考点3阅读理解——普通说明文（阅读C篇）（核心考点精讲精练）（全国通用）（学生版）_高考一二三轮复习_英语_2026年_2026年高考英语一轮复习考点精讲精练（新高考通用）-G58_2026版

考点3 阅读理解—普通说明文（阅读C 篇）
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是26 年新模拟题
1. 高考真题考点分布
年份
卷次
主题语境
字数
题型分类
细
节
理
解
推
理
判
断
主
旨
大
意
词
义
猜
测
2025
年
2025 全国
一卷
D 减少自来水中微塑料
330+135
2
2
0
0
2025 全国
二卷
D 餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材
334+135
1
2
1
0
C 室内植物利于身心
264+126
2
1
1
0
2025 浙江
1 月卷
C 矩阵式种植方法
299+121
1
1
1
1
2024
年
2024·新高
考I 卷
C 篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字
阅读在学习效果上的差异
323+160
1
2
0
1
D 篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数
据的科学性
366+122
1
3
0
0
2024·新高
考II 卷
B 篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快
速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭
276+126
2
2
0
0
C 篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场
272+125
2
1
1
0
D 篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能
设计:与人工智能共生的计划》
321+160
0
3
0
1
2024·全国
甲卷
B 篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为
312+124
1
1
1
1
C 篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的
圣卢卡斯列车
282+111
1
3
0
0
D 篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的
351+146
1
3
0
0
最佳结局
2024·浙江
卷1 月卷
人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发
思考
340+149
1
1
1
0
2023
年
2023·新高
考I 卷
C 篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式
322+ 107
1
2
0
1
D 篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效
339+112
1
2
1
0
2023·新高
考** 错误
的表达式 
**卷
人与自然：保护城市中的野生自
然
320+156
1
3
0
0
2023·全国
甲卷
人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢
复到2000 多头
321+149
2
2
0
0
2023·全国
乙卷
人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响
295+103
2
2
0
0
2023·浙江
卷
人与社会：新型的太阳能农场
 317+149
2
1
1
0
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
高考普通说明文的考查主要出现在C 篇有时还有B 篇。通过观察C 篇各个问题的信息句，命题老师的
命题点通常位于：主题句（话题句、总结句）、承上启下句、转折（对比／因果／递进／解释／并列／条
件）句中，此外比较常见的还有定语从句（状语、同位语、特殊句式）、举例项、引用、特殊标点后。
因此在阅读时，需要额外关注这些点位的句子，便于解题时快速、有效定位。
在解题时，充分利用语篇标志词，利用句子内部、句子之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。
说明文采用多种方式说明事物，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原
因以及后果。
☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点；
☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异；
☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处；
☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似；
☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同；
☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。
除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说
明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明
对象的本质特征。
【备考策略】
⑴快速浏览主题
快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的
信息，并判定行文方式。
⑵速读题干，跳读定位信息
接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息
点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如
果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时
不一定要读完全文。
①对立选项通常选其一，相同意思选项同时排除；
②若该题精确定位在第二段，则精确对应在其他段落的选项再精确也不对；
③非常符合常识及人们潜意识的选项若原文没有正面回应或谈及则不是答案；
⑶题文对应
说明文答题有一个基本原则，答案往往就在原材料中。为此，必须根据题意，从原材料中找出与各个
选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件，作为解题的依据。这是答题的关键。 
④选项与文中某处信息极为对应但其谓语动词已被偷梁换柱则不是答案；
⑤文中不同句子内容的拼凑一定不是答案；
⑥极端选项通常不是答案，除非文中有明显的对应词；
⑦过于笼统的选项只是与文章相关通常不是答案，同理，文中的细节以点概面通常也非答案；
⑷细读解题信息
最后，即紧扣题干的要求，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。
⑧由文中某处信息推理得出的若干个可能情况的相关选项通常不是答案；
⑨定位处信息要尤为注意形容词、副词、语气词及动词；
⑩细节题的考察一定注意出题人问的角度：是问细节本身还是细节在文中的作用（例子数据名言等）。
⑸逐项比较，得出最佳
做阅读理解题，切不可凭主观印象，想当然地确定答案。任何一道题目，均可以在原文中找到相关线
索，这就如同破译密码一样。做题人的思维过程和编题人的思维过程恰好相反，编题人先找好线索，然后
设计问题和选项，解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。因此，我们做题时要逐项比较，排除错误选项，
得出最佳答案。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2026 年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查
题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。
【必备基础知识】
一、【语篇特点】
普通说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的C 篇，以介绍说明型为主。说明文是对事物的形状，
性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的
关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和
距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点
在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。
二、【解题策略】
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离
句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替
作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生
完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、
推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、
综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻
辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细
节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning 的方法，迅速在
材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文
章。
 
考点一 普通说明文中的细节理解题
一、细节理解题方法
题型特点：考查对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。问题通常以
“who”“what”“when”“where”“why”“how”等疑问词引导。
解题技巧：
先看题干，明确题目要求，确定关键词。关键词可以是人名、地名、时间、数字、核心名词等。
根据关键词在文中快速定位相关信息，仔细阅读定位处的上下文，与选项进行逐一对比。注意选项与
原文的表述可能存在同义替换、词性转换等情况。
对于一些较复杂的细节题，可能需要综合多个段落的信息来判断。
二、说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点：
1.在列举处命题。如用First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、then、in 
addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。
2.在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance 等引导的短语或句子作为例证，
这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。
3.在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact 等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not 
so much...as 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。
4.在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并
且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。
5.在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间
的指代关系和语法关系的理解。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与
阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。
1.（2025 全国二卷）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But 
the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, 
Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to 
an explosion in the houseplant industry. 
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. 
“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature 
to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways 
but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. 
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without 
plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there 
was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
……
28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A. It faced tough competition.
B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants?
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level.
D. They enhance productivity.
1.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8 月联考卷（二））C 篇 Tipping has long been a widely accepted 
social norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip 
more frequently. 
Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say 
they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to 
be tipping our doctors and dentists, too? 
As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to 
leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more 
frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀).
The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could 
easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid 
bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. 
Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from 
their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy 
Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a 
way to feel noble. 
Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically 
pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip 
requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected. 
The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior 
professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They 
were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus. 
Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter 
service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows 
that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019.
8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue?
A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services.
B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip.
C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future.
D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely.
9．The digital forms of payment have ______.
A．made tipping less than a choice
B．decreased the frequency of tipping
C．reduced social pressure related to tipping
D．removed the need for tipping altogether
10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe?
A．To reward excellent performance by people.
B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs.
C．To support workers during financial crises.
D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank.
11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______.
A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America
B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends
C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants
D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping
2.（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）C 篇If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re 
grateful for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and 
August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up 
its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.
The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon 
tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000 
miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, 
the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow 
down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away.
The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 
28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this 
case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in 
question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.
Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies 
found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the 
speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33 
milliseconds per century.
Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing 
their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few 
billion more years yet in their run.
8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text?
A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured.
B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed.
C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length.
D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours.
9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days?
A．The speed of the moon’s rotation.
B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit.
C．The temperature on the moon’s surface.
D．The distance from the moon to the Earth.
10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days?
A．Anxious and alarmed.
B．Indifferent and uncaring.
C．Relaxed and unworried.
D．Confused and uncertain.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role
B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation
C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle
D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable
 
考点二 说明文中的深层推断题 
【题型解读】
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面
意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外
之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提
供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。
【设题趋势】    
常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose 等词提问。
提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly
等。
具体的设问方式如:
What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph?
Where does this passage probably come from?
