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专题 03 阅读理解高频词汇
目录
01 模拟基础练
【题型一】单词背诵（英译汉）
【题型二】词汇选择题
02 重难创新练（阅读理解）
03 真题实战练（阅读理解）
题型一 单词背诵（英译汉）
研究报告类高频词汇
document n. 文件；（计算机） 员；售货员；助教 实验；尝试
文档 v. 记录；用文件证明 outnumber vt. 数量多于；比… estimation n. 评价，判断；估算
biodiversity n. 生物多类状态， 多 conduct v. 进行，组织，实施；
生物多样性 specimen n. 样品；范例；（化 表现，举止；指挥；传导（热或
technology n. 科技；技术性机 验的）抽样；标本 电）
器 observation n. 观察；监 increasingly adv. 不断增加地； independent adj. 独立的；公正
视；评论 越来越多地 observational adj. 的；无关联的；自立的；私立的
application n. 申请；请求；申 观察的，观测的 accurate adj. 正确的，精确的；
请书；运用；生效；应用软件； investigate v. 调查；研究 精准的
statistician n. 统计学家，统计员 overestimate vt. 对…作过高的评
勤奋；努力；涂抹；施用
assistant adj. （用于头衔前）助 illustrate v. （用示例/图画等） 价；对…估计过高 n. 过高的估
理的；副的 n. 助手；副手；店 说明；插图于… 计；过分的评价 vi. 估计过高；
experiment n. 实验；试用 v. 做评价过高 underestimate vt. 低 implication n. 含义；可能的影 置；策略，技巧
估；对…估计不足；看轻；把… 响（或作用、结果）；暗指； preschooler n. 学龄前儿童
mechanism n. [生]机制，机能，
的价值估计过低 n. 低估；估计 （被）牵连；
不足；过低评价，过低估价；轻 reveal v. 揭示；展示 [乐]机理；（机械）结构，机械
视 average adj. 平均的；正常
feature n. 特征；五官；特写 v. 装置[作用]，（故事的）结构；
以…为特征；由…主演；以…为 [艺]手法，技巧，途径；机械作
的，一般的 n. 平均数；平均水
主要内容；占重要地位 用
平 v. 平均为；算出…的平均数
imperfect adj. 有缺点的，不完 dramatically adv. 戏剧地；显著
correlated adj. 有相互关系的
accuracy n. 精确（性），准确 美的；n. 处理品，瑕疵品 地
oversampled 过度采样的 mismatch n. 错配，失谐
（性）；准确无误
identification n. 识别；身份证 connectivity n. 连通性
phenomenon n. 现象；杰出的人
明；密切关联；认同；同情 thoughtful adj. 沉思的；体贴
significantly adv. 有重大意义
originally adv. 起初，原来；独 的；缜密思考过的，深思熟虑的
地；显著地；意味深长地
创地，独出心裁地 consumption n. 消费，消耗量
dominant adj. 占支配地位的；
psychologist n. 心理学家 temptation n. 诱惑，引诱；诱惑
显著的；（基因）显性的
tempt vt. 引诱，怂恿；吸引； 物
response n. 答复；反应
冒…的风险；使感兴趣 vi. 有吸 effectively adv. 有效地；实际
potential adj. 潜在的 n. 潜力；
引力 上，事实上
可能性
device n. 装置，器具；爆炸装
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.医学类
alleviate vt. 减轻,使...缓和 disorder n.杂乱,混乱 vt.扰乱 命令,开处方
absent-minded adj.心不在焉的， discomfort n.不便之处，不适vt. vitamin n.维生素
茫然的，恍惚的 使不适 protein adj，蛋白质的 n.蛋白质
bacteria n.(复数)细菌 diagnose v.诊断 vi. 判断,诊断 oxygen n.氧氧气
bandage n.绷带 (疾病)vt诊断(疾病) soothe v.缓和，使..安静，安慰
capsule n.胶囊，太空舱 vt.装入 transplant vt.移居，移栽，移植 resistant adj.抵抗的,反抗的n.抵
胶囊，简缩，概括adj.精简的， (器官)vi.经得住移植n.移植，被 抗者
小巧的 移植的事物 syndrome n.综合征，综合症状;
disable v.使...失去能力 prescribe vi.规定,开药方 vt.规定 典型表现，典型行为handicap n.障碍赛,障碍 vt.加障 治疗,补救,矫 掉vi.击球;作尾桨手;敲击键盘
碍物,妨碍 stress n.紧张，压力v.强调，着 pill n.药丸,无法逃避的讨厌事
surgeon n.外科医生 重vt. 强调n.负 vt.服用药丸,把..制成药丸
physician n.内科医生 stroke n.中风;冲程;笔画;打击;尝 tablet n.药片，匾，片状物
remedy n.药物,治疗法,补救 vt. 试;轻抚vt.抚摸;敲击;划尾桨;划
2.科普类
assign v.分配,指派 赋值（计算 phenomenon n.现象，非凡的人 光线等的）；排放（物）
机科学技术） 或事物 pesticide n. 杀虫剂，农药
digital adj.手指的,数字的,数码的, element n.成分,元素,基本原理, sustainability n. 持续性，能维持
电子的 (复数)恶劣天气 性，永续性
dimension n.尺寸，次元，容积， biology n.生物学 chemicals n. 化 学 药 品 (
维度n.范围;方面 evolution n.进化。发展，进展 chemical的名词复数 )
electrical adj.电的,电气科学的 mathematics n.数学 transform v. 使改变形态；使改
electronic adj.电子的;电子操纵 formula n.公式,配方,规则;代乳 观
（生产、完成）的； 品adj.(赛车的)级的，方程式的 roadmap n. 路标
optical adj，眼睛的，视觉的， statistic n.统计数值 forthcoming adj. 即将到来的；
光学的 carbon n.碳,灯芯,复写纸 现成的；唾手可得的；乐于助人
universal adj.普遍的,通用的,宇 measurement n.测量,衡量.尺寸, 的
宙的n.通用s 大小 revolution n. 革命；变革；旋转
olar adj.太阳的,太阳能的 intelligence n.理解力，智力，情 complicated adj. 复杂的；难处
solid adj.固体的,结实的,可靠的, 报，情报机关； 理的
实心的n.固体,实心 graph n.图表,曲线图v.用图表表 understandable adj. 能懂的，可
mechanical adj.机械的,力学的,呆 示vt.以(曲线)图表示 理解的，可同情的
板的n.(供制版用的)样书，版面 navigation n.航行，航海，导航 accessible adj. 可进入/到达/使用
设计 infinite adj.无限的,无穷的n.无限 的；可理解的；随和的
precise adj.精确的,准确的,认真 visual adj.视觉的，栩栩如生的； informative adj. 提供信息的；增
的 n.视觉资料可视化 长见闻的
logical adj，符合逻辑的,逻辑上 monitor v. 监控；监听 n. 监测 Artificial General Intelligence 通
的,有推理能 仪器；显示屏；班长 用人工智能
psychological adj.心理(学)的 emission n. 发出（气体、热量、 sidelined v. 使 退 出 比 赛 (sideline 的过去式和过去分词 )； 知识 abandoned adj.废弃的
使下场（尤指由于受伤）；把… tipping point n. 卸载点；引爆 environmentally friendly环保的
排除在核心之外；使靠边 点、临界点、时间窗、价格点、 sustainable adj.可持续的
essential adj. 基本的；必不可少 量变到质变的分界点 dispose of丢弃
的 ；根本的 n. 必需品；基本 structured thinking结构化思维 circumstance n．条件，环境
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.社会生活类
allocate vt.分配 pursuit n．追求；消遣 极性
assess v．评估；估算 sponsor n．赞助者 v．赞助 behavioural patterns行为模式
bankrupt adj.破产的 thrive v．旺盛，繁荣 efficient adj. 效率高的；有能力
biography n．传记 tend v．倾向 的
boost v．提高；推动；使增长 violent behaviours暴力行为 accompany v. 陪同，陪伴；伴
civilize v．使文明，开化 chaos n. 混乱，杂乱 随；为…伴奏
comprehension n．理解 morality n. 道德；道德准则； advantageous adj. 有利的；有好
consciousness n．意识；观念 品德高尚的行为；道德观 处的
coordination n．协调 moral virtues道德美德 self-discipline n. 自我训练，自
celebrity n．名人 cruelty n. 残酷，虐待；不公
我修养；自律
critically adv.批判性地 humbleness n. 谦逊，粗鄙，卑 self-control n. 自我控制，自制；
depressed adj.萧条的 贱
自控；自我克制
discipline n．纪律 religion n. 宗教；支配自己生活 strengthen v. 巩固；支持；壮大；
emergence n．兴起
的大事；教派；心爱的事物
加强；使坚定；增强
financial squeeze财政困难 social instincts社会本能 capacity n. 容量；才能；职责；
flourish v．繁荣 community n. 社会（团体）；
生产能力；载客量 adj. 座无虚
genuine adj.真的；真诚的
共有；(生物)群落
席的
initiative n．倡议，新方案
motivate vt. 使有动机，促动，
philosophy n. 哲学；哲学思想；
modify v．调整；修饰
激发，诱导；刺激；激发…的积
生活信条
2.心理学类
minimalism n. 最低纲领，极保 法容忍的；不堪的；难堪 积极进取的；声势浩大的
守行动 solitude n. 单独，孤独 conceited adj. 自负的，傲慢的
intolerable adj. 不能忍受的；无 aggressive adj. 好斗的，挑衅的； frustrate vt. 挫败；阻挠；使受挫折 怠慢 压倒一切的，巨大的；压倒一切
lonely adj. 孤独的；寂寞的；偏 empathy n. <心>移情作用；同 的欢乐
僻的 感，共鸣；神入 competitive adj. 竞争的；有竞
stress n. 精神压力；强调；重音 sympathetic adj. 同情的；赞同 争力的
v. 强调；重读；使疲惫不堪 的；招人喜爱的 extracurricular adj. 学校课程以
suspect v. 猜想，觉得；怀疑 assertiveness n. 魄力；自信 外的；课外
bully v. 恐吓，威逼 supportive adj. 支持的，拥护的， deprivation n. 剥夺；丧失；匮
victim n. 受害者，遇难者；祭 赞助的 乏
品，牺牲品 complex adj. 复杂的；复合的 prioritize vt. 按重要性排列，划
anxiety n. 忧虑，焦虑，担心； n. 综合建筑群；相关联的一组 分优先顺序；优先处理
渴望 事物；复合体；情结；忧虑 verbal abuse言语虐待
psychology n. 心理（学）；思 psychological problem 精神异常， social exclusion n. 社会排斥
想 心理问题 cyberbullying网上欺凌
psychologist n. 心理学家 mental health心理健康 popularization n. 普及
self-esteem n. 自尊；自大；傲 societal expectations社会期望 emotional intelligence情绪
