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第 3 讲 无提示词类——冠词、代词和介词
技法一 如何确定填冠词
冠词是名词的标志，当空后是名词或“形容词＋名词”，而且没有其他限定词时，一般
需要用冠词。
考查方向 解题思路 针对训练
1.在文中第一次提到可数名词单数 1.(2020·全国Ⅲ改编)In
时，一般为泛指，用不定冠词a/an。 ancient China lived an artist
2.在序数词前，表示“又一，再一” whose paintings were almost
时，用不定冠词a/an。 lifelike.
不定冠词a/an
3.a一般用于发音以辅音音素开头的 2.Liuzhou luosifen，a soup
名词前，an一般用于发音以元音音 dish，is named by some
素开头的名词前(注意：并不是指辅 people as “durian(榴莲) of
音字母或者元音字母开头的单词)。 soup” for its strong smell.
3.Wang is China’s second
woman in space，after Liu
Yang made history by joining
1.第二次及以后提到时表特指，用定
the Shenzhou-9 spacecraft in
冠词the。
2012.
2.当名词后有定语修饰时，多数情况
4.(2022·福建莆田质
用定冠词the。
检)Designed and constructed
3.用在序数词或最高级前或有only，
to the highest ever standards
very，same等修饰的名词前。
定冠词the for green and sustainable
4.用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在
housing，the three villages
某世纪几十年代”。
will be able to accommodate
5.用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示
5,500 athletes and team
“一家人”或“夫妇俩”。
officials.
6.用于世界上独一无二的事物前。
5.(2022·河南焦作一模)The
7.用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。
Antarctic is the only region in
the world that has never been
home to human civilization.
6.In a sometimes callous(冷漠
1.与不定冠词a/an 连用的常用短
的) world where people can be
语：
固定搭配 so focused on what they’re
have a cold/fever/try/talk/rest/break
doing，a random act of
take an interest in... take a chance
kindness can make amake a difference as a result
all of a sudden a waste of
as a matter of fact in a word
in a hurry once in a while difference.
once upon a time have a good time 7.(2022·江西上饶一模)A
keep an eye on... study showed that an 80-year-
2.与定冠词the连用的常用短语： old Tsimané person has the
on the other hand by the way same cardiovascular(心血管
take the place of... in the front of... 的) age as an American in his
all over the world at the end of mid-50s.
the same (...) as by the end of...
in the beginning at the same time
at the beginning of... at the moment
注意 冠词的特殊用法还有：
(1)动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。
(2)抽象名词具体化：某些抽象名词可以与不定冠词a 连用，常见的有pleasure，surprise，
comfort，danger，success，failure，duty 等。
技法二 如何确定填代词
语法填空考查代词，有两种考查方式，有提示词类和无提示词类，人称代词及物主代词
多以有提示词的形式出现，已经在前面做了讲解。无提示词类主要考查it，对前面名词指代
的代词和不定代词。
考查方向 解题思路 针对训练
1.如果空格前出现了单数名词，
1.However，the railway quickly
并且空格处作主语或宾语，可根
proved to be a great success and
据指代的情况用he，she，it或者
within six months，more than
him，her，it。
25,000 people were using it every
2.如果空格前出现了复数名词，
day.
并且空处作主语或宾语，可根据
2.No bread eaten by a man is so
代词的指代用法 指代的情况用they或them。 sweet as that earned by his own
3.如果前面出现了单数名词或者 labor.
不可数名词，后面再次提到而且 3.He skimmed the pages quickly，
是特指，用that。 then read them again more
4.如果前面出现了复数名词，后 carefully.
面再次提到而且是特指，用 4.If you’re buying today’s
those。 paper from the stand，could you5.如果前面出现了单数名词，后
面再次提到而且是泛指同名不同 get one for me？
物的东西用one。
5.(2022·江西宜春期
末)However，it was not until
three decades later that Zhi left the
village and went to an even more
1.指代天气、时间、距离等。
remote village school in the
2.用作形式主语或形式宾语。 mountains.
it的用法
3.it用在一些固定句型和固定用 6.It is believed that there will be
法中。见下面的【注意】。 2.5 billion automobiles worldwide
by 2050.
