专题03+真题体裁阅读微解+说明文+（学生版）_英语(2)_专项复习_2026年-英语高考专项复习_92026届项高考英语真题体裁阅读微解

专题 03 真题体裁阅读微解—说明文
第一节 解题技能微解
一、考情聚焦
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者
介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。
二、命题规律及解题策略
1.命题规律
说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经
济发展中出现的新生事物等。说明事物可采用多种方式，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义
或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。
☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点；
☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异；
☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处；
☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似；
☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同；
☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。
除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说
明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明
对象的本质特征。
一般说来，说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，
即Who→What→When→Where→How→Why（注意这里要区别于记叙文的六要素）
1. Who：这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）
2. What：主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）
3. When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）
4. How：通过什么方式表现出来的？（即方式的具体内容）
5. Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？（即原因解释）
做说明文阅读的时候，一定要记住上面的 Wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。
2.高频考点
①强转折对比: but/however/yet/unlike...
②段首段尾句:最重要/考试一定重点关注
③列举处:firstly/secondly/thirdly; initially/additionally...
④举例、比喻处: as/such as/for instance/for example...
⑤引用人物论断:引用某名人的论断或重要发现等
⑥复杂句常考:复杂句常是出题之处，如同位语、插入语、定语……
⑦因果句常考:because/as/therefore/consequently/originate from...
⑧特殊标点符号处:破折号，括号，冒号，引号……
3.五大行文模式
①现象解释型——对自然现象或社会现象进行解释
②问题解答型——对问题进行分析应对
③观点论证型——对作者观点进行论证
④新老观点对比型——对某事过去和现在对比来突出现在的是与非⑤实验型 ——掌握实验目的与实验结论
4.解题原则
①主旨题（中心思想、写作目的、加标题）:遵循“三出现原则”即中心词或中心词的近义词必须出现；
细节出现不是答案；无关选项出现更不是答案。
②因果条件细节题:找出表示因果或条件的词眼——分清谁是因谁是果；谁是条件谁是结果；若出现多
个因果关系则要辨别问的是哪个。
③比较型细节题:遵循语言形式对应或含义对应（正确选项通常形式也是比较式，同时要做到含义一
致）。
④实验型细节题:通常与实验目的和实验结果相关（实验是为了得出结果）。
⑤选择正误题:通常要求选出错误或正确的一项，四个选项通常分布在全文不同的地方；每个选项的定
位要根据八大常考处及该题的题号顺序。
⑥列举题:若文中列举了多处信息，务必注意选项与原文细节上的对应是否做到了精确改写。
⑦举例题:一般分为两种情况，一种是问例子本身（细节题），另一种是问例子在文中的作用。做题时
一定要分清是哪种情况。
⑧推理题:避免过度推理，无中生有；正确选项一般是对原文的归纳总结或正话反说。
⑨单词释义题:根据上下文及构词解题。
⑩观点态度题:重点理解段首段尾句中动词、形容词和副词，可领会作者的观点态度。
5.解题策略
⑴快速浏览主题
快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的
信息，并判定行文方式。
⑵速读题干，跳读定位信息
接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息
点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如
果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时
不一定要读完全文。
①对立选项通常选其一，相同意思选项同时排除；
②若该题精确定位在第二段，则精确对应在其他段落的选项再精确也不对；
③非常符合常识及人们潜意识的选项若原文没有正面回应或谈及则不是答案；
⑶题文对应
说明文答题有一个基本原则，答案往往就在原材料中。为此，必须根据题意，从原材料中找出与各个
选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件，作为解题的依据。这是答题的关键。
④选项与文中某处信息极为对应但其谓语动词已被偷梁换柱则不是答案；
⑤文中不同句子内容的拼凑一定不是答案；
⑥极端选项通常不是答案，除非文中有明显的对应词；
⑦过于笼统的选项只是与文章相关通常不是答案，同理，文中的细节以点概面通常也非答案；
⑷细读解题信息
最后，即紧扣题干的要求，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。
⑧由文中某处信息推理得出的若干个可能情况的相关选项通常不是答案；
⑨定位处信息要尤为注意形容词、副词、语气词及动词；
⑩细节题的考察一定注意出题人问的角度：是问细节本身还是细节在文中的作用（例子数据名言等）。
⑸逐项比较，得出最佳
做阅读理解题，切不可凭主观印象，想当然地确定答案。任何一道题目，均可以在原文中找到相关线
索，这就如同破译密码一样。做题人的思维过程和编题人的思维过程恰好相反，编题人先找好线索，然后设计问题和选项，解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。因此，我们做题时要逐项比较，排除错误选项，
得出最佳答案。
三、技能透视
1.巧借题材特征，捕捉具体信息，促进细节理解
说明文题材涵盖广泛，在历年高考题中多以科普、社会生活、历史文化等内容为主。以科普说明文为
例，它着重对科学现象、道理和观点进行阐述，其特点是对其成因、关系以及原理进行说明。目的是让学
生明白这种现象是什么、为什么是这样。因此，学生可根据抽象事理阐述的因果关系，提取关键信息，定
位原文区域，获取细节信息。
例1.（2023宝山一模）
When disaster strikes a community, it is often critical that assistance be provided right away. The best first
responders are the people who call that area home. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program
teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect their communities. Teams of volunteers
are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and prevention, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these
volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the consequence of disasters before professional rescuers
arrive.