骨 overwhelming adj. 势不可挡的， misunderstand v. 误解
neglect v. 疏忽；忽视 n. 忽略； motivation n. 动力；积极性
阅读理解记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇
1.记叙文命题中题干和选项中常考的描述作者态度的词：
表示赞同+积极
appreciation欣赏，感激 性，狂热 respectable可敬的，可观的，体
appreciative 感激的，欣赏的 enthusiasm 热情的，热心的 面的
approval 赞成，承认，正式批准 favorable 赞成的，有利的，赞 satisfaction 满意，满足
approving 赞成的 许的，良好的 soothing 镇静的，慰藉的
compensatory 补偿的，赔偿的 frank坦白的，真诚的，直率的 supportive支持的，支援的
confident 自信的，有信心的 influential 有影响的，有权势的 sympathy 同情，同情心，同感，
defensive 为…而辩护 modest 谦虚的，适度的 赞同
desirable 值得拥有的，令人满意 positive 肯定的，积极的，实际 sympathetic 同情的
的 的 talented 有才能的，有天赋的
enthusiastic 热情，热心，积极 profound 深刻的，意义深远的 tolerance 宽容，容忍tolerant 宽容的，容忍的 admiring 赞赏的 impressed / impressive 留下深刻
understanding 了解，认识，谅 rewarding 有回报的 印象的
解 instructive 有教育意义的 humorous 幽默的
consent同意
表示否定+消极
unwilling 不情愿的 = reluctant disgust 厌恶，反感 opposition反对
pessimistic悲观的= permissive doubtful 可疑的，怀疑的 opposed 反对的
depressed 沮丧的= frustrated = enraged 激怒的 self-centered 以自我为中心的，
gloomy guilty 有罪的，内疚的 自私的
hesitancy 犹豫hesitant 犹豫的， harmful 有害的 ironic讽刺的 = sarcastic = satiric
不愿的 impulsive 冲动的，任性的 disappointed 失望的
arrogant 傲慢的，自大的 indignation 愤慨 radical 激进的
biased 有偏见的 indulgence 沉溺，放纵 disapproval 不赞成
conservative 保守的，守旧的 insulted 受辱的，辱骂的 hostile有敌意的
contempt 轻视，耻辱 misleading 令人误解的，引入歧 undesirable 不受欢迎的，不合意
contemptuous 轻视的，轻蔑的 途的 的，不良的
detestation 憎恶，厌恶 negative 否定的，消极的，负的， unworthy 不值得的，无价值的
disapproval 不赞成 阴性的 worried 闷闷不乐的，焦虑的
objection 异议 permissive悲观的
表示客观中立
factual 事实的 detached 不含个人偏见的，客观的 disinterested 无私的 impartial 公平的，不偏不倚的
neutral 中立的 = impersonal ambiguous 模棱两可的conservative保守的objective 客观的objectiveness 客
观，客观性unbiased 没有偏见的unprejudiced 公平的，无偏见的，没有成见的
主观词
cautious谨慎的cautiousness 谨慎，小心curiosity 好奇，好奇心puzzled 困惑的，迷惑的subjective 主观的
apprehensive 担心的 intolerant 不能容忍的，偏执的 critical 批评的，挑剔的，决定性的 criticism 批评
compromising 妥协的 dissatisfied 不满意的 informative 提供资讯的 formal 正式的 informal 非正式的
discontent不满的
表怀疑不确定
dubious 怀疑的 uncertain 态度不明的
questioning 质疑的 unclear 不确定的skeptical 怀疑 suspicion 怀疑，猜疑
skepticism 怀疑 questionable 可疑的
2.记叙文描写人物的高频词：
adaptable适应性强的 expressive善于表达的 objective客观的
aggressive有进取心的 faithful守信的，忠诚的 open-minded虚心的
ambitious有雄心壮志的 forceful性格坚强的 optimistic乐观的
analytical善于分析的 forgetful健忘的 orderly守纪律的
argumentative好争辩的 generous慷慨大方的，宽宏大量 original有独创性的
aspiring有志气的，有抱负的 的 outgoing外向友好的
attractive有魅力的，有吸引力的 helpful助人的，有益的 painstaking辛勤的，苦干的，刻
brilliant有才气的，聪颖的 helpless无助的，没用的 苦的
competent能胜任的 honest诚实的humorous幽默的 passionate充满热情的
confident有信心的 inconsiderate不顾及别人的，轻 pessimistic悲观的
considerate体贴的 率的 polite有礼貌的
constructive建设性的 independent有主见的 popular受欢迎的
cooperative有合作精神的 initiative 有首创精神的 practical实际的
courageous勇敢的，有胆量的 intellective有智力的 purposeful意志坚强的
creative富有创造力的 inventive有发明才能的，有创造 pushy有进取心的
dashing有一股子冲劲的，有拼
力的
personality有个性的人
搏精神的 just 正直的 qualified合格的
demanding苛刻的 kind-hearted好心的 responsible负责的
determined坚决的 knowledgeable有见识的 romantic浪漫的，空想的
devoted有献身精神的 learned精通某学问的 self-conscious自觉的
disciplined守纪律的 loyal忠心耿耿的 sensitive敏感的
dishonest不诚实的 mean吝啬的 sincere真诚的
disorganized无组织的 methodical有方法的 skeptical多疑的
dutiful尽职的 modest谦虚的 smart精明的
easy-going随和的 moody情绪化的 sociable好交际的
efficient有效率的 motivated目标明确的 spirited生气勃勃的
energetic精力充沛的 narrow-minded心胸狭窄的 steady踏实的，稳定的
enthusiastic充满热情的 noisy聒噪的 straightforward老实的strict严格的 talented有才能的，有天赋的 understanding理解人的
supportive助人的 thoughtful体贴人的 upright正直的
strong-willed意志坚强的 tireless孜孜不倦的 virtuous善良的,道德高尚的
sympathetic有同情心的 tolerant容忍的
熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语
1.跟…有关 be related to= be associated with= be over again
linked to= be connected with 18.对……全然不知 be in the dark about, know
2.多种多样 a variety of +n. /varieties of +n. nothing about
=various +n. =all kinds of=all sorts of = 19.把某物分配给某人allocate sth to sb, divide sth
diversities of among sb
3.提前 in advance, ahead of time, ahead of 20.be above doing sth 不愿意/不屑于…= be
schedule unwilling to do sth=be reluctantly
4.厌烦 be tired/sick of=be bored with=be fed up 21.industrious 勤奋的=hardworking =diligent
with 22.all of a sudden 突然；忽然= all at once =
5.与…一致 agree/be consistent/correspond with suddenly =sharply= out of the blue= without
6.缺席 be absent from, be not present at warning
7.抵制 boycott, refuse to accept, resist, reject 23.cheat on sb 对某人不忠=be not faithful to sb
8.与...相反/对立 contradict, be opposite to 24. learn…by heart 将…背起来=memorize 注：
9.放弃 abandon, go away from, leave, give up recite 指发声背出
10.描述 describe, give a description of 25. stand for 代表/表示=represent=be on behalf
of=symbolize
11.后来 afterwards, after that, later on 26. provide sb with sth 提供某物给某人= provide
12.目前 nowadays, at present, at the present time
sth for sb=supply sb with sth=supply sth to
13.取消 cancel, call off
sb=afford sb sth
14.宣布 announce/declare sth, make sth known to
=afford sth to sb
the public
27. be brought up 被抚养长大= be raised= be
15.情况良好 in (a) good condition, in a good
reared bring up = raise 将某人抚养长大
state/situation
28. agree with sb 和某人看法相同= see eye to
16.可进入／接近的 be accessible, be easy to
eye with sb
enter/reach/use
29. attend to 对…专注= pay attention to= be
17.再一次again, once more, once again, over and
attentive to30. take on 带有/呈现出…= assume
熟记常用有关文章出处的词汇
novel/fiction小说 illustrated magazine插图杂志志 A program guide一个程序指南
science novel/fiction科幻小说 newspaper报纸 A training brochure培训手册
advertisement/Ad 广告 business newspaper商业报纸 A travel brochure旅行手册
An official website官方网站 science report科学报告 A literature review书评
A travel website旅游网站 medical report医学报告 A film review电影评论
an instructive website 有教育意 official report官方报告 academic article学术文章
义的网站 research report研究报告 research article研究文章
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题型二 词汇选择题
1．（24-25高三上·天津·期中）The word Mangzhong is a pun (双关语) on “busy planting” in Chinese, which is
also an _____description of how farmers’ life is during this period of time.
