07 人与自然之灾害防范
Passage 1
（22-23高三下·河南·开学考试）When hurricanes left a path of destruction in Puerto Rico,
Pennsylvania College of Technology student Natascha G. Santaella felt a variety of painful
emotions.
“I spent around six days stressing and having a very hard time with me having all the luxuries
I currently do and my family not having any,” the Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, resident said. Santaella
said that her hometown is without power and water, and people there are scared of what is to
come.
To reduce her stress, Santaella, who is studying for an associate degree in baking and pastry
arts, immersed (沉浸) herself in what she knows best: baking. “It started out as just baking bread
and shipping it to the island to then be dispersed to the people, but I found that was very
expensive for me to do alone, so I spoke with Chef Charles Niedermyer, our instructor of baking
and pastry arts about a sale of baked goods in the college’s Bush Campus Center.”
“Natascha is a bright, energetic young lady with a big heart,” Niedermyer said. “I was not
surprised to find her in my office, looking for ways to help the people of Puerto Rico.”
To prepare, Santaella had multiple meetings with Niedermyer, spent hours finalizing recipes,
designed signage (标志) and decorations, and got friends to staff the sale table with her. And then
there was the baking: Santaella and two friends in the baking and pastry arts major spent six hours
baking 90 loaves of bread, 24 dozen dinner rolls and 30 cheesecakes in a variety of flavors.
During the six-hour sale, Santaella and her friends raised more than $1,000 for United for
Puerto Rico, an initiative designed to provide aid and support to those affected in Puerto Rico by
the passage of Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria.
“I hope to mainly increase awareness of what has happened, and to show people that there
are Puerto Rican students at this school,” Santaella said. “I hope that others had the great
experience I had with all my teachers and how understanding they were with me.”
1．Why did Santaella feel very stressed?
A．Because a big hurricane was approaching.
B．Because she was left without power and water.C．Because her folks were suffering due to hurricanes.
D．Because she lost all her belongings in the hurricane.
2．What does the underlined word “dispersed” probably mean in Paragraph 3?
A．Exposed. B．Connected. C．Distributed. D．Contributed.
3．What can we learn from the text?
A．Puerto Rico might be stricken by hurricanes frequently.
B．Niedermyer responded to Santaella’s ideas coldly.
C．Santaella organized the sale at her college all alone.
D．Pennsylvania College has few students from Puerto Rico.
4．Which can be the best title for the text?
A．Hurricane Causes Huge Losses to Puerto Rico
B．Student Puts Skills to Use to Help Her Hometown
C．College Student Shows Baking Skills Through Sales
D．Teacher and Students Work Together in Fund Raising
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了得知自己的家乡遭受飓风袭击，人们生活无
着落时，正在大学校园里学习的Santaella决定利用自己学到的一技之长，来帮助家乡。
1．推理判断题。由第一段“When hurricanes left a path of destruction in Puerto Rico,
Pennsylvania College of Technology student Natascha G. Santaella felt a variety of painful
emotions. (当飓风在波多黎各造成破坏时，宾夕法尼亚理工学院的学生娜塔莎·G·桑塔拉感
受到了各种痛苦的情绪)”和第二段中“Santaella said that her hometown is without power and
water, and people there are scared of what is to come. (Santatella说，她的家乡没有电和水，那
里的人们害怕即将发生的事情)”可知，Santaella得知飓风袭击自己的家乡，家人们损失惨
重，不能像自己一样在大学里衣食无忧，因此她的内心非常着急。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。由第三段中“It started out as just baking bread and shipping it to the island to
then be dispersed to the people, but I found that was very expensive for me to do alone (一开始
只是烤面包，然后运到岛上，然后dispersed 给人们，但我发现这对我来说非常昂贵)”可知，
Santaella最初认为，只要把面包烘焙好，运送到岛屿上，然后分发给灾民就可以了，
dispersed意为“分发（Distributed）”。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。由倒数第二段“During the six-hour sale, Santaella and her friends raised more
than $1,000 for United for Puerto Rico, an initiative designed to provide aid and support to thoseaffected in Puerto Rico by the passage of Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria. (在六个小时的销
售中，Santaella和她的朋友们为United for Puerto Rico筹集了1000多美元，这是一项旨在
为波多黎各受飓风Irma和飓风Maria影响的人提供援助和支持的举措)”可知，波多黎各人
们已经受飓风Irma和飓风Maria的影响，可得出波多黎各可能经常遭受飓风袭击。故选A
项。
4．主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了得知自己的家乡遭受飓风袭击，人们生活无着落时，正在
大学校园里学习的Santaella决定利用自己学到的一技之长，来帮助被飓风袭击的家乡的故
事，B项“学生运用技能帮助家乡”符合此意。故选B项。
Passage 2
（22-23高二下·上海·期末）My family lost everything in the little-known flood of Baton
Rouge, Louisiana last year that the Red Cross called the “Worst US disaster since Hurricane
Sandy.”