43. According to the passage, when do CERT members usually provide assistance?
A. Before those professional rescuers arrive. B. When uniformed emergency responders arrive.
C. During the early stages of a disastrous event. D. Throughout the process of rescue in a disaster.
【解析】D细节理解题 根据题干中的关键词 “provide assistance”定位到根据第一段 “The Community
Emergency Response Team (CERT) program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might
affect their communities. .……(社区应急响应小组（CERT）项目教平民如何为可能影响他们社区的危险做好
准备。志愿者队伍接受消防安全和预防、搜索和救援以及急救等基本技能的培训。经过培训，这些志愿者
可以在专业救援人员到达之前，在灾难发生后立即提供援助)”可知，CERT成员通常在灾难中救援的整个
过程提供帮助。故选D。
【名师点睛】
说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点：
（1）在列举处命题。如用 First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、
then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求
的答案项。
（2）在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例
证，这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。
（3）在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、
not so much...as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。
（4）在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标
记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。
（5）在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子
之间的指代关系和语法关系的理解。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与
阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。
2.巧用语篇模式，理清行文脉络，了解主旨大意
语篇模式是篇章的组织形式，主要有问题解决型，假设真实型，概括具体型，匹配比较型等，有时这
几种模式会存在于同一语篇中。这些组织形式也可以在段落中出现，成为某段的行文开展方式。学生可根
据题干准确定位信息，理清结构脉络，明晰段落关键句和词，以此为线索概括段落大意，从中提炼语篇主
旨大意。例2：(2023静安一模)
As Christmas approached, the price of turkey went wild. It didn’t rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it
crash. It just started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one
that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of
price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price.
It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-
science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know
the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate
effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are
trying to “comparison shopping” us.
46. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The advantages of online shopping over traditional shopping.
B. Measures sellers take to maximize profits.
C. The analysis of pricing mechanism.
D. The battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age.
【解析】C 主旨大意题。根据第二段“It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be
participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has
brought. (买馅饼时，你可能会参加一个精心设计的社会科学实验，这可能会让人感到惊讶。但这就是网上
比价购物所带来的。)”和最后一段““In the Internet era, I don’t think anyone could have predicted how
complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. (哈佛大学教授罗伯特·多
兰表示：“在互联网时代，我认为没有人能够预测这些策略会变得多么复杂。”。)”可知，这篇文章主要
讲述在网络时代，因为受到很多因素的影响，物品的价格不再是一成不变的了，文章对定价机制进行了分
析。故选C。
【名师点睛】科普说明文阅读读题策略：
策略一：抓住文体特征：主题句：背景引入后\首句
四个部分：标题（简明揭示中心）、背景（引入）、主题（明确提出主题+详细说明）--通过实验、研
究、举例、对比等方式进行以及结尾--简要概括中心
Who-文章的主体是谁（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）
What-文章的主体做了什么（即主体表现出的特征、功能和用途）
When and Where-何时何地（即何时何地表现Characteristic）
How-How did the research preform?
