01 名词和主谓一致
一、名词和主谓一致
I. 名词的种类
专有名词 普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构 可数名词 不可数名词
名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
例 句 意 义 名词性质
①She held some flowers in her hand. 花儿 个体名词
②The trees are now in flower 开花 抽象名词
①Youth is beautiful. 青春 抽象名词
②He is a youth of twenty 年轻人 个体名词
①They have achieved remarkable success in their 成功 抽象名词
work.
②—How about the Christmas evening party? 成功的事 个体名词
—I should say it was a success.
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
例 句 意 义 名词性质
①Iron is a kind of metal. 铁 物质名词
②Please lend me your iron. 熨斗 个体名词
①He broke a piece of glass. 玻璃 物质名词
②He broke a glass. 玻璃杯 个体名词
①I bought a chicken this morning 小鸡 个体名词
②Please help yourself to some chicken 鸡肉 物质名词
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.
—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful
A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a
②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）
具有动作意义的抽象名词 A.a B.an C./ D.the
加用与某些动词（如： ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名
have等）连 词）
用，表示某一次短暂的动 A.a B.an C./ D.the
作 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look
take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点
出发)
/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声)
/give a try
表示知识和时间的抽象名 ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must
词转换为普通名词时可以 in____international trade today.
用来表示 A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the
其中的一部分a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)
give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)
have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)
②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.
A.the happiest time B.a more happier time
C.much happiest time D.a much happier time
③ is money.
A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times
①Oh, John. _____you gave me!
A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise
抽象名词转换为普通名词
②She looked up when I shouted.
可用来表示“一次、一
A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some
阵、一种”具体的行为、
surprise
事件、现象或结
其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some
果。这时名词前往往有形
unpleasant surprise
容词修饰
③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.
A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an
unusual
II. 名词的数
规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语
里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表
规 则 例 词
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese,
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
mouse-mice
2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,
3 只有复数形式
compasses, contents
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group,
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作
5 committee, government, population, crew, team, public,
复数（成员）
enemy, party
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情
绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸),
6 复数形式表示特别含义
manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力),
greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,
加-s
Europeans
表示“某国
7 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
人”
以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
men,-womensons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy
将主体名词变为复数
friends
8 合成名词 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
复数
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants
III. 考点：名词的构词法
分考点1：名词的后缀
后缀法是动词转换为名词、形容词转换为名词以及名词转换为名词的常用方法，常考的后缀有-ion,-
ness,-ment,-ure等，具体如下表：
short-shortage 缺乏
抽象名词后缀，表示动作或结
名词后缀-age marry-marriage 婚姻
果、状态或状况、数量或费用
percent-percentage 百分比；百分率
appear-appearance 外表；出现differ-
-ance,-ence 抽象名词后缀，表示行动或状况
difference 不同
expect-expectancy 期待
-ancy,-ency 抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状况 tend-tendency趋势；趋向
emergent-emergency紧急情况；突发事件
-dom 表示状况或状态 free-freedom自由wise-wisdom 智慧
表示“······的科学（或艺术、活 economic-economics 经济学physic-physics
-ics
动）” 物理学athlete-athletics 田径运动
-ion,
elect-election 选举
-tion,
由动词转换成名词，表示行为的过 divide-division分割；分开
-sion,
程、结果、状况 organize-organization 组织；机构
-ation,
compete-competition 竞争
-ition
responsible-responsibility责任；责任心
-ity,-ty 抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状态
special-specialty 专长；特色食品
replace-replacement替代
抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、过
-ment develop-development 发展
程或结果
improve-improvement 改善；改进
dry-dryness 干燥
加在形容词后构成抽象名词，表
-ness kind-kindness善意
示状态、性质、特点等
happy-happiness幸福relation-relationship 关系
抽象名词后缀，表示状态、性质、品
-ship member-membership成员资格；会员身份
质、资格等
friend-friendship 友谊
由形容词和动词转换成名词，表
-th warm-warmth 温暖
示性质、状态、情况、行为等
long-length 长度
grow-growth生长
arrive-arrival 到达
-al 表示动作的状态和结果
survive-survival 生存
fail-failure失败；衰竭
抽象名词后缀，表示行为、过程、结 press-pressure 压力
-ure
果等
carry-carrier携带者
begin-beginner初学者
-er,-or 表示“······的人（或物）”
direct-director 主管
operate-operator操作者；经营者
构成人称名词，表示“专长于·····的 technique-technician 技术人员music-
-ian
人” musician 音乐家
special-specialist 专家
构成人称名词，表示“从事······的
-ist piano-pianist 钢琴家
人；······的信仰者；······的使用者”
science-scientist 科学家
分考点2：常考名词与形容词的转换
（1）beauty n．漂亮-beautiful adj．漂亮的confidence n.自信-confident adj.自信的day n.白天-daily adj.