7.I couldn’t have made it
through those times without the
support of my parents.
注意 (1)常用it作形式主语的句型有：
It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他
It＋be＋adj.＋of/for sb.＋to do sth.
It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.
It is a pity/a fact/no wonder/adj.＋that...
It seems/appears/turns out/occurs to sb.＋that...
It is said/reported/believed/...＋that...
It takes sb.some time/money to do sth.
(2)常用it作形式宾语的句型有：
主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/make/keep/...＋it＋补语＋to do sth./that...
主语＋like/hate/love/appreciate/...＋it＋从句
(3)固定用法：
when it comes to...当谈到……
as sb.puts it正如某人所言
make it成功
技法三 如何确定填介词
当空格后出现的是名词、代词或者动名词，且这些词不作主语、宾语或者表语时，需要
考虑填介词。
考查方向 解题思路 针对训练
时间名词前
年月周前要用in，日子前面却要禁。
1.(2021·全国甲)It was built遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。 originally to protect the city
要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。 in/during the Tang dynasty and
的介词
午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错。 has now been completely
at也用在时分前。 restored(修复).
2.(2020·浙江7月)Some time
在……里，用in；在……上，用on；穿 after 10,000 BC，people made
表示地点和
过……，用through/across；通过……方 the first real attempt to control
方式的介词
式，用by；借助……工具，用with等。 the world they lived in，
through agriculture.
by accident，in trouble，in spite of，in 3.Morgan says that it is time that
“介词＋ honour of，in search of，in vain，in people stopped standing by and
n.”搭配 turn，in return，at risk，on board，on recording on their phones when
average等。 they see someone in trouble.
4.Born in Nanchang City in
1961，Zhi applied to work as a
remind sb.of sth.，rob sb.of sth.，go back
“vi.＋介 teacher at the primary school in
to/date from，exchange...for...，run out
词”搭配 Niyang village after
of，account for，agree with 等。
graduation，though her mother
strongly disagreed with her.
5.(2022·山西太原期末)This
route，known as the Great
be known as，be curious about，be proud
“adj.＋介 Ring Line，was also built by
of，be rich in，be devoted to，be fond of
词”搭配 CRCC，and was the first
等。
European subway project
designed by a Chinese company.
Group 1 达标练
1．A lion went all the way round a wildlife photographer’s truck.Then it got up on the back and
looked at him through the window，which was one of his happiest moments.
2．A netizen(网民) named Joleen-kun said their application had been seen，which was something
to be proud of as they were respected by the committee.
3．Like oil painting and sculpture in the West，calligraphy is as much an artistic form as a
spiritual anchor for many Chinese throughout history.
4．(2022·四川泸州期末联考)Having been running for about another 15 minutes，I needed toknow how I missed him(he)．
5．(2022·福建福州期末)When I studied English literature at university，I thought it best to build
my own library.
6．Employing 3D laser scanning technology，the researchers digitally record the shapes，colors
and other fine details of the grottoes and later reproduce them by using 3D printing technology.
7．(2022·安徽安庆二模)These 24 solar terms were soon absorbed into The Taichu calendar，
the first well documented calendar in the history of China.
8．“The piano is my best friend，” said Xiong，a high school student at the Chengdu Special
Education School.“It brings so much pleasure into my life.”
9．According to Ling，learners aged 4 to 60 kept practicing guzheng and stayed in contact with
her via the Internet during the three-month lockdown in Wellington.
10．(2022·安徽黄山二检)For downhill，skiers go at very high speeds，and the course is the
longest and has the largest vertical(垂直的) drop.Super-G courses have more gates and a smaller
vertical drop.
