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BMJ方法学:预试验样本量怎么算?附计算模板/在线工具

BMJ方法学:预试验样本量怎么算?附计算模板/在线工具

预试验样本量确定:教程

Determining sample size for pilot trials: a tutorial

Citation (引用格式): Ying X, Freedland KE, Powell LH, et al. Determining sample size for pilot trials: a tutorial. BMJ 2025;390:e083405. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-083405

核心结论

  • 预试验旨在评估可行性并为确证性试验设计提供依据,其样本量确定不宜采用传统效力分析。
  • 样本量应基于预试验的具体目标(估计可行性参数、检验进展标准、检测问题等),并与分析及解读计划保持一致。
  • 预试验样本量计算应与研究目标对齐,单一预试验可能有多个目标,此时应取最大样本量。
  • 本文提供六种主流计算方法:精度分析、单样本检验、最小事件概率、变异估计、最小化预试验与确证性试验的总样本量、以及基于置信区间排除无效干预。
  • 配套提供样本量速查表、R/Stata/SAS代码及免费的R Shiny应用(https://r-pilotsize.sph.unc.edu/PilotSize/),方便研究者直接应用。
表1:预试验样本量确定方法概览
目的
计算所需信息/经验法则
软件实现
样本量速查表
估计可行性参数
预期值;精度(半宽);置信水平
单样本精度分析(presize等)
附录1 表1/表2
检验进展标准(比例)
最低/目标阈值;α;β
单样本检验;在线计算器
附录1 表3
检验进展标准(Poisson率)
同上,针对招募速率
lrstat包;GitHub代码
附录1 表4
检测可行性问题
问题概率;置信水平(≥95%)
pilotsamplesize.com;公式1
附录1 表5
估计变异度
每组12或35例
不适用
不适用
最小化总样本量
SMD;α/β;UCL置信水平
R/Stata/SAS代码
附录1 表6
排除无效干预
最小临床重要差异;单侧置信水平(80%)
两样本精度分析(presize/statpsych)
附录1 表7/表8

注:NA=不适用;UCL=上置信限。详细速查表及公式请参见原文附录。

全文翻译(含完整示例)

摘要:预试验在为确证性随机试验做准备中具有关键作用,然而确定其样本量仍是一个常见挑战。本文为外部随机预试验中样本量的计算和论证提供了实用指南、方法和工具——包括分步示例、样本量表格和统计代码。

确证性随机对照试验(简称确证性试验)是评估干预效果的关键工具。未完成的试验导致研究浪费、延迟重要临床问题的答案,并给医学文献引入偏倚[1]。2000年至2019年在ClinicalTrials.gov注册的245 999项试验中,约有9%被终止、暂停或撤回[2]。总体而言,未完成的常见原因包括招募不足和操作问题[3-8]

与确证性试验不同,预试验和可行性研究不估计或检验有效性或疗效,因此“初步疗效”等表述具有误导性。相反,它们确定“某件事能否做到、是否应该继续、以及如果做该怎么做”[9]。本文聚焦于外部预试验,即独立进行、数据不纳入确证性试验分析的预试验。

❓ Q1:预试验可以用来检验干预措施的“初步疗效”吗?

A:绝对不可以。 预试验的唯一目标是评估可行性(招募率、脱落率、依从性、操作流程等)。任何关于“初步疗效”、“有效性提示”的表述均属误导。预试验样本量极小,效应估计极不稳健,必须严格区分。

研究者常常不确定预试验中应纳入多少参与者。由于预试验的目标不是检验干预效果,传统样本量计算方法不直接适用[18]。本教程围绕CONSORT扩展版中描述的三种预试验目标,提供相应方法与实例,并配有免费R Shiny应用及统计代码(https://github.com/xiying5/PilotSize)。

为确证性试验提供可行性信息

许多预试验旨在通过模拟方法评估未来确证性试验方案的可行性,例如回答:能否达到所需招募率?随机化是否被潜在参与者接受?研究团队能否留住受试者?[43]

估计可行性参数

判断可行性通常依赖一个或多个特定参数(如招募率、脱落率、随机化意愿)[9]。为确定获得精确估计所需的样本量,须指定三个值:参数的预期值、期望的精度(置信区间半宽)、置信水平(常用95%,单侧或双侧)。