A．accurate B．flexible C．accessible D．available
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“芒种”一词在汉语中是“忙碌种植”的双关语，也是对这一时期
农民生活的准确描述。A. accurate准确的；精确的；B. flexible灵活的；柔韧的；C. accessible可接近的；
可进入的；可使用的；D. available可获得的；可用的；有空的。根据“The word Mangzhong is a pun (双关
语) on “busy planting” in Chinese,”可知，“芒种”这一词是对这段时间农民生活的一种准确描述。故选A。
2．（23-24高三·天津滨海新·阶段练习）The ________ project was completed in only nine months.
A．relevant B．ambitious C．loyal D．violent
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个雄心勃勃的项目只用了9个月就完成了。A. relevant相关的；
B. ambitious雄心勃勃的；C. loyal忠诚的；D. violent暴力的。根据“只用了9个月完成了”，可知这个项
目是“雄心勃勃的”。故选B。
3．（2024·天津·一模）Play is a(n) part of a child’s development, just as the saying goes, “All work and noplay makes Jack a dull boy”.
A．accurate B．essential C．impressive D．temporary
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：玩耍是孩子发展的重要组成部分，正如那句谚语所说：“只工作，
不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻”。A. accurate精确的；B. essential重要的；C. impressive印象深刻的；D.
temporary暂时的。根据后文“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”可知，玩耍是孩子发展的重要组成
部分，故选B。
4．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）Some people think that watching violence on TV is one of the major causes
of ______ behavior and crime in society.
A．abstract B．ridiculous C．aggressive D．visual
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有些人认为看电视暴力是社会上攻击性行为和犯罪的主要原因之一。
A. abstract抽象的；B. ridiculous荒谬的；C. aggressive挑衅的，好斗的；D. visual视觉的。根据“watching
violence on TV”以及“crime”可知，此处指“攻击性行为和犯罪”，故选C。
5．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）She’s very ________ of the problems involved.
A．brilliant B．intelligent C．innovative D．conscious
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她非常清楚所涉及的问题。A. brilliant灿烂的，明亮的；B.
intelligent聪慧的；C. innovative创新的；D. conscious有意识的。固定搭配be conscious of 意为“清楚知
道”，表示清楚地知道问题。故选D项。
6．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）Early bird tickets are available, but they are only ________ to our
members.
A．accessible B．accidental C．potential D．imaginative
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们有可以提前预订的早鸟票，但只对我们的会员开放。A.
accessible易得到的；B. accidental意外的；C. potential有潜力的；D. imaginative富于想象力的。根据句意
可知，我们的早鸟票只有会员才可以得到。故选A项。
7．（2024·天津河北·一模）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has adopted a more
________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．general【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到学生的不同需求，学校采取了更灵活的教育方式。A.
independent独立的；B. responsible负责的；C. flexible灵活的；D. general大体的。根据句意可知由于学生
需求不同，学校应该采取更灵活的的教育方式，故选C。
8．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）This is a ________ shopping centre offering visitors entry to a clutch
(群) of well-known etailers without going to their different websites.
A．artificial B．automatic C．virtual D．relevant
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一个虚拟的购物中心，为游客提供了一堆知名零售商的入口，
而不用去他们不同的网站。A. artificial人造的；B. automatic自动的；C. virtual虚拟的；D. relevant相关的。
根据“without going to their different websites”可知此处表示“虚拟的”。故选C项。
9．（2022·天津南开·模拟预测）Without our phones, we had a ________ conversation for over two hours,
without being distracted by messages from other people.
A．polite B．precious C．proper D．positive
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在没有手机的情况下，我们进行了两个多小时的正常交谈，没有被
其他人的信息分散注意力。A. polite有礼貌的；B. precious珍贵的、宝贵的；C. proper正常的、适当的；D.
positive积极的。根据“without being distracted by messages from other people.”可知，没有分散注意力的情况
下进行了两个多小时的正常交谈。故选C。
10．（21-22高三下·天津滨海新·阶段练习）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has
adopted a more ________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．considerate
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到学生的不同需求，学校采取了更灵活的教育方式。A.
independent独立的；B. responsible负责的；C. flexible灵活的；D. considerate体贴的。根据上文
“Considering the different demands of the students”指更灵活的教育方式。故选C。
11．（23-24高三上·天津·期末）Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are
_______ to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.
A．bound B．subject C．subsequent D．committed
【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：被发现带宠物的学生，无论是来访的还是学生拥有的，都将受到
100美元的罚款，每只宠物每天50美元的罚款。A. bound有义务的；B. subject受……支配的；C.
subsequent随后的；D. committed坚定的。根据后文“an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day
per pet.”可知，此处应是固定搭配：be subject to意为“遭受”，也就是“受到罚款”之意。故选B项。
12．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）More Chinese classics have been adapted for movies or TV plays to make
traditional Chinese culture to a wider range of people.
A．flexible B．convenient C．effective D．accessible
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：越来越多的中国经典作品被改编成电影或电视剧，让更多的人了解
中国传统文化。A. flexible 灵活的；B. convenient方便的；C. effective有效的；D. accessible可进入/到
达/使用的。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要形容词accessible，作补语，意为“可接触的，可得到
的”。故选D。
13．（23-24高三上·天津西青·期末）Sarah was feeling about the result of her job interview, and constantly
check her email for any news.
A．guilty B．grateful C．anxious D．sad
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Sarah对自己的面试结果感到焦虑，并不断查看她的电子邮件以了
解任何消息。A. guilty有罪的；B. grateful感谢的；C. anxious焦虑的；D. sad悲哀的。根据后文“about the
result of her job interview, and constantly check her email for any news”可知空格处缺少的意思是“焦虑的”，
anxious“焦虑的”符合句意。故选C项。
14．（23-24高三上·天津河北·期末）Despite the rise in technology-based learning tools, the school chose to
maintain ______teaching methods, emphasizing the value of face-to-face interaction in the classroom.
A．identical B．substantial C．botanical D．conventional
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管基于技术的学习工具越来越多，但学校选择保持传统的教学方
法，强调课堂上面对面互动的价值。A. identical完全相同的；B. substantial大量的；C. botanical植物的；
D. conventional传统的。根据后文“teaching methods, emphasizing the value of face-to-face interaction in the
classroom”指学校选择保持传统的教学方法，强调课堂上面对面互动的价值。故选D。
15．（2023·天津·高考真题）Athletes should make _________ preparation, both physical and psychological,
before entering a big race.A．adequate B．slight C．identical D．rough
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：运动员在参加大型比赛前应该做好充分的生理和心理准备。A.
adequate足够的；B. slight轻微的；C. identical相同的；D. rough粗糙的，不平的。分析句子，设空处使用
形容词作定语，根据句意，此处表示“足够的，充足的”，用adequate。故选A。
16．（23-24高三上·内蒙古通辽·阶段练习）My fourteen-year-old sister is now studying in a ________ school.