【推理判断题解题技巧】
1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项
一般具有以下特征:
(1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。
(2) 选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely 等。
(3) 正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, 
some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably 等。
【干扰选项】
张冠李戴
即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的
却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点
无中生有
这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支
撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干
曲解文意
即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句
话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原
文意思的曲解
鱼目混珠
鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义
代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义
扩缩范围
为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost, 
all, nearly, more than, normally, usually 等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是
在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解
题造成干扰的命题方法
偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,
造成句意的改变
1.（2025 浙江1 月卷）
……
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the 
planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. 
Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to 
the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. 
……
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens?
A. Traditional.
B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful.
D. Well-protected.
（2024 新课标I 卷）
……
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside 
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. 
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D .They have a strong environmental awareness.
（2026·安徽省高三上学期8 月摸底大联考）Frankie Gaw, an Asian American food creator and author of 
a cookbook, is known for his unique approach to cuisine. He mixes American classics with an Asian flavor, creating 
dishes like a Pop-Tart topped with strawberry litchi frosting and a Happy Meal that includes Fried pork, cucumber 
salad and a Yakult. Gaw’s social media page is filled with videos of these innovative creations.
“I asked myself, If the world is much more inclusive and embraces all of these diverse flavors, what are the 
things that Asian Americans would want to see?” Gaw talked about how his hit social media, cooking series 
“Turning American Classics Asian”, came to be.
The idea appeared after a trip to his local supermarket. Walking through aisles ( 过道), Gaw noticed that 
much of the food stocked on the shelves was similar to what he saw as a kid 20 years ago. Meanwhile, ingredients 
like soy sauce and miso (味噌) were still strictly grouped in “Asian” aisles. For many immigrants and children of 
immigrants, food is an important part of life. For Gaw, standing between the “Asian” aisle and the rest of the 
grocery store was also symbolic of his upbringing in Cincinnati, Ohio. Growing up, Gaw felt like he was living a 
double life. In public, Gaw enjoyed McDonald’s chicken and fries. At home, he feasted on his grandmother’s beef 
noodle soup. It took time for him to embrace his dual taste.
Years later in his Seattle apartment, Gaw began experimenting with his childhood favorites. He changed 
Campbell’s cream of mushroom soup and turned it into porridge. He added miso to the cheese. Gaw shared his food 
on social media. It took off. His food and his experiences at the grocery store received strong feedback, especially 
from other Asian Americans.
“Turning American classics Asian is not just about my appreciation for Asian flavors and ingredients, or 
respect to American dishes. Instead, it’s my way of showing respect for both and, on a larger scale, for the 
experiences of Asian Americans. Seeing this familiar food at a fast-food restaurant makes me feel like I have a seat 
at the table,” he said.
4．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．Frankie Gaw focuses on preserving traditional American food.
B．Turning American Classics Asian is one of the bestsellers in America.
C．Strawberry litchi frosting isn’t a common part of the American table.
D．Asian Americans dislike the typical American dishes.
5．Why does Gaw mention his memory about “Asian” aisles in the supermarket?
A．To show his disappointment with the limited food options.
B．To express his love with Asian food.
C．To imply his embarrassment as a child of immigrants.
D．To tell us how he was inspired to make his innovations.
6．What does the underlined sentence “It took off” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Gaw’s innovation with food got mixed reactions.
B．Gaw’s new cuisine gained popularity quickly.
C．Gaw’s ideas on food were strongly objected.
D．Gaw’s creations got into a big trouble.
7．What’s the Asian American food like according to Gaw?
A．It’s a bridge for cultural integration.
B．It’s an improvement on American food.
C．It’s a reflection of the Asian people’s life.
D．It’s a proof of his preference for Asia.
 
考点三 推理判断题之预测文章走势
根据阅读文章全部内容推断文章的未来走势。预测文章走势的方法：1.利用文章最后一段的内容，预测作
者未来要写的方向；2.根据文章的第一段内容，预测文章的前面可能写的内容；3.理清文章的写作思路，把握
文章的重要内容及写作方法是预测文章走势的根本。
常见的设问方式：
1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph?
2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph?
3．What would the author most probably discuss next?
4．Where does the article go next?
5.What would the following paragraph talk about?
规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？
有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务
必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而
做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。
1.(2025 全国一卷B 篇片段)
…
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV 
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) 
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults 
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and 
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through 
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an 
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
 What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
2. (2025 全国二卷B 篇片段)
For many centuries, people used windmills to grind ( 磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep 
underground when electricity was discovered in the 1ate 1800s,people living in remote areas began to use them to 
produce electricity. This al1owed them to people in almost all1 areas of the United States, windmills were rarely 
used. During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and 
gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. 
Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more 
and more of our electricity through the use of wind.
What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A. The advantage of wind power.
B. The design of wind power plants.
C. The worldwide movement to save energy.
D. The global trend towards producing power from wind.
（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Proper questioning has become a lost art. The 
curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions—incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?” might sound familiar
—but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we found 
that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of questions. 
But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the drop off?
Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are that you received the most recognition or 
reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those 
who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being 
distanced, or considered a threat.
Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it 
should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the 
unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow 
down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst, we’ll 
avoid a lot of rework later on.
Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions 
can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the 
problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it 
narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to 
feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a 
goal.
8．What does the underlined word “incessant” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A．Simple.
B．Random.
C．Constant.
D．Annoying.
9．What accounts for the decline of questioning in adulthood?
A．One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions.
B．Adults don’t get as many chances as they did in childhood.
C．Those who question popular beliefs are thought to be wise.
D．Those asking questions don’t always get positive feedback.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions.
B．Decisions made in a hurry may turn out to be wrong.
C．Better questions can surely bring desirable outcomes.
D．More attention should be paid to making conclusions.
11．What might the author continue talking about?
A．Proper questions that should be raised.
B．Important goals that we are to achieve.
C．Right kinds of answers to the questions. D．Ways to expand our view of the problem.
 
考点四 考查推理判断之写作方法 
推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了
解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作
方法上它们是相通的。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
（1）How is the passage organized?
（2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  __________.
（4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________.
了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比
等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试
题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的
目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为
了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
 (2025 全国一卷D 篇片段) 
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea 
and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic 
snow. They are even appearing inside humans. 
…
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quoting an expert.
B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples.
D. By providing statistics.
（2026·安徽省高三上学期8 月摸底大联考）Through evolution, animals have developed numerous ways 
to protect themselves from predators (捕食者). Turtles hide in their shells, and skunks (臭鼬) use smelly liquid. But 
these defenses don’t work against cars. Environmental journalist Ben Goldfarb explains, “When facing a car, these 
defenses are useless — or even harmful. Staying still is the worst choice. Roadkill is a serious threat to wildlife.”
Roads also act as barriers, preventing animals from moving freely. The constant traffic on highways creates 
what scientists call a “moving fence”— a wall of vehicles that animals avoid crossing. While we often see dead 
animals like deer or squirrels on roads, we don’t see the ones that never try to cross. This isolation can harm animal 
populations more than roadkill itself.
Chemicals from roads also damage the environment. Every year, the U. S. uses 20 million tons of road salt to 
melt ice, which pollutes nearby soil and plants. Cars release metals like zinc and copper, and tires leave behind 
microplastics. These pollutants make roadsides dangerous for creatures like monarch butterflies, even though these 
areas could otherwise be good habitats.
Roadsides sometimes attract animals with food like flowers or berries, but this becomes an “ecological trap”. 
Animals are drawn to these resources, only to face the danger of traffic.
