考研英语||真题实战·2020英语二Text 3:城市限行治污卡在哪儿?五题逐题带练

前两篇分别练了科技报道（老鼠与机器人）和议论文（CEO 薪酬），这次上第三种体裁——新闻评论。2020 英语二 Text 3，马德里清洁空气区。

新闻评论是考研阅读里最容易"读着懂、做不对"的体裁：事实和观点绞在一起。事件本身（谁停了限行、法官怎么判）你都读得懂，但题目考的往往是作者对这些事件的态度。这篇全文 7 段，比前两篇都长，更要把段落号先标上。

考研英语二2020-Text 3

Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolledout ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.

Mayor JoséLuis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving airquality. A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone’s future looks uncertain at best.

Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

It’s not  hard  to  imagine  a  similar  reversal  happening in London.  The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

It's not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents’health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits—fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.

But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that isfar bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments—Britain’s and others across Europe—have failed to do so.

Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres, “school streets”, even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger  effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their  vehicles  into  compliance.  Wales  has  introduced   special  low  speed  limits  to minimise pollution. We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.

21.Which of the following is true about Madrid’s clean air zone?

[A]Its effects are questionable.

[B]It has been opposed by a judge.

[C]It needs tougher enforcement.

[D]Its fate is yet to be decided.

22.Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?

[A]They are biased against car manufacturers.

[B]They prove impractical for city councils.

[C]They are deemed too mild for politicians.

[D]They put too much burden on individual motorists.

23.The author believes that the extension ofLondon’s Ulez will.

[A]arouse strong resistance

[B]ensure Khan’s electoral success

[C]improve the city’s traffic

[D]discourage car manufacturing

24.Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?

[A]Local residents.

[B]Mayors.

[C]Councilors.

[D]National governments.

25.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies.

[A]will raise low-emission car production

[B]should be forced to follow regulations

[C]will upgrade the design of their vehicles

[D]should be put under public supervision

第一步实战：30 秒抓住主旨

扫 5 题题干：31 题问 Madrid's clean air zone，32 题问 city-level measures 的 weakness，33 题问 London's Ulez 扩张的后果，34 题问谁应该解决这个问题，35 题问 auto companies 该怎么办——主题锁定：城市限行治污，卡在哪儿。

注意 34、35 两题的措辞：should have addressed（本该解决）、It can be inferred（推断）——问的都是"作者认为该怎么样"，不是"现在怎么样"。这类题的答案藏在作者的态度句里，不在事件叙述里。

全文脉络（7 段）：

①② 马德里事件：限行落地被捧为标杆 → 保守派市议会叫停 → 法官勒令恢复罚款，但前途未卜 → ③ 作者点破弱点：城市措施把成本转嫁给司机，真凶车企没被追责 → ④ 伦敦类比：Ulez 扩张必将引发强烈反对 → ⑤ 让步：措施确实有用 → ⑥ 转折：但市长天花板低，国家政府失责 → ⑦ 根因：没人强制车企合规

开篇第 1 段就是"反转叙事"：第一句捧（hailed as a beacon），第二句摔（suspended enforcement）。新闻评论的主旨不在第一句，在作者的评论段——第 3 段第一句 Among other weaknesses，就是全文的态度锚点。

作者立场一句话：限行有用，但治标不治本——该被强制合规的是车企，该担责的是国家政府。

31. 判断题 —— D

陷阱：A 和 B 都是"方向反转"项。A 说效果存疑——原文明写 despite its success in improving air quality，效果是成功的。B 最险：法官确实出场了，但法官是推翻市议会的停罚令、勒令恢复罚款——他站在限行这边，不是反对限行。专门钓"看到 judge 出场就选"的学生。

怎么破：题干问 Which is true → 逐项回原文对账。

But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.

前途未卜 = fate yet to be decided，同义改写直接对上。

• [A] 效果存疑 ❌ 原文说效果成功（正反混淆）
• [B] 被法官反对 ❌ 法官支持限行，推翻的是停罚决定（正反混淆）
• [C] 需要更强执法 ❌ 原文无（无中生有）
• [D] Its fate is yet to be decided ✅ future looks uncertain / possible demise 的同义改写

32. 细节题 —— D

陷阱：A 方向反了——作者的批评恰恰是措施没有把负担放在车企身上，而不是"偏袒车企"。C 也不稳：contentious（有争议）不等于 too mild（太温和），词对、意思不对。

怎么破：weakness of the city-level measures → 锁第 3 段。

...the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers ... rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause.