It began raining in mid-August. Then it rained some more, got more powerful, and didn’t
stop for days. There was talk that the local rivers were going to crest (到达顶点)and cause some
pretty serious flooding. We lived somewhat close to the Amite River, but our senior neighbors told
us that our neighborhood hadn’t flooded in over 100 years.
Local news said that the nearby high school may get a little bit of water inside from the
rising river. We thought we had a couple of days to plan on how we were going to shelter in place
because of the weather forecast.
On the 13th of August I woke up, walked outside and headed toward the direction of the
river. Some of the lower areas were collecting water but there was no standing water anywhere
near my house or even my neighborhood. I went back home and told my wife we should probably
get some supplies in case this got serious; that maybe we should even pack a car in case we
needed to leave though I was fairly certain there was nothing to worry about.
About 30 minutes into slowly packing there was a loud banging on my front door. It was
my wife’s cousin. I opened the door and she said, “What are you doing?! Get out of the house!” I
looked behind her and noticed my entire yard underwater and the waterline only about a half-inch
from going over my doorstep and into my house.
I was floored. The river wasn’t supposed to crest until the next day. I thought we had moretime.
I yelled at my wife, “We have to get out of the house. Now!”
We packed up both our cars in about 10 minutes with only our most precious memories.
Everything else we had built during a 10-year marriage was left behind. We evacuated about 5
miles east away from the river to my wife’s grandmothers.
After being there for about an hour someone came to the front door and said, “You guys
ned to get out. The river is coming.”
Sure enough, her yard was flooding too.
We evacuated a second time in as many hours to her cousin’s house even further east. After
only an hour we were told again that the river was on the way and we had to leave.
5．The author realized the arrival of the flood when ______.
A．the rain started to fall heavily and non-stop
B．the nearby high school was slightly affected
C．there was standing water in some lower areas
D．he was informed by his wife’s cousin at the door
6．What does the author mean by saying “I was floored” in the 6th paragraph?
A．He was clam enough to cope with the flood.
B．He became trapped by the rising floodwater.
C．He was shocked by the early arrival of the flood.
D．He lost his temper with his wife for being unprepared.
7．From the story, what do we know about the author’s evacuation?
A．He didn’t take action immediately despite his neighbor’s warning.
B．He trusted the weather forecast so that he prepared himself in advance.
C．He and his wife brought some supplies and valuable belongings with them.
D．He was forced to leave the temporary homes again and again to avoid danger.
8．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Mutual Support in Disasters B．Baton Rouge Flooding
C．How to Survive a Flood D．Methods of Predicting Floods
【答案】5．D 6．C 7．D 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了去年，在路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日那场鲜为人知的洪水中，作者的家人失去了一切，红十字会称之为“自飓风桑迪以来美国最严重的灾难”。
5．细节理解题。根据第五段“About 30 minutes into slowly packing there was a loud banging
on my front door. It was my wife’s cousin. I opened the door and she said, “What are you doing?!
Get out of the house!” I looked behind her and noticed my entire yard underwater and the
waterline only about a half-inch from going over my doorstep and into my house.(在我慢慢收拾
行李大约30分钟后，我的前门传来了砰的一声巨响。是我妻子的堂姐。我打开门，她说：
“你在干什么？！快离开这个房子！”我看了看她身后，发现我的整个院子都被水淹没了，
水线只差半英寸就能越过我的门阶，进入我的房子)”可知，当作者在门口接到他妻子的堂
姐的通知时，他意识到洪水要来了。故选D。
6．词句猜测题。根据划线句下文“The river wasn’t supposed to crest until the next day. I
thought we had more time.(预计河水要到第二天才会上涨。我以为我们有更多的时间)”及第
七段“I yelled at my wife, “We have to get out of the house. Now!”(我对妻子喊道：“我们必
须离开这个房子。现在！”)”可推知，面对提前到来的洪水，作者非常震惊。由此可知，
作者说“I was floored.”意思是“洪水提前到来使他感到震惊”。故选C。
7．细节理解题。根据第八段中的“We evacuated about 5 miles east away from the river to my
wife’s grandmothers.(我们从河边向东疏散了5英里，去找我妻子的祖母)”和第九段“After
being there for about an hour someone came to the front door and said, “You guys ned to get out.