Interestingly, when traffic decreases, animals quickly adapt. Researchers in the Bay Area found that when 
cars disappeared for months, white-crowned sparrows — small songbirds — started singing more complex and 
varied songs. Without traffic noise, they no longer needed to “shout” and could return to their natural behaviors. 
This shows how much roads affect wildlife — but also how adaptable animals can be.
Despite these challenges, Goldfarb says, certain species have made remarkable adaptations. He notes that 
Chicago’s urban foxes are said to look both ways before crossing the street. “We think about roads as these forces 
that are universally or exclusively harmful to animals, and certainly they’re incredibly destructive,” he says. “But 
wildlife is also impressively adaptive and clever and animals are finding ways to make a living in our midst.”
8．How does the author start the text in the first paragraph?
A．By stating a reason.
B．By providing statistics.
C．By defining a concept.
D．By giving examples.
9．What harmful impact do roads have on wildlife?
A．Less food supply.
B．Restricted movement.
C．Increased predators.
D．Species extinction.
10．What can we infer from Goldfarb’s words in the last paragraph?
A．Roads are not truly harmful to wildlife.
B．Urban foxes seldom get hit by vehicles.
C．Animals adapt cleverly to dangerous roads.
D．Wildlife protection deserves highest attention.
11．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A．To advocate reducing traffic.
B．To preserve wildlife diversity.
C．To analyze roads’ effects on wildlife.
D．To highlight roadkill danger to animals.
 
考点五 考查推理判断之写作态度 
推理判断之写作态度考点是高考中的常考点。作者发表文章总有自己的观点和主张，也会自然流露出对
某事的态度。做这类题时，我们一定要站在作者的角度上看问题。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
1.What is the author’s attitude to ......?
2. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to......?
3. The author’s attitude towards ....... may best be described as       .
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；
反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表
达，如possible, impossible, seem, strange 等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、
态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正
确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；
disappointed(失望的)等。
中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
1.（2024 全国甲卷）
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five 
government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an 
average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with 
basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. 
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German 
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast 
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. 
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled 
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, 
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors 
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. 
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, 
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and 
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. 
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very 
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and 
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
 What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.
B. Doubtful
C. Ambiguous.
D. Cautious.
2.（2021 年新高考I 卷之D 篇）
 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many 
people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot 
be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” 
Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far 
beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad 
purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to 
help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not 
necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably 
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this 
popularization is a new and much needed emphasis ( 重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others 
interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public 
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will 
excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, 
advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. 
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable.
B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful.
D. Unclear.
（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re grateful 
for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, 
you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation 
(旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.
The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon 
tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000 
miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, 
the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow 
down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away.
The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 
28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this 
case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in 
question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.
Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies 
found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the 
speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33 
milliseconds per century.
Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing 
their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few 
billion more years yet in their run.
8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text?
A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured.
B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed.
C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length.
D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours.
9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days?
A．The speed of the moon’s rotation.
B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit.
C．The temperature on the moon’s surface.
D．The distance from the moon to the Earth.
10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days?
A．Anxious and alarmed.
B．Indifferent and uncaring.
C．Relaxed and unworried.
D．Confused and uncertain.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role
B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation
C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle
D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable
 
考点六 考查说明文的主旨大意 
题型特点：考查对文章整体内容的概括和归纳能力，包括文章的主旨、标题、段落大意等。常见的提
问方式有“What is the main idea of the passage?”“The best title for the passage might be...”“What 
does the first/second/... paragraph mainly talk about?”等。
解题技巧：
关注文章的首段和尾段，这两个部分往往是文章主旨的集中体现。首段可能引出话题，提出中心论
点；尾段可能总结全文，再次强调主旨。
分析文章的结构，如果是“总 - 分”结构，开头的总述部分就是主旨；如果是“总 - 分 - 总”结
构，首尾的总结部分是关键；如果是递进式结构，要综合各段落内容，找出贯穿全文的核心线索。
对于标题类题目，标题要简洁明了，能够准确概括文章的主要内容，同时具有一定的吸引力。避免选
择过于宽泛或过于具体的选项。
1. (2025 全国二卷D 篇片段) 
…
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all 
the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider 
serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated 
and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. 
…
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
2.（2020·全国新课标II）
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help 
children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of 
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play 
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, 
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and 
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their 
ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the 
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more 
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play 
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more 
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method.
B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist
D．A teaching program.
3.（2023 年1 月·浙江卷）
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown 
rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a 
lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be 
installed near them. 
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought 
to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control 
weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. 
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation 
and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and 
contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar 
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the 
easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). 
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over 
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws 
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness 
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. 
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a 
shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D．Solar Farms: A New Development
1.（2026·江苏省南京市六校联合体高三学情调研）A leading fossil expert has suggested that the climate 
crisis might make humans smaller over time because smaller mammals often handle rising temperatures better.
Steve Brusatte, a fossil expert from the University of Edinburgh, thinks looking at how animals dealt with 
past climate changes can help us guess what might happen to humans. For example, about 55 million years ago, 
when the world got hotter, early horses became smaller. He wonders if humans could follow a similar pattern.
In his book The Rise and Reign of the Mammals, Brusatte talks about something called Bergmann’s rule. It’s 
an idea that animals in warm places are usually smaller than those in cold areas. “We’re not sure exactly why,” he 
explains, “but smaller animals probably have an advantage. Their bodies have more surface area compared to their 
size, which helps them emit extra heat more easily.”
Brusatte says getting smaller is “a common way mammals survive when the climate changes fast.” He adds, 
“Not every mammal would shrink, but it’s a trick many use when temperatures rise quickly. So could humans get 
smaller if it gets hot fast? I think that’s possible.”
But not all experts agree. Adrian Lister, from London’s Natural History Museum, says the link between heat 
and shrinking in mammals isn’t strong, especially for humans. “Natural selection doesn’t control us like it used to,” 
he argues. “For humans to get smaller, bigger people would have to die before having kids because of the heat. But 
that’s not happening. We have clothes, heaters, and air conditioners to handle temperature changes. These things 
reduce the need for our bodies to evolve to cope with heat.”
So while some think humans might shrink due to climate change, others doubt it. It’s an interesting debate—
one that shows how nature and human technology might shape our future.
28．Why does Steve Brusatte mention early horses that lived 55 million years ago?
A．To confirm Bergmann’s rule applies universally.
B．To suggest humans are bound to become smaller.
C．To demonstrate temperature’s effect on horse evolution.
D．To show how mammals adapted to historical climate shifts.
29．What can be learned from Bergmann’s rule as explained in the passage?
A．Surface area alone affects animals’ heat emission.
B．Smaller animals are more adaptable to warm environments.
C．Warm-region mammals evolve faster than cold-region ones.
D．Smaller animals will replace larger ones as the climate warms.
30．What does Adrian Lister imply about human evolution?
A．Humans tend to grow larger in hot climates.
B．Natural selection still shapes human body size.
C．Climate change no longer affects human evolution.
D．Technology reduces the need for climate adaptation.
31．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Climate crisis’s impact on human size evolution.
B．Modern technology’s impact on natural selection.
C．Mammal evolution in response to climate change.
D．The application of Bergmann’s rule in modern society.
2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9 月月考）The best and most-commonly used sources for 
the pills we have are oily fish like salmon (鲑鱼), mackerel (鲭鱼) and sardine (沙丁鱼). Many environmentalists 
fear that some species are being overfished for this purpose. We may have an endless voracity for fish oil, but we 
don’t have an endless supply of fish.