📦 框1:估计可行性参数(工作示例)

示例1:脱落概率为了解参与者可能从确证性试验中脱落的程度,研究者设计预试验估计脱落概率。他们合理猜测脱落率约为10%。希望以10个百分点的精度(即置信区间宽度为20个百分点)估计该参数,计划使用单侧95%置信区间(主要关注CI上限是否超过20%)。计算得需要招募26名参与者(每组13名)。预试验后计算脱落比例的点估计及其单侧95% CI。该CI可解释为在给定研究设计、方法、环境下真实脱落概率的可能值范围。

示例2:招募率研究者对确证性试验进行传统样本量计算,发现需要在18个月内招募180名参与者(即每月10人)。预试验估计招募率,目标每月10人,希望精度为±3人/月(双侧95%CI宽度6人)。计算得需要44名参与者(每组22名),招募约4.4个月。该计算假设招募率恒定,研究者可酌情延长招募期。预试验后计算招募率的点估计及其双侧95% CI。

检验可行性进展标准(交通灯框架)

CONSORT指南建议预先指定从预试验推进到确证性试验的标准[18]。可采用三层(Go/Amend/Stop)或四层(增加Minor/Major amend)进展标准[35]。对每个参数进行单侧检验(H₀:参数 ≤ 最低阈值,H₁:参数 ≥ 目标阈值),α=0.05,把握度≥80%。

📦 框2:检验可行性进展标准(工作示例)

示例1:招募接受率研究者不确定符合条件的参与者是否会同意参与。设定目标阈值:50%(高度可能成功),最低阈值:20%(不太可能成功)。使用四层进展标准,单侧α=0.05,把握度0.95,计算得预试验需要28名参与者(每组14名)。预试验后检验观察同意率与20%零假设。决策:点估计>50%且P<0.05→Go;介于20%-50%且P<0.05→Minor amend;P≥0.05→Major amend;点估计<20%→Stop。

示例2:招募率确证性试验需240名参与者,招募期24个月。目标阈值10人/月,最低阈值6人/月。使用三层进展标准,基于Poisson率单侧精确检验(α=0.05,把握度0.9),计算出预试验需要5个月招募期。决策:点估计>10人/月且P<0.05→Go;介于6-10人/月→Amend;<6人/月→Stop。

❓ Q2:如何利用“红绿灯”进展标准决定是否推进到确证性试验?

A:采用单侧假设检验法。 预先设定最低阈值(红灯)和目标阈值(绿灯),基于检验H₀≤最低 vs H₁≥目标计算样本量,α=0.05,把握度≥80%。结果判定:点估计>目标且P<0.05→绿灯;介于两者之间→黄灯(根据P值分小改或大改);低于最低阈值→红灯停止。

检测可行性问题

某些预试验旨在检测可能损害确证性试验质量或流程的事件(如诊断不一致、设备故障)。Viechtbauer等提出:设定问题在单名参与者中发生的最低概率p(例如10%),并希望在预试验中以高置信水平(如95%)观察到至少一次问题[36]。所需样本量 n = log(1-置信水平) / log(1-p)。

📦 框3:检测可行性问题(工作示例)

研究者计划进行确证性试验,主要结局基于两名临床医生对特定病症的独立诊断。若不一致,需额外昂贵耗时评估。研究者假设如果不一致概率≥10%,则确证性试验的成本和持续时间将大幅超出。使用95%置信水平,计算得需要30名参与者(每组15名)。预试验后解读:无不一致→实际不一致概率很可能低于10%;一次或多次不一致→实际概率可能≥10%,构成潜在挑战。

❓ Q3:预试验中发现了一些“罕见问题”,样本量要多大才能确保发现问题?