The river is coming.”(在那里呆了大约一个小时后，有人来到前门说:“你们得出去了。河水
来了。”)”及最后一段“We evacuated a second time in as many hours to her cousin’s house
even further east. After only an hour we were told again that the river was on the way and we had
to leave.(我们在两个小时内第二次疏散到她表亲的房子，甚至在更东边。仅仅过了一个小
时，我们又被告知河在路上，我们必须离开)”可知，作者为了躲避危险，被迫一次又一次
地离开临时住所。故选D。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“My family lost everything in the little-known flood of Baton
Rouge, Louisiana last year that the Red Cross called the “Worst US disaster since Hurricane
Sandy.”(去年，在路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日那场鲜为人知的洪水中，我的家人失去了一切，红
十字会称之为“自飓风桑迪以来美国最严重的灾难”)”及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了
作者一家在巴吞鲁日洪水期间的经历。由此可知，Baton Rouge Flooding(巴吞鲁日洪水)适
合作本文最佳标题。故选B。Passage 3
（22-23 高一·全国·课后作业）Scientists know where earthquakes are likely to take
place.But it is difficult for them to predict how strong an earthquake will be. Now，American
researchers have found it possible to predict the strength of future quakes.
The earth’s crust — the outermost surface — is made up of large plates.As many as 20
plates cover the earth.They move slowly，sometimes sliding under one another and causing the
earthquakes.
Timothy H．Dixon is a geologist (地质学家) in the University of South Florida，who
studies rocks and soil to understand the earth.He and other scientists are using global positioning
system，or GPS，to measure what he calls “slowslip” events.
Timothy Dixon says that while people can’t feel a building breaking off，sometimes deadly
earthquakes will happen.The big Japan earthquake in 2011 and the Sumatra earthquake and
tsunami in 2004 are the kind，and they are the real killers.So what we think these slowslip events
are telling us is that they’re letting off steam in areas where there is a break.And if they let off
enough steam，the areas won’t crack.“The more of the areas that break，” he says，“the
more powerful the earthquake is.”
The scientists set up a number of GPS receivers 15 years ago in Costa Rica to measure the
“slowslip” events，which take place only every year or two.The last one was three months before
an earthquake in 2012.
You know an earthquake is more or less inevitable．People always want to know when an
earthquake is going to happen.This technology cannot predict that.But Timothy Dixon says even if
you don’t know exactly when it’s going to happen，since you know it’s going to happen，and
you know how big it’s going to be，you can prepare accordingly.
9．According to the passage，what can scientists predict about earthquakes at present?
A．When an earthquake will happen.
B．Where an earthquake may happen.
C．How strong an earthquake will be.
D．What kind of the earthquake will be.
10．What does the underlined word “inevitable” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Unavoidable. B．Unpredictable.C．Powerful. D．Terrible.
11．From Timothy Dixon’s words，what can we know?
A．We can’t predict when an earthquake happens forever.
B．His new findings will prevent earthquakes happening.
C．His new findings will help people reduce damage caused by earthquake.
D．His new findings have been used in researching earthquakes.
12．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A．To tell us the reason why an earthquake can happen.
B．To tell us that the strength of an earthquake can be predicted in the future.
C．To tell us what Timothy H．Dixon is doing in his spare time.
D．To tell us the advantage of knowing the strength of future earthquakes.
【答案】9．B 10．A 11．C 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。科学家知道地震在哪里发生，但他们很难预测地震的强度。
现在研究人员发现有可能预测未来地震的强度。
【详解】1.细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句“Scientists know where earthquakes are
likely to take place.But it is difficult for them to predict how strong an earthquake will be.(科学家
知道哪里可能发生地震。但是他们很难预测地震的强度。)”可知，科学家预测地震可能在
什么地方发生。故选B。
2.词义猜测题。根据下文“People always want to know when an earthquake is going to happen.