A．vocational B．vocation C．vacation D．vacational
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词和名词词义辨析。句意：我14岁的姐姐现在在一所职业学校学习。A. vocational职业
的；B. vocation职业；C. vacation假期；D. vacational度假的。vacational school意为“职业技能学校”。故
选A。
17．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）According to the results, voters’ opinions differ on a variety of issues,
such as gun control, illegal immigration and so on.
A．potential B．controversial C．financial D．official
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：调查结果显示，选民对枪支管制、非法移民等一系列争议性问题的
看法存在分歧。A. potential潜在的；B. controversial有争议的；C. financial财政的；D. official官方的。根
据后文“such as gun control, illegal immigration and so on”指有争议性的问题存在分歧。故选B。
18．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Since this school provides various optional courses, students will have a(n)
choice according to their interest.
A．flexible B．accessible C．available D．reliable
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于这所学校提供多种选修课，学生可以根据自己的兴趣灵活选择。
A. flexible灵活的；B. accessible可到达的；C. available可获得的；D. reliable可靠的。根据上文“Since this
school provides various optional courses”可知课程的选择很灵活，应用flexible。故选A。
19．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Students in Senior 3 are under __________ pressure but we can
endure it as long as we bear dreams in our mind.
A．intense B．steely C．strange D．cooperative
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：高三的学生承受着巨大的压力，但只要我们心中有梦想，我们就能忍受。A. intense紧张的，强烈的；B. steely无情的；C. strange奇怪的；D. cooperative合作的。根据上文
“Students in Senior 3 are under”指高三的学生承受着巨大的压力，故选A。
20．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Stephen was scolded for walking into the kitchen with __________
boots and making a mess.
A．woolen B．gentle C．muddy D．shiny
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：斯蒂芬因为穿着沾满泥的靴子走进厨房，弄得一团糟而受到责骂。
A. woolen羊毛的；B. gentle轻柔的；C. muddy泥泞的；D. shiny闪亮的。根据“and making a mess.”可知，
斯蒂芬穿着沾满泥的靴子走进厨房。故选C。
21．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）The Great Wall is the miniature of ______ spirit of the Chinese people, and
also the symbol of the Chinese civilization.
A．conventional B．conservative C．flexible D．enterprising
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长城是中华民族进取精神的缩影，也是中华文明的象征。A.
conventional传统的；B. conservative保守的；C. flexible柔韧的；D. enterprising有进取心的。根据“spirit
of the Chinese people,”可知，这里指中华民族的进取精神。故选D。
22．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Elizabeth was enormously motivated although she made ________
advances in her English learning.
A．brilliant B．modest C．substantial D．considerable
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管伊丽莎白在英语学习上进步不大，但她的积极性却很高。A.
brilliant极聪明的；B. modest不太多的；C. substantial重要的；D. considerable相当大的。因为句中有
“although尽管”表让步，说明她只有很小的进步，没有取得太多的进步。故选B项。
23．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）Supporters were encouraged to bring along canned food and ______
supplies to help those trapped.
A．comfort B．dedicate C．essential D．initial
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：支持者们被鼓励携带罐头食品和必需品来帮助那些被困的人。A.
comfort安慰（名词）；B. dedicate奉献的；C. essential必要的；重要的；D. initial开始的。根据“to help
those trapped.”可知，携带必要的物品帮助那些被困的人。故选C。24．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·期中）Fossil fuels are non-renewable, whose reserves will be used up one day in
the future. In contrast, renewable energy sources are basically __________, and will be available to us for a few
billion more years.
A．inadequate B．inexhaustible C．inaccessible D．inflexible
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：化石燃料是不可再生的，其储量总有一天会用完。相比之下，可再
生能源基本上是取之不尽用之不竭的，而且在几十亿年后我们还可以使用。A. inadequate不充足的；B.
inexhaustible取之不尽，用之不竭的；C. inaccessible达不到的；D. inflexible僵硬的。根据下文“will be
available to us for a few billion more years.(在几十亿年后我们还可以使用)”可推理出上文说的是可再生能源
是取之不尽，用之不竭的，故选B项。
25．（23-24高三上·上海·期中）“Man”, as a(n) _________ term for both men and women, is now considered
sexist.
A．favourable B．abstract C．blanket D．clinical
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“Man”，作为一个对男性和女性的总称，现在被认为是性别歧视。
A. favorable支持的；B. abstract抽象的；C. blanket综合的；D. clinical临床的。由句意可知，“Man”是一
个对男性和女性的“综合的”称呼，所以C选项符合题意。故选C。
26．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·期中）The hardest part of going back to college was feeling ________ about the
time I spent away from my kids.
A．ridiculous B．confident C．guilty D．excited
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：回到大学最困难的地方在于我对离开孩子的时间感到内疚。A.
ridiculous荒谬的； B. confident自信的； C. guilty内疚的；D. excited兴奋的。由“the time I spent away
from my kids”可知，“我”陪在孩子身边的时间变少了，为此“我”感到内疚，选择guilty一词，故选C
项。
27．（22-23高三上·甘肃定西·期中）Mr Davis was________ that the books he ordered online were not
delivered as promised.
A．confident B．conscious C．grateful D．annoyed
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Davis先生很恼火，因为他在网上订购的书没有按照承诺送达。A.confident自信的；B. conscious有意识的；C. grateful感激的；D. annoyed气恼的，恼怒的。根据“the books
he ordered online were not delivered as promised”可知，此处指“Davis先生很恼火”，故选D。
28．（22-23高二上·河北张家口·期中）There was nothing special about this film — it was only ______.
A．particular B．average C．interesting D．strange
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这部电影没什么特别之处，只是一般。A. particular特殊的；B.
average一般的；C. interesting有趣的；D. strange奇怪的。根据句意可知，空处表示“一般的，普通的”，
故选B项。
29．（21-22高三上·天津北辰·期中）Some people are always__________ about the future while some are
always looking at the bright side of things in their lives.
A．abnormal B．modest C．pessimistic D．patient
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词。句意：有些人总是对未来很悲观，然而有些人总是能看到生活中好的一面。
A.abnormal不正常的；B.modest谦虚的；C.pessimistic悲观的；D.patient有耐心的。根据空格后“while”引
导的对比句可知，空格处应填悲观的。故选C。
30．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）When I received the acceptance letter from my dream university, I
was ____. I couldn’t contain my joy and excitement.
A．nervous B．ecstatic C．embarrassed D．furious
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我收到我梦寐以求的大学的录取通知书时，我欣喜若狂。我无法
抑制我的喜悦和兴奋。A. nervous焦虑的；B. ecstatic狂喜的；C. embarrassed尴尬；D. furious激烈的。根
据后文“I couldn’t contain my joy and excitement.”可知，“我”非常高兴。故选B项。
31．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）With the development of AI, the line between humans and robots will
be more in the future.
A．absurd B．violent C．urgent D．blurred
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着人工智能的发展，未来人类和机器人之间的界限将更加模糊。
A. absurd荒谬的；B. violent暴力的；C. urgent紧急的，迫切的；D. blurred模糊不清的。根据前文“With
the development of AI(随着人工智能的发展)”可推知，有了人工智能的帮助，机器人更加智能化，与人类之
间的界限不再清晰，会变得更加模糊。故选D项。32．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）The dry-cleaner’s couldn’t get the dirt out completely, but you can
______see it now.
A．approximately B．virtually C．barely D．practically
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：干洗店无法完全清除污垢，只是你现在几乎看不见了。A.
approximately大约地；B. virtually实际上地；C. barely几乎没有；D. practically实际地，实事求是地。分析
句子可知，空格处为副词充当状语修饰动词see，根据句意，此处需要的意思是“几乎不”，barely符合句
意。故选C项。
33．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Mr.Holmes believed that door was locked inside by the hostess, but all the
evidence suggested________.
A．instead B．anyway C．otherwise D．though
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：福尔摩斯先生相信门是女主人从里面反锁的，但所有的证据都表明不
是这样。A. instead代替；B. anyway无论如何；C. otherwise与之不同地，相反地；D. though可是。根据
转折连词but可知，福尔摩斯先生相信门是女主人从里面反锁的，但是所有的证据却表明情况相反。故选
C。
34．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）Several years ago, I had a manager who________changed his mind
about what he wanted.
A．strangely B．constantly C．actually D．eventually
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：几年前，我有一位经理，对于自己想要什么，他经常改变想法。A.
strangely奇怪地；B. constantly经常地、总是；C. actually实际上；D. eventually最终、终于。根据句意，
这个经理应该是对于他想要什么，经常改变想法。故选B。
35．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）If you have health examination________, any disease you may have can be
discovered early.