A:采用最小事件概率法。 公式 n = log(1-置信水平) / log(1-p)。p为问题在单名参与者中发生的最低可接受概率(如10%),置信水平通常取95%。例:p=10%,要求95%置信度至少观察到一次,需29例(每组15例)。若预试验中未出现任何问题,可认为真实概率很可能低于10%。

为确证性试验样本量提供信息

规划确证性试验时需确定样本量以保证适当统计功效,这需要效应量、变异度、显著性水平等参数。预试验不适用于确定效应量(因样本小导致估计不精确),但可用于估计变异度或可行性参数[51-54]

估计变异度

对于正态分布结局,建议预试验每组12或35例以获得合理精度[11,37]。若使用每组12例,后续确证性试验应使用90%把握度(而非80%)以抵消变异估计的不确定性;或采用方差的上置信限(80%或95% UCL)膨胀样本量[20,38-41]

❓ Q4:预试验算出的“效应量”能直接用于确证性试验的样本量估算吗?

A:绝对禁止! 预试验样本量小,效应量极不精确,直接使用会导致确证性试验严重把握度不足。正确的做法:效应量应基于最小临床重要差异(MCID)和既往高质量文献。预试验仅可用于估计变异度(标准差),且建议每组≥12例(较保守)或35例(较稳健)。

最小化预试验+确证性试验的总样本量

通过迭代确定预试验样本量,使两阶段总人数最小。需预先指定标准化均值差(SMD)、双侧I类错误、II类错误及置信水平(UCL法)。

📦 框4:最小化总样本量(工作示例)

研究者计划测试一个干预,连续主要结局,SMD=0.4(最小临床重要性)。为计算使总样本量最小的预试验样本量:①从每组10人开始;②计算确证性试验每组需100人(α=0.05双侧,β=0.2),然后用80%置信限法膨胀到每组139人;③预试验+确证性总样本每组149人;④每次增加预试验1人/组,重复步骤②③;⑤发现预试验每组18人(共36人)时总样本量最小(详见附录1表6)。

排除不可能产生临床重要效果的干预

采用Cocks和Torgerson提出的方法[42]:假设组间差异为零,以最小临床重要差异作为单侧置信区间(常用80%或90%)的半宽。

📦 框5:排除无效干预(工作示例)

连续结局评估减肥项目,最小临床重要效应SMD=0.3。假设均值差为零,使用80%单侧CI。计算得每组需16例(共32例)。若预试验中点估计>0且方案可行,可考虑推进。

二分类结局评估疫苗干预,假设两组接种率均为50%,期望干预提高至60%(10%差异),使用80%单侧CI。计算得需要70名参与者。若预试验中点估计>0且方案可行,可考虑推进。注意存在20%错误丢弃有效干预的风险。

❓ Q5:预试验排除无效干预的方法可靠吗?样本量怎么算?

A:采用基于置信区间的方法。 假设组间差异为零,以最小临床重要差异作为单侧置信区间(常用80%)的半宽。连续变量SMD=0.3时每组16例;二分类结局(基线50%,期望改善10%)需70例。若点估计>0可考虑推进,但有20%概率错误丢弃有效干预。

讨论

预试验样本量计算应与研究目标对齐,单一预试验可能有多个目标,此时应取最大样本量。最终是否推进到确证性试验应基于对可行性、资源、科学重要性的整体评估,而非仅依赖统计标准[59]。预试验结果不一定完全外推至确证性试验,修改方法后需谨慎解读[60]

❓ Q6:我的预试验有多个目标(如估计脱落率+检测操作故障+检验进展标准),样本量怎么定?

A:取各目标计算出的样本量中的最大值。 例如:估计脱落率需26例,检测故障需30例,检验进展标准需28例,则最终预试验至少纳入30例。单一预试验可同时服务多个目的,但样本量必须覆盖最严格的那个要求,否则部分目标将无法实现。建议提前列出所有目标,逐一计算后向上取整。

💡 实操提示:使用文中的在线工具(r-pilotsize.sph.unc.edu)可一次性完成六种方法计算,直接比较结果。

实用工具与在线资源

官方配套R Shiny应用(含代码):https://github.com/xiying5/PilotSize

英文网站(直接计算样本量):https://r-pilotsize.sph.unc.edu/PilotSize/

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001306s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=wenku;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001700s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000766s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000705s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001248s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001106s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001617s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 517511 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001917s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1776033932 WHERE `id` = 517511 [ RunTime:0.003899s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000591s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 517511 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001127s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 517511 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001157s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 517511 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001643s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 517511 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.007084s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 517511 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.009605s ]
0.226899s