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高考英语语法词汇专项突破：03 厘清定语从句知识清单 解读定语从句考点
对于定语从句的考查主要集中在对引导定语从句的关系词的考查，引导定语从句的关系词分为关系代
词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as; 关系副词有when, where和why。以下
依据定语从句要点知识清单，结合典型例题解读关系词的用法和命题思路。
一、考查关系代词that和which区别
【知识清单】that与which的主要区别如下：
1. 限制性定语从句中用that不用which的情况：
①当先行词为all, little, few, much, none 及 some-, any-, no-, every-与thing 所组成的复合单词时；
②先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时；
③当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时；
④先行词同时包括人和物时；
⑤主句是以 which开头的特殊疑问句时。
2. 定语从句中用which不用that的情况：
①在“介词+关系代词结构中；
②非限制性定语从句中；
③先行词本身为代词that或that所修饰时。
④在“介词+which+名词”中，which代持指示代词that,this等。
【考例1】（2022新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species
________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
【思路剖析】that。考查定语从句关系词。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，先行词等于关系词，
设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species，且先行词前为all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填
that。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的
生态系统健康。
【考例2】（2014陕西卷13）Please send us all the information _____you have about the candidate for the
position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
【思路剖析】A。先行词information被all修饰，不用which，只用that。what不能引导定语从句，相
当于all that…。故选A。句意：请你把现有的申请这个职位的所有候选人的信息都发给我。
本文将结合典型例题，从关系代词、关系副词的特点；关系副词与关系代词的区别、介词+关系代词结构等方面解读。
【考例3】（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened
during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories.
【思路剖析】that。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不
定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句，不用which。
故填that。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。
【考例4】（2014四川卷4）Until now, we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children, ______ is
quite unexpected.
A. that B. which C. who D. it
【思路剖析】B。考查非限制性定语从句、连词与代词、that与which区别。根据题干的逗号看出需要
连词，排除it，也就确定是非限制性定语从句，排除that。关系代词which代指前面整个句子的内容，先行
词并不是children，故选B。句意：到现在为止，我们已经为贫困的孩子募捐到了五万英镑，这一点是完全
没有预料到的。
【考例 4】（原创题）The chances are you haven't fully decided what you want from your career at the
moment, _______ definitely you do not have the qualities that are needed to be a boss yet!
A. in that case B. in whose case C. in this case D. in which case
【思路剖析】D。考查非限制性定语从句。根据句子意思和备选项可以看出涉及到短语 in that /this
case“考虑到那个情况、因此、假如那样的话、如果那样”，由句子的前后关系和前面的逗号看出是非限制
性定语从句。句子的连接需要用连词， in this case是介词短语，不可以引导句子；在in that case中即使把
that看作连词也不可以引导非限制性定语从句，前面的逗号九很明显看出是非限制性定语从句。容易混淆
的是in whose case和in which case，根据短语的in that / this case看出所用的连接代词代替的是指示代词that
/ this，当然指示代词that / this也是作定语限制case，不是表示所属关系而是表示指代关系，所用就不用
whose。故选D。此处的in which case主要用于引导非限制性定语从语，相当于 and in that / this case，其意
为“如果是那样 / 这样的话。句意是：很可能你目前没有完全确定要从职业中得到什么，在这种情况下，
你肯定还没有具备做老板的素质。再如：
She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到，因此我们应该等她。
He may be busy, in which case I’ll call later. 他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再来拜访。
I may have to go into hospital, in which case I won’t be going on holiday. 我可能要住院，如果那样我就不
去度假了。
I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。Sometimes feta is very salty, in which case no salt needs to be added. 有时，羊奶干酪很咸。如果这样的
话，就不必加盐了。
二、考查关系代词who, whom和whose区别
【知识清单】who, whom和whose都可以引导限制性定语从句或者非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，
其中whose先行词也可以指物。
1. 在定语从句中who作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语，非正式文体中作宾语可用 who代替
whom。
2. 在“介词+关系代词”结构中不用who，可以用“介词+whom”。
3. whose表示“……的”，先行词可以指人或者物，通常可以与of whom (which) the+名词/the+名词of
whom (which)转换。如果of whom不具有所有所属的意义，则不可以与whose转换。
4.whose虽然作定语，但是可以用在介词之后然后再跟名词，即“介词+whose+名词”。
【考例1】（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _________ lost his
eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
【思路剖析】who。考查定语从句。根据空白处前的逗号提示，通过对句子的结构和意义分析可知此
处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为Cao Shengkang，指人，在从句中作主语，虽然关系代词that也可以代指
人，但是that不用来引导非限制性定语从句，所以此处应用关系代词who引导。故填who。句意：在1100
公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。
【考例 2】（2014 山东卷 10）A company ______profits from home markets are declining may seek
opportunities abroad.