A．regularly B．particularly C．gradually D．typically
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果你定期做健康检查，你可能患的任何疾病都可以及早发现。A.
regularly有规律地；B. particularly尤其；C. gradually逐渐地；D. typically典型的。根据后文“any disease
you may have can be discovered early”可知，应是定期做健康检查，才能及早发现可能患的任何疾病。故选A项。
36．（23-24高三上·天津武清·阶段练习）The erhu was ______ a musical instrument of ethnic groups in
northern China, which dates more than a thousand years back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
A．originally B．eventually C．increasingly D．accurately
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：二胡最初是中国北方少数民族的乐器，可以追溯到一千多年前的唐朝
(618-907)。A. originally原来；B. eventually最后；C. increasingly不断增加地；D. accurately准确地。根据
后文“which dates more than a thousand years back to the Tang Dynasty”可知，追溯到一千多年前的唐朝，所
以是在讲二胡的起源，应用originally。故选A项。
37．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期中）You may thank your good luck that you were just___________ hurt while
the others were either killed or seriously injured.
A．extremely B．slightly C．safely D．exactly
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：你要感谢你的好运，你只是受了轻伤，而其他人要么死亡，要么重伤。
A. extremely极端地；B. slightly轻微地；C. safely安全地；D. exactly准确地。根据“You may thank your
good luck”可知，“你”受的伤是轻微的，与 killed 和seriously injured构成对比，故选B项。
38．（23-24高三上·重庆·期中）There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. ________, it is
vital that we strive for the equality.
A．Moreover B．Nevertheless C．Despite D．Additionally
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词和介词辨析。句意：我们成功改变法律的可能性很小。然而，争取平等是至关重要的。
A. Moreover此外（副词），表示递进关系；B. Nevertheless然而（副词），表示转折关系；C. Despite尽管
（介词），表示让步关系；D. Additionally此外（副词），表示递进关系。空后有逗号和句子分开，空处应
用副词，空前表示成功改变法律的可能性很小，空后表示仍应争取平等，前后是转折的关系，应用
Nevertheless来衔接。故选B。
39．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期末）Although e-books are becoming more and more popular, I don’t think they
will ________ take the place of paper books.
A．finally B．merely C．obviously D．especially
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管电子书越来越受欢迎，但我认为它们最终不会取代纸质书。A.finally 最终；B. merely仅仅；C. obviously明显地；D. especially尤其，特别。根据“Although e-books are
becoming more and more popular,”可知，认为电子书最终不会取代纸质书。故选A。
40．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）After several rounds of talks, the two sides ______ reached an agreement.
A．apparently B．eventually C．literally D．frequently
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：经过几轮谈判，双方最终达成了协议。A. apparently显然；B.
eventually最终；C. literally逐字地； D. frequently经常地。根据“After several rounds of talks,”可知，几轮
谈判之后，最终达成协议。故选B。
41．（22-23高三上·河北张家口·期中）Most people on this island are fishers, and ________, fishing forms an
actual part of their leisure time.
A．accidentally B．purposefully C．obviously D．formally
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：岛上的大多数人都是渔民，显然，捕鱼是他们休闲时间的一部分。A.
accidentally偶然地；B. purposefully故意地；C. obviously显然地；D. formally 正式地。根据上文“Most
people on this island are fishers”可推知显然捕鱼是渔民休闲时间的一部分，故选C。
42．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）It’s a tradition that, at the wedding ceremony, the hands of the bride
and groom would be tied together with a length of ribbon to symbolize that their lives were fastened together
_______.
A．conveniently B．deliberately C．permanently D．temporarily
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：这是一个传统，在婚礼上，新娘和新郎的手会被一段丝带绑在一起，
象征着他们的生活永远绑在一起。A. conveniently方便地；B. deliberately故意；C. permanently永久地；D.
temporarily暂时。根据前文“at the wedding ceremony, the hands of the bride and groom would be tied together
with a length of ribbon”可知，新娘和新郎的手会被一段丝带绑在一起应该是象征着他们的生活永远绑在一
起。故选C项。
43．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）My guitar solos seemed to flow _____from my fingers, and I felt
surrounded by a wall of music.
A．continuously B．excessively C．effortlessly D．steadily
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：我的吉他独奏似乎毫不费力地从我的手指中流淌，我感觉被音乐墙包围了。A. continuously持续地；B. excessively过分地；C. effortlessly轻松地；D. steadily稳定地。根据前后
文“My guitar solos seemed to flow from my fingers”以及语境可知，句子表示吉他独奏似乎毫不费力地从手
指中流淌，应用副词effortlessly。故选C。
44．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Peng’s company makes ________700,000 yuan for each partnership it
sets up and more importantly, benefits both local people and foreign countries.
A．approximately B．appropriately
C．absolutely D．desperately
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：彭的公司每建立一个合作伙伴，就能赚到大约70万元人民币，更重要
的是，既造福了当地人，也造福了外国。A. approximately大约；B. appropriately适当地；C. absolutely绝对
地；D. desperately绝望地。根据句意“大约70万元人民币”可知，应为副词作状语修饰数词“700,000
yuan”。故选A。
45．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Whenever the teacher asks a question of my slow desk-mate, he often
stands up and constantly scratches his head.
A．accidentally B．unconsciously
C．elegantly D．coincidentally
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：每当老师问我这个慢悠悠的同桌一个问题时，他常常不自觉地站起来，
不停地搔着头。A. accidentally偶然地；B. unconsciously无意识地；不知不觉地；C. elegantly优美地；D.
coincidentally巧合地。根据“Whenever the teacher asks a question of my slow desk-mate,”可知，同桌回答老
师问题时，会不自觉地站起来并不停地搔着头。故选B。
46．（24-25高三上·天津北辰·期中）Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate
and ________ with fellow students.
A．cooperate B．celebrate C．separate D．generate
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：参加课外活动使我们学会了与同学谈判和合作。A. cooperate合作；B.
celebrate庆祝；C. separate使分开；D. generate生成。由“Participating in extra-curricular activities”和“with
fellow students”可知，空格处意为“合作”，是cooperate。故选A。
47．（23-24高三下·天津北辰·期中）Giving speeches and presentations is a necessary part of life. Whether it be
at school or at a conference, speeches and orals ______ most fields of study.A．enhance B．maintain C．advocate D．dominate
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：演讲和展示是生活中必不可少的一部分。无论是在学校还是在会议上，
演讲和口语占据了大多数学习领域。A. enhance增强；B. maintain维持；C. advocate拥护，主张；D.
dominate占主导地位。根据前文“Giving speeches and presentations is a necessary part of life. ”可知用
“dominate”（占主导地位）来形容其在多数研究领域中的影响力最为合适。故选D。
48．（2021·天津北辰·三模）He has made great contributions to his company since he entered the company.
That’s why he got ______ last month.
A．blamed B．reflected C．inspected D．promoted
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：自从加入公司以来，他对公司做出了巨大贡献。这就是他上个月得到
晋升的原因。A. blamed 责怪；B. reflected 反映；C. inspected 检查；D. promoted 提升，晋升。根据句意
理解，此人因为对公司的巨大贡献，所以上个月应该是得到了积极的回馈，而“晋升”表示因为做出贡献
而获得的正面结果，符合题意。故选D。
49．（2024·天津河东·二模）The police woman ________ that I hadn’t fastened my seat belt and signaled me to
stop.
A．spotted B．explored C．instructed D．described
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：女警察发现我没有系好安全带，示意我停车。A. spotted发现；B.
explored探索；C. instructed指示；D. described描述。根据后文“I hadn’t fastened my seat belt and signaled
me to stop”指发现没有系安全带。故选A。
50．（2024·天津·二模）Due to Huawei’s latest product Mate X5 which was ______ in September 2023, Huawei
took a leading role on China Market Foldable Smartphone Brand Sales Ranking.
A．launched B．landed C．installed D．informed
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：由于华为在2023年9月推出了最新的产品Mate X5，华为在中国市场
的可折叠智能手机品牌销售排名中占据了领先地位。A. launched（首次）上市；B. landed（飞机）着陆或
（物品）到达；C. installed安装；D. informed通知。launched正确地描述了新产品的发布，符合句意。故
选A项。
51．（2024·天津·二模）As a physician during the Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo is often________ with being the first inChina to use anesthesia (麻醉)during surgcry.
