)
3. He is a n exper t in the field of agriculture. (做表语)
4. To his joy, the winter vacation is coming, during which he will be able to go home.(做定语)
5. We consider him a good teacher for his patience to answer our questions. (做宾语补足语)
6. Paul was elected ou r monito r in our class. (做主语补足语)
7. The teacher came in the classroom, a boo k in hand.(做状语)
8. Mo Yan, a famous Chinese writer, once won the Nobel Literature Prize, (做同位语)
三、名词的数
1. 可数名词：可数名词有复数的变化，有规则变化和不规则变化，具体方式如下：
规则变化：
名词特征 词尾 例词
一般情况 -s schools flowers
以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾 -es buses boxes watches
以“辅音+y”结尾 -y---ies city--cities lady--ladies
以“元音+y”结尾 -s toys boys以f（fe）结尾 -f(fe)----ves half-halves leaf-leaves self-selves
-es heroes tomatoes potatoes Negroes
以o结尾
-s pianos photos tobaccos radios
不规则变化：
名词特征 变化 例词
单复数同形 不变 sheep, deer, means, crossroads, species
复数形式，单数意义 不变 news, maths, physics, politics
shoes, socks, trousers, gloves, glasses, savings,
只有复数形式
surroundings
含有“oo”的单词 oo--ee foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese
man/woman man-men woman-women gentleman-gentlemen
其他 child-children ox-oxen mouse-mice
外来词汇 analysis--analyses basis--bases crisis--crises
2. 复合名词的数
规则 例词
一般情况下把后面的名词变成复数 store-keepers, boyfriends
含man/woman的复合名词，前后两部分都变为复数 women singers, men servants
以“动词/过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词，在副词后面加 grown-ups
s
3. 不可数名词
常见的不可数名词：
water水 information消息 fun乐趣
weather天气 news新闻 clothing衣服
work工作 paper纸 coffee咖啡
homework家庭作业 ice冰 dust灰尘
grass草 rice稻子/大米 bread面包
traffic交通 luck运气 behavior举止
trouble烦恼 honesty诚实 butter黄油
knowledge知识 harm损害 advice建议
progress进步 furniture家具 air空气
sugar糖 glass玻璃 baggage行李
snow雪 fruit水果
注意：不可数名词表示个体时，须用单位名词（量词）。以下为常见的单位名词：
a piece of/a bar of/a bottle of/a slice of/a set of/a cup of
e.g.: a piece of bread/advice a bar of chocolate a bottle of water四、名词的格
1. 名词所有格表示所有关系、修饰名词，作定语。
1)名词加's(词尾有s、则加’)形式的所有格，多用来表示有生命的东西:
the boy's mother at the doctor's( office)
Children's Day to Jeff’s( home)
a women's hospital Jack and John's room
somebody else's flat Jack's and John's room
但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构等事物时也常用这种形式，如:
today's newspaper twenty miles' journey
five minutes' walk the Unite States' policy
2)“of+名词”形式的所有格，多用来表示无生命的东西，但与“名词+'s”形式在很多情况可通用：
the arrival of the visitor( the visitor's arrival)
a plan of the government( a government's plan)
the leg of the desk( the desk's leg)
此外of还表示同位关系:
the city of London the three of us
双重所有
有时，名词后加“of+名词*/物主代词”的形式来修饰,这种结构叫双重所有用来表示部分概念。
a friend of your father's你父亲的一个朋友
several colleagues of mine我的几个同事
a latest book of my teacher's我的老师的一部新书
五、常见名词后缀
四、名词构词法
后缀 意义 例词
develop--development 发展
achieve-achievement 功绩
-ment 表示"行为、结果” equip-equipment 设备
manage-management 管理
agree-agreement 协议，同意
aware- awareness意识
表示“状态、性质或特
-ness calm-calmness平静
点”
lazy-laziness懒惰
-ist 表示“......专家，从事...... art- artist艺术家piano- pianist 钢琴家
的人”
science- scientist 科学家
attract- attraction 吸引力，吸引
-ion
educate- education 教育
-ation
表示“行为、状态" invite-invitation邀请
-ition
add- addition 增加
-tion
introduce- introduction 介绍
employ- -employer雇主
-er
direct--director主任,经理
-or
assist- assistant 助手
-ant 表示“......的人”
serve- servant 仆人，职员
-an
history--historian 历史学家
-ian
music -musician 音乐家
-ity able- ability 能力
表示“状态、性质”
-y honest- honesty 诚实
-ance accept- acceptance 接受
-ence 表示“性质、状态或 exist- existence 存在
-ancy 行为” expect- expectancy 期待
-ency tend- -tendency趋势
marry-marriage 结婚
表示“行为、状态、结果
-age short-shortage 缺少
或一组”
pack-package 包裹
fiend- friendship 友谊
-ship
表示“状态、地位” member-membership会员资格
-dom
wise- wisdom 智慧
expose-exposure 暴露.揭露
-ure 表示“行为或结果”
fail-failure失败
变式练习
基础练
1. The (possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists
to explore the outer space.
2. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the (assume) you have
made.
3. The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative.(explain) are hard to find.
4. It is important to pay your (electric) bill on time.
5. Some schools will have to make (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer team.
6. -Go and say sorry to your mom, Dave.
-I’d love to, but I am afraid she won’t be happy with my (apologize).
7. There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some (think) and then let me know.
8. He gave himself a new name to hide his (identify) when he went to carry out the secret
task.
9. Her (motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
10. He turned down side to side, eyeing him self in the mirror with a serious, studied (express)
that soon changed into a smile.
11. A much better way must be found to achieve an equal (distribute) of the resources.
12. To play better, all the players have to know their (strong) and weaknesses.
13. The Harry Potter books enjoy great (popular). They are in great demand in this city.
14. Such is life--whether you are an antelope or a lion, you ought to dash towards without
(hesitate) when the sun rises.
15. A person of high ideals is highly respected. What people value is not based on outside
(appear).
参考答案：
1. possibility 2. assumption 3. explanations 4. electricity 5. adjustments
6. apology 7. thought 8. identity 9. motivation 10. expression
11. distribution 12.strengths 13. popularity 14. hesitation 15. appearance
提升练
1. -- Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?
-- Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
2. The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.
A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance
3. It is importance to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your .
A. condition B. income C. credit D. status
4. If you can’t trust your friend to have a relationship with another person you consider a friend, it is aclear of a problem in your friendships.
A. disappearance B. symbol C. symptom D. settlement
5. After living in Shaoxing for 5 years, she has developed an for the city.
A. association B. affection C. appreciation D. ambition
6. The boy promised to make up the missing lessons during his from school as soon as he got
back from leave.
A. presence B. absence C. appearance D. attendance
7. Intellectual should have the basic characteristics of having social and public concern, and
persevering the spiritual standpoint of “edge person”.
A. eagerness B. grace C. appreciation D. conscience
8. With all the members making great efforts, there is a growing that the problem can be settled
soon.
A. interest B. concern C. preference D. optimism
9. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless
families.
A. prescription B. abortion C. accommodation D. prevention
10. Much to his joy, the old man may be able to get a hardship from the government, which
covers his expense.
A. insurance B. allowance C. competence D. circumstance
11. Applicants for the job must be between 25 and 35 years old and a good of English is
required.
A. command B. experience C. demand D. comment
12. -Why does our manager look so happy?
-He is relieved to know the of the difficult problem.
A. judgement B. evaluation C.settlement D. preparation
13. The patient’s family was expressed their to the Press in letters for the money raised.
A. purpose B. apologies C. gratitude D. sympathy
14. Now that the banks are back on their feet, we expect extraordinary from them to help rebuild
the economy.
A. commitment B. appointment C. instrument D. requirement
15. People with simple names enjoy quicker career advancement because names which are hard topronounce inspire negative from superiors.
A. consideration B. consequences C. expectations D. reactions
参考答案：
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B
6. B 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. D