Group 2 真题练
1．Cobb，for her part，started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak whether/if
she could do so remotely；about three-quarters of the time，they agreed.(2022·浙江1月)
2．A friend of his，Wu Fan，volunteered to be his companion during the trip.(2022·全国甲)
3．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning to hike back to
Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)
4．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day，which was named officially by the
United Nations on November 27th,2019.(2022·全国乙)
5．To celebrate the festival，a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum
in Beijing on Thursday.(2022·全国乙)
6．While riding his bike home on a cold night，he came across a sad-looking elderly woman
wandering the streets by herself.(2021·北京)
7．In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their
marriage ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
8．While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must to visit！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
9．My parents made it a point for their two kids to spend time outside，no matter the weather or
season.(2020·浙江改编)
10．But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant，the
researchers found.(2020·江苏改编)A
(2022·福建三明质检)
China’s biang biang noodles are taking the world by storm—yet the dish’s name doesn’t
1.______(official) exist.Here in Xi’an，the capital of China’s Shaanxi Province and one of the
country’s oldest cities，the craft of noodle-pulling is so twisted together with the blowing sound
2._______ the noise ended up inspiring this dish’s curious name：biang biang noodles.The
onomatopoeic(拟声的)“biang” character 3. (mean) to imitate the sound of flour mixed
with water hitting a counter.It is also 4. (complex) to write than any character in the
Chinese language.
In the past centuries，Shaanxi’s biang biang noodles were no more than 5. humble
local dish.Compared to other noodle 6. (variety) from north-west China，biang biang
were less known outside of Xi’an,7. they were a comforting and beloved food among
locals，for whom the back story and written character were common knowledge.In recent years，
biang biang noodles and its associated custom have become more widely known across
China,8.______ (drive) in part by social media interest in the made-up biang character.Now，the
dish is passing through land and sea from its humble beginnings 9. the hearts and mouths
of diners the world over—a breakthrough that many people haven’t expected 10. (be)
delightful.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了陕西的美食——biang biang面的起源及发
展。
1．答案 officially
解析 考查副词。动词 exist(存在)应用副词 officially 来修饰，意为“正式地”，故填
officially。
2．答案 that
解析 考查固定句型。so＋adj./adv.＋that...是固定句型，表示“如此……以至于……”，故
填that。
3．答案 is meant
解析 考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语，根据句意可知，此处表示
“意在……”，mean to do sth.表示“意在做某事”，但主语是人。该句中主语是物，所以
应用被动语态，且句子描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，故填 is
meant。
4．答案 more complex
解析 考查形容词比较级。由后面的than可知，此处应用形容词complex(复杂的)的比较级
more complex。
5．答案 a解析 考查冠词。空后的名词dish意为“菜肴”，是可数名词，且此处泛指“一道菜”，
所以应用不定冠词来修饰，humble的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a，故填a。
6．答案 varieties
解析 考查名词复数。variety在此处表示“种类”，是可数名词，且由前面的other可知，
此处表示“其他的面条种类”，不止一种，应用variety的复数形式varieties。
7．答案 but/yet
解析 考查连词。空格前后的句子是转折关系，应用表示转折关系的连词but或yet，故填
but/yet。
8．答案 driven
解析 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处是非谓语动词，用来补充说明前面这个句
子，且动词drive和其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，故填driven。
9．答案 to
解析 考查介词。from...to...是固定搭配，表示“从……到……”，故填to。
10．答案 to be
解析 考查非谓语动词。expect to do sth.是固定搭配，表示“预计做某事”，故填to be。
B
(2022·安徽江南十校一模)
China has formally made an 1. (announce) of its first five national parks of 230,000
square kilometers from Tibet to Hainan，focusing on preservation of its most valuable bio-
resources.
Giant Panda National Park will surely be 2. hit with the swells of tourists who
come yearly for some of the world’s cutest animals.3. (cover) three provinces of
Sichuan，Shaanxi and Gansu，the region is the panda’s natural habitat.
The intersection(交汇处) of Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces is home to Northeast Chins Tiger
and Leopard National Park，which 4. (set) out to protect the habitats of those two
species since its start.It is the unique area 5. live both wild Siberian tigers and
Siberian leopards.