(人们总是想知道地震什么时候会发生。)”可知，人们知道地震或多或少是不可避免的。因
此猜测画线词意为“难以避免的”，故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“People always want to know when an earthquake is going
to happen.This technology cannot predict that.But Timothy Dixon says even if you don’t know
exactly when it’s going to happen,since you know it’s going to happen,and you know how big it’s
going to be,you can prepare accordingly.(人们总是想知道地震什么时候会发生。这种技术无
法预测。Timothy Dixon说：“人们无法确切地知道地震什么时候发生，但是只要知道它会
发生就可以相应地做好准备从而减轻损失。”)”可知，他的新发现尽管不能预测地震什么
时候发生，但是将帮助人们减少地震造成的损失。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第一段的“Now，American researchers have found it possible to predictthe strength of future quakes.(现在，美国研究人员发现可以预测未来地震的强度。)”以及全
文内容可知，本文主要是想告诉读者一个科学新发现，即在未来可以预测出地震的强度。
故选B。
Passage 4
（21-22高三下·广东惠州·阶段练习）Earthquakes cannot be forecast, but engineers can
prepare for them. Seismic-isolation (地震隔离) systems built into the bases of certain buildings in
high-risk areas, use complex structures of concrete, rubber and metal to reduce quake damage by
absorbing the ground’s horizontal shaking.
But such adaptations are expensive. Engineer Jian Zhang of the University of California, says
building seismic isolation-system can increase construction costs by up to 20 percent. Although
these systems might save more than they cost over time, builders in some regions may not have
the budget for them at present.
A new seismic-isolation method uses the physics of rolling to create a lower-cost alternative
with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls. “Everyone plays tennis, and they don’t
know what to do with the tennis balls after each game,” says ETH Zürich seismic engineer
Michalis Vassiliou.
Vassiliou’s team based its method on an early form of seismic-isolation that rolls a shaking
building to a stop the way a skater in a half-pipe eventually comes to rest. By separating a building
from the ground with a layer of spheres (球体), rolling isolation changes unstable horizontal
shaking into a gentle rocking motion. This method was used in 5,000-year-old Peruvian pyramids,
but today builders favor expensive, standardized isolation systems.
For their modern take on rolling seismic-isolation, the researchers injected concrete-like
mixes into hundreds of balls that had lost their bounce. They built an inexpensive model
consisting of four filled tennis balls sandwiched between two concrete slabs (厚板), and they
found that it withstood earthquake shaking while supporting eight kilo newtons of force per ball
— about twice what isolation systems might experience under one-story houses.
Zhang says that the work is worthwhile and that such technology might serve an unmet need.
But she notes that the results are primary. Vassiliou agrees; next steps will mean creating and
testing a larger model with hundreds of tennis balls at a research center in earthquake-prone Cuba— an example of a place where such systems could make isolation practicable in ordinary
construction.
13．Why do the engineers adopt recycled tennis balls?
A．To improve the performance of tennis balls.
B．To help deal with the tennis balls after matches.
C．To simplify the complex structures of buildings.
D．To cut the expense of seismic-isolation building.
14．What effect could the new method achieve?
A．Recycling useless tennis balls. B．Transforming the shaking into a gentle one.
C．Withstanding earthquake shaking. D．Enabling a house to support much more
force.
15．Which of the following best describes Zhang’s attitude towards the new technology?
A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Objective. D．Approving.
16．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Researchers are creating and testing models in Cuba.
B．Engineers are exploring ways of earthquake forecasts.
C．A low-cost design helps shaking buildings roll to a stop.
D．Recycled tennis balls could protect buildings from disasters.
【答案】13．D 14．B 15．C 16．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成
的材料（回收的网球）创造一种成本较低的替代方案。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段“A new seismic-isolation method uses the physics of rolling to
create a lower-cost alternative with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls.（一种新的
隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的材料（回收的网球）创造一种成本较低的替代方
案。）”可知，工程师们使用回收的网球是为了降低隔震建筑的费用。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“By separating a building from the ground with a layer of
spheres (球体), rolling isolation changes unstable horizontal shaking into a gentle rocking motion.