A．presented B．referred C．credited D．promoted
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为汉朝的一名医生，华佗经常被认为是中国第一个在外科手术中使
用麻醉的人。A. presented展示；提交；B. referred提到；涉及；C. credited认为是……的功劳；把……归功
于；D. promoted促进；推动。由语意可知，华佗经常被认为是中国第一个在外科手术中使用麻醉的人。be
credited with意为“被认为有……成就” 。故选C项。
52．（2024·天津南开·模拟预测）We had to ______ on the location for our vacation to end the discussion and
make everyone happy.
A．memorize B．compromise C．suspect D．destroy
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了结束讨论，让每个人都满意，我们不得不在度假地点上妥协。根
据后文中make everyone happy（让每个人都满意）可知，该句应该表示对于度假地点的“妥协”。A.
memorize记住；B. compromise妥协；C. suspect猜想；D. destroy摧毁。B项符合句意，故选B。
53．（2024·天津和平·三模）In Japan, someone who witnesses another person ______ the OK gesture might
think it means money, while in France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero.
A．ignoring B．employing C．analyzing D．permitting
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在日本，看到别人做“OK”手势的人可能会认为这是钱的意思，而在
法国，看到同样的手势的人可能会认为这是零的意思。A. ignoring忽视；B. employing雇佣，采用；C.
analyzing分析；D. permitting允许。根据后文“the OK gesture”指采用OK手势的人。故选B。
54．（2024·天津北辰·三模）By working in a famous school, Lily not only ______ much valuable experience but
also had a clearer understanding of her career ahead.
A．guaranteed B．accumulated C．exchanged D．scheduled
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过在名校的工作，莉莉不仅积累了很多宝贵的经验，而且对未来的
职业生涯有了更清晰的认识。A. guaranteed保证；B. accumulated积累； C. exchanged交换；D. scheduled
安排。根据“By working in a famous school”以及常识可知，莉莉积累了很多宝贵的经验。故选B项。
55．（2024·天津·三模）While posing no significant security threat, the event did ________ some popular
concern.A．suspect B．generate C．disturb D．refresh
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然没有构成重大的安全威胁，但这一事件确实引起了一些公众的关
注。A. suspect怀疑；B. generate引起，产生；C. disturb打扰；D. refresh使恢复精神。根据后文“some
popular concern”指引起关注，故选B。
56．（2024·天津·一模）Greenhouse gases have been speeding up the process of global warming and our
climate.
A．affecting B．challenging C．promoting D．creating
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：温室气体一直在加速全球变暖的进程并影响我们的气候。A.
affect影响；B. challenge挑战；C.promote促进；D. create创造。根据题意，温室气体在全球蔓延
后，肯定会影响到我们的气候，故选A项。
57．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in
northern China. The zone was to be established in 1991 by State Council.
A．informed B．advertised C．announced D．approved
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：天津港自由贸易区是中国北方唯一的自由贸易区。1991年经国务院批
准设立。A. informed通知，告知；B. advertised做广告；C. announced宣布；D. approved同意，批准。根据
The zone及by State Council可知，此处表示“被批准建立”。故选D。
58．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）It has been ________ that this drug is effective.
A．composed B．prescribed C．restrained D．demonstrated
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这药已被证实是有效的。A. composed组成；B. prescribed开处方；C.
restrained制止；D. demonstrated证明。根据句意可知，已被证实，这种药是有效的。故选D项。
59．（2012·江西宜春·一模）The parking rules in public places should be ______ strictly, otherwise you would
get a ticket.
A．realized B．recognized C．consulted D．observed
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：公共场所的停车规则应该严格遵守，否则你会收到罚款单。A. realized
认识到，实现；B. recognized辨认出；C. consulted咨询；D. observed观察，遵守（规则、法律等）。根据前文“The parking rules in public places”及后文“otherwise you would get a ticket”可知，在公共场所，必须
严格遵守停车规则。故选D项。
60．（23-24高三·天津河北·期末）Most of the value of AI lies in its __________ to analyse and interpret vast
amounts of data.
A．stability B．capacity C．celebrity D．reputation
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人工智能的大部分价值在于其分析和解释大量数据的能力。A.
stability稳定性；B. capacity能力；C. celebrity名人，名流；D. reputation名声，名誉。根据“to analyse and
interpret vast amounts of data.”可知，此处指人工智能具备分析和解释大量数据的能力。故选B。
61．（2024·天津河西·二模）Peking University has the ______ of being one of the most famous universities in
the world, so it attracts a large number of excellent students every year.
A．distinction B．admission C．impression D．ambition
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：北京大学有着全世界最著名大学之一的荣誉，因此每年都吸引着大批
优秀的学生。A. distinction荣誉；B. admission录取；C. impression印象；D. ambition志向。分析句子意思
可知，这里需要名词distinction，作宾语，构成短语have the distinction of，意为“有……的荣誉/特殊之
处”。故选A。
62．（2024·天津·二模）The hit film YOLO has received criticism as well as ______ since it was released
because views on overweight differ.
A．credit B．argument C．implement D．privilege
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：热门电影《热辣滚烫》自上映以来，既受到批评，也受到赞扬，因为
人们对超重的看法不一。A. credit赞扬；B. argument争论；C. implement工具；器具；D. privilege特权；荣
幸。根据“because views on overweight differ.”可知，电影《热辣滚烫》既受到批评，也受到赞扬。故选
A。
63．（2024·天津和平·二模）_______ must go to addressing immediate needs and ensuring the safety of all
individuals in the community during this crisis.
A．Measures B．Targets C．Functions. D．Priorities
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这场危机中，必须优先解决当前的需求，并确保社区中所有人的安全。A. Measures措施；B. Targets目标；C. Functions功能；D. Priorities优先事项。此处应指应对危机时需
要采取的“措施”来解决眼前的需求和保障安全，因此Measures最符合语境。故选A。
64．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）The visit to the art gallery gave the young painter a profound ______ into
the use of colors in abstract art, so she decided to experiment with it in her own paintings.
A．understanding B．fascination C．glimpse D．challenge
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：参观美术馆使这位年轻的画家深刻地了解了色彩在抽象艺术中的运用，
因此她决定在自己的绘画中进行尝试。A. understanding理解；B. fascination入迷，着迷；C. glimpse一瞥，
短暂的感受；D. challenge挑战。根据gave the young painter a profound及into the use of colors in abstract art
可知，此处表示“对色彩在抽象艺术中的运用有了深刻的理解”，give a glimpse into为固定短语。故选
C。
65．（2024·天津·二模）The CCTV show - the Chinese Poetry Competition has been popular among the
audience, which is partly designed to arouse people’s ______ in Chinese poetry.
A．enthusiasm B．response C．significance D．reflection
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：CCTV的节目——中国诗词大会在观众中很受欢迎，这部分是设计来
激发人们对中国诗词的热情。A. enthusiasm热情；B. response反应；C. significance意义或重要性；D.
reflection反映或思考。enthusiasm符合语境，表示节目旨在激发观众对中国诗词的热情。故选A项。
66．（24高三·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）You can deepen your and memory if you scan the material first.
A．compassion B．compensation C．consumption D．comprehension
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你先浏览一下材料，可以加深你的理解和记忆。A. compassion同
情；B. compensation补偿；C. consumption消费；D. comprehension理解。根据句意可知，此处为名词
comprehension“理解”，满足句意要求。故选D项。
67．（2024·天津·二模）Over the years, people have learned from ants that team work and perseverance are two
key _______ to success.
A．contents B．ingredients C．approaches D．instructions
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：多年来，人们从蚂蚁身上学到，团队合作和毅力是成功的两个关键因
素。A.contents内容；B. ingredients要素，因素；C. approaches方法；D. instructions说明书。根据句意可知，团队合作和毅力是成功的两个关键因素。故选B项。
68．（2024·天津宁河·一模）When giving first aid, we should give top ________ to those in the most serious
situations.
A．priority B．potential
C．criticism D．elements
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在进行急救时，我们应该优先考虑那些情况最严重的人。A. priority优
先事项，最重要的事；B. potential潜力；C. criticism批评；D. elements元素。由“those in the most serious
situations”可知，句子表示“在进行急救时，我们应该优先考虑那些情况最严重的人”，give priority to意
为“优先考虑”。故选A。
69．（2024·天津·一模）Healthcare workers are at risk of getting infectious diseases because of their to
infected patients.
A．guidance B．response C．exposure D．advantage
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：医护人员由于与被感染的病人接触而有感染传染病的危险。A.
guidance指导；B. response反应，回复；C. exposure接触；D.advantage优势。医疗工作人员和感染的病人
是频繁接触的，并且因此面临感染的风险。故选C项。
70．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）Men must consider eating, drinking, clothing and finding shelter
before they can pursue entertainment and .