A. which B. whose C. who D. why
【思路剖析】B。考查定语从句中whose与who的区别。根据先行词company与profits的所属关系看
出表示“……的”，用作定语的关系代词 whose。whose profits相当于the profits of which或of which the
profits。故选B。句意：一个在国内市场利润下降的公司或许可以去开拓国际市场寻找机遇。
【考例3】(XXXX福建卷)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ____ lives were
affected.
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
【思路剖析】A。考查定语从句的关系代词区别。先行词是指示代词those，此处的those指人，而且
定语从句中lives缺定语，根据句意看出表示“......的”，所以用作定语的关系代词whose。故选A。
【考例4】(上海XXXX) Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _____ leading actor is world-famous?A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which
【思路剖析】C。考查定语从句的作定语的关系代词。主要难点是whose表示“……人的、谁的”的
意思在一些同学的印象中已经根深蒂固，而忽视它还可以指“……物的”这一用法。由句中的逗号可排除
A、B，因为它们不具有连接句子的作用，所以只能从 C、D中选，本题意思是“你看过《泰坦尼克号》
吗？片中的男主角是世界著名的演员”，本题应选C，whose引导非限制性定语从句。
【考例5】At last I passed the final examination, _______ I was proud.
A. whose B. of whom C. which *D. of which
【思路剖析】D。定语从句包含短语be proud of“以……而骄傲（自豪）”，句中的介词of属于短语be
proud of，也就是说，of which在此不表示“所属关系”，所以只能选D，不可以选A。本题句意是：最终
我通过了期末考试，为此我感到骄傲。
三、关系代词as与which和that
【知识清单】as引导限制性和非限制性定语从句与关系代词that, which的区别。
1. as可以引导限制性或非限制性定语从句，引导限制性定语从句时用于the same/such…as结构。
2. as引导的定语从句中多有 see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expect, guess 等动词，有
“正如，像，由……可知”等意思，但是当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或含着一个复合宾语时，一般用
which。
3. as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which，which引导非
限制性定语从句指前面主句所提到的这件事，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，从句与主句之间常含有并
列、因果关系。
4. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾，which引导的从句只能位于主句之后。
5. 注意such ...as/that引导的定语从句与such...that引导的结果状语从句之间的区别，以及 such/so/the
same 跟as和that引导的定语从句的区别。
【考例1】【2023年全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _____ Rachel Carson says
in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
【思路剖析】as。考查定语从句。根据句意和句子的结构看出是定语从句，再根据逗号看出是非限制
性定语从句，先行词是指物的名词fable，不适合用that，依据先行词引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正
如”之意，确定用关系代词as引导。故填as。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓
言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。
【考例2】(2013山东31) There is no simple answer, _____ is often the case in science.A. as B. that C. when D. where
【思路剖析】A。考查限制性定语从句引导词、关系词代词与关系代词与关系副词区别。根据从句缺
少主语排除作关系副词的C和D项，根据题干逗号看出是非限制性定语从句，排除B。故选A，as引导非
限制性定语从句。句意：在科学上通常就是这样：没有简单的答案。
【考例3】①What I want to say is that she has such a good pencil box_______ I want to buy in the store.
变式题：②What I want to say is that she has such a good pencil box_______ I want to buy one.
A. what B. as C. that D. which
【思路剖析】① B ②C。考查 as 与其它关系代词区别、such…that 引导结果状语从句与 such…as
（that）引导定语从句区别。题①从句的及物动词buy没有宾语，所填的连词应该作从句的宾语，由此可以
推断是定语从句，再根据in the store看出买的不是她的那个铅笔盒，而是跟她的铅笔盒一样的，用 such…
as…。故选B。如果买的就是她的铅笔盒就用关系代词that。题②从句不缺少成分，因此是that引导词的结
果状语从句，属于句型such/so…that。故选C。句意：①我想说的是他有一个非常好的铅笔盒，我想在店
里买一个他那样的铅笔盒。②我想说的是他的铅笔盒那么好，以至于我也想买一个。
【考例4】 (北京XXXX)_______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making
progress.
