ARTICLE · 1210050
初中英语语法 一张地图讲透,时态 · 从句 · 非谓语 · 被动 4 大板块 ,中考语法题全覆盖
初中英语语法 一张地图讲透,时态 · 从句 · 非谓语 · 被动 4 大板块 ,中考语法题全覆盖先说三个最常见的翻车现场 —— I have finished it yesterday. I finished it yesterday. Could you tell me where is the bank? Could you tell me where the bank is? The work must finished today. The work must be finished today. 三句话，三个知识点：时态不能混、从句要用陈述语序、被动别丢 be。下面这张语法地图，就是把这些坑一个个填平。 语法地图 · 4 个板块 01 时态 8 个必考时态 · 看标志词定 02 从句 宾从 / 定从 / 状从 03 非谓语 doing 还是 to do 04 被动语态 be + done 走天下 01 时态 TENSES 时态不是背 8 张表，是先判断题干里有没有“时间标志词”，再决定动词长什么样。 01一般现在时 口诀 · 看到 every / usually / often / 客观真理，动词用原形或三单 主语是第三人称单数时，动词加 s / es；其余一律原形。否定和疑问借 do / does，借了 does 动词就还原。 She often reads English in the morning.她早上经常读英语。 Does he go to school by bike?他骑自行车上学吗？ The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 易错误：Does he goes…？ 正：Does he go…？（借了 does，动词还原） 02现在进行时 口诀 · 看到 now / Look! / Listen! / at the moment，用 be + doing 表示此刻正在发生，或现阶段一直在做的事。动词变 ing：一般直接加，重读闭音节双写尾字母，e 结尾去 e。 Look! The boys are playing basketball.看！男孩们在打篮球。 I am reading a novel these days.我这些天在读一本小说。 Is she doing her homework now?她现在在做作业吗？ 易错误：Look! He plays football. 正：Look! He is playing football. 03一般过去时 口诀 · 看到 yesterday / ago / last…／in 2020，动词用过去式 规则动词加 ed，不规则要背。否定疑问借 did，did 后面的动词同样还原。 I visited the museum last Sunday.上周日我参观了博物馆。 He didn't finish his homework yesterday.他昨天没完成作业。 Did you see the film last night?你昨晚看电影了吗？ 易错误：Did you saw…？ 正：Did you see…？ 04一般将来时 口诀 · 看到 tomorrow / next…／in the future，用 will 或 be going to will 表临时决定或预测；be going to 表已计划好或明显迹象。两者同一句里不能重复。 I will call you tomorrow.我明天给你打电话。 She is going to visit her grandma next week.她下周要去看奶奶。 Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.看那云，要下雨了。 易错误：I will am going to read. 正：I am going to read. 05现在完成时 口诀 · 看到 already / yet / ever / since / for + 时间段，用 have/has + 过去分词 强调“过去发生的事对现在还有影响”，或“从过去持续到现在”。这是初中最容易混的时态，一定和一般过去时分清。 I have already finished my homework.我已经完成作业了。 She has lived here for five years.她在这儿住了五年了。 Have you ever been to Beijing?你去过北京吗？ 易错误：I have finished it yesterday. 正：I finished it yesterday.（有明确过去时间就用过去时） 06过去进行时 口诀 · 看到 at 8 last night / when + 过去动作，用 was/were + doing 描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，常作故事背景，与一般过去时搭配：长动作进行，短动作打断。 I was doing my homework at eight last night.昨晚八点我在做作业。 When he called, I was cooking.他打电话时我正在做饭。 They were not playing at that time.那时他们没在玩。 易错误：When he called, I cooked. 正：When he called, I was cooking. 07过去完成时 口诀 · 看到 by the end of last…／before + 过去动作，用 had + 过去分词 “过去的过去”。句中已有两个过去动作时，先发生的那个用 had done。 By the end of last term, I had read ten books.到上学期末，我已读完十本书。 He had left before I arrived.我到之前他已经走了。 She said she had seen the film.她说她看过这部电影。 易错误：He left before I arrived. 正：He had left before I arrived.