冲刺高考第一轮复习--词汇篇(动词及短语动词)

动词:表动作或状态。

分类:系动词、实义动词、助动词、情态动词等。

动词的变化形式很多，在句中作句子谓语成分。特别要掌握短语动词的熟词生义。

复习提纲：

一、接不同形式宾语的动词：

①接不定式作宾语

afford 买得起；agree 同意；refuse 拒绝；ask 要求；decide 决定；expect 预料；want 想要；manage 设法

They agreed to give it to me the next day.

She decided to live in London.

②接动名词作宾语：

admit 承认；suggest 建议；finish 完成；keep 继续；practice 练习；risk 冒险；mind 介意；

I suggested going for a walk.

I haven't finished reading the book yet.

二、接不同形式宾语补足语的动词：

①接带 to的不定式作宾语补足语：

advise 建议；allow 允许；encourage 鼓励；forbid 禁止；force 强迫；order 命令；tell 告诉；

I advised her to get in touch with Henry as soon as possible.

The policemen forced the criminals to give up their arms.

②接现在分词作宾语补足语：

catch 抓住；discover 发现；feel 感觉；get 让、使；find 发现；have 使；see 看见；leave 使处于；hear 听见；

We caught that man stealing a bike in front of a shop.

The boss had the boy standing outside alone.

③接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：

feel 感觉；have 使；hear 听见；make 使，让；see 看见；let 让；watch 观看；notice 注意；

She heard Tom go upstairs.

I couldn't make my car start this morning.

三、高频短语动词：

①高频动词：

advise 劝告，建议；

allow 允许；suggest 建议 ，提议；avoid 避免；consider 考虑，认为；defeat 打败；devote 奉献；employ 雇用；encourage 鼓励；escape 逃跑，逃脱；prove 证明；forbid 禁止；happen 发生，碰巧；increase 增长；improve 改进；manage 经营，设法对付；obey 服从，顺从；observe 观察，注意；offer 提供，提出；permit 允许，许可；persuade 说服，劝说；regret 遗憾，后悔；pretend 假装，装作；

②高频短语动词：须掌握熟词生义。

1.break up 打碎，解散；～through 突破；～out 突然爆发；～off 折断，中断；~ in 强行闯入，打断；~down 崩溃；失败，毁坏；

2.bring in 引进；带进来；赚钱；~out 显示；阐明；~ down 降低；~on 使进步；导致；~ up 抚养；呕吐；提出；

3.call in 召集；~ for 需要，要求；~on 拜访人；号召；~at 参观某地；~up 使想起；打电话；征召；~off 取消；

4.carry out 开展，执行，履行；~on 继续下去，继续开展；~off 夺走；成功地对付；赢得；

5.come about 发生，产生；~back 回来；~on 来吧，赶快；~up 发生；被提出；~to 汲及，谈到；~across 偶然遇见；~over过来，顺便来访；~down下降；倒下；~up with 想出；~out 出来；出版，发行；

6.cut out 剪下，割掉，截短，删节；~in 打断；切入；~off 分离，隔断；切断；~down 消减；砍倒；~up 切碎；~through 切割，凿穿；

7.get out 使离开；泄露；逃避；~off 下车，下来；脱下；出发；~on上车；~across 使被理解；越过；通过；~around 到处走动；~into 进入；达到；陷入；~up 起床；起立；~over克服；痊愈；熬过；~away离开；逃脱；~down下来；写下；吞下；~through通过；接通；完成；~in 进入；收割庄稼；被录取；

8.give off 释放出，发出；长出；~in 屈服，让步；~back归还；恢复；~up放弃；~away送出礼物；泄露；~out发表；分发；用尽；

9.go up 价格上升；~by经过；流逝；拜访；~over考虑；检查；重复；~out熄灭；外出；过失；

~away离开；~after追赶；追求；~into从事；~in for参加；追求；从事；喜欢；~around四处走动；~for努力获取；~off 离去；坏掉；变质；~through 经历；检查；浏览；

10.look after 照看，照顾；~on旁观；~into调查；~on/upon…as把…看作；~down upon看不起，轻视；~about/around环顾四周；~for寻找；~up to仰慕；尊重；~forward to盼望；~up查阅；向上看；

11.make up 和解；化妆；组成；编造；~out辨别；理解；~for促成；推进；~off匆忙离开；逃走；~up of 组成；~up for弥补；

12.put away 收起来，放好；~up with忍受，忍耐；~up 张贴；提供住宿；建起；~down写下，记下；~on穿衣服；增加；上演；~out扑灭；出版；生产；~off推迟；~back 放回原处；