China’ s best-preserved rainforest is in Hainan ， the only place in the world 6.
(find) the Hainan black-crested gibbon.Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park protects the
gibbons and 7. (they) environment.
Unlike those three，Wuyishan National Park in Fujian Province and Sanjiangyuan National
Park on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau focus 8. (much) on preserving multiple animals
than 9. (specific) protecting one species.They serve various rare and endangered
species and conserve biodiversity.
Now，with some tourist programs 10. place，these parks will be a good way
for tourists to truly experience the natural originality as well as expansive Chinese landscape.1．答案 announcement
解析 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作宾语，表示“宣布”应用名词，不定冠词提示
用单数。故填announcement。
2．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。hit此处泛指“受欢迎的事物”，应用不定冠词，且hit的发音以辅音音素
开头。故填a。
3．答案 Covering
解析 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，cover在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主
语 the region 构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。句首单词首字母要大写。故填
Covering。
4．答案 has set
解析 考查时态和主谓一致。根据后文since its start可知从句用现在完成时，从句谓语与先
行词Northeast Chins Tiger and Leopard National Park保持一致，助动词用has。故填has set。
5．答案 where
解析 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词 area，从句为倒装句，关系副词
where在从句中作状语，相当于in this area。故填where。
6．答案 to find
解析 考查非谓语动词。place前有the only修饰，后面的定语用to do形式，为固定搭配。
故填to find。
7．答案 their
解析 考查代词。修饰空后名词environment应用形容词性物主代词。故填their。
8．答案 more
解析 考查比较级。结合后面的than可知，应用much的比较级形式。故填more。
9．答案 specifically
解析 考查副词。修饰空后动词应用副词作状语。故填specifically。
10．答案 in
解析 考查介词。结合句意表示“准备就绪”可知，应用短语in place。故填in。
强化练(三十) 语法填空(3)
A
You may think，salt is just a simple cooking element.Actually，salt is much more than
that.Without salt our muscles would not move，and our heart would not beat.Salt means life.But do not think rubbing salt in a wound will help.Doing that would be painful and not heal
the wound.To rub salt in a wound is an idiom that means to 1. (purpose) make a bad
situation 2. (bad)．
Early 3. (explore) understood that if they could keep food fresh，they could
travel longer distances.So they made good use of salt to preserve food and explored the world.
Salt was so important that it 4. (trade) pound-for-pound for gold in the past.
Today，people still use “to be worth one’s salt” 5. (describe) a person
who is useful and valuable.A person might also be called “the salt of the earth”，6.__________
means he or she is dependable and trustworthy.
In many old stories，spilled salt is a sign 7. bad luck and trouble.Even today，
if some people spill salt，then they will throw 8. over their shoulder.
They believe 9. (throw) salt behind them scares the devil.
But these stories about bad luck should be taken with a grain of salt.In other words，listen to a
story or 10. explanation with suspicion and distrust.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文，说明盐不仅是生活必需品，还有其他重要的作用，并介绍了
一些与盐相关的典故。
1．答案 purposefully
解析 考查副词。修饰动词，应用副词形式。故填purposefully。
2．答案 worse
解析 考查形容词的比较级。根据“to rub salt in a wound(在伤口上撒盐)”可知，那么做会
让事情变得更糟糕，因此应用形容词比较级worse。
3．答案 explorers
解析 考查名词。设空处在句中作主语，应用名词形式；根据空后的they可知，应用复数
形式。故填explorers。
4．答案 was traded
解析 考查动词时态和语态。设空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语it为被动关系；结合时间
状语in the past可知，设空处应为一般过去时的被动语态。故填was traded。
5．答案 to describe
解析 考查非谓语动词。设空处在句中作非谓语，use sth. to do sth.意为“用……来做什么”。
故填to describe。
6．答案 which
解析 考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，先行词为“the
salt of the earth”。故填which。
7．答案 of
解析 考查介词。a sign of bad luck意为“不幸的迹象”，故填of。8．答案 it
解析 考查代词。设空处作throw的宾语，指代的是前面提到过的salt，不可数，因此用代
词it来代替。故填it。
9．答案 throwing
解析 考查非谓语动词。设空处在宾语从句中作主语，应用动名词形式。故填 throwing。
10．答案 an
解析 考查冠词。与前面的a story并列，表示“一个解释”，而explanation的发音以元音
音素开头，因此用an。
B
(2022·山西运城二模)
Environmentalists are getting more worried about the harmful effects of fast fashion on the
environment.