Menhaden (鲱鱼), which is described as “a big-headed, smelly, foot-long fish”, is in great danger. Although 
prized for dinner in the 18th century, the species has become the unknown victim of the fish oil business, which 
presents us with potential selfish. Menhaden feeds almost entirely on algae ( 海藻) and is especially good at 
changing it into omega-3 fatty acids, which make it a good target for fish oil companies.
One particular company, Protein of Houston, has been fishing 90 percent of the country’s menhaden. It’s 
become such a big problem that 13 of the 15 Atlantic states have banned the company’s boats from their waters. Yet 
the company is still allowed to fish in North Carolina and Virginia, as well as federal waters; the company’s efforts 
result in the removing of half a billion menhadens every year.
Aside from a public natural resource running out for a company’s private profit, the damage to the ecosystem 
is the cause for alarm. The muddy brown colour of the Long Island Sound is the direct result of lacking water 
filtration (过滤) — a job that was once done by menhaden.
Menhaden keeps the ocean waters of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts clean. A menhaden filters four to six 
gallons of water of algae in a minute, which prevents underwater dead zones.
Measures should be taken to avoid the overfished situation. Plant seeds such as flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp 
seeds, and sesame seeds — and particularly their oils — are good vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids, 
although the mix of specific acids is different from which one can get from fish.
4．What does the underlined word “voracity” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Trouble.
B．Shortage.
C．Resource.
D．Appetite.
5．Why does menhaden become a good fish for companies to make pills?
A．It is good at forming omega-3 fatty acids.
B．It feeds mainly on the harmful algae.
C．It is well-known for its rich protein.
D．It is relatively easy for companies to catch.
6．What does the author intend to suggest us in the last paragraph?
A．To grow more plants for their seeds to make oil.
B．To use some substitutes instead of more fish oil.
C．To call on the government to make laws in fishing.
D．To take part in more activities to protect the environment.
7．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Broken Natural Ecosystem
B．The Process of Making Fish Oil
C．Bad Effects of Fish Oil Making
D．How to use natural resources.
 
考点七 考查词义猜测题 
通过阅读理解中的猜测词义，考查考生推测词义的能力、培养学生整体把握文章内容，不拘泥于细节，
对于生词可以通过上下文理解其含义。猜测词义的考查类型：1.单个单词的意思；2.考查短语的意思；3.考
查句子的意思；4.考查代词的意思；5.考查熟词生意；6.考查生词生意。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
 1. What do the underlined words “......” mean in paragraph 7?
 2． What does “......” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
 3． The word "......" in paragraph 2 means  _________?
4．What do the underlined words “......” probably mean?
规律方法 
此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转
化法和合成法，现在高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题考查派生和合成词形式的较少，主要是需要利用上下
文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测
词义。
（2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷）C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it 
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital 
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly 
intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. 
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, 
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive 
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll 
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear 
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you 
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable 
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude( 独处) and the 
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each 
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. 
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for 
your particular circumstances.
 (　)29.What does the underlined word“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Clear-up. 
B.Add-on.
C.Check-in.
D.Take-over.
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.（2026·安徽省江淮十校高三上学期8 月第一次联考）In recent years, the concept of “slow travel” has 
emerged as a reaction to the fast paced, mass tourism that dominates the industry. Slow travel encourages travelers 
to engage profoundly with local cultures, stay longer in destinations, and form meaningful connections with local 
communities.
One of the key principles of slow travel is to reduce environmental impact. By choosing to stay in locally-
owned accommodations, eating at family-run restaurants, and using public transportation or bicycles, travelers can 
significantly decrease their carbon footprint. For instance, a study found that tourists who engage in slow travel 
produce up to 70% less greenhouse gas emissions compared to those on traditional package tours.
Slow travel also allows for a deeper cultural understanding. Instead of rushing through tourist attractions, 
slow travelers take the time to participate in local traditions, learn about historical significance, and interact with 
residents. This not only enriches the travel experience but also provides economic benefits to local communities. In 
some rural areas, slow travel initiatives have helped preserve endangered crafts and revitalize (使恢复元气) dying 
traditions.
However, slow travel is not without challenges. It requires more planning and flexibility, as travelers need to 
research local customs, transportation options, and authentic experiences. Additionally, slow travel may not be 
feasible for everyone due to time or budget constraints ( 约束). For busy professionals or families with limited 
vacation days, spending weeks in a single destination may seem unrealistic.
Despite these challenges, the slow travel movement continues to grow. Travelers are becoming more 
conscious of their environmental and cultural impact, and many are seeking more authentic and sustainable ways to 
explore the world. As a result, travel companies are starting to offer more slow-travel options. such as extended 
homestays and cultural immersion programs.
8．What is the benefit of slow travel?
A．It can save money on traveling.
B．It can be more environmentally friendly.
C．It can allow travelers to visit more places hurriedly.
D．It can increase the financial income of travel companies.
9．What can we learn about slow travel from the third paragraph?
A．It has little impact on local economies.
B．It focuses on superficial interactions with locals.
C．It discourages travelers from learning about history.
D．It may contribute to the preservation of traditional crafts.
10．What does the underlined word “feasible” mean in this context?
A．practical
B．inevitable
C．contradictory
D．desirable
11．What can be inferred about the future of slow travel?
A．It will replace traditional tourism entirely.
B．It may become more popular in the future.
C．It will cost less as time passes.
D．It will only be accessible to wealthy travelers.
2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9 月月考）You stayed up too late browsing through your 
phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That 
dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn’t just about 
willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes.
Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk 
of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven 
hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep during 
the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable 
due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body’s internal clock and are 
linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease.
Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, 
a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain 
becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not 
only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry 
they actually felt.
Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of 
consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture 
that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for 
junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for 
appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health.
8．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1?
A．High-calorie foods are more attractive.
B．Staying up late can make people dizzy.
C．Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite.
D．People are addicted to using mobile phones.
9．Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation?
A．They have unhealthy lifestyles.
B．They bear expectation of the society.
C．They have demanding and shifting schedules.
D．They have much pressure from the workload.
10．Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency?
A．The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic.
B．Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food.
C．The brain reacts more quickly to the environment.
D．Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients.
11．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph?
A．Getting enough sleep.
B．Putting down the electronics.
C．Staying away from junk food.
D．Controlling our weight.
3.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8 月联考卷（二））Tipping has long been a widely accepted social 
norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip more 
frequently. 
Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say 
they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to 
be tipping our doctors and dentists, too? 
As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to 
leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more 
frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀).
The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could 
easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid 
bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. 
Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from 
their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy 
Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a 
way to feel noble. 
Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically 
pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip 
requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected. 
The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior 
professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They 
were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus. 
Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter 
service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows 
that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019.
8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue?
A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services.
B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip.
C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future.
D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely.
9．The digital forms of payment have ______.
A．made tipping less than a choice
B．decreased the frequency of tipping
C．reduced social pressure related to tipping
D．removed the need for tipping altogether
10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe?
A．To reward excellent performance by people.
B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs.
C．To support workers during financial crises.
D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank.
11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______.
A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America
B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends
C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants
D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping
4.（2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）Walk around most large cities in Europe and the 
United States, and you’d be thinking that we’re living in a new world of affordable and effortless mobility for all, 
with the smartphone in your pocket an entrance to shared bikes and electric cars. But if you’re disabled or elderly, 
living in a low-income area or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a 
lot more difficult. 
Shared mobility could be a key part of a more sustainable transportation system. But to be most effective, it 
needs to include everyone. Right now, various initiatives and projects are seeking creative solutions to reach 
underserved communities. 