（通过用一层球体将建筑物与地面隔开(球体), 滚动隔离将不稳定的水平振动变为轻微的摇
摆运动。）”可知，这种新型方法可将震动转化为轻柔的震动。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Zhang says that the work is worthwhile and that suchtechnology might serve an unmet need. But she notes that the results are primary.（张说，这项工
作是值得的，这样的技术可能服务于一个未满足的需求。但她指出，结果是初步的。）”
可知，张既肯定这项工作是值得的，但同时也承认这项结果是初步的，所以他对这项新技
术持客观公正的态度。故选C。
16．主旨大意题。本文前两段指出建筑隔震系统增加建筑成本，从而引出第三段话题——
一种新的隔震方法。下文继续阐述该方法的设计原理和隔震效果解释这种新型隔震方法。
C项“A low-cost design helps shaking buildings roll to a stop.（一种低成本的可以帮助摇晃的
建筑物停下来的设计。）”最能概括文章主旨。故选C。
Passage 5
（23-24高三上·山东枣庄·期末）Before the year has even come to a close, climate experts
are certain that 2023 will be the hottest year in recorded history.
On Dec. 6, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) — part of the European Union's
space program — revealed that this year's average global temperatures have been 2.6℉ (1.46°C )
higher than temperatures in preindustrial times and 0.2°F (0.13°C) higher than January to
November in 2016. These “extraordinary” temperatures mean that 2023will be “the warmest year
in recorded history,” C3S deputy director Samantha Burgess said in a statement.
The researchers note that this year's record heat was partly caused by the latest El Nino event
— a phenomenon where warmer water near the equator triggers warmer global air temperatures
— that began in June. Some other experts have suggested that the January2022 eruption of
Tonga's underwater volcano, which pumped record levels of water vapor into the atmosphere, may
also be partly responsible.
Despite these factors, the major cause of climbing temperatures is global warming caused by
runaway greenhouse gas emissions, which, noted in a C3S statement, have trapped more than 25
billion atomic bombs' worth of energy in our atmosphere over the last 50 years. And still worse,
the global carbon emissions have reached a new high this year, according to scientists at the
United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP28) On Dec 4.
The effects of global warming are becoming more obvious. In 2023, research revealed that
climate change is causing major US cities to sink and more than half of the world's largest lakes
and reservoirs to shrink. Studies also predicted that the Gulf Stream, which plays a vital role inocean circulation, could collapse by as early as 2025, and that rising sea levels could swamp the U
S coastline by 2050.
However, scientists say that we still have time to prevent further disaster. Leading climate
change expert Michael Mann, from the University of Pennsylvania, recently wrote that “we can
still stop the worst effects of climate change” if we stop emitting greenhouse gases as soon as
possible.
17．What's the purpose of the text?
A．To report the recorded hottest year.
B．To present findings of a research.
C．To analyze the causes of climate change.
D．To warn of the coming natural disaster.
18．Which is the main factor in causing the warmest weather in 2023?
A．Eruption of an underwater volcano.
B．Greenhouse gas emissions.
C．Collapse of the Gulf Stream.
D．The latest El Nino event.
19．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Scientists' predictions of the future.
B．The threat of rising sea levels to the U.S.
C．The effects of climate change.
D．Different opinions on global warming.
20．How does Michael Mann feel about the present situation?
A．Confused. B．Worried. C．Pessimistic. D．Hopeful.
【答案】17．A 18．B 19．C 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了关于气候变化和全球变暖的最新发现和数据。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段“Before the year has even come to a close, climate experts are
certain that 2023 will be the hottest year in recorded history.(在这一年结束之前，气候专家们确
信，2023年将是有记录以来最热的一年)”可推理出，本文的写作目的是报告有记录以来最
热的一年，故选A项。
18．细节理解题。根据第四段“Despite these factors, the major cause of climbing temperaturesis global warming caused by runaway greenhouse gas emissions(尽管有这些因素，但气温攀升
的主要原因是失控的温室气体排放导致的全球变暖)”可知，造成2023年天气最热的主要因
素是温室气体排放，故选B项。
19．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The effects of global warming are becoming more obvious. (全
球变暖的影响越来越明显。)”可推理出，本段主要讲的是气候变化的影响，故选C项。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, scientists say that we still have time to prevent
further disaster. Leading climate change expert Michael Mann, from the University of
Pennsylvania, recently wrote that “we can still stop the worst effects of climate change” if we stop
emitting greenhouse gases as soon as possible(然而，科学家们表示，我们仍有时间防止进一
步的灾难。宾夕法尼亚大学的首席气候变化专家迈克尔·曼最近写道，如果我们尽快停止排
放温室气体，“我们仍然可以阻止气候变化的最坏影响”)”可推理出，迈克尔·曼认为目前
的情况充满希望，故选D项。
