ARTICLE · 1314134
初中英语语法特辑⑧:|定语从句关系词,一张表分清
初中英语语法精讲 · 第 30 期
导语
单选题里最经典的一组：
❌ This is the best movie which I have ever seen.
换个普通的句子，I like the movie which I saw yesterday.，用 which 完全正确。可是一旦前面出现 the best，which 就得让位给 that。that 和 which 大部分时候通用，但各有几条"独占"规则，中考就爱考这几条边界。今天把它们放在拳台上，一个回合一个回合打。
一、先建立地图：关系词五行表
定语从句的关系词，先看先行词是"人"还是"物"，再看从句里缺什么成分。
| who | |||
| whom | |||
| which | |||
| that | |||
| whose |
一句话先记住：指物 that、which 通吃；指人优先 who；whose 后面必须跟名词。
二、10 个高频易错点（对决式）
1. 先行词是不定代词 → 只能用 that
all, everything, anything, nothing, something, little, much 这些不定代词作先行词，关系词只收 that。
❌ All which can be done has been done. ✅ All that can be done has been done.（能做的都做了。）
口诀：不定代词说了算，关系词只认 that。
2. 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰 → 只能用 that
❌ This is the best film which I have ever seen. ✅ This is the best film that I have ever seen.（这是我看过的最好的电影。） ✅ The first English song that I learned was Twinkle Twinkle.（我学的第一首英文歌是《小星星》。）
口诀：最高级、序数词一露面，which 请靠边。
3. 先行词被 the only / the very / the last 修饰 → 只能用 that
❌ This is the only book which I want to buy. ✅ This is the only book that I want to buy.（这是我唯一想买的书。） ✅ This is the very pen that I'm looking for.（这正是我在找的那支钢笔。）
口诀：only、very、last 一修饰，还是 that 的地盘。
4. 先行词里既有人又有物 → 只能用 that
❌ They talked about the people and things which they remembered. ✅ They talked about the people and things that they remembered.（他们聊起了记得的人和事。）
口诀：人和物混编一队，领队只能是 that。
5. 逗号后面 → 恰恰不能用 that
前面四种场合都只收 that，唯独"逗号"例外：非限制性定语从句（前面有逗号）不能用 that，指物用 which，指人用 who。
❌ I gave him the book, that he liked very much. ✅ I gave him the book, which he liked very much.（我把书给了他，他非常喜欢。） ✅ My mother, who is a nurse, works in a hospital.（我妈妈是护士，在医院工作。）
口诀：逗号一隔开，that 不许进来。
6. 介词提前 → 只能用 which / whom
介词挪到关系词前面时，指物只用"介词 + which"，指人用"介词 + whom"，that 和 who 都不能跟在介词后。
❌ The house in that I lived has been pulled down. ✅ The house in which I lived has been pulled down.（我住过的那座房子已经拆了。） ✅ The friend with whom I traveled is from Qingdao.（和我一起旅行的朋友来自青岛。）
口诀：介词一提前，which、whom 来站岗。
7. 从句里不许再留 it / him：关系词已经占了这个位置
最高频的错法：关系词作宾语，从句里又塞一个 it / him。
❌ I like the present which my mother gave it to me. ✅ I like the present which my mother gave me.（我喜欢妈妈送我的礼物。） ❌ The girl who we saw her yesterday is my classmate. ✅ The girl who we saw yesterday is my classmate.（我们昨天见的那个女孩是我同学。）
口诀：一个萝卜一个坑，关系词坐了位，it、him 得走人。
8. 作宾语可省略，作主语一步都不能离开
✅ The book (that / which) I bought yesterday is interesting.（作宾语，可省） ❌ The book is on the desk I bought yesterday.（省掉关系词后从句悬空，不行——作主语不能省） ✅ The book that/which is on the desk is mine.（作主语，不能省）
口诀：宾语能省主语不能，省完通读一遍保平安。
9. 谓语的单复数，看先行词不看关系词
✅ I have a friend who lives in Shanghai.（先行词 a friend 单数 → lives） ✅ He has two friends who live in Shanghai.（先行词 two friends 复数 → live）
关系词本身没有"数"，单复数全由先行词决定。这和第 21 期讲的是同一条铁律，这里再强调一遍。
口诀：关系词是传送带，单复数原样送过去。
10. what 不是关系词，永远进不了定语从句
❌ I like the book what you lent me. ✅ I like the book that / which you lent me.（我喜欢你借我的那本书。）
what 只能引导名词性从句（I like what you gave me.），不能引导定语从句——选关系词时，选项里出现 what 直接划掉。
口诀：定语从句没 what 的座，看见 what 划掉它。
三、中考风格演练（4 题）
1. — What are you looking for? — I'm looking for the pen ______ my father gave me last week.
A. which B. who C. whose D. what
答案：A 解析：先行词 the pen 是物，从句里 gave me 后面缺直接宾语，用 which 或 that 都对，选项里只有 which 合适；who 指人，whose 表所属，what 不进定语从句。
2. This is the best movie ______ has ever been shown in this city.
A. that B. which C. who D. whom
答案：A 解析：先行词 movie 被最高级 the best 修饰，关系词只能用 that；且 that 在从句中作主语，不能省略。
3. Beijing has many parks, ______ are free to the public.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
答案：B 解析：逗号后的非限制性定语从句不能用 that，指物只能用 which。
4.（短文改错） I still remember the time which we spent together in the countryside.
答案：which → that（或删掉 which） 解析：从句 spent 后面缺宾语（spent the time together），不缺状语，不能用 when 引导；此处关系词作宾语，用 that 或直接省略都可以。
四、随堂练习（5 题）
1. Everything ______ he said at the meeting is true.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
2. Yao Ming is a player ______ is famous all over the world.
A. which B. who C. whose D. whom
3. 改错：The photos what I took in Shanghai are beautiful.
4. 改错：I like the girl who we talked to her just now.
5. 语法填空：This is the first present ______ I have received on my birthday.
参考答案
- B
。先行词 Everything 是不定代词，关系词只能用 that。 - B
。先行词 a player 是人，关系词在从句中作主语，用 who。 - what → that / which
。what 不能引导定语从句；先行词 the photos 是物，用 that 或 which。 - 删去 her
。who 已经是 talked to 的宾语，从句里不能再留代词 her。 - that
。先行词 present 被 the first（序数词）修饰，只能用 that。
五、一句话总结
that vs which 就记三条：
- 四种场合只收 that
：先行词是不定代词、被最高级或序数词修饰、被 the only / very / last 修饰、人和物混编。 - 两个地方只收 which
：逗号之后、介词之后——that 一律不许进。 - 从句里不许留 it / him
：关系词占的那个坑，别的代词别再站。
下期预告： used to、be used to、be used for——三个"used"长得像三胞胎，意思却差了十万八千里。"I used to getting up early" 错在哪？下期对决定义。
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