Fast fashion is the mass production of clothes at a low cost，which are put in shops and online
quickly 1. (create) a high demand.Manufacturers(制造商) make 100 billion items of
clothing every year and this is expected to grow 2. 60 percent by 2030.It is reported
3.__________ many of the clothes end up in the trash and are not recycled.The way people are
buying clothes also adds to the problem of clothing waste.Many years ago，people went to stores
and 4. (try) clothes on.They took more time and thought 5. (careful) before
they bought clothes.They also wore them for a much 6. (long) time compared with
current consumers.Today ， people order cheap clothes on the Internet for 7.
(convenient) and if they don’t like them，they throw them away.This is possibly leading to
8.___________ throwaway society.
Another negative effect on the environment that can not 9. (ignore) is caused by
the chemicals used to make the clothes.These chemicals cause pollution to the environment as well
as health problems for people 10. (work) in clothes factories.
1．答案 to create
解析 考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，此处用所给动词的不定式作目的状语。故填 to
create。
2．答案 by
解析 考查介词。此处表示“增加的幅度”，应用介词by。
3．答案 that
解析 考查主语从句。分析句子可知，It是形式主语，真正的主语是空处引导的主语从句，
从句结构、意义完整，应用that引导。It is reported that...表示“据报道……”。故填that。
4．答案 tried
解析 考查动词时态。根据该句的时间状语Many years ago及并列的谓语动词went可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填tried。
5．答案 carefully
解析 考查副词。此处用所给形容词的副词形式修饰动词thought。故填carefully。
6．答案 longer
解析 考查形容词的比较级。根据空后的“compared with current consumers”及空前的修饰
词much可知，此处用所给形容词的比较级。故填longer。
7．答案 convenience
解析 考查名词。此处用所给形容词的名词形式作介词 for的宾语，convenience意为“方
便”，是不可数名词。故填convenience。
8．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。此处是泛指“一个抛弃型社会”，故用不定冠词，throwaway的发音以辅
音音素开头。故填a。
9．答案 be ignored
解析 考查动词语态。分析句子可知，that引导定语从句，指代先行词 Another negative
effect，与动词ignore为被动关系，故此处用被动语态，又因为空前有情态动词can，故填be
ignored。
10．答案 working
解析 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，该空用非谓语动词，动词work与其逻辑主语
people 存在逻辑上的主谓关系，故此处用所给动词的现在分词作后置定语，修饰名词
people。故填working。
C
Ancient architecture in China stands out 1. its fine wooden structures，the elegant
outside and beautiful decoration.To survive the frequent floods and other natural disasters，wood
2._______(prefer) for most architectural structures in ancient China.China’ s 3.
(tradition) wooden structures were quite complicatedly formed，sometimes without any nails!
Apart from this，existing examples of ancient Chinese architecture are also 4. (wide)
praised for its elegant outlines and various features，such as overhanging eaves(屋檐)，upturned
roof corners，and different 5. (shape) of roofs.The unique outside not only satisfied
a practical function，but also made 6. possible for the buildings to have wonderful
appearances.Architects in ancient China，7. paid special attention to decoration，used
different colors or paintings according to particular building functions or local customs.Carved
beams，painted rafters(椽子)，various patterns，carved boards and wall paintings were used 8.
(add) a colorful and beautiful style to the inside.9. outside of buildings was decorated with
stone lions，screen walls，decorative columns，as well as flowers.Many ancient buildings 10.