Why-特性功能用途的原因（即Why is the research important?）
策略二：抓关键句--首末句 +作者态度句
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地
对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排
除干扰项，选出正确答案。
策略三：抓出题处
⑴在列举处命题；
⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导作为例证，这些例句或比
喻就成为命题者设问的焦点；
⑶转折 but,yet,however,nevertheless,rather,though,although,while,in fact,as a matter of fact,on the other
hand,by contrast）；
⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并
且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰；⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间
的指代关系和语法关系；
⑹带总结归纳（thus,so,therefor,accordingly,consequently,as a result,in a word,in summary,in brief）;
⑺表达观点，总括的动词(believe,think,assume,suggest,show,conclude,find that,draw the conclusion
that,discover that);
⑻问句--设问句\反问句（问句中的内容和答案---即文章作者要介绍的主题或观点）
策略四： “玩转”生词，长难句
⑴对于不影响文章整体理解以及解题的生词，忽略不计。
⑵影响理解及解题关键生词-一定要猜出。
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多。要
注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象
时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以 it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据
上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代
对象。
策略五： 判断推理题
⑴不能夸大事实，过度推断。
⑵不能主观臆断，无中生有。
⑶文中细节，事实不是推断
3.妙用写作手法，提取关键信息，进行词义猜测
说明文通常借助分类、比较、举例、解释、定义、列数据、引用等方法阐明说明对象，一般出现在语
篇的中间部分，语篇开端会介绍主题，其结尾一般为结论。学生可根据相关提示词关注语篇的写作手法，
围绕题干获取相关信息，以此为线索解答问题。
例 3 ： （ 2020 江 苏 卷 ） For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more
beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
61.The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph I most probably means ？
A. digest the meal easily
B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat
D. eat whatever is offered
【解析】B 词义猜测题题干意为“第一段中带下划线的“stomach it”很可能是指？”依据题干定
位原文第一段，即 For those who can stomach it，...，according to a study of meal timing and physical
activity.该原文首尾呼应，即最后一段“The implication of these results is …it may be wise to skip eating
first.”表明我们如果跳过早餐再做运动更有益于健康，与第一段表达的意义一致，即不吃早餐做运动要比
吃早餐再运动更有利于健康。skip eating 与第一段的without breakfast遥相呼应。四个选项分别译为：这
顿饭容易消化（A）;不吃早餐（B）;明智地决定吃什么（C）;有什么吃什么（D），故选项B为正确答案。
【名师点睛】
该语篇采用了比较的写作手法，对饭前运动与饭后运动各项指标的数据变化进行对比分析，且该文在
首段提出有关吃饭与运动的研究结果，并在语篇的最后一段阐述比较试验研究结果，验证了结果的一致性。
学生则根据语篇首段与尾段研究结果的一致性猜测词义。当然，猜测词义还可通过根据文中的关键词或与
该词存在同义、反义、上下义的关系的词等方法。
4.活用小句关系，辨析逻辑顺序，实施逻辑推理
小句关系是指句或段与其他的句或段之间的关系。学生掌握句或段之间的关系，辨析句或段之间的逻辑顺序，据此推断语篇以及各部分的意义。
例4：（2023全国乙卷C）It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that
Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous
in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is
slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking
in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK
universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about
cooking.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
【解析】D推理题 根据题干关键词“cookery programme on British TV”定位第二段 “It’s thanks to
these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg
and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”和“It seems that TV
programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”由此定位句可知，英国的烹饪节目能
够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节
目具有很大的影响力。故选D。
【名师点睛】
推断写作意图/写作手法解题技巧：
1. 关注设问的信息位置:
⑴开头提出问题——To attract readers’ attention；To introduce the topic;
⑵开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——To draw the readers’ attention to the top;
⑶结尾设问——To attract readers to pay for a trip to some attraction; To call on…; To sell a
product or service；
⑷文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——To argue against…; To support one’s own idea; To
make it more persuasive (更有说服力的)
2. 关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC 模式）
⑴总体叙述 + 细节或过程说明 + 概括评述；
⑵现象或变化 + 细节或原因阐述 + 引发的后果和相关启示。
3.常见表示作者态度的高频词汇
观点态度 例词
positive (积极的)、supportive (支持的)、optimistic (乐观的)、concerned 关心的
支持肯定
humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant (愉快的)；subjective 主观的
neutral (中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、unconcerned 不
中立 关心的、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)、conservative 保守
的
negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)
否定反对 critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)、puzzled/
confused 困惑的、pessimistic 悲观的
第二节专题训练
Passage 1 (2025全国I卷D）
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea
and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic
snow. They are even appearing inside humans.Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics
in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental
Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then
filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.