The E-Bike Library model was born in such context. E-bike libraries address a number of barriers: The bikes 
are free, and the libraries are hosted by places that are already an important part of the community. In addition to 
maintaining the bikes, the programs also organize training, group rides and educational events to familiarize people 
with cycling culture and safety. 
For Mobitwin, a social transportation service for elderly people and those with reduced mobility, personal 
interactions and affordability are important. Founded by the Belgian mobility nongovernmental organization 
Mpact, Mobitwin lets elderly people request a vehicle ride from a volunteer for a minimal fee. The program, which 
has been running since the 1980s, currently serves around 40,000 people in Belgium. 
Being able to get out and about is a crucial part of participating in society, and reduced mobility in old age 
goes hand in hand with social isolation and loneliness, according to Esen Köse, project manager at Mpact. “We 
want to make sure that people who are often not in the social cycle of going to work or school, who are actually 
often left out, still have an option to get out of the house and do the simple daily things, like going to the grocery 
store or seeing families,” he says, “our big goal is to engage as many people as possible in shared mobility, so 
supporting service is essential to facilitate this shift.”
28．What is the problem with the current shared mobility according to the text?
A．Disturbance to traffic order.
B．Overdependence on smart devices.
C．Limited involvement of certain groups. D．Heavy financial burden for vehicle users.
29．How does the E-Bike Library help underserved groups?
A．By upgrading cycling facilities.
B．By publishing cycling-related books.
C．By building a cycling-support community.
D．By providing safety guarantees for cycling.
30．Which of the following words best describes Mobitwin?
A．Experimental. B．Commercial.
C．Accessible.
D．Digital.
31．What can you infer from Esen Köse’s words?
A．Social mobility depends on financial aid.
B．Shared mobility promotes green travel shift.
C．Public mobility is mainly based on device updates.
D．Mobility is a key to the elderly’s emotional wellness.
5.（2025·湖南省怀化市高三上学期开学）A recent study reveals that the ability to see things from others’ 
perspectives (观点) may augment creativity. Researchers from the University of Vienna conducted experiments 
with young Chinese adults to examine how different types of empathy ( 同理心) relate to creative thinking and 
achievement.
The study measured two kinds of empathy: cognitive empathy (understanding others’ points of view) and 
emotional empathy (sharing others’ feelings). Participants completed questionnaires about their empathic 
tendencies and reported their creative activities over the past year, such as writing, inventing, or artistic pursuits. 
Researchers also analyzed long-term data from China’s Gene-Brain-Behavior Project to track creative 
development.
Results showed that people with stronger cognitive empathy engaged in more creative activities and 
achieved greater success in fields like visual arts, science, and writing. Interestingly, emotional empathy didn’t 
show the same connection to creativity. The benefits of perspective-taking appeared strongest in areas requiring 
innovative thinking rather than technical skills like music performance.
Further analysis suggested that understanding different viewpoints might stimulate creativity by exposing 
individuals to diverse ways of thinking. However, the emotional aspect of empathy didn’t contribute similarly, 
possibly because it requires mental energy that could otherwise be used for creative work. The findings highlight 
how developing our ability to see through others’ eyes might be an effective way to boost creative potential, 
especially in fields that value novel approaches and solutions.
Whatever the case, the findings suggest that increasing your ability to take someone’s perspectives might be 
a good thing for your creativity. Fortunately, empathy can be cultivated through deliberate effort. One effective 
method is to engage with books or watch TV or films and mentally place yourself in the characters’ shoes, thereby 
building your perspective-taking muscles. You can also build empathy by interacting with people who are different 
from you in some way, while being curious about their inner life and deeply listening to their perspectives.
28．What does the underlined word “augment” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Put off.
B．Call for.
C．Hold back.
D．Add to.
29．Why is cognitive empathy linked to greater creative achievement?
A．It shares others’ emotional experiences. B．It introduces different thought processes.
C．It offers mental energy among innovators.
D．It helps individuals master technical skills.
30．How can people develop empathy?
A．By role-imagining.
B．By exposing inner world.
C．By working out.
D．By comparing backgrounds.
31．Which can be the best title for the text?
A．The Science of Creativity: How It Unlocks Empathy
B．The Mental Process of Seeing Through Others’ Eyes
C．Understanding Others: the Key to Your Next Big Idea
D．Seeing Differently Rarely Meaning Thinking Differently
6.（2027·福建省（全国名校联盟）高三上学期开学摸底联考）A new study shows choosing exercise 
you enjoy is vital for lasting benefits like strength gains and stress relief. “People try to become more active but 
struggle to sustain the changes,” said Dr. Ronca from UCLA ．“We examined how personality affects this to 
develop better health interventions.”
In this study, researchers assessed 132 participants’ fitness level and personalities, and then divided them into 
two groups: half took part in an eight-week program combining cycling and strength training, while the other half 
were a non-exercise control group. During the exercise program, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of 
each exercise session, before having their fitness level tested again once the program had been completed.
Clear links appeared between personality and preference. Extroverts ( 外向者)particularly enjoyed high-
intensity exercise sessions. Participants who scored high on anxiety engaged well with the program but preferred 
short bursts of intensity over longer efforts. They also preferred not being monitored, suggesting these individuals 
might appreciate being given space for independence and privacy. Highly hardworking and reliable individuals 
demonstrated strong self-discipline and overall fitness gains, likely motivated by health benefits rather than 
enjoyment itself.
At the beginning of the study, the stress levels of the intervention group and the control group were similar. 
However, the only participants to experience a significant reduction in stress levels after exercising were those with 
high tendency to worry, suggesting tailored exercise offers them particular stress relief benefits.
When choosing a sport, the public should consider personal interests rather than blindly following trends. 
The most important thing people can do to improve their activity levels is to find something that they enjoy, making 
exercise a truly sustainable habit. “We found some clear links between personality and exercise preferences, which 
could potentially be used to personalize physical activity recommendations and help people to become and remain 
more active,” said Dr. Ronca.
8．How were participants’ responses measured?
A．By recording their heart rate.
B．By assessing their sense of pleasure.
C．By attending interview sessions.
D．By tracking exercise preferences.
9．Who is most likely to stick to a 4-hour boxing group class?
A．Mr. Yu, an extrovert who avoids tiring workout.
B．Kevin, a shy boy who loves watching boxing games.
C．Monica, a trendy blogger who values personal space.
D．Ms. Li, a disciplined teacher who seeks weight loss.
10．What can we learn about participants with high anxiety?
A．Their stress got relieved after exercises. B．They preferred intense exercises.
C．Their fitness improved more with company.
D．They made health benefits a priority.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．Why High-Intensity Workouts Suit Extroverts
B．How Fitness Testing Improves Exercise Enjoyment
C．Personality Preferences: Key to Sustainable Exercise
D．Exercise Enjoyment: Benefits of Monitoring Exercise
1.（2026·福建省厦门双十中学高三上学期开学）When discussions are getting heated, divisions on 
opinions potentially lead to some awkward moments. This causes many of us to struggle with how to convince 
people to change their minds and how to argue our side effectively. Unfortunately, we’ve already become quite 
divided. 
One study showed that when people receive information against their beliefs, their brains aren’t as active as 
when they receive information that confirms their beliefs. Humans have a well- documented bias (偏见) called the 
“confirmation bias”, which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid 
information that disconfirms them. 
Throwing data at people isn’t at all effective in changing minds and especially hearts. Instead, people just 
find it super annoying. Luckily, research has provided some guidance about best practices, and, not surprisingly, 
they all suggest what our parents have been telling us for decades: You catch more flies with honey than with 
vinegar. In fact, it turns out that instead of citing why you are right and someone else is wrong in a heated 
conversation, one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where 
you agree. 