（先发生用 had done） 08一般将来时的其他表达 口诀 · be about to do / be to do / 现在进行时表将来 表示马上要做或按计划一定发生。go / come / leave / arrive 等位移动词，常用进行时表将来。 The train is leaving in five minutes.火车五分钟后开。 We are about to start.我们马上就要开始。 The meeting is to be held tomorrow.会议明天举行。 易错误：The train will leave in five minutes.（不算错，但位移动词用进行时更地道） 02 从句 CLAUSES 从句只有三件事：谁引导、放在哪、时态跟谁走。抓住这三点，长句子立刻拆得开。 09宾语从句 口诀 · 连接词 that / if(whether) / 特殊疑问词 + 陈述语序 三条铁规：① 从句必须用陈述句语序；② 主句过去时，从句跟着退一步；③ 客观真理永远用一般现在时。 He said that he would come tomorrow.他说他明天会来。 I don't know whether he will come.我不知道他是否会来。 Could you tell me where the library is?你能告诉我图书馆在哪儿吗？ 易错误：Could you tell me where is the library? 正：…where the library is. 10定语从句 口诀 · 先行词是人用 who/that，是物用 which/that，是时间地点用 when/where 关系代词在从句中必须充当成分（主语或宾语）。缺主语用 who/which，缺宾语可省略。 The girl who is singing is my sister.正在唱歌的女孩是我妹妹。 This is the book that I bought yesterday.这是我昨天买的那本书。 I'll never forget the day when we met.我永远不会忘记我们相遇的那天。 易错误：The girl who she is singing… 正：The girl who is singing…（关系词已作主语） 11状语从句 · 时间 口诀 · when / while / as soon as / until / before / after 主将从现：时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来。while 后多接进行时。 As soon as he arrives, I will call you.他一到我就给你打电话。 While I was reading, he was watching TV.我看书时他在看电视。 Wait here until I come back.在这儿等到我回来。 易错误：As soon as he will arrive… 正：As soon as he arrives… 12状语从句 · 条件 口诀 · if / unless / as long as 同样是“主将从现”。if 引导条件，unless = if…not。 If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雨，我们就待在家。 You will fail unless you work hard.除非你努力，否则会失败。 As long as you try, you will improve.只要你努力，就会进步。 易错误：If it will rain… 正：If it rains… 13状语从句 · 原因 / 让步 / 结果 口诀 · because / although / so…that because 与 so 不同句；although 与 but 不同句。这是中考改错高频点。 Because he was ill, he didn't come.因为生病，他没来。 Although it was late, she kept studying.虽然很晚，她还在学习。 He was so tired that he fell asleep.他太累以致睡着了。 易错误：Because he was ill, so he didn't come. 正：删掉 so 03 非谓语动词 NON-FINITE 一个句子里只能有一个谓语。多出来的动词必须变成 doing / to do / done，这就是非谓语。 14只接 doing 的动词 口诀 · enjoy / finish / mind / practise / suggest / avoid / keep 记一句口诀：建议避免放弃（suggest / avoid / give up），享受完成练习（enjoy / finish / practise）。 I enjoy listening to music.我喜欢听音乐。 He finished writing the report.他写完了报告。 Would you mind opening the window?你介意开窗吗？ 易错误：I enjoy to listen to music. 正：I enjoy listening to music. 15只接 to do 的动词 口诀 · want / hope / decide / plan / refuse / agree / promise 多为“意愿、计划、决定”类，动作都发生在谓语之后。 She decided to study harder.她决定更努力学习。 I hope to see you soon.我希望很快见到你。 He refused to answer the question.他拒绝回答这个问题。 易错误：He refused answering. 正：He refused to answer. 16两者都可但意思不同 口诀 · remember / forget / stop / try / go on doing 表示动作已发生或正在进行；to do 表示动作还没做、要去做。 Remember to lock the door.（记得去锁门，还没锁）记得锁门。 I remember locking the door.（记得锁过了）我记得锁过门。 