In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in
plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by
just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three
common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals
previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming
increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more
microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised
concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated
how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an
environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New
Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water?
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?
A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about?
A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings.
Passage 2(2025全国II卷C）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the
opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad
sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion
in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida.
“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature
to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways
but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without
plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there
was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding
yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and
lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is anexercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad
says.
28. H.ow was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants?
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity.
30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers?
A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions.
31. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home
Passage 3 (2025全国II卷D）
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes
from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an
uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From
technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of
what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It
changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items
like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to
raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste
for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply
thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the
concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all
the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider
serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated
and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue
Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to
address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life?
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment?
A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought.35. What can we learn about wastED?
A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs.
Passage 4(2024全国I卷D）
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have
collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new
Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a
mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-
catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
Passage 5 (2024全国II卷C）
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of
travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce
the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil,
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
29. What information does the convenient app offer?
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
31. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
Passage 6（2024全国II卷D）
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-
powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This
absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the
forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that
powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into
the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for
a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as
AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,
moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says,
will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future
now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep
control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so
they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” inhistory and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our
future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve
greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
Passage 7 (全国甲卷C）
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five
government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an
average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with
basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock
(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
32. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
33. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
34. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year. B. About ten months.
C. About two months. D. About two weeks.35. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
Passage 8（2023全国新高考1卷C）
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for
your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
Passage 9（2023浙江1月卷D）
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown
rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a
lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be
installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought
to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control
weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and
Impact Reductions on the Environment (In SPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute
to the agricultural economy.” INSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development,which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-
impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a
shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What do solar developers often ignore?
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy. B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33. What does INSPIRE aim to do?
A. Improve the productivity of local farms. B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?
A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. INSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
Passage 10（2023新高考全国I卷D）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come
to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some
cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together,
they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same
errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that
people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The
key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group
members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did
they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have
limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
Passage 11（2023全国乙卷C）
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of
meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-
than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and
whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-
and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported
that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students
applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what
people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
31. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
Passage 12（2023全国甲卷C）
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that
were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a
world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people
who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my lovefor philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work
in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder
like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a
book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he
does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in
history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own
interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls
them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a
coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is
something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them. B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills. D. To help readers understand Weiners book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiners book?
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
Passage 13（2023全国甲卷D）
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the
American psyche——we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around
the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same:
a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As
grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly
being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or
more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by
settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and
allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm
animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and
campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other
farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free
place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist whomanages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
Passage 14（2023新高考全国II卷C）
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in
almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout
history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books
and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —
absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted
hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of
the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in
their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the
raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page
outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as
any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly
networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance
of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30 What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.
31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.Passage 15（2023新高考全国II卷D）
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If
you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are
relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that
wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to
submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then
examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s
experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at
beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.
After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These
include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the
activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge
of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a
workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.
And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior
author of the study.
32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
Passage 16（2023北京卷D）
What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we
know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-
called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these
practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,
such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such
complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of
a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial
life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life
could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both
fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create
essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s
biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same
principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is
a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t
help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse,
ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the
evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may
be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all
acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps,
just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is _____.
A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, too?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, too?
Passage 17（2022全国乙卷B）
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond
Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had
gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children
whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted:
The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and
Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they
had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of
snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the
schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course
influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which
entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and
Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to
some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “Whenthe sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was
marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
24.Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?
A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history. C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.
25.What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?
A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.
26.Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?
A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.
C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.
27.What is the text?
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry.
Passage 18（2022新高考I卷B）
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green
salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner
invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had
unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as
Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away
— from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into
restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food
waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest
producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin
sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last
days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有
瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and
freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,
whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not
include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.Passage 19（2022新高考I卷C）
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling
lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care
homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes.B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve.B. Oppose. C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
Passage 20（2022新高考I卷D）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of
some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-
year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the
world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity.D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
Passage 21（2022新高考II卷C）
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried
a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the
state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to
be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text?A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
Passage 22（ 2022全国乙卷C）
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time,
help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in
the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施)
worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
Passage 23（2022浙江6月卷C）
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that
moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than
those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional
ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower
job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that valuerelationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So,
when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
27. What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B. Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result.
28. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
30. What does the text seem to advocate?
A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment.
Passage 24（2022全国乙卷D）
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it
would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per
100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers
are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six
months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year
ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制
造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of
manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been
forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar
content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the
tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to
have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
32. W.hy was the sugar tax introduced?
A To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Coke.
35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision.B. It is a success story. C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
Passage 25（2022新高考II卷D）
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most
people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start
even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become
dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to
the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser,
getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were
otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of
nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-
intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second
group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And
the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a
lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he
says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has
flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing
happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great
start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which
aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
34. What does Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
Passage 26（2022浙江1月卷C）
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to
develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: "These findings are
exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管 的）fitness in middle age could
delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. "
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to
measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103
watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were
in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80
watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other
cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of
the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent
of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only
shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of
dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a
relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be
applicable to other groups.
27. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Positive effects of doing exercises. B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C. Experimental studies on diseases. D. Advantages of sporty woman over man
28. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?
A. To predict their maximum heart rate. B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity
C. To change their habits of working out D. To detect their potential health problems
29. What do we know about Dr Horder's study?
A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B. Data collection was a lengthy process.
C. Some participants withdrew from it. D. The results were far from satisfactory.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
Passage 27（2022全国甲卷B）
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved
skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently
shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates thatGoffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door.B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error CheckersB. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
Passage 28（2021新高考II卷D）
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could
bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor
shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are
aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors
to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags
(标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring
the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle
to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the
monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But
Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use
technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his
first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that
an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma
Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend
to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution.B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
Passage 29（2021新高考I卷C）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an
astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of
these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of
overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing
populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation
took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their
survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal
Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from
Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of
Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures
this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars
has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp
Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting.D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving WaterfowlD. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
Passage 30（2021新高考I卷D）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many
people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot
be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people
skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move
far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad
purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to
help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not
necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this
popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and othersinterested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will
excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades,
advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
Passage 31（2021全国甲卷B）
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black
rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at
the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known
for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome
another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother,
Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open,
but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing
every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the
calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port
Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and
great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving
the rhinos a “adorable critically endangered” status.
24. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
25. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
26. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young
27. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.Passage 32（2021全国乙卷B）
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a
landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile
phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls
anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only
on their smartphones according to a survey. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s
not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further
13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor
（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby
Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do
with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone
rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever
ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling
before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk
deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity. C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity. B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses. D. It is as important as the gas light.
Passage 33（2021全国乙卷C）
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean
ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong
wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine
their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic
waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the
sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of
plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and,
because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork
likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take
centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, atruckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of
volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been
dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A. Calming. B. Disturbing. C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
Passage 34（2021全国乙卷D）
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by
the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking
space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also
typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach
works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking.
They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total
silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were
statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise
similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects
were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85
decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background
noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level
of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to
wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for
working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop
ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found
that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee
shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels.D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
35. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He’s a news reporter. B. He’s an office manager.
C. He’s a professional designer. D. He’s a published writer.
Passage 35（2021天津卷C）
In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as so advanced that it
is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of
thinking and feeling?
Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in
terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to
a human, but not quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech
recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work
out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a
"digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "felt" and "expressed" by its "digital
people".
Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're
humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities
also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of
algorithmic (算 法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that
behave like humans." She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them,
but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health
care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient
digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to
create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such
platforms is to popularize Al," Dube says.
Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is
optimistic about where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use
new ways of communicating with that technology, she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans
in their goals."
46. According to Para. 2, in what respect（s） do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A. In the way they move around. B. In the way they act and react.
C. In observation and analysis. D. In speech and facial expressions.
47. Soul Machines ‘digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it ______ .
A. learns to make proper emotional responses B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives D. processes the natural language it hears
48. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain. B. Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements. D. Problem-solving ability.
49. What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency to promote e-commerce.C. The wish to spread digital technology.
D. The need to upgrade the health care system.
50. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings?
A. It's well planned. B. It is promising. C. It is uncertain. D. It's quite hopeless.
Passage 36（2021天津卷D）
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and
beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider
society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates
money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they
are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible
experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want
material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交迭）between culture
and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social
bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and
their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who
frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who
do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public
Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing
stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with
drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and
languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future.
Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in
constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without
art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.
51. Art products differ from most other commercial products because _______ .
A. most people purchase them for collection B. they are more expensive and less accessible
C. they have both commercial and cultural values D. their prices may climb up as time passes
52. By sharing their arts experiences, community members can ______ .
A.. keep the community safe from illnesses B. develop a stronger tie between them
C learn to appreciate their own works of art D. offer honorable solutions to their problems
53. What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities?
A. They enjoy better living conditions.
B. They like to compare themselves with others.
C. They are particularly good at both music and art.
D. They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.
54. How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A. It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth.
B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D. It helps to make responsible people out of them.55. What is the best title for this passage?
A. How Art Cures Our Hearts B. Art: A Blessing to Humankind
C. How Art Benefits Communities D. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
Passage 37（2021年北京卷）
Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone
asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you
measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics
can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking.
Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time
to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're
increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we
need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet,
conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum
that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local and global environmental
changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If
the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you'll
see the opposite effect.
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of
observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us
to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will
live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major
imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies.
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural societies also connected time
to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, people “corrected” official calendars by shifting
dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to
their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage
environmental awareness.
When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable
qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as
pra.iseworthy as its purpose.
31 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B. Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach
33. What can we learn from this passage？
A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．
C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．
34. What can we infer from this passage？A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We should live in harmony with nature．
D. History is a mirror reflecting reality．
Passage 38（2020新课标Ⅰ卷C）
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to
fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-
kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at
all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg,
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately
twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000
or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do
not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon
among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people
with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race
walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes
some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics. B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building. D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
Passage 39（2020新课标I卷D）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have
found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the
city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces
were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the
actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants
that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful
chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things thatwe use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables.
Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth
of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the
rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a
one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off
“switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed
from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of
energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.
33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants.
34.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production. B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption. D. They could take the place of power plants.
35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants? B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps? D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
Passage 40（2020新课标II卷B）
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help
children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26.How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27.What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist D. A teaching program.
Passage 41（2020新课标Ⅱ卷C）
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably
didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for
fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have (showcased) nutria fur made into clothes in
different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria is destroying vast
wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in
the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria was brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there
can’t handle this non-native species(物种). It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi,
an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince
people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option that
they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in
New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria
fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it
is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
Passage 42（2020新课标III卷D）
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look
deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.
People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa andnorthern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to
air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.
The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the
Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱)
in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii
researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as
divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than
us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the
Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the
task easier for them. “It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo.
She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32.What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.
33.Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
34.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.
35.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World’s Best Divers
Passage 43（2020江苏卷C）
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating
first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been
known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise
healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the
men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed
that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped
breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the
other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat
tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed
lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten.
As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other
hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found.Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these
genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout
the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men
had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip
eating first.
61.The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”.
A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered
62.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
A. Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people. B. Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C. They could walk at an average speed. D. They had slow metabolic rates.
63.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?
A. They successfully lost weight. B. They consumed a bit more calories.
C. They burned more fat on average. D. They displayed higher insulin levels.
65.What could be learned from the research?
A. A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B. Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C. Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D. Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
Passage 44（2020新高考I卷D）
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of
our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid
eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to
avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first,
95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about
movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the
researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore
a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking
more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other
case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took
significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the
influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his
eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
32.What is the recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership. C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
33.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
34.Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
35.On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
Passage 45（2020天津卷A）
How to Use a Modern Public Library
Has it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries
have changed for the better. It’s been years since they were dusty little rooms with books. They have transformed
themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge, meet interesting people, or find out how to
start a business.
Check out a book. While libraries still loan out(出借)books, you’ll find it easier to get a copy of whatever
you’re looking for, thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books
with each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you’ve requested is delivered to the nearest
branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.
Check out other items. The library is now a multimedia zone, loaded with information in many formats(载体
形式). You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys
and games. If a popular magazine you want isn’t offered and the library keeps a list of such requests, they may
bring it in when enough interest is shown.
Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups.
Perhaps you’d like to learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language group you
could join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special reading opportunities. Your library might be able to
accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit
quietly in a corner with a good book.