Another thing we can do is to be open to other perspectives (观点) . We can start by acknowledging our own 
confirmation bias and making a conscious effort to override it. We can also try to take other people’s perspectives. 
And better yet — ask them for it. Ask them why they feel the way they do and what would change their mind. Be 
open to admitting that you could be wrong and make it easy for others to admit their own mistakes. 
Finally, make new friends — friends that are different from you. Make your bias a disconfirmation bias;in 
other words, when you have an opinion on something, don’t just read information that confirms it. Instead, make an 
effort to find information that could potentially prove you wrong. If you were right all along, this exercise will only 
make your arguments stronger. If you were wrong, your mind will have been opened up to new ideas. Either way, 
this kind of open-mindedness will give you a brand-new perspective on life, and you might even make some 
unlikely new friends in the process.
8．Which can illustrate “confirmation bias”?
A．We tend to welcome different ideas.
B．We accept messages from the others.
C．We argue against points of disagreement.
D．We prefer information in line with our views
9．What does the underlined word “honey”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Following advice.
B．Sharing common ground.
C．Admitting mistakes.
D．Blocking different ideas.
10．How can we benefit from our bias according to the last paragraph?
A．By letting go of our own opinion.
B．By making arguments more reliable.
C．By opening up minds to new friends.
D．By securing information opposite to ours.
11．What is the best title of the text?
A．How to negotiate with others
B．Why it’s so hard to change hearts and minds
C．How to shift minds in polarized communication
D．Why open-mindedness is effective in conversations
2. （2026· 湖北省孝感高级中学高三上学期8 月测试）Polar bears have a hidden-in-plain-sight 
superpower that has long been known to Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, but only now has been noticed and 
studied by scientists.
Bodil Holst at the University of Bergen in Norway is a physicist who studies the properties of surfaces. Her 
interest in polar bear fur began when, while watching a TV quiz programme, she saw that the bears hardly show 
upon infrared (红外线的) cameras because they are so well insulated (被隔热的). That means the temperature of 
their outer fur is below freezing, Holst realised, but she had never seen a polar bear in wildlife films that was coated 
with ice, even after swimming in sub-zero waters. “And then I thought, well, how come freezing is not a problem?” 
she says.
This is, after all, a problem for many other land mammals in cold environments. Holst asked researchers at 
the Norwegian Polar Institute if they knew why polar bear fur doesn’t ice up. None did, but they decided to 
investigate together. Holst and her colleagues obtained samples of polar bear fur from the wild and compared them 
with human hair. They found that the force required to remove ice from polar bear hair was a quarter of what was 
needed for human hair.
Washing polar bear fur removed its ice resistance, suggesting that the oily coating on the hairs, known as 
sebum (皮脂), is the key to its properties. This substance lacks squalene (角鲨烯) but contains some unusual fatty 
acids which could be unique to polar bears, but we need further studies to look at the composition of animal sebum, 
says Holst.
Arctic peoples have traditionally used the fur in ways that make use of its ice-resistant properties. For 
instance, Inuit hunters in Greenland have placed small pieces of polar bear fur under the legs of the benches to stop 
them sticking to ice. They also strapped polar bear fur to the soles of boots while tracking animals, to avoid the 
noise made by ice-coated surfaces.
Holst’s team is now exploring potential applications, such as creating environmentally friendly ski waxes 
that contain no long-lasting fluorocarbon (碳氟化合物) currently used to prevent icing. A hair wax based on polar 
bear sebum could also help people who work in cold environments. “I had not thought about that application, but 
absolutely, that should work,” says Holst.
8．What made Holst curious about polar bear fur?
A．Polar bear’s low inner body temperature.
B．Polar bear’s invisibility on infrared cameras.
C．Polar bear’s resistance to sub-zero environments.
D．Polar bear’s appearance in a TV quiz programme.
9．How did Holst and her colleagues carry out their research?
A．By keeping track of polar bears in the Arctic.
B．By contrasting polar bear fur with human hair.
C．By removing polar bear fur’s warming function.
D．By observing Arctic peoples using polar bear fur.
10．What contributes to the ice resistance of polar bear fur?
A．Its physical properties.
B．Its similarity to human hair.
C．Its oily coating called sebum.
D．Its unique squalene composition.
11．Which of the following is the potential application of polar bear fur?
A．Designing non-stick boots.
B．Making noise-reducing coats.
C．Creating heat-resistant benches.
D．Developing ice-free hair products.
3.（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Proper questioning has become a lost 
art. The curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions—incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?” might sound 
familiar—but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we 
found that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of 
questions. But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the 
drop off?
Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are that you received the most recognition or 
reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those 
who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being 
distanced, or considered a threat.
Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it 
should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the 
unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow 
down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst, we’ll 
avoid a lot of rework later on.
Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions 
can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the 
problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it 
narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to 
feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a 
goal.
8．What does the underlined word “incessant” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A．Simple.
B．Random.
C．Constant.
D．Annoying.
9．What accounts for the decline of questioning in adulthood?
A．One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions.
B．Adults don’t get as many chances as they did in childhood.
C．Those who question popular beliefs are thought to be wise.
D．Those asking questions don’t always get positive feedback.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions.
B．Decisions made in a hurry may turn out to be wrong.
C．Better questions can surely bring desirable outcomes.
D．More attention should be paid to making conclusions.
11．What might the author continue talking about?
A．Proper questions that should be raised.
B．Important goals that we are to achieve.
C．Right kinds of answers to the questions. D．Ways to expand our view of the problem.
4.（2026·湖南省长沙市湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期8 月月考）You stayed up too late browsing 
through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and 
impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn’t 
just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes.
Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk 
of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven 
hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep during 
the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable 
due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body’s internal clock and are 
linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease.
Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, 
a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain 
becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not 
only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry 
they actually felt.
Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of 
consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture 
that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for 
junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for 
appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health.
8．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1?
A．High-calorie foods are more attractive.
B．Staying up late can make people dizzy.
C．Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite.
D．People are addicted to using mobile phones.
9．Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation?
A．They have unhealthy lifestyles.
B．They bear expectation of the society.
C．They have demanding and shifting schedules.
D．They have much pressure from the workload.
10．Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency?
A．The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic.
B．Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food.
C．The brain reacts more quickly to the environment.
D．Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients.
11．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph?
A．Getting enough sleep.
B．Putting down the electronics.
C．Staying away from junk food.
D．Controlling our weight.
5.（2026·湘豫名校高三上学期入学摸底）Electric vehicles (EVs) are cars with engines powered by 
electricity rather than the internal combustion engines (内燃机) found in gasoline-powered cars.
Across the world, traditional producers are adding EVs to their product lineups, as well as improving battery 
technology and vehicle range. In many markets, EVs are now cheaper to operate than traditional gasoline-powered 
vehicles, though upfront costs are higher. And EVs are only expected to get cheaper. But do they have any 
advantages in saving our environment?
In short, yes. A common sense about EVs is that harvesting the elements needed to produce their batteries is 
more harmful for the environment than building an ICEV (内燃机汽车) is. Despite the higher greenhouse gas 
emissions (排放) associated with building EVs, their total emissions over the life of the car can be 40% to 60% 
lower than the emissions of ICEVs, because EVs do not produce any carbon dioxide when driven.
