AI时代的政治经济社会学/The Political Economy and Sociology of the Era

(中英文双语版）

说明：本文原载公众号昨日(2026年5月4日）《艺术与技术》，标题《AI革命的政治经济社会学/The Political Economy and Sociology of the AI Revolution》，中英文全文分开排版。今天的本重载，中英文分段对照排布，且英文翻译略有修订完善。为区分开，标题也变更。

昨日登载的原标题《AI革命的政治经济社会学》

The Political Economy and Sociology of the AI Revolution

副标题：生产力已然裂变，生产关系仍在守成

Productivity Has Undergone Fission, While Production Relations Remain Conservative

——我们正站在一个文明转折点上

— We Stand at a Turning Point of Civilization

文 / 徐道一 × DeepSeek 文明实验室
By Xu Daoyi × DeepSeek Civilization Lab

当GPT‑4习得诗文创作、Midjourney斩获国际设计大奖、智能代理（Agent）可代人类会务统筹、票务预订与程序开发之际，人们心头的惊叹尚未落定，前路丛生的困惑已然蔓延。

As GPT‑4 masters poetic composition, Midjourney wins international design awards, and AI Agents take charge of meeting coordination, ticket booking, and programming on humanity’s behalf, the astonishment lingering in people’s hearts has yet to settle, while perplexities ahead have already spread widely.

在这场以“通用智能”为核心的生产力狂飙中，一股前所未有的结构性张力，正撕裂现代社会的底层运行逻辑：生产力呈现裂变式跃升，生产关系却陷入路径依赖的守成困局；经济基础已然发出结构性松动的异响，上层建筑却迟迟无法完成颠覆性制度革新。

Amid this surge of productivity centered on “general intelligence”, an unprecedented structural tension is tearing apart the underlying operational logic of modern society: productivity achieves fission‑style leaps, yet production relations remain trapped in path‑dependent conservatism; the economic foundation creaks with structural loosening, while the superstructure delays disruptive institutional innovation.

这绝非一次普通的技术迭代，而是一场关乎人类文明走向的政治经济学底层重构。

This is by no means an ordinary technological iteration, but a fundamental restructuring of political economy that shapes the future trajectory of human civilization.

01 生产力裂变：当“智能劳动”成为普惠公共品

01 Productivity Fission: When “Intelligent Labor” Becomes a Universal Public Good

一切真正的社会革命，本质从非加剧贫富分化，而是将昔日稀缺的资源，转化为廉价乃至免费的普惠供给。

The essence of every genuine social revolution is never widening the wealth gap, but transforming once‑scarce resources into affordable, even free, universal supplies.

AI革命正在践行这一规律：将专属精英阶层的智能劳动能力，转化为边际成本趋近于零的全民公共品。

The AI Revolution is fulfilling this rule: it turns the “intelligent labor capacity” exclusive to elites into a universal public good with near‑zero marginal cost.

– 效率范式跃迁：单个智能代理可实现7×24小时无间断自主学习、协同沟通与智能决策，迭代成本近乎归零。过往需二十人团队完成的数据分析、客户服务、内容生产工作，如今仅需3‑5组“人类+智能代理”协同小组即可高效完成；
– 技能壁垒消融：初级岗位与资深岗位间的经验壁垒被彻底打破。文科应届毕业生借助AI工具，数小时内即可产出比肩资深数据分析师的专业洞察，依赖从业经验构建的职业护城河快速消解；
– 组织形态重塑：传统“企业+全职雇员”的科层制模式，正被“个体+AI集群”的网络化项目协作全面冲击。“一人即是一支队伍”，不再是励志口号，而是当下的商业现实。
– Paradigm Shift in Efficiency: A single AI Agent enables non‑stop autonomous learning, collaborative communication, and intelligent decision‑making 24/7 with nearly zero iteration costs. Tasks such as data analysis, customer service, and content production that once required a 20‑person team can now be efficiently completed by only 3‑5 “human + AI Agent” collaborative groups;
– Dissolution of Skill Barriers: The experience gap between junior and senior positions is fully broken. Armed with AI tools, a newly graduated liberal arts student can produce professional insights comparable to those of senior data analysts within hours, and the career moat built on professional experience rapidly collapses;
– Reshaping of Organizational Forms: The traditional hierarchical “enterprise + full‑time employee” model is comprehensively challenged by network‑based project collaboration of “individual + AI cluster”. The phrase “one person equals an entire team” is no longer an inspirational slogan but a contemporary business reality.