• [A] 对车企有偏见 ❌ 方向反——成本恰恰没落在车企头上（正反混淆）
• [B] 对市议会不切实际 ❌ 原文无（无中生有）
• [C] 被政客认为太温和 ❌ contentious ≠ too mild（偷换概念）
• [D] put too much burden on individual motorists ✅ put the costs on to individual drivers 的同义改写

33. 细节题 —— A

陷阱：B 看着最顺——Khan 和 election 都在原文。但原文说的是 Ulez"将是明年市长选举的大议题"，没说"确保 Khan 胜选"。C、D 又是"听着合理"的样子货。

怎么破：extension of London's Ulez → 锁第 4 段条件句。

And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it ..., it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

sure to spark intense opposition = arouse strong resistance。

• [A] arouse strong resistance ✅ spark intense opposition 的同义改写
• [B] 确保 Khan 胜选 ❌ 原文只说"将是选举议题"，非"确保胜选"（过度推断）
• [C] 改善城市交通 ❌ 原文无（无中生有）
• [D] 打击汽车制造 ❌ 原文无（无中生有）

34. 细节题（态度） —— D

陷阱：B、C 是"行动者"不是"该负责者"。市长和议员在原文里确实在做事——但作者的话锋是"他们只能做这么多"。把"谁在做"和"谁该负责"混在一起，就上当了。

怎么破：should have addressed → 锁第 6 段转折。

They are acting because national governments—Britain's and others across Europe—have failed to do so.

他们在行动，是因为国家政府没行动。"没做该做的事" = should have addressed，作者的反话就是答案。

• [A] 当地居民 ❌ 原文无（无中生有）
• [B] 市长 ❌ 行动者，非该负责者（偷换概念）
• [C] 议员 ❌ 同上（偷换概念）
• [D] National governments ✅ have failed to do so 的反向改写

35. 推断题 —— B

陷阱：D（受公众监督）听着最像社论里的"正确答案"，但原文从头到尾说的是强制执法（enforce regulations），不是舆论监督（supervision）。A、C 方向也反了——作者抱怨的正是车企一直没被强制、不会主动变好。

怎么破：last paragraph → 锁第 7 段。

Restrictions ... are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. ... We're doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.

"缺席的努力" = 该做没做的事 → 反推：车企应该被强制合规。推断题的答案 = 原文负面表述的反面。

• [A] 会提高低排放车产量 ❌ 与作者批评相悖（正反混淆）
• [B] should be forced to follow regulations ✅ require ... into compliance / everything but insist 的同义改写
• [C] 会升级车辆设计 ❌ 与 A 同样想反（无中生有）
• [D] 应受公众监督 ❌ 原文说的是强制执法，非舆论监督（偷换概念）

答案速查

五题同义替换链：

• 31：future looks uncertain at best / possible demise ↔ fate yet to be decided
• 32：put the costs ... on to individual drivers ↔ put too much burden on individual motorists
• 33：spark intense opposition ↔ arouse strong resistance
• 34：national governments have failed to do so ↔ should have addressed
• 35：require auto companies to bring vehicles into compliance / everything but insist ↔ should be forced to follow regulations

📝 给你提个醒（原稿一处拼写，建议核对一下手头真题）

第 4 段 Sadiq khan 应大写为 Sadiq Khan（人名姓氏首字母大写）。其余人名地名（Madrid、José Luis Martínez-Almeida、Ulez）大小写无误。

本篇沉淀三个新招

前两篇练"张冠李戴排除法"和"常识合理干扰"，这篇新闻评论再进一步——事实和观点绞在一起，新增三招：

① 判断题先排"方向反"。 31 题问 Which is true，四个选项逐项对账时，先扫"正反混淆"项——A（效果存疑 vs 原文成功）、B（法官反对 vs 法官支持）都是方向反转，最危险也最好排：回到原文找那个态度词（success / overruled the decision to stop），方向立刻清楚。

② 条件句里的预测也是作者观点。 33 题的依据藏在 if 从句后面的主句里——sure to spark intense opposition。新闻评论里，作者对未来的预测和对现在的评价同样是态度证据，别只盯现在时。

③ 推断题找"缺席的对策"。 34、35 两题是同一个逻辑：国家政府"该管没管"（failed to do so）、车企"该被强制没被强制"（everything but insist）。absence of X 的推断方向就是 X should be done——原文说没做的事，反过来就是答案。

三步还是那三步：先抓方向，再找位置，最后比对。新闻评论比前两篇难在读起来"都懂"——懂的是事件，题目考的是态度。下一期继续真题实战。