日常的 education n.教育-educational adj.教育的 finance n.金融-financial adj.金融的 meaning n.含义-
meaningful adj.有意义的tradition n.传统-traditional adj.传统的wealth n.财富-wealthy adj.富有的
（2）absence n．缺席-absent adj．缺席的convenience n.方便；便利-convenient adj.便利的difference
n.差别；差异-different adj.不同的distance n.距离-distant adj.遥远的evidence n.证据-evident adj.明显的
importance n.重要性-important adj.重要的independence n.独立-independent adj.独立的patience n.耐心-
patient adj.有耐心的silence n.沉默-silent adj.沉默的（3）access n．（使用或进入的）机会，权利；通道一 accessible adj.易使用的；易接近的knowledge n.
知识-knowledgeable adj.有见识的value n.价值-valuable adj.有价值的；贵重的
（4）agriculture n．农业-agricultural adj．农业的culture n.文化-cultural adj.文化的nature n.自然-natural
adj.自然的center n.中心-central adj.中心的
（5）anger n．怒气-angry adj．愤怒的hunger n.饥饿-hungry adj.饥饿的health n.健康-healthy adj.健康的
noise n.噪声-noisy adj.喧闹的taste n.味道；爱好；口味-tasty adj.美味的
（6）base n．基础；根据-basic adj．基本的；必需的benefit n.好处；益处-beneficial adj.有利的energy n.
精力-energetic adj.精力充沛的type n.类型-typical adj.典型的
（7）chemistry n．化学-chemical adj．化学的 curiosity n.好奇心-curious adj.好奇的 variety n.多样化-
various adj.各种各样的 safety n.安全-safe adj.安全的 fluency n.流利-fluent adj.流利的 accuracy n.准确
（性）-accurate adj.准确的
（8）advance n．前进；进步；进展-advanced adj．先进的delight n.高兴-delighted adj.高兴的danger n.危
险-dangerous adj.危险的fool n.傻瓜-foolish adj.愚蠢的pride n.自豪；骄傲-proud adj.自豪的strength n.力
气-strong adj.强壮的fortune n.运气-fortunate adj.幸运的
分考点3：“of+n”结构
(1)“of+n.”结构中的名词是抽象名词时，相当于该名词所对应的形容词的意思，说明被修饰词具有某种
特征或属性，在句中可作表语、定语或宾语补足语。具有该用法的名词有：use,importance, help, value,
interest, benefit 等。这些名词前可用 great，no，little，some，any，not much 等修饰，以表示不同程
度。
(2)“of+n”.结构中的名词表种类、数量、度量等时，表示不同的人或物的共同特征，此时名词前通常有
冠词。常用的这类名词有：size，type, kind, price, height, depth,length,weight，age，shape，color等。
·These two rooms are of the same size.这两间房一样大。
(3)“of+n”结构还可以表示人的特点、特性，常用的有“of＋wisdom／wealth／education／courage／
achievement／ability”等。
·Your sister is a girl of wisdom.你妹妹是一个有智慧的女孩。
Ⅳ.主谓一致
规 情 况 举 例
则His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或 What he said is very important for us all.
语
从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为
由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多
复数时，谓语动词
数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what
用复数形式。
从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主
句的谓语动词用复数形式。
what I bought were three English books.
法
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the
一
classroom.
由连接词 and 或 both…and 连接起来的主语后面，
Many a boy and many a girl likes it.
要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是
指同一个人或物 No boy and no girl likes it.