A. It *B. As C. That D. What
【思路剖析】B。根据题中的逗号可以排除A，what不可以引导形容词性从句也应该排除，而that不可
以引导非限制性定语从句，故选B，关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，句意是：正如报纸上所报道的那
样，两国之间的会谈在取得进展。
【考例5】（2015年福建卷）China Today attracts a worldwide readership, ______ shows that more and
more people all over the world want to learn about China.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
【思路剖析】D。考查非限制性定语从句。根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定
语从句。首先that不能引导非限制性定语从句，who在引导非限制性定语从句的时候通常在从句中做主语
和宾语，指人，而whom也指人，却只能做宾语。which引导非限制性定语从句通常在从句中做主语或者
宾语。关系词代指前面的中国日报，在定语从句中做主语。该句意思为：中国日报有着全球的读者群，这
说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。故选D
四、“介词+关系代词”结构
【知识清单】介词+关系代词”结构1.介词+关系代词”结构的关系代词使用
①只用whom和which，不用who和that；
②表示所属关系的of+whom/which可以转换成whose；
③作定语的关系代词whose可以出现在“介词+关系代词”结构中，但是后面还需要有被修饰的名
词，结构是“介词+whose+名词”；
④在“介词+关系代词+名词”结构中，其中的关系代词除了可以是 whose，也有用which的情况，即
“介词+which+名词”。
1.介词+关系代词”结构的介词的使用要根据：
①与定语从句中动词的搭配；
②与定语从句中形容词的搭配；
③与先行词的搭配；
④与主句句意的关系。
【考例1】(2013重庆24) John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members.
A them B. that C. which D. whom
【思路剖析】D。考查“介词+关系代词”结构。该结构的关系代词不能用 that，排除B；根据题干逗
号看出用连词，排除A；先行词指人，故选D。句意：约翰邀请四十人参加他的婚礼，大部分是家人。
【考例2】(2013辽宁34) He may win the competition, ________he is likely to get into the national team.
A. in which case B. in that case C. in what case D. in whose case
【思路剖析】A。考查“介词+which+名词”结构。该结构的which含有this或that的意思。短语in
this/ that case的意思是“这样（那样）的话”，this/ that是指示代词，所以用关系代词which作定语，不用
表示所属关系的whose。故选A。句意：他有可能赢得这次比赛，要是那样的话，他就有可能进入国家
队。
【考例 3】(上海 XXXX) American women usually identify their friend as someone _____ they can talk
frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which *D. with whom
【思路剖析】D。根据题中的先行词someone可以排除指物的关系词C项，从句中有动词短语talk
with sb..“跟某人谈话”，而talk about的意思是“谈论关于......”，所以选D，关系代词whom作介词with的
宾语。
五、关系副词when, where和why
【知识清单】关系副词用于引导定语从句，且在从句中用作状语，when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因，可与相应的“介词+关系代词”转换。要注意：
1.关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定或非限制性定语从句，why只能引导限制性定语从句，引
导非限制性定语从句用for which。
2.the way的后的定语从句的中作方式状语的关系词用in which，还可以用that或者省掉不用。先行词
是time或place这两个词也可以用that引导，代替关系副词when和where。
3. 关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词＋名词”，如：when＝on/in/during the day, where= in / at / on
the place, why＝for the reason，因此可以改写为“介词＋which”引导的定语从句。
4. 先行词是表时间或地点的名词时，关系词的选择要慎重，要注意
①分析句子结构，看表时间或地点的先行词在定语从句中是作状语，还是作主语和宾语；
②看定语从句中的动词是及物动词，还是不及物动词，还是“不及物动词＋介词”结构。然后在确定
是关系词或者关系副词。
5. where引导定语从句有时候先行词是一些表示抽象意义“在…方面”， 如 case，stage，position，
state，activity, business, occasion, situation, point，work等,但也要视情况而定。其本身在从句部分充当地点
状语。
6. reason作为先行词要注意其后跟why或that/which引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句的区
别。
【考例1】（2014江苏卷22） The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at
work _____ a good impression is a must.