Although the harvesting of rare earth minerals and other elements needed for EV batteries is environmentally 
harmful, EV batteries can be recycled at the end of their lifetime. For instance, battery recycling company Umicore 
says it can reclaim 95% of metallic substances such as nickel, copper and cobalt in EV batteries for reuse.
Because EVs tend to be heavier than ICEVs and produce higher torque (扭矩), some have argued that EVs 
wear through tyres more quickly and produce more particulate matter — a harmful material than gas-powered cars 
do. A study by researchers at the University of Portsmouth in the U.K. found that tyre breakdown accounted for 
28% of the world’s microplastics.
But tyre friction in both ICEVs and EVs produces particulate pollution, and driving style and road quality 
have bigger impacts on how much pollution is produced, German tyre producer Continental told The Guardian.
Finally, if power plants and car producing plants increasingly use renewable sources of energy, the initial 
emissions associated with making EVs will approach zero. ICEVs, in comparison, will always release CO2.
8．What is a difference in cost between EVs and ICEVs?
A．ICEVs need cheaper repairs.
B．ICEVs save more on fuel.
C．EVs have lower upfront costs.
D．EVs have less driving expense.
9．What does the example of Umicore show about EV battery recycling?
A．It recovers more renewable items.
B．It is not yet widely adopted in EVs.
C．It causes new environmental problems.
D．It focuses on non-metallic elements.
10．Why might future EVs be even better for the environment?
A．They will use fewer rare Earth minerals.
B．More industries may use renewable energy.
C．They will become lighter than traditional cars.
D．Tyre technology will stop producing microplastics.
11．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．How Are EV Batteries Recycled?
B．EVs vs ICEVs: Cost Comparison?
C．The Future of Renewable Energy in Cars?
D．More Environmentally Friendly, ICEVs or EVs?
6.（2026·湖北省武汉市九师联盟高三上学期8 月开学）As dust from the Sahara blows thousands of 
kilometers across the Atlantic Ocean, it becomes progressively more nutritious for marine microbes (海洋微生物), 
a new study suggests.
“Dust clouds settling on the Atlantic can generate phytoplankton (浮游植物) blooms that support marine 
ecosystems,” said Timothy Lyons, a scientist at the University of California, Riverside. “Iron in the dust is 
incredibly important for life,” he said. Phytoplankton require it to change carbon dioxide into sugars.
Over 240 million metric tons of Saharan dust blows over the Atlantic Ocean each year. To know whether the 
types of dust settling on the Atlantic had changed over the past 120,000 years, Lyons and the marine geologist 
Jeremy Owens, analyzed dust-derived (灰尘衍生的) minerals in four cores collected from the muddy seafloor — 
two in the eastern Atlantic near Africa, and two from farther west near North America.
In dust worldwide, approximately 40% of iron is ordinarily present within “reactive” minerals like pyrite. 
This kind of iron can break down with weak acids and potentially be used by life. In the core samples from the 
bottom of the Atlantic, only about 9% of iron in the dust minerals sampled from farther west consisted of reactive 
iron minerals, compared with about 18% in dust minerals taken from closer to Africa.
“There’re photochemical transformations that tend to make the iron more soluble (可溶解的) in water,” said 
Lyons. He and Owens concluded that during the dust’ s several-day transatlantic flight, more and more of its 
reactive iron was changed — attacked by acids and radiation. As that improved iron later settled into the ocean, it 
was eaten directly by phytoplankton. The only reactive iron that made it to the seafloor was the stuff that wasn’t 
changed during air transport, and wasn’t taken in later.
“The new results are plausible because previous studies have shown that iron minerals react in the 
atmosphere,” said Natalie Mahowald, an atmospheric scientist who studies dust at Cornell University. “Their 
conclusion goes along with what I thought was happening,” she said.
28．Why is iron important for marine ecosystems?
A．It makes carbon dioxide more.
B．It leads to the absorption of sugars.
C．It protects phytoplankton from attack.
D．It provides nutrition for phytoplankton.
29．What can be concluded from the findings of the research?
A．Weak acids seldom change reactive iron minerals.
B．The dust minerals from farther west are rich in iron.
C．The fewer minerals there are, the more sensitive weak acids are.
D．The farther the desert dust flies, the less the reactive iron is left.
30．What can be learned from paragraph 5?
A．How phytoplankton makes it to the seafloor.
B．How reactive iron cooperates with radiation.
C．How iron in dust becomes easier to absorb.
D．How atmospheric chemical reactions fail.
31．What does the underlined word “plausible” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Reliable.
B．Uncertain.
C．Abstract.
D．Contradictory.
7.（2026·湖北省高中名校联盟高三上学期第一次联合测评）Huge piles of research on diet are published 
annually. The most shocking of these get reported in the media. All claim to be based on the latest research and 
each claims to prove the last study wrong. Do scientists really not know what’s good for us, or is the news report to 
blame for the confusion?
Misleading media coverage plays a role, but publication bias (偏见) is one major source: studies that show 
surprising results are more likely to get published. “What you see published in the nightly news is the end result of 
a system where everyone is encouraged to come up with a positive result,” says Vinay at Oregon Science 
University.
One way to get around this problem is to conduct large, randomized controlled trials, which involve 
randomly assigning participants to different groups to control variables. But these kinds of studies are difficult to do 
for foods, as few would risk eating habits on chance; fewer still sustain changes long enough to benefit. Instead, 
nutrition scientists usually observe what people eat by asking them to fill out food diaries, and then track the health 
of participants over a given period of time.
In these “observational” studies, people track their diets while going about their lives. Differences between 
subjects in what they do outside of mealtimes can make all the difference. People who eat what is seen as an 
unhealthy diet — with more fast food, for instance — might have unhealthy lifestyles in other ways, such as 
smoking. Consequently, dietary effects are hard to set apart.
Because of these difficulties, even today’s most recommended dietary advice lacks good quality evidence. 
This doesn’t mean we can eat as much cake as we like. But it does suggest that within limits of common sense, one 
way of eating is about as good as another. While admittedly simple advice, it removes the pressure to constantly run 
after the latest amazing diet or fear seemingly harmful foods. Within reason, trusting your stomach is mostly fine.
28．What phenomenon is presented in paragraph 1?
A．Scientists fail to figure out truth.
B．News spreads confusion on purpose.
C．Research on diet astonishes people.
D．Media reports conflicting diet studies.
29．Which of the following news items suggests publication bias?
A．Chocolate unexpectedly aids weight loss.
B．Calorie restriction helps to slow aging.
C．Effects of zero fat diet require further tests.
D．Whole grain diet improves heart health.
30．What do paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly discuss?
A．The reliability of self-reported diet data. B．How long-term diet tracking improves health.
C．The main problems in studying dietary effects.
D．How lifestyle factors affect diet research results.
31．What is the author’s suggestion for food choice?
A．Avoid potentially unhealthy foods.
B．Consume varieties of foods.
C．Count on the latest dietary advice.
D．Follow body signals sensibly.
8.（2026·浙江省Z20 名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考）Britain’s housing crisis has created a distinct 
generational divide. While older generations often own property, millions of young adults face increasing rents and 
unachievable homeownership. A recent official report warns that 630, 000 people under 35 may face homelessness 
in old age due to chronic shortages of affordable homes.
This crisis originates from decades of policy failure. Since the mid-1990s, house prices have skyrocketed 
dramatically, widening the gap between property owners and others. Government projects like “Help-to-Buy” 
intended to assist first-time buyers instead inflated prices further, making housing less accessible. University 
graduates carry heavy debts from tuition fees exceeding £9, 000 annually since 2010, weakening their savings 
potential.