Start a business using the help of your local library. If you want to have a business of your own, your local
library can become a launch space for it. In library books and computers, you can find information on starting a
business. Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared
through chambers of commerce(商会)and government agencies, and they will offer printing, faxing and database
services you need.
36. Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by______.
A. sharing their books on the Internet B. giving access to online reading at a library branch
C. sending a needed book to a library branch nearby D. making the checkout procedures diverse
37. According to Paragraph 3, what items may be checked out from a public library?
A. A magazine and an e-book. B. A game and an oil painting.
C. A music CD and a kid’s toy. D. A DVD and a video player
38. As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows ______.
A. the kid to learn a new language B. the parent to enjoy quiet reading
C. the kid to overcome reading difficulties D. the parent to meet their program sponsor
39. Your local library can help you start a business by ______.
A. providing relevant information and supporting services
B. offering professional advice on business management
C. supplying useful information of your potential buyers
D. arranging meetings with government officials
40. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To point out the importance of public libraries.
B. To encourage people to work in public libraries.
C. To introduce the improved services of public libraries.
D. To call for the modernization of public library systems.
Passage 46（2020天津卷C）
For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past,
sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are
sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the
phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And
the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief
drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It
produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed
like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport,
and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over
again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the
sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions
by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves
cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光
灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle
of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new
way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu,
allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to
appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
46. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?
A. It causes temporary hearing loss. B. It slows down a running man.
C. It makes it easy to identify a suspect. D. It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
47. The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________.
A. silence the people around you B. remove the sound of commercials
C. block the incoming sound waves D. stop unwanted sound from affecting you
48. What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?
A. They travel in circles. B. They clear the atmosphere.
C. They can be transformed into energy. D. They can be directed onto a specific area.
49. Directed sound can be used for ________.
A. creative designs of restaurant menus B. ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C. different choices of music for businesses D. strict control over any suspicious customer
50. What does the passage focus on?
A. How professionals invented sound products. B. Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C. The growing interest in the study of sound. D. How sound engineers work in their studios.
Passage 47（2020北京卷B）
Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution
by recording pollutant levels near the ground.Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her
monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns
that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.
Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However,
since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution
levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment Agency.
The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English
youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at
the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government
in an attempt to emphasize that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down
and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma."
“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very
interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One
Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let
her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."
Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time, she is a super dog,
and we are all really proud of her."
34.With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________.
A. take pollutant readings B. record pollutant levels C. process collected data D. reduce air pollution
35.What can we learn from the Baggy data?
A. High places are free of air pollution. B. Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids.
C. Conventional monitors are more reliable. D. Air is more polluted closer to the ground.
36.What is Tom's purpose of doing the research?
A. To warn of a health risk. B. To find out pollution sources.
C. To test his new monitor. D. To prove Baggy's abilities.
37.According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt?
A. Modest. B. Generous. C. Creative. D. Outgoing.
Passage 48（2020浙江1月卷C）
Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a
characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University
discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American
families over several years. And over time, the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in
school.
“There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers,” Padilla-Walker said. “This research
also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an “authoritative” parenting style. Authoritative parenting is
not authoritarian: rigid, demanding or controlling. Rather, an authoritative parenting style includes some of the
following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind
rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study, about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key
finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop
persistence, which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest thatsingle parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
27. What is special about the BYU professors' study?
A. It centered on fathers' role in parenting. B. It was based on a number of large families.
C. It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles. D. It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
28. What would an authoritative father do when raising his children?
A. Ignore their demands. B. Make decisions for them.
C. Control their behaviors. D. Explain the rules to them.
29. Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers?
A. Single parents. B. Children aged from 11 to 14.
C. Authoritarian fathers. D. Mothers in two-parent homes.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B. Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C. Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D. Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
Passage 49 (2020全国新高考II卷C)
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so
people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as
800,000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something
terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry.
Worse, it was beginning to sway (晃动). The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people
made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to
engineering and a paean (赞歌) to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about
disasters. In this book he includes the loss of the space shuttles (航天飞机) Challenger and Columbia, and the
sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or
engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context
in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality
materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with
seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion
of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp therm.