A. which B. when C. as D. where
【思路剖析】D。考查关系副词与关系代词的区别、关系副词之间的区别。从句的句子结构很完整，
不缺主语、定语或表语，用关系副词，先行词work可以看做是抽象的地点。故选C。句意：在日常交流中
这本书对我帮助很大，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作之中。
六、关系代词与关系副词辨析
【知识清单】
①关系代词（that, who, whom, whose, which）兼有代词和连词的作用，用来引导定语从句它代表先
行词，同时在所引导的定语从句中作一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
②关系代词有主格，宾格和属格（所有格）之分，关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，
有指人与指物之分。
③关系副词（when, where, why,）兼有副词与连接词两种作用，是引导定语从句的连接副词，可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。
④关系副词when, where,why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使
用。
⑤确定关系词是关系代词还是关系副词，关键是看关系词在所引导的定语从句所作的成分，如果在所
引导的定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语，就是关系代词，否则就是关系副词。
【考例】（2023年全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place _____ welcomes the
fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with
historical buildings of the past.
【思路剖析】which/that。考查定语从句关系代词作主语。根据句子的前后关系可句意判定是定语从
句，定语从句的先行词是指地点的名词place，这么典型的地点名词的出现很容易想当然的想到关系副词
where，但是分析句子的成分会发现后面welcomes就是谓语动词，空白处需要的是一个主语，作主语的关
系词是关系代词，那么这里应为定语从句的关系代词，尽管先行词为指地点的“a place”，由于关系词在定
语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京
也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。
【考例】(XXXX安徽卷)The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A. When B. where C. why D. which
【答案与解析】D。从句的spend是及物动词，缺少宾语，用关系代词，只有D正确。 解题时不能一
看到表示时间的先行词就用when，关系词的选择依据是其在所引导的定语从句中所作的成分，不仅仅是先
行词。
巩固练习
1. (2019·全国Ⅱ 62) Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,
___________ she opened with her late husband Les.
2. They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these
animals. (2019Ⅲ)
3. (2018· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ 66)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014
__________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and
early deaths from all causes.
4. (2018· 全 国 Ⅱ 69)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the
government started a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers —
and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.5. (2018·北京，5) She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
6. (2018·天津，2) Kate, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to
work in Australia.
7.(2018· 江 苏 ， 23) Self-driving is an area_______
China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
8. (2018·浙江，57)Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once
they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
9. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ，70) Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both，________ is not good
for the health.
10. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ，44)Her father Peter, wants her to give up school to model full－time.But Sarah，
________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as
beauty.
11. (2017·北京，31)The little problems _________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for
great inventions。
12. (2017·天津，9) My eldest son___________ work takes him all over the world, is in NY at the
moment.
13. (2017·江苏，28) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of __________ purposes is
to relieve worldwide starvation.
14. (2017·浙江，31)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of
kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top
accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
15. (2016·全国Ⅰ，65)My connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid－
1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter.
16. (2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读A)Simon is a comedian and actor ________has 10 years’ experience of teaching
comedy.
17. (2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读 D)Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the
Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of ___________have never before been published.
18. (2016·全国Ⅲ，47)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，__________lived
from roughly 551 to 479 B．C, influenced the development of chopsticks.
19. (2016·全国Ⅲ，完形)When I was 13, my only purpose was to become the star on our football
team.That meant beating out Miller King, ________was the best player at our school.
20. (2016·北京，22)I live next door to a couple_________children often make a lot of noise.
21. (2016·四川，阅读 C)I prefer to work in black and white, __________ allows me to show different
specific worlds more clearly.
22. (2016·四川，阅读D)Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激
素), ___________has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.23. (2016·四川，短文改错)The dishes________I cooked were Mom’s favorite.
24. (2016·江苏，23)Many young people, most of___________were well－educated，headed for remote
regions to chase their dreams.
25. (2016·浙江，11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of
________ has been proved.
26. (2015·全国卷Ⅰ，64)I’d skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone
mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists...
27. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon______ school education depends. [15 安徽]
28. China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_________ shows that more and more people all over
the world want to learn about China. [15福建]
29. The number of smokers, _______ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. [15 江苏]
30. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time__________ he should be able
to be independent. [15陕西]
31. (2022 年新高考 I 卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live
within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
32．（2022年全国甲卷）On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at
the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
33. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ63) China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ____________ it could
send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
34. (2020·全国卷Ⅲ，61)In ancient China lived an artist_________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s
reputation had made him proud.