13.run away逃走；~out用完；到期；~into撞到；偶遇；~across 偶然发现；偶然遇见；~after追逐；~out of 用完…

14.set aside留出；取消；不顾；~out 出发；安排；

~off 启程，出发；引爆；~up 创立，设立；竖起；~back耽搁；~about 着手做；~down记下，号下；~in 到来；把…装进；

15.take over 接管；~down写下；~off 脱掉；起飞；~out 取出；~away 取走，拿走；~in 衣服改小；接受；欺骗；~on呈现；承担；~place发生；举行；~up 占据，占用；开始从事；~back收回；退回

16.turn away 拒绝；不让进入；~to 求助于；转向；~on打开；~off 关掉；~up 调高；调大；出现；~down 调小；调低；拒绝；~in 交出；上交；~out 结果是；

单句改错

1. While plastic bags may be ugly to look, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.

2. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give in VOCs when being attacked.

3. The children proudly showed me around their presents.

4. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, took $3 000 more than he had planned for the wedding.

5. The children were playing in the room and one of them was playing a toy dog.

6. You look well. The air and the seafood in Sanya must agree on you, I suppose.

7. My mother opened the drawer to put up the knives and spoons.

8. Jenny was looking for a seat when, luckily, a man took up and left.

9. We’ve just moved into a bigger house and there’s a lot to do. Let’s get down it.

10. Please help with me and give me some advice.

逐题解析

1.✅改正：look后面加at

正确句子：While plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.

🔍解析：look是不及物动词，不能直接接事物作宾语，look at sth 为固定搭配，意为“看某物”。

2.✅改正：in改为out

正确句子：Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.

🔍解析：

- give out：释放、散发（气体、气味），符合“植物释放VOCs”句意

- give in：屈服、让步，语义不符合语境

3✅改正：删掉around

正确句子：The children proudly showed me their presents.

🔍解析：

- show sb sth 向某人展示某物（东西）

- show sb around：带某人参观（地点、场所），本句宾语是presents礼物，不是地点，不用around。

4✅改正：took改为spent

正确句子：John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3 000 more than he had planned for the wedding.

🔍解析：

- spend：主语是人，spend money 花钱

- take多由it作形式主语，一般花费时间，不用于人花钱。本句主语John是人，花钱要用spent。

5✅改正：playing后面加with

正确句子：The children were playing in the room and one of them was playing with a toy dog.

🔍解析：

- play+球类/乐器（直接加）

- play with sth 玩耍、摆弄玩具等物品，玩具dog前面必须加with。

6✅改正：on改为with

正确句子：You look well. The air and the seafood in Sanya must agree with you, I suppose.

🔍解析：

- agree with sb：（食物、气候）适合某人

- agree on：双方就某事达成一致。本句表示三亚空气海鲜很适合你，用agree with。

7✅改正：up改为away

正确句子：My mother opened the drawer to put away the knives and spoons.

🔍解析：

- put away：把……收起来、收好

- put up：张贴；搭建。打开抽屉是为收好刀勺，put away符合句意。

8✅改正：took改为got

正确句子：Jenny was looking for a seat when, luckily, a man got up and left.

🔍解析：

- get up：站起来、起身

- take up：占据空间；开始从事。句意：男士起身离开，腾出座位，用got up。

9✅改正：down后面加to

正确句子：We’ve just moved into a bigger house and there’s a lot to do. Let’s get down to it.

🔍解析：固定短语 get down to sth，意为“着手认真做某事”，to不能省略。

10✅改正：删掉with

正确句子：Please help me and give me some advice.

🔍解析：

- help sb 帮助某人（人作宾语，不加with）

- help with + 事情：在某事上帮忙，help with后面接事情，不接人。

Ⅱ．从方框内选择适当的(短语)动词并用其正确形式填空

二、选词并用正确形式填空

方框词：cut off hold back end up take on live up to attract look up to rule out break down apply to

1. In order to finish the work on time, the man in charge decided to ______ some more workers.

2. At first the man refused to say anything but when shown the evidence he ______ and told us everything.

3. It would be a good idea to use a plastic bottle, with its top ______, as a container to grow young plants in.

4. These rules ______ new members only.

5. It’s natural that a man can hardly ______ a smile when he is informed of some good news.

6. The experiment has ______ the possibility of the existence of any life on that planet, but it does not mean there is no life on other planets.