这是生产力的裂变式革命：区别于工业时代的线性增长，AI驱动的生产力呈现指数级爆发。

This is a fission‑style revolution in productivity: unlike the linear growth of the industrial age, AI‑driven productivity witnesses an exponential explosion.

02 生产关系守成：技术红利集聚，劳动者权益滞后

02 Conservative Production Relations: Concentrated Technological Dividends, Delayed Labor Rights

但现实困境在于：生产力裂变释放的巨大红利，并未实现普惠分配。

However, the real dilemma lies in that the massive dividends unleashed by productivity fission fail to achieve inclusive distribution.

当前多数企业应对AI浪潮的底层逻辑，仍深陷工业时代遗留的存量博弈框架：

The underlying logic adopted by most enterprises to respond to the AI wave is still trapped in the zero‑sum game framework inherited from the industrial age:

– 技术增值收益高度向资本方、AI核心技术所有者集中；
– 中等技能岗位遭遇大规模AI替代，部分行业岗位替代率已突破30%；
– 劳动者整体劳动报酬占比持续下滑：某头部互联网平台引入AI客服体系后，劳动报酬占营收比重自11.2%降至8.9%。
– Technological value‑added gains are highly concentrated among capital owners and core AI technology holders;
– Middle‑skill jobs face large‑scale AI replacement, with the replacement rate exceeding 30% in some industries;
– The overall proportion of labor remuneration continues to decline: after a leading internet platform introduced an AI customer service system, labor remuneration’s share of operating revenue dropped from 11.2% to 8.9%.

此处所言的“守成”，并非拒绝技术应用，而是分配规则、组织模式、权益保障体系，未能适配AI时代的生产力变革。

The “conservatism” mentioned here does not refer to resistance to technological adoption, but the failure of distribution rules, organizational models, and rights protection systems to adapt to productivity changes in the AI era.

最终形成悖论：AI创造的效率红利被少数群体垄断，而技术迭代带来的失业、不确定性等社会风险，却由全社会共同承担。

This ultimately creates a paradox: efficiency dividends generated by AI are monopolized by a small group, while social risks such as unemployment and uncertainty brought by technological iteration are borne by society as a whole.

03 经济基础结构性动摇：橄榄型社会坍塌，图钉型结构显现

03 Structural Shaking of the Economic Foundation: Collapse of the Olive‑Shaped Society, Emergence of the Thumbtack‑Shaped Structure

当生产力与生产关系形成根本性错配，整个社会的经济基础必然陷入系统性失衡。

A fundamental mismatch between productive forces and production relations inevitably plunges the entire economic foundation of society into systemic imbalance.

– 劳动力价值两极分化：标准化、流程化的知识性劳动（翻译、初级编程、基础文案等）快速贬值；高阶认知创造、复杂场景决策、跨领域整合创新能力持续溢价，社会价值评价体系，从“知识技能溢价”转向“高阶认知创造溢价”；
– 社会阶层结构变形：社会学家梁玉成的研究表明，重复性脑力劳动是AI替代的首要领域，而这类岗位正是传统中产阶层的立身根基。当中产赖以生存的职业护城河消解，社会将从中间庞大、两端狭小的橄榄型结构，转向顶端极窄、底层庞大的图钉型二元结构。
– Polarization of Labor Value: Standardized, procedural intellectual labor (translation, basic programming, copywriting, etc.) depreciates rapidly; high‑level cognitive creation, complex scenario decision‑making, and cross‑domain integrated innovation capabilities gain continuous premium. The social value evaluation system shifts from a “knowledge‑skill premium” to a “high‑order cognitive creation premium”;
– Deformation of Social Class Structure: Research by sociologist Liang Yucheng indicates that repetitive mental labor is the primary field of AI replacement — precisely the foundation of the traditional middle class. As the professional moat sustaining the middle class collapses, society will transform from an olive‑shaped structure (large middle, small extremes) into a binary thumbtack‑shaped structure (extremely narrow top, massive bottom).