A．potential B．recreation C．justice D．intervention
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人在追求娱乐和消遣之前，必须先考虑吃、喝、穿和住的地方。A.
potential潜能；B. recreation消遣；C. justice公平；D. intervention介入。根据上文“entertainment and”可知，
指追求娱乐和消遣。故选B。
阅读理解
Passage 1
Experiments on rats show that mixing energy drinks with alcohol can cause long-term problems withcognitive (认知的) function, adding to concerns over young adults drinking habits.
The study was carried out by a team from the University of Cagliari, and groups of male adolescent rats
being given alcohol, energy drinks, or a mixture of both. Various standard experiments were then used to assess
cognitive function - including brain scans and behavioral tests - up to 53 days after drinking.
These tests revealed that the animals consuming the mixed drinks showed enduring changes in their ability
to learn and remember and changes in the hippocampus (海马体) - a part of the brain responsible for learning and
memory.
Alcohol and energy drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and the effects from this study
are that these habits could cause some long-term harm. In particular, it seems that hippocampus plasticity could be
affected, damaging the brain’s ability to adapt and change in response to new information and demands.
While the rats on alcohol and energy drinks initially showed a boost in certain brain functions. these benefits
didn’t last, and over time and into adulthood there was a decline in brain capability.
The results show that alcohol mixed with energy drinks consumption during the preadoleseent period
produces adaptive hippocampal changes at the electrophysiological and molecular levels. associated with changes
in behavior, which are already detectable during adolescence and persist in adulthood.
These results still need to be confirmed in human studies, and there’re likely differences between sexes due
to hormone interactions that weren’t explored in this study. But health concerns over energy drinks are justified.
Alcohol has plenty of effects in health, and it’s well-known that mixing the two together in any kind of significant
way isn’t the best idea.
Overall, the analysis of the whole set of data obtained suggests that alcohol mixed with energy drinks, during
adolescence, may have results that are not necessarily the sum of those observed with alcohol or energy drinks
alone and permanently affect hippocampal plasticity.
1．How was the study carried out?
A．By observing rats’ various behaviors on the spot.
B．By comparing rats’ reactions on different occasions.
C．By collecting previous data of rats of different kinds
D．By measuring the cognitive influences on the tested rats.
2．What does the underlined word “enduring” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Minor. B．Instant. C．Lasting. D．Unnoticeable
3．What can we learn from the study?A．Mixed drinks initially do great damage to rats’ brains.
B．Great sex differences have been detected in rats so far.
C．Human subjects have not been involved in the process
D．The hippocampal and behavioral changes don’t last long.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Adolescent Rats Experimented, Great Concerns Aroused
B．More Energy Drinks Consumed, More Health Effects Noted
C．Healthy Diet Habits Adopted, Behavioral Patterns Improved
D．Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol, Brain Functions Affected
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是一项关于将能量饮料与酒精混合饮用对青春期大鼠认知能力长期
影响的研究。研究发现，这种混合饮品会导致大鼠在学习和记忆能力方面出现持久性改变，特别是影响海
马体的可塑性，进而损害大脑适应新信息和需求的能力。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Various standard experiments were then used to assess cognitive function -
including brain scans and behavioral tests - up to 53 days after drinking. (然后用各种标准实验来评估饮酒后53
天的认知功能，包括脑部扫描和行为测试。)”可知，研究是通过测量对被试大鼠的认知影响来进行的，故
选D。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Alcohol and energy drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and
the effects from this study are that these habits could cause some long-term harm. (由于各种原因，酒精和能量饮
料在年轻人中很受欢迎，这项研究的结果是，这些习惯可能会造成一些长期危害。)”可知，划线词所在句
子表示“这些测试表明，喝了混合饮料的动物在学习和记忆能力以及海马体（大脑中负责学习和记忆的部
分）的变化方面表现出持久的变化”，划线词enduring的意思是“持久的”，和lasting意思相近，故选
C。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“These results still need to be confirmed in human studies, and there're likely
differences between sexes due to hormone interactions that weren't explored in this study. (这些结果仍需要在人类
研究中得到证实，而且由于激素的相互作用，两性之间可能存在差异，而这项研究并未探索这些差异。)”
可知，我们能从这项研究中了解到人类实验对象尚未参与这一过程。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“These tests revealed that the animals consuming the mixed drinks
showed enduring changes in their ability to learn and remember and changes in the hippocampus (海马体) - a part
of the brain responsible for learning and memory. (这些测试表明，喝了混合饮料的动物在学习和记忆能力以及海马体（大脑中负责学习和记忆的部分）的变化方面表现出持久的变化。)”和第四段“Alcohol and energy
drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and the effects from this study are that these habits could
cause some long-term harm. In particular, it seems that hippocampus plasticity could be affected, damaging the
brain’s ability to adapt and change in response to new information and demands. (由于各种原因，酒精和能量饮
料在年轻人中很受欢迎，这项研究的结果是，这些习惯可能会造成一些长期危害。特别是，海马体的可塑
性似乎会受到影响，损害大脑适应和改变新信息和需求的能力。)”可知，本文主要讲的是一项关于将能量
饮料与酒精混合饮用对青春期大鼠认知能力长期影响的研究，研究发现，这种混合饮品会导致大鼠在学习
和记忆能力方面出现持久性改变，特别是影响海马体的可塑性，进而损害大脑适应新信息和需求的能力，
因此最好的题目是D选项“Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol, Brain Functions Affected (混合酒精的能量饮料
影响大脑功能)”。故选D。
Passage 2
As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and
other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and
wars threaten these modern Noah’s arks. Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution:
building one of these vaults (库) on the moon.
A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on
Earth. This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term,
marine biologist Mary Hagedorn and colleagues report in BioScience.
Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes
advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting
(融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan. A different team has
proposed building a lunar ark in lava (熔岩) tubes that run beneath the moon’s surface. But that design requires a
solar-powered cooling system; any loss of power and the samples would be destroyed. In the moon’s forever-frozen
shadowed regions, a lunar vault wouldn’t need energy or constant human maintenance, Hagedorn’s team says.
Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most
powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and
then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of
threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human settlements on the moon or Mars.
The proposal has its share of barriers. For instance, the moon’s permanently dark regions aren’t free from
temperature swings, says lunar scientist Benjamin Greenhagen of the Johns Hopkins University. “They are still coldbut perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of temperature management.”
1．Why is the moon an ideal place for the biobank?
A．It’s not affected by wars. B．It’s not environmentally polluted.
C．It has proper temperatures. D．It has rich resources for research.
2．What led to Hagedorn’s proposal of a lunar biobank?
A．The solar-powered cooling system. B．The lava tubes on the moon’s surface.
C．The problem facing the Norway Vault. D．The discovery of ice on the lunar pole.
3．What can scientists use fibroblasts to do?
A．Form stem cells for cloning. B．Explore moon soil conditions.
C．Help land humans on the moon. D．Improve the eco-system of the earth.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Lunar Exploration: The Next Frontier for Cloning
B．Relieving Climate Change: The Moon Biobank Project
C．The Moon as a Backup: A New Solution for Seed Storage
D．Building Biobanks on the Moon: A Proposal to Save Biodiversity
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述随着气候变化和人类活动对地球的威胁日益加剧，科学家们提议
在月球上建立一个生物库，以保护地球上濒危物种。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing
most animal cells long-term(月球的这一部分通常保持在零下196摄氏度左右，非常适合长期储存大多数动物
细胞)”可知，月球温度适宜，是建立生物库的理想之地，故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the
world. In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan.
(Hagedorn和他的同事们从挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库获得了灵感，该种子库利用北极零下的温度保存了
来自世界各地的数百万颗种子。2017年，融化的冻土有可能淹没了种子库，这凸显了后备计划的必要性)”
可知，挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库面临的问题致使Hagedorn提出建立一个月球生物库，故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there
could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these
animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says.(Hagedorn说，鉴于南极阴暗地区的低温，那里的一个储藏室可以储存“我们今天拥有的最强大的细胞之一”——成纤维细胞。科
学家们可以将这些动物细胞转化为干细胞，“然后这些干细胞可以用于克隆，”她说。)”可知，成纤维细
胞可以转化为干细胞用于克隆，故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-
world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon.(现在，一组研究人员正在集思广益，想出一个天
外飞行的解决方案：在月球上建造一个这样的储藏库)”可知，文章主要讲述随着气候变化和人类活动对地
球的威胁日益加剧，科学家们提议在月球上建立一个生物库，以保护地球上濒危物种。D项“在月球上建
立生物库：拯救生物多样性的建议”为最佳标题，故选D。
Passage 3
Superhuman artificial intelligence has played a role in our life. When it comes to playing games like chess,
or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of humans. But
we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
We are blessed with a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that
means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. If AIs are to become truly useful
in everyday life — to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a
bouncing ball — we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
In psychology, the ability to infer another’s mental state is referred to as theory of mind. In humans, this
capacity develops at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One
of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s
raining”, they can quickly conclude the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge
about running, weather and human preferences.