7. Had she ______ her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.

8. Thousands of foreigners were ______ to the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.

9. No matter how low you consider yourself, there is always someone ______ you wishing they were you.

10. Joining the firm as a clerk, he got rapid promotion, and ______ as a manager.

1. take on

句意：为了按时完成工作，负责人决定再雇佣一些工人。

解析：take on workers 雇佣工人； decide to do  后用动词原形。

2. broke down

句意：一开始这个人什么都不肯说，但看到证据时，他情绪崩溃了，告诉了我们一切。

解析：break down 此处指情绪失控、崩溃；和told并列，用一般过去式break→broke。

3. cut off

句意：把顶部切掉的塑料瓶用作幼苗容器是个好主意。

解析：with复合结构 with +宾语+过去分词 ，top和cut‑off是被动关系，顶端“被切掉”，用cut off（cut过去分词还是cut）。

4. apply to

句意：这些规定只适用于新成员。

解析：apply to 适用于；主语rules复数，一般现在时，用原形apply to。

5. hold back

句意：当听到好消息时，人很难忍住笑容，这很正常。

解析：hold back a smile 忍住笑容；情态动词can后接动词原形hold back。

6. The experiment has ______ the possibility of the existence of any life on that planet, but it does not mean there is no life on other planets.

答案：ruled out

✅完整句：The experiment has ruled out the possibility of the existence of any life on that planet, but it does not mean there is no life on other planets.

🔍解析：

短语 rule out 排除。has + 过去分词，现在完成时，rule的过去分词ruled out。

句意：这个实验已经排除那颗行星存在生命的可能性，但这不代表别的行星没有生命。

7. Had she ______ her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.

答案：lived up to

✅完整句：Had she lived up to her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.

🔍解析：

 live up to one’s promise  信守、兑现承诺。

这是虚拟语气倒装，相当于If she had lived up to…；had后面接过去分词，live‑lived。

句意：如果她当初遵守诺言，她本可以考上耶鲁大学。

8. Thousands of foreigners were ______ to the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.

答案：attracted

✅完整句：Thousands of foreigners were attracted to the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.

🔍解析：

be attracted to… 被……吸引，被动语态be+过去分词，attract→attracted。

句意：上海世博会开幕当天，成千上万外国人被吸引而来。

9. No matter how low you consider yourself, there is always someone ______ you wishing they were you.

答案：looking up to

✅完整句：No matter how low you consider yourself, there is always someone looking up to you wishing they were you.

🔍解析：

look up to sb 敬仰、仰慕某人。there be + sb doing，现在分词作后置定语，look→looking。

句意：无论你把自己看得多么卑微，总有人仰慕你，希望成为你。

10. Joining the firm as a clerk, he got rapid promotion, and ______ as a manager.

答案：ended up

✅完整句：Joining the firm as a clerk, he got rapid promotion, and ended up as a manager.

🔍解析：

end up as 最终成为。and并列，和got时态一致，一般过去时end→ended。

句意：他刚进公司只是职员，升职很快，最后当上经理。

Ⅲ. 根据汉语意思完成句子（每空一词）

1. 我上个月给他们写了信，到现在还在等回音。

I wrote to them last month and I’m still ______ ______ a reply.

2. 晨练时，我跳进游泳池感觉水很凉。

The water felt cool when I ______ ______ the pool for morning exercise.

3. 她急切地从包裹里拿出连衣裙来试穿，不料发现它不合身。

Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and ______ it ______, only to find it didn’t fit.

4. 好学生必须将他所读到的东西与他所看到的周围的东西联系起来。

A good student must ______ what he reads ______ what he sees around him.

5. 青少年们兴奋地进入高中，却很快就盼望毕业。

Adolescents enter high school with great excitement but are soon ______ ______ ______ graduation.

逐题详细解析

1.✅答案：waiting for

完整句：I wrote to them last month and I’m still waiting for a reply.

解析：

1. 固定短语：wait for 等待

2. 时态：am + 现在分词，现在进行时，wait‑waiting

3. 句意：我上个月写信给他们，现在依然在等回复。

2✅答案：jumped into

完整句：The water felt cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.

解析：

1. 短语：jump into 跳进……

2. 时态：主句felt是feel的过去式，时间状语从句也要用一般过去时；jump‑jumped

3. 句意：晨练我跳进泳池的时候，感觉水很凉。

3✅答案：tried; on

完整句：Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn’t fit.