The rental market offers little relief. Private renters have jumped from 2. 8 million to 4. 5 million households 
since 2007, with those aged 25-34 consisting of over a third. Yet renters face instability and exploitation. “No-fault 
drivings” allow landlords ( 房东) to end rentings without cause, while rents exceed wage growth. Even social 
housing renters experience widening inequality compared to homeowners.
Policy responses are emerging but controversial. London Mayor Sadiq Khan proposed a landlord registry 
and rent control commission to regulate the private sector. Scotland has established “rent pressure zones” to stop 
increases. The Labour Party advocates abolishing no-fault drivings, arguing that secure right of habitation are 
essential for dignity.
Ultimately, this is about intergenerational fairness. A functional society cannot thrive when younger citizens 
bear unreasonable burdens. As one analyst notes: “We depend on the young to sustain our future — denying them 
housing security damages everyone.”
28．What does the official report predict about young adults?
A．Universal elderly poverty.
B．Persistent renting difficulties.
C．Long-term housing insecurity.
D．Unachievable huge property.
29．What brings about the housing crisis?
A．Stable rental market.
B．Students’ reduced debt burden.
C．Decades-long policy failure.
D．Consistent policy responses.
30．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Young adults’ housing security should be guaranteed.
B．Efforts should be made to create a sustainable society.
C．The property of older generations should be passed on.
D．The young should be responsible for intergenerational fairness.
31．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Housing: Pricing out the Young?
B．Policy: Regulating the Private Owners?
C．Landlords: Forced to Accept Rent Hikes?
D．Rental Control: Solving the Renter-landlord Conflicts?
1 (2025 浙江1 月卷)
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix 
planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the 
designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden 
more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in 
a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used 
modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow 
together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the 
planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. 
Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to 
the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. 
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with 
cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy 
the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the 
garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most 
gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon 
absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? 
A. Running out of.
B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with.
D. Taking advantage of.
29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced?
A. To control weeds in large gardens.
B. To bring in foreign species of plants.
C. To conserve soil and water resources.
D. To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? 
A. Traditional.
B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful.
D. Well-protected.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? 
A. The future of gardening is WILD
B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE
D. Old garden plots work WONDERS
2. (2023 全国乙卷)
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of 
meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-
than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and 
whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-
and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported 
that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers 
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students 
applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what 
people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV 
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) 
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults 
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and 
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through 
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an 
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain.
B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.
D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV? 
A. Authoritative.
B. Creative.
C. Profitable.
D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%.
B. 24%.
C. 25%.
D. 33%.
31. What might the author continue talking about? 
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
3.(2020 全国I 卷)
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help 
children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of 
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play 
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition( 认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, 
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and 
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their 
ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the 
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more 
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play 
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more 
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence.  
B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. 
D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?
A. Parents’ age.     
B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education.  D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.    B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist.
D. A teaching program.
4.【2020 全国I 卷】
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome 
familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But 
books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s 
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now 
and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull 
their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s 
A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating 
(令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the 
Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble ( 随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save 
Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar. 
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach 
to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the 
highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But 
remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24. Why does the author like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief account of a trip.
B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event.
D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Debt. B. Reward.
C. Allowance. D. Face value.
27. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He loves poetry.    . He’s an editor.
C. He’s very ambitious.  
D. He teaches reading.
5.【2020 全国I 卷】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to 
fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-
kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race 
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at 
all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, 
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers 
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately 
twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 
or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her 
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do 
not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among 
race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a 
history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking 
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some 
practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building. D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical.
B. Objective.  C. Tolerant.
D. Conservative.
6.【2024 全国甲卷】
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five 
government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an 
average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with 
basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. 
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German 
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast 
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. 
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled 
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, 
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors 
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. 
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, 
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and 
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. 
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very 
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and 
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
28. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries.
B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital.
D. It travels along a river.
29. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated.
B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city.
D. It needs medical aid.
30. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year.
B. About ten months.
C. About two months.
D. About two weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.
B. Doubtful
C. Ambiguous.
D. Cautious.
7.【2023 新课标I 卷】
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it 
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital 
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly 
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. 
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, 
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive 
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll 
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear 
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you 
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable 
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the 
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each 
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. 
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for 
your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.
B. Add-on.
C. Check-in.
D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models.
B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples.
D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed.
B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.
D. Identify the ideas behind them.
8.【2023 新课标II 卷】
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in 
almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout 
history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books 
and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. 
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections 
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book 
as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —
absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds 
of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. 
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of 
the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in 
their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the 
raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. 
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page 
outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as 
any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages 
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly 
networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance 
of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book.
B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum.
D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect.
B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading.
D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.
B. Paint.
C. Seize.
D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
9.【2023 全国甲卷】
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that 
were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a 
world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people 
who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love 
for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work 
in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder 
like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a 
book about undestanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he 
does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in 
history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own 
interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls 
them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a 
coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is 
something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault.
B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder.
D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiners book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiners book?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
10.【2022 新课标I 卷】
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling 
lonely. 
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s 
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes 
have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was 
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” 
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there 
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents 
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something 
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has 
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. 
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: 
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits 
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will 
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes.
B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research.
D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory.
D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve.
B. Oppose.
C. Begin.
D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received.
B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable.D. It takes ages to see the results.
11.【2022 新课标II 卷】
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried 
a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. 
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while 
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now 
rising sharply. 
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic 
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road 
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to 
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. 
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would 
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the 
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver 
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. 
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the 
state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to 
be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective.
B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent.
D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from.
B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going.
D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice.
B. Data.
C. Tests.
D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
12.【2024 新课标I 卷】
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of 
travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce 
the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. 
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience 
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly 
supply of fresh greens. 
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely 
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is 
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, 
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new 
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. 
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions ( 排放) from 
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute 
traditional farms and the surrounding environment. 
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside 
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. 
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety of food.
B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
29. What information does the convenient app offer?
A. Real-time weather changes.
B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
31. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths.
B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence.
D. BMF’s technical standards.
13.【2024 全国甲卷】
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声
音)that they rely on to either ask for help,  scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are 
special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans 
using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find 
food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts 
as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. 
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess 
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place 
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. 
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. 
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't 
usually like. 
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find 
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of 
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just 
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
24. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.
B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret.
D. It's getting louder with age.
25. How does a pet cat assess different situations?
A. By listening for sounds.
B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells.
D. By communicating with other cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perform appropriately.
B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely.
D. Do better.
27. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat
D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
14.【2024 浙江1 月卷】
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a 
result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail 
Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain 
before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project 
flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. 
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years 
“Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area 
from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification 
Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot 
be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating 
wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the 
University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell 
in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one 
really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, 
doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded 
in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative 
legal safety.
28. What does the project aim to do?
A. Conserve moisture in the soil.
B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29. Who are opposed to the project?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials.
D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999?
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
15.【2022 全国甲卷】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved 
skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut 
inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently 
shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another 
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical ( 对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a 
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In 
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition 
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that 
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to 
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on 
visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions.
B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around.
D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door.
B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole.
D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
16.【2020 全国II 卷】
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably 
didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for 
fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different 
styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast 
wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in 
the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there 
can’t handle this non-native species(物种). It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us." says Michael Massimi, 
an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the 
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince 
people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, 
so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option that 
they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in 
New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria 
fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She is trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show 
it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday. 
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed.    
     
B. Became mature. 
C. Remained stable.    
D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal.
B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful.
D. It’s traditional.