“Success is success but that is all that it is,” Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
28. What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?
A. It carried more weight than it could.
B. It swayed violently in a strong wind.
C. Its roadway was damaged by vehicles.
D. Its access was blocked by many people.
29. Which of the following is Dr. Ptroski’s idea according to paragraph 3?
A. No design is well received everywhere.
B. Construction is more important than design.
C. Not all disasters are caused by engineering design.
D. Improvements on engineering works are necessary.
30. What does the last paragraph suggest?A. Failure can lead to progress.
B. Success results in overconfidence.
C. Failure should be avoided.
D. Success comes from joint efforts.
31. What is the text?
A. A news report. B. A short story. C. A book review. D. A research article
Passage 50 (2020全国新高考II卷D)
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a
single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480
varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant
amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall
trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest
animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually
touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and
make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump
or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is
actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches
of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-
your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours,
streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of
rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.
32. What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?
A. They produce oxygen. B. They cover a vast area.
C. They are well managed. D. They are rich in wildlife.
33. Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests?
A. Heavy rains B. Big trees.
C. Small plants. D. Forest animals.
34. Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other?
A. For more sunlight. B. For more growing space.
C. For self-protection. D. For the detection of insects.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Life-Giving Rainforests B. The Law of the Jungle
C. Animals in the Amazon D. Weather in Rainforests
Passage 51 (2020全国课标III卷B)
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal
activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film
stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:
"Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals,
spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with
computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One
nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more
than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part
Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated
properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s
the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made
outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.
24. Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?
A. To see famous film stars. B. To oppose wearing fur coats.
C. To raise money for animal protection. D. To express thanks to some filmmakers.
25. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. The cost of making "Apes." B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about “Apes." D. The performance of real apes.
26. What does the underlined phrase "keeping tabs on" in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
27. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?
A. They may be badly treated. B. They should take further training.
C. They could be traded illegally D. They would lose popularity.
Passage 52（ 2020全国新课标I卷B）
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome
familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But
books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now
and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull
their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest
Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is
almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is
Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is
Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I
attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is
the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But
remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24.Why does the author like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship. B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend. D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25.What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief account of a trip. B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event. D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26.What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Debt B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value.27.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He loves poetry. B. He’s an editor. C. He’s very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.
Passage 53（2019课标全国I卷C）
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)
technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still
expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this
problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and
the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like
the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the
keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer
it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a
keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times
using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on
how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to
commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the
near future.
28.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing.
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A. Computers are much easier to operate. B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A. It’ll be environment-friendly. B. It’ll reach consumers soon.
C. It’ll be made of plastics. D. It’ll help speed up typing.
31.Where is this text most likely from?
A.A diary. B.A guidebook C.A novel. D.A magazine.
Passage 54（2019课标全国II卷D）
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms( 微生物) from our bodies grow
uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each
week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not
just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and
Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years,
Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a
solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says
Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘Are
you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year,
present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s
a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These
kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And those annoying bacteria? Gordon says
his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in
space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts. B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom. D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform.
Passage 55（2019课标全国III卷D）
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of
numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the
monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the
experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol
would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would
flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the
screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be
rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more
than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each
combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to
underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing,
for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the
monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller
number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in
this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them. C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen. C. By watching videos D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
Passage 56（2019北京卷C）
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they
don't know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally waking up to the severity
of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers
from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these “solutions"(解决方案)become
widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it's not just going to be the
number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing
is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 处理 ) and automation technologies that
are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference, a company showed a new
voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a
receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that
robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches(数据侵入)of personal
information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name ，and far more. Armed
with this knowledge. they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for
example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that
sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card
number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the
phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken
that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work
together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform
way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by. or abandoning phone calls altogether
and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to
your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robocalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.
39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy. B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems. D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
Passage 57（2019北京卷 D）
By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming
climate, according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because
of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colorful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean
color varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will
fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s
appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while
giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps
to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes
key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon
dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that
projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple
changes to the color of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make
conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton
in the ocean changing. ” she said, “but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear
from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of
changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever color changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and
unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It’ll be a while before we can statistically show that the
changes are happening because of climate change,” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the color of the ocean will
be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”
31.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean color.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
32.What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial.C. Significant. D. Unnoticeable.
33.What can we learn from the passage?
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz’s model aims to project phytoplankton changes.
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
34.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To assess the consequences of ocean color changes.
B. To analyze the composition of the ocean food chain.
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.