解析：

1. 固定短语：try on 试穿；代词it必须放短语中间 try it on

2. 时态：and连接并列谓语，took为过去式，try也要用过去式 tried

3. 句意：她急切地从包裹拿出连衣裙试穿，结果却发现不合身。

4✅答案：connect; with

完整句：A good student must connect what he reads with what he sees around him.

解析：

1. 固定搭配：connect A with B 把A和B联系起来

2. 语法：情态动词must后面必须接动词原形

3. 句意：好学生一定要把读到的内容和身边所见联系起来。

5✅答案：looking forward to

完整句：Adolescents enter high school with great excitement but are soon looking forward to graduation.

解析：

1. 高频短语：look forward to 盼望、期待，to是介词

2. 时态：are + 现在分词，现在进行时；look‑looking

3. 句意：青少年怀着激动的心情步入高中，但是很快就开始盼着毕业

Ⅳ.语法填空

Breaking up large classes into several smaller ones helps students, but the improvements in many cases come in spite of what teachers do, a new research suggests.

New 1 (finding) of the research from four nations tell an interesting story. Small classes work for children, but that’s not because of how teachers teach, 2 because of what students feel they can do: get more face time with their teachers, for instance, or work in small groups with classmates.

“These are the same as what researchers have already known,” Gamoran says. There is no good evidence that teachers modify 3 (they) instructions in response to changes in class size. Teachers are always strict with their students. Some teachers are making use 4 small classes and others are not. There are 5 lot of differences. “It’s not like that you reduce classes so teachers do something 6 (difference) and the achievement is higher,” he says.

In one study, researchers 7 (close) watched students’ behaviour and found that students behaved better in smaller classes. They also 8 (have) more direct communication with teachers and worked more in small groups rather than by themselves.

One team, 9 (lead) by Ronald Ehrenberg of Cornell University, finds that the potential benefits of class‑size reduction “may be greater than what we observed” if only a few teachers change their teaching 10 (fit) the smaller group.

全文中文翻译

一项新研究表明：将大班拆分为若干小班对学生有益，但很多情况下，成绩的提升和教师所做的努力并无关系。

这项来自四个国家的新研究发现揭示了一个有趣的现象：小班教学对孩子有效，但并不是因为教师授课方式的改变，而是源于学生自身感受到他们可以做的事情：例如，和老师有更多面对面交流，或是和同学进行小组合作学习。

加莫兰说：“这些结论和研究者早已了解到的情况一致。”并没有充分证据表明教师会根据班级规模的变化调整他们的授课内容。老师们一贯对学生严格要求。一部分老师正在利用小班优势，另一些老师则没有。二者之间存在许多差异。他表示：“并不是缩减班级规模之后，老师做出一些不同的举措，学生成绩就会提高。”

在一项研究中，研究人员密切地观察学生的行为，发现学生在小班当中表现更好。学生们也拥有更多和老师的直接交流机会，并且更多地以小组形式学习，而非独自学习。

由康奈尔大学罗纳德·埃伦伯格带领的一个研究小组发现：如果仅有少数教师改变授课方式来适应小班教学，那么缩减班级规模所带来的潜在益处“或许会高于我们观测到的效果”。

逐空格详细解析

1. findings

解析：finding 作名词，意为“研究发现、调研结果”，是可数名词；后面谓语动词tell为原形，说明主语是复数，所以变为findings。

2. but

解析：固定并列结构 not…but… 不是……而是……；句意：有效不是因为老师怎么教，而是学生可以做什么。

3. their

解析：后面instructions（授课内容，指示）是名词，名词前面要用形容词性物主代词；they（主格）→their（他们的）。

4. of

解析：固定短语 make use of 利用……，属于高考高频词组。

5. a

解析：固定搭配 a lot of = lots of，意为“许多的”，修饰可数名词复数differences。

6. different

解析：不定代词something后面要加形容词作后置定语；difference（名词，差异）→different（形容词：不同的）；something different 某些不一样的事。

7. closely

解析：空格后面是动词watched（观察），修饰动词要用副词；close（形容词：近的）→closely（副词：密切地）。

8. had

解析：and连接并列谓语，前面watched、found都是一般过去时，本句也要用一般过去时；have → had。

9. led

解析：非谓语动词；team（研究小组）和lead（带领）之间是被动关系“被……带领”，因此用过去分词led作后置定语。

10. to fit

解析：不定式表目的，改变教学方式为了去适应小班；to+动词原形作目的状语。

语法填空答案汇总

1. findings

2. but

3. their

4. of

5. a

6. different

7. closely

8. had

9. led

10. to fit

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