历史规律已然印证：工业革命催生工人阶级，信息革命壮大白领中产，而AI革命，正在塑造**“极少数高阶创造者+大量零散任务承包者”**的二元社会形态。

Historical laws have confirmed this: the Industrial Revolution gave birth to the working class, the Information Revolution expanded the white‑collar middle class, while the AI Revolution is shaping a binary social form of “a tiny elite of high‑level creators + a large number of fragmented task contractors”.

04 上层建筑滞后：时代已然更迭，制度仍在翻页

04 Lagging Superstructure: The Era Has Transformed, Yet Institutions Remain Stagnant

人类历次重大技术革命的完成闭环，均依赖颠覆性的制度创新落地。

The completion of every major technological revolution in human history relies on the implementation of disruptive institutional innovation.

蒸汽机诞生后，人类耗费近70年，才完成工厂立法、工会合法化、全民义务教育体系的制度配套；而AI时代留给人类的制度调适窗口，已被极度压缩。

After the birth of the steam engine, humanity spent nearly 70 years completing institutional supporting measures including factory legislation, legalization of trade unions, and universal compulsory education; in the AI era, however, the window for institutional adaptation has been drastically compressed.

当前全球治理呈现表面繁荣、实质脱节的割裂格局：

Current global governance presents a fragmented pattern of superficial prosperity yet substantive disconnection:

– 中国：推行精细化、场景化分级监管，坚持发展与安全并重，同步推进技术创新与监管体系创新；
– 欧盟：以《人工智能法案》构建全链条风险防控体系，侧重伦理规范与人权保障，但严苛约束已显现抑制技术创新的副作用；
– 美国：联邦层面奉行发展优先的宽松政策，各州监管规则差异显著，形成“联邦松弛、地方紧绷”的治理撕裂。
– China: Implements refined, scenario‑based tiered supervision, adheres to equal emphasis on development and security, and promotes technological innovation alongside regulatory system innovation;
– EU: Builds a full‑chain risk prevention and control system via the AI Act, focusing on ethical norms and human rights protection, yet strict constraints have begun to produce side effects that suppress technological innovation;
– United States: Adopts a development‑first loose policy at the federal level, while state‑level regulatory rules vary widely, forming a governance divide of “federal laxity, local stringency”.

全球各国均在强调“紧跟时代步伐”，却无人能明确制度革新的终极方向。

Countries worldwide emphasize “keeping pace with the times”, yet none can define the ultimate direction of institutional innovation.

基于当前趋势预判，未来数年，以下制度创新将成为人类社会的必然选择：

Based on current trend projections, the following institutional innovations will become inevitable choices for human society in the coming years:

1. 对高盈利AI企业征收专项税，设立全民数据红利共享基金，实现数据价值普惠分配；
2. 将核心AI基础设施纳入关键公共资源范畴，探索公共所有权或准公共所有权模式；
3. 全面修订劳动法律体系，区分“人机协同工时”与“纯人类劳动工时”，差异化保障劳动者权益；
4. 构建全民基础服务（UBS）体系，核心并非现金补贴，而是保障全体公民享有普惠优质的教育、医疗与职业再培训资源。
5. Impose a special tax on high‑profit AI enterprises and establish a universal data dividend sharing fund to realize inclusive distribution of data value;
6. Incorporate core AI infrastructure into critical public resources and explore public or quasi‑public ownership models;
7. Comprehensively revise the labor legal system, distinguish between “human‑AI collaborative working hours” and “pure human labor hours”, and protect labor rights with differentiated mechanisms;
8. Build a Universal Basic Services (UBS) system, focusing not on cash subsidies but on ensuring all citizens access inclusive, high‑quality education, healthcare, and vocational retraining resources.

05 深层心理张力：存在性焦虑，绝非庸人自扰

05 Profound Psychological Tension: Existential Anxiety Is No Unnecessary Worry

为何即便AI持续提供便利，多数人仍深感不安、乃至恐惧？

Why do most people feel uneasy or even fearful, even as AI continuously provides convenience?