Besides, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning
process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In
addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory
of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a
certain ability to think.
But we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain
their goals to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their
learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent
knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just
building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics
research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen.But along the way
thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
1．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well?
A．When asked where an object is, a naughty kid points in the wrong direction.
B．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework, he answers “my dog ate it”.
C．When you are treated with a hotpot for dinner, you reply “a sore throat”.
D．When a mom tells her kid milk is good for health, the kid drinks it up.
2．Which statement will the author agree with most about AI’s theory of mind?
A．AI has already mastered the ability to read human minds.
B．The development of AI’s theory of mind heavily relies on human’s understanding of it.
C．AI’s theory of mind can appear naturally without any human intervention.
D．AI’s theory of mind is superior to human’s in all forms.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward truly self-aware machines?
A．Ambiguous. B．Conservative. C．Skeptical. D．Approving.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．AI’s Theory of Mind Will Define Our Future
B．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
C．AI’s Theory of Mind — a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了AI具备理论心智能力的挑战与发展。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“We are blessed with a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs
of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. If
AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life — to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child
might run into the road after a bouncing ball — we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read
other people’s minds.(我们拥有着一种神秘的能力，能够推断他人的目标、愿望和信念，这是一种至关重要
的技能，意味着我们可以预判他人的行为以及自己行为的后果。如果AI要在日常生活中真正发挥作用
——有效地与我们合作，或者理解到一个孩子可能会追着弹跳的球跑上马路——我们必须赋予它们这种进
化赋予我们的能力：解读他人的心思。)”可知，AI不具备人类推理出他人的目标、欲望和信念的能力，无法解读人类的心思。由此可推知，“当妈妈告诉孩子牛奶对健康有益时，孩子就把它喝光了”不涉及推理，
AI可以轻松理解。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce
the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. (心理学家将推断他人
精神状态的能力称为心理理论。在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制
这种能力还远不清楚。主要挑战之一是语境问题)”和第四段的“Building prior knowledge into AI makes it
reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches
we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we
live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.(将先验知识构建到人工智能中，
使其依赖于我们对心理理论的不完美理解。此外，人工智能可能能够开发出我们永远无法想象的方法。我
们可能不知道许多形式的心理理论，仅仅是因为我们生活在一个具有某些类型的感官和某种思考能力的人
体中)”可知，人类在一定程度上限制了AI的思维理论，作者最有可能同意“人工智能心理理论的发展在很
大程度上依赖于人类对心理理论的理解”这个观点。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“But we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of
mind.(但我们可能仍然希望人工智能有一种更像人类的心理理论形式)”以及最后一段的“It is also a stepping
stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research:building truly self-aware machines. Whether
we will ever get there remains to be seen.But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on
the path to learning to think about ourselves.(这也是通往AI和机器人研究更深层次目标的垫脚石：构建真正
具有自我意识的机器。我们是否能够最终实现这一目标还有待观察。但在这一过程中，思考其他人和其他
代理，实际上我们在学习如何更好地认识自己)”可推知，作者支持开发具有心智理论的AI，期待建造真正
有自我意识的机器。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Superhuman artificial intelligence has played a role in our life.
When it comes to playing games like chess, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein
structures, computers are well ahead of humans. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind
reading.(超人类的人工智能已经在我们的生活中发挥了作用。当涉及到下象棋这样的游戏，或是解决预测
蛋白质结构等复杂的科学难题时，计算机已经远远领先于人类。但是，我们拥有一种它们还远未掌握的超
能力：读心术)”以及最后一段的“It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics
research:building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen.But along the way
thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.(这同时也是通往AI和机器人研究更深层次目标的一步：构建真正具有自我意识的机器。我们是否能够最终达到这一
目标还有待观察。但在这一过程中，通过思考其他人和其他代理，我们也在学习如何更好地认识自己)”可
知，文章主要探讨了超人人工智能虽在特定任务上超越人类，但在理解他人意图方面仍显不足，强调了为
AI赋予类似人类的“心智理论”能力的重要性及其挑战。所以“人工智能有望拥有自己的心智理论”适合
作本文的标题。故选B。
完形填空
Passage 1
（2024·天津卷）
Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy
exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame.
Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad,
it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant
discomfort.
Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it
calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts,
like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries.
The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual
progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This
particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward.
Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many
species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that.
Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况),
figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain
processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that
rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly.
So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several
“selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your“actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self
that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional
footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and
getting better at football.
As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage
it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former.
1．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs?
A．Some people are born physically weaker than others.
B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically.
C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise.
D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure.
2．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3?
A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing.
3．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4?
A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition.
C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point.
4．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species?
A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future.
B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences.
C．Humans care more about immediate rewards.
D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers.
5．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self?
A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star.
B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV.
C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre.
D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了并非人人都喜欢体育锻炼的原因，指出这是因为人脑对无谓的努
力很抵触且锻炼本身的回报不确定，不过大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足，为目标
不懈努力。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? (但是为什么不是每个人都喜欢锻炼呢？)”和第二段中“While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re
pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. (虽然体育锻炼并没有那么糟糕，
但它通常还是令人不愉快的。这是必然的：你正在把你的身体推向它的身体极限，这导致了明显的不适)”
可知，有些人不喜欢锻炼是身体被迫达到体能极限时会感到明显不适。由此可知，有些人不喜欢对自己的
身体施加太大的压力。故选B项。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort.
Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常
敏感。研究表明，它可以计算出行动所需的努力)”可知，人脑对无谓的努力很抵触。由此可知，此处指
“它会阻止我们将重要资源浪费在无效的努力上”，画线词意思应该是“浪费，滥用”，与Misusing意思
相近。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。第三段中的“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. (另一个
问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感)”指出人脑对无谓的努力很抵触，第四段“The thing is, regular
exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain
rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also
means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward (问题是，有规律的锻炼来保
持“身材”需要持续和相当大的努力——所有这些都是渐进的，回报是不确定的。所以，你的大脑问“这
值得吗？”问题的倾向将很难平息。这个特殊的特征也意味着我们通常更喜欢那些付出最少努力却获得最
大回报的东西)”用规律锻炼以保持身材的例子具体说明人脑的这种工作机制。由此可知，作者写第四段的
目的是进一步解释上文的观点。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger,
run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We
can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. (虽然许多物种的
思维过程仅限于“食物，吃它！”、“危险，快跑！”、“痛苦，躲避！”，我们已经超越了这一点。我
们的大脑可以形成多个长期目标和抱负。我们可以想象一个理想的未来场景，弄清楚我们如何实现它，然
后去做)”可知，人类与许多其他物种的不同之处在于，人类能够想象一个美好的未来。故选A项。
5．推理判断题。根据第六段中“And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to
become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your
“ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. (你的“应该”自
我就是做你应该做的事情来成为你的“理想”自我的那个自我。所以，如果你的“理想”自我是一名职业足球运动员，而你的“实际”自我不是，那么你的“应该”自我就是花大量时间训练、锻炼，并在足球方
面做得更好的那个人)”可知，“自我差异”理论认为“应该”自我会使人为奋斗目标持续努力。由此可知，
为赢得奥运奖牌而训练的游泳运动员表现出最活跃的“应该”自我。故选D项。
Passage 2
（2024 年 1 月浙江高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by
psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.
A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes
before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies
with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat
and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but
by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various
types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed
a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more
thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to
manage our time most effectively.
1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers.
C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
2．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetitesB．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
3．What does the author suggest readers do?
A．Absorb new information readily. B．Be selective information consumers.
C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入
了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,
they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次
奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the
cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this
mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但
是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前
一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三
段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric
consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of
the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的
热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地
管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not
tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the
global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为
成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一
样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入
了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
Passage 3
（2022年6月浙江卷）
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that
moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those
who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways
of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value
relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when
people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
1．What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A．It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B．Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C．Simpler jobs require greater caution. D．Moderate effort produces the best result.
2．The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A．is good at handling pressure B．works hard to become successful
C．a has a natural talent for his job. D．gets on well with his co-workers
3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．A good thinker is able to inspire other people.B．Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C．A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D．Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
4．What does the text seem to advocate?
A．Middle-of-the-road work habits. B．Balance between work and family.
C．Long-standing cultural traditions. D．Harmony in the work environment.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度
的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，
但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University,
researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the
language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.(在哈佛大学
Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习
这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适
度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer
的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get
dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目
光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不
努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可
知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher
levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，
积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(但研
究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance,
especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单
的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