时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并 Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here
致 列单数主语前如果分别有 no, each, every 或 more today?
than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要
Somebody is speaking in class. Everything
用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数
around us is matter
名词和由 some, any no, every 构成的复合不定代
词，都作单数看待。. 若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的
谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复
原 数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None of the sugar was left.
None of us has (have) been to America.
Those who want to go please write their names
on the blackboard.
在定语从句里，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
则 语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
He is the (only) one of my friends who is
working hard.
It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.
在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致
It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.The police are looking for the lost child.
The cattle are eating grass in the field.
His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单
数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用 His family are watching TV.（他的家人）
复数形式
Class four is on the third floor.（四班）
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
（四班的学生）
There are a lot of people in the classroom.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
50 percent of the students in our class are girls.
由 a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的
rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或 用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词
百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的
的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。
数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
A number of students have gone to the farm to
help the farmer pick apples.
The number of pages in this book is three
hundred.
There comes the bus.
On the wall are many pictures.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 Such is the result.
Such are the facts.
Between the two hills stands a monument.
逻 Which is your bag?
Which are your bags?
辑 Are any of you good at English?
What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单 Has any of you got a pen?
意 数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 All can be done has been done.
All is going well.
义 All have been taken out.
All have gone to Beijing.
一 Thirty minutes is enough for the work..
Twenty pounds is too dear.
表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，
致 谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用
在概念上是一个整体。
复数形式
Forty kilos of water are used every day.
原The United States is smaller than China.
若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，
则 “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-
其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
book.
表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主
One and a half apples is left on the table.
语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
一些学科名词是以-ics 结尾，如：mathematics,
The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂
politics, physics 以及 news, works 等。都属于形式
建于1990年。
上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，
I don’t think physics is easy to study.
它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作 My glasses are broken.
主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有 a(the)
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓
语动词用单数。
“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词 The old are taken good care of there.
用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
当两个主语由 either or, neither nor, not only but
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保
Neither they nor he is wholly right.
持一致,即就近一致。
Is neither he nor they wholly right?
就 there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主 There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与
近 There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。
/远
Mr. Green, together with his wife and children,
一 has come to China.
致 A woman with a baby was on the bus.
原 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the
playground.
well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides,
则
along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。
The girls as well as the boy have learned to
speak Japanese.
No one except my teachers knows anything
about it.单句填空：
1.However,ten years ago, this distinctive technique was close to complete___________(disappear).
2. His poems speak of the_________ (lonely) of the mines, the deaths of fellow workers and the distance
between modern life and his underground work.
3. Compared to other noodle____________(variety) from Northwest China, biangbiang noodles is also well
known outside of Xi'an.
4.The chance of this___________(adventurer) survival is very slim.
5. Carson wrote about how islands were formed and how____________（current）change and merge（融
合）.
6. Born in Poland in 1867,Marie Curie is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a
__________(win) of the Nobel Prize.
7.It was he that first set up private schools and received students from every walk of life without
_________(consider) of their social status.
8. Few places in Europe are developing toward a cashless future as quickly as Sweden, which is now enjoying
the _____________(convenient) of electronic payment.
9.November 21st is World Television Day. TV is one of the greatest(invention) of the 20th century.
10.We should remember these ___________(hero)names forever.
语法填空：
A seed bank stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity; hence it is a type of gene bank. Many people may
wonder 1.________the seeds are stored. One of the major reasons is to preserve the genes that plant growers
need to increase the yield（产量），disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutritional quality,and the taste of
crops. Another is to prevent 2.____________(lose) of genetic diversity in rare or endangered plant species in
3.__________ effort to conserve biodiversity. Many plants4.___________(grow) centuries ago by humans are
used less frequently now;seed banks offer a way to preserve that historical and cultural value. Collections of
seeds stored 5._______________constant low temperature and low water level are guarded against reduction
of genetic resources which are otherwise maintained in field collections. These alternative “ living" collections
can 6__________(damage) by natural disasters, outbreaks of disease 7.__________war. Containing valuable
information about evolved strategies to reduce plant stress, seed banks are considered
seed8._________(library),and can help to create genetically modified （ 调 整 过 的 ） versions of
9.___________(exist) seeds. The work of seed banks often spans decades and even centuries. Most seed banksare10.__________(public) funded and seeds are usually available for research that benefits the public.