He stopped to smoke.（停下来去抽烟）／ He stopped smoking.（戒烟了） 注意这是中考单选最爱的陷阱，两个都要背例句，不要背规则。 17作定语 / 状语的非谓语 口诀 · doing 表主动进行，done 表被动完成，to do 表目的 修饰名词时看主动被动；表目的时用 to do。 The boy sitting there is my brother.坐在那儿的男孩是我弟弟。 The book written by him is popular.他写的那本书很受欢迎。 He got up early to catch the bus.他早起为了赶公交。 易错误：The book wrote by him… 正：The book written by him… 04 被动语态 PASSIVE 被动语态只有一个公式：be + 过去分词。所有变化都在 be 上做文章，过去分词永远不动。 18各时态的被动结构 口诀 · be 变时态，done 不变 一般现在 am/is/are done；一般过去 was/were done；一般将来 will be done；现在完成 have/has been done；含情态动词 情态+be done。 The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天被打扫。 The bridge was built in 1998.这座桥建于 1998 年。 The work must be finished today.这项工作必须今天完成。 易错误：The work must finished. 正：The work must be finished. 19主动变被动的三步 口诀 · ① 宾语提前作主语 ② 谓语变 be+done ③ 原主语变 by 短语 代词要变主格（me → I），动词时态不能丢，by 短语可省略。 主动：Tom broke the window.汤姆打破了窗户。 被动：The window was broken by Tom.窗户被汤姆打破了。 主动：They will hold a meeting.被动：A meeting will be held. 注意三步走完回头查：时态对不对、过去分词拼对没。 20不用被动的三种情况 口诀 · 不及物动词 / 系动词 / 部分固定搭配 happen / appear / arrive / last / belong to 等没有被动；look / sound / taste 等系动词用主动表被动。 The accident happened last night.事故发生在昨晚。 The soup tastes good.这汤尝起来不错。 This book belongs to me.这本书属于我。 易错误：The accident was happened. 正：The accident happened. 21主动表被动的特殊情况 口诀 · need / want / require + doing need doing = need to be done，物作主语时用 doing 表被动。 The room needs cleaning.房间需要打扫。 The bike needs repairing.自行车需要修。 = The room needs to be cleaned.同义转换 易错误：The room needs to clean. 正：needs cleaning / needs to be cleaned. 05 八大高频易错点 QUICK CHECK 每周花 5 分钟过一遍，考场上这 8 分就是白送的。 1 主谓一致 The number of students ___ (be) 50. → is the number of 谓语用单数；a number of 用复数。 2 代词格 Between you and ___ (I), he is wrong. → me 介词后用宾格。 3 比较级 He is much ___ (tall) than me. → taller much / far / a lot 修饰比较级，不修饰原级。 4 冠词 He is ___ honest boy. → an h 不发音，按元音开头用 an。 5 介词 I have been here ___ 2020. → since since + 时间点，for + 时间段。 6 连词 ___ he is young, he knows a lot. → Although although 与 but 不同句。 7 非谓语 I'm looking forward to ___ (see) you. → seeing to 在此是介词，后接 doing。 8 倒装 Never ___ I seen such a film. → have 否定词放句首，助动词提前。 06 随堂测 5 题 MINI TEST 只考今天讲过的四块内容，做错哪题就回去看那张卡。 1.He ___ to Beijing three times. A. has been B. has gone C. went 2.Could you tell me ___? A. where is the bank B. where the bank is C. where was the bank 3.I enjoy ___ football after school. A. play B. to play C. playing 4.The classroom ___ every day. A. cleans B. is cleaned C. is cleaning 5.___ it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. A. If B. Though C. Because 答案 1—A 2—B 3—C 4—B 5—A 1.have been to 去过（已回）；2.宾语从句用陈述语序；3.enjoy 后接 doing；4.教室被打扫，用被动；5.条件状语从句主将从现 语法不是背出来的，是查出来的 把这张地图贴在书桌前，每次写错句子就回来查一遍——查三次，这个知识点就长在你脑子里了。 Grammar is not a rule book, it's a map you learn to read.