(design) by famous architects attract a number of tourists every year.语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的古建筑，介绍了其特点和独特的外观等
情况。
1．答案 for
解析 考查介词。结合句意表示“因为”应用介词for。故填for。
2．答案 was preferred
解析 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空后的in ancient China可知，应用一般过去时，
且主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，故应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为wood，谓语动词
用单数。故填was preferred。
3．答案 traditional
解析 考查形容词。修饰空后名词structures应用形容词作定语。故填traditional。
4．答案 widely
解析 考查副词。修饰动词应用副词widely，表示“广泛地”，wide作副词时表示“宽
地”不符合语境。故填widely。
5．答案 shapes
解析 考查名词复数。shape为可数名词，由different修饰应用复数。故填shapes。
6．答案 it
解析 考查形式宾语。make后跟it作形式宾语，这里真正的宾语是后面的to have wonderful
appearances，故填it。
7．答案 who
解析 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Architects，先行词在从句
中作主语，指人，应用关系代词who。故填who。
8．答案 to add
解析 考查非谓语动词。表示“被用来做某事”的短语为be used to do sth.。故填to add。
9．答案 The
解析 考查冠词。此处特指古建筑的外部，outside前应用定冠词the。句首单词首字母要大
写。故填The。
10．答案 designed
解析 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，design在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与其逻辑
主语buildings构成被动关系，故应用过去分词作定语。故填designed。
D
French fries are fried potatoes cut into strips.But do you know the origin of the name of the
fries? Many of you know that the English word for French fries 1. (be) “chips”，
and Americans call them “French fries”， but 2. fact，its real origin is
Belgium.As early as 1680，the Belgians began the 3. (produce) of these fries.During World War Ⅰ， American soldiers ate these fries in Belgium and found them to be
4._______(particular) delicious.From then on，the fries became popular.They 5. (call)
French fries because the common language in the Belgian army at that time was French.
French fries were introduced to America in 6. late 18th century by a man named
Thomas Jefferson.He brought into the United States the method of cooking fries，not the actual
fries.This could prevent the fries from 7. (get) wet and rotting away during the 5-8
weeks’ journey across the Atlantic Ocean.He chose 8. (sell) the fries in Monticello.The
Oxford Dictionary cited Dickens in 1857 describing a plate of potato sticks cooked in oil，9.
is the first documentation of French fries.Gradually it became one of the 10. (dish) of
the American dinner.
1．答案 is
解析 考查时态和主谓一致。主语the English word for French fries为单数，此处为谓语动词
且陈述事实，故应用一般现在时，故填is。
2．答案 in
解析 考查介词。此处意为“事实上，实际上”，表达为in fact，故填in。
3．答案 production
解析 考查名词。此处意为“……的生产”，故应填名词作宾语，故填production。
4．答案 particularly
解析 考查副词。此处delicious(美味的)为形容词，故应用副词修饰，故填particularly。
5．答案 were called/are called
解析 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。本句中They指代the fries，为主语，此处为谓语动词，
且 They 与 call 之间为被动关系，根据本句中的 was 可知，此处应用一般过去时 were
called；也可以理解为陈述一般事实，故可以用一般现在时are called，故填were called/are
called。
6．答案 the
解析 考查冠词。此处意为“18世纪晚期”，表达为in the late 18th century，序数词前应加
上定冠词，故填the。
7．答案 getting
解析 考查非谓语动词。此处为“阻止……做……”，表达为prevent...from doing sth.，
from为介词，后跟动名词作宾语，故填getting。
8．答案 to sell
解析 考查非谓语动词。此处意为“选择做某事”，表达为choose to do sth.，故填to sell。
9．答案 which
解析 考查定语从句。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整件事，定语从句中缺少主语，故应用which引导，故填which。
10．答案 dishes
解析 考查名词复数。此处dish(菜)为可数名词，且空前有one of 修饰，故应用名词的复数
形式，故填dishes。