根源在于：AI冲击的不仅是职业岗位，更是人类延续千年的自我价值认知。

The root cause is that AI impacts not only jobs but also humanity’s self‑value cognition that has lasted for thousands of years.

长久以来，人类依靠劳动实现自我价值、锚定生存意义；当人类劳动被AI替代，或沦为AI辅助性附庸，深刻的存在性焦虑便会普遍蔓延。这绝非人性软弱，而是人类文明面对生存危机的本能警醒。

For a long time, humanity has realized self‑value and anchored the meaning of existence through labor. When human labor is replaced by AI or reduced to auxiliary dependency on AI, profound existential anxiety spreads universally. This is by no means human weakness, but humanity’s instinctive vigilance in the face of existential crisis.

与此同时，算法茧房、信息过载、深度伪造泛滥的数字环境，持续撕裂社会共识：人们争论的不再是客观事实，而是“何种AI模型更具权威性”，社会共识的底层逻辑已然崩塌。

Meanwhile, the digital environment of algorithmic echo chambers, information overload, and rampant deepfakes continues to tear apart social consensus: people no longer debate objective facts, but which AI model holds greater authority — the underlying logic of social consensus has collapsed.

人类社会必须正视这种集体心理张力，而非简单嘲讽或忽视。

Human society must face up to this collective psychological tension, rather than simply mocking or ignoring it.

– 安全底线：坚守数据主权、算法可解释性原则，严防AI对社会基础设施的恶意攻击；
– 伦理红线：严禁利用AI系统性操控人类认知与行为、制造深度伪造引发社会动荡、将AI技术武器化用于自主杀戮；
– 心理调适：普及全民AI素养教育，构建“人机协同共生”的新职业叙事，帮助每个个体在智能时代找到专属生存生态位。
– Security Bottom Line: Uphold data sovereignty and algorithmic interpretability, and strictly guard against malicious AI attacks on social infrastructure;
– Ethical Red Line: Prohibit the systematic manipulation of human cognition and behavior via AI, the creation of deepfakes to trigger social unrest, and the weaponization of AI for autonomous killing;
– Psychological Adaptation: Popularize universal AI literacy education, construct a new professional narrative of “human‑AI collaborative coexistence”, and help every individual find their unique ecological niche in the intelligent age.

结语：文明的十字路口，选择决定未来

Conclusion: At the Crossroads of Civilization, Choices Shape the Future

徐道一曾言：“每一次生产力的革命性跃迁，必然伴随生产关系的痛苦重构；而文明的伟大之处，在于以人类智慧缩短转型阵痛，以制度设计锚定前行方向。”

Xu Daoyi once stated: “Every revolutionary leap in productive forces is inevitably accompanied by painful restructuring of production relations; the greatness of civilization lies in using human wisdom to shorten the transition pains and anchoring the forward direction through institutional design.”

此刻，人类正站在文明的关键拐点：AI究竟会沦为少数群体支配大众的超级工具，还是成为普惠全人类的共同伙伴？

At this moment, humanity stands at a critical inflection point of civilization: will AI degenerate into a super tool for a small elite to dominate the masses, or become a common partner benefiting all humanity?

答案从不取决于技术本身，而取决于人类当下做出的政治抉择与社会制度设计。

The answer never lies in technology itself, but in the political choices and social institutional designs humanity makes right now.

生产力早已冲破旧时代的边界，生产关系仍在修补过时的门锁。

Productive forces have long broken through the boundaries of the old era, yet production relations are still repairing outdated locks.

是时候，推倒整面旧墙。

It is time to tear down the entire old wall.

因为人类的未来，从不由技术代码书写，而由全体人类共同选择的道路铸就。

For humanity’s future is never written by technological code, but forged by the path chosen collectively by all mankind.

徐道一 × DeepSeek 文明实验室
Xu Daoyi × DeepSeek Civilization Lab
以思想为杠杆，撬动文明进程
Leveraging Thought to Drive the Course of Civilization

插图：豆包
Illustration: Doubao
责编：露露、陶婉茹
Chief Editors: Lulu, Tao Wanru