文档内容
年 全 国 教 师 资 格
2 0 2 4
理 论 精 讲 -阅 读 理 解
讲师：李婉君
更多干货关注 粉笔教师教育 粉笔教师Vocabulary 四六级、专四、专八
Grammar
词法、句法、长难句分析
Points
Reading Skills 做题方法和技巧
Background
日常拓展知识面
Information
Practice 争取每天刷一篇不间断并精读P25
常考体裁 常考话题
记叙文
科学技术、政治经济
说明文
社会文化、风俗习惯
议论文
教育教学、历史地理
应用文题 型 分 类
主 旨 题 ： 归 纳 原 文 内 容 ， 考 频 高
1
细 节 题 ： 定 位 关 键 句 ， 对 照 选 项
2
含 义 题 ： 推 测 词 义 代 词 指 代
3 /
推 断 题 ： 答 案 需 要 推 测
4高频考点1 主旨题——常见考题形式
P25主旨题——解题办法
P26
（一）仔细研读文章的主题句，或辅以阅读各段落的主题句
• 此方法多适用于说明文、议论文。主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。有
些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有 for example, the most important part,
first, second, next, then, last, finally 等。P26
Example 1
Today, they are hot careers. So how do you prepare high school students to work in—or
create—a field that doesn’t exist?
By adding collaboration and creativity into the classroom, says Stephan Tumipseed...
... That could mean having students devise a solution to an irrigation issue, or build a
robot and then figure out how to make it go faster. Giving high school students
opportunities to create and solve problems—and the freedom to devise multiple
solutions—helps give classroom activities relevance and better prepares students for the
workplace.P26
Example 1
The main idea of the passage may be ______.
A. creating a new work center for students
B. throwing away old ideas for school
C. working together in a workplace
D. fostering innovation in high school主旨题——解题办法
P29
（二）通读全文，抓住关键来概括和归纳主题思想
• 有的文章是没有主题句的，这就需要靠读者自己进行概括或归纳隐含的主题思想。概括主题可以
从归纳每段的要点开始，最后将各段要点集中就是全文的主题思想。P29
Example 3
For many of us, our workplace can be dark, depressing and dull. Windowless rooms and
airless open-plan floors can kill motivation and cause a loss to worker performance,
possibly even their health.
But a refreshing trend is taking root in workplace design: nature. There’s growing
evidence showing that workplaces which include natural elements, such as plants, light,
colors and shapes have noticeable and measurable benefits for both companies and
their employees.Example 3
What’s the main idea of the text?
A. People like working in the office with lights.
B. Natural elements can bring health to the people.
C. Companies should offer a better environment to their employees.
D. Natural elements can make people work happily and efficiently.A、干扰项
概括不够
B、干扰项
过度概括
C、干扰项
以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意
D、正确项
根据文章意思全面理解归纳概括出来的；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全高频考点2 细节题——常见考题形式
P31细节题——解题方法
P32
是 非 题
解题技巧
（1）在题干或选项中找关键词
（2）以关键词为中心点，定位到原文前后两到三句话。
（3）对比选项，重点关注同义转述
• 原词复现。
• 同义词、近义词的表达复现。
• 反义词复现。
• 同源词复现。
• 上义词复现。Example 5
Steve Jobs was the co-founder and CEO of Apple and formerly Pixar.
Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco, California to Joanne Simpson and a Syrian father. Paul
and Clara Jobs of Mountain View, California then adopted him. In 1972, Jobs graduated from
Homestead High School in Cupertino, California and enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon.
One semester later, he dropped out, later taking up the study of philosophy and foreign cultures.
Steve Jobs had a deep-seated interest in technology, so he took up a job at Atari Inc., then a
leading manufacturer of video games. He struck a friendship with fellow designer Steve Wozniak
and attended Homebrew Computer Club meetings with him.Example 5
After saving up some money, Jobs took off for India in the search of enlightenment. Once he
returned, he convinced Wozniak to quit his job at Hewlett Packard to join him in his venture that
concerned personal computers. They sold items like scientific calculators to raise seed capital.
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak founded Apple Computer in the Jobs family garage. The first
personal computer was sold for $666.66. By 1980, Apple had already released three improved
versions of the personal computer. It had a wildly successful IPO (Initial Public Offering), which
made both founders millionaires many times over.Example 5
A tiff with the Apple’s Board of Directors and John Scully led to Jobs’ resignation. Steve
Jobs decided that he wanted to change the hardware industry. The company was called NeXTStep,
which produced the NeXT Computer. The machine was a commercial washout but helped with
future work in object-oriented programming, PostScript, and magnetooptical devices. Jobs
returned to his original company after Apple acquired NeXT in 1996.
Steve Jobs also started Pixar, which has produced multiple blockbuster films, including Toy
Story (1995); A Bug’s Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003);
and The Incredibles (2004).Example 5
In 2004, Jobs was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his pancreas, which was successfully
treated.
Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple on August 24, 2011 and subsequently assumed the role of
Chairman of the Board.
On October 5, 2011, Jobs passed away.
What Steve Jobs Left Untouched? There were a lot of things Steve Jobs was right about.
Probably the most important thing he got right was realizing that you need to build a great stadium
before you can invent great sports. An example of this was the decision in 1986 to build every Mac
with networking.Example 5
Which of the following is true about the NeXT Computer?
A. It was a reduplication.
B. It was a commercial failure.
C. It was a blockbuster success.
D. It was a best seller at that time.细节题——解题方法
P35
例证 题
解题技巧
1. 标志词：for example, case, illustrate/illustration, exemplify...
2. 例子向上读90%，向下读10%。
3. 解题的关键：不在于是否看懂例子，而在于例子支持的观点。
4. 错误选项设计方法：列举例子中的具体事例/列举无关常识。Example 7
【文章第四段】Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But
there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S.
factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years;
roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”
The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______.
A. gains of technology have been erased
B. job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
C. factories are making much less money than before
D. new jobs and services have been offered细节题——解题方法
P35
内 容 题 （原 因 题 ）
内容题有两种考查形式：考查直接信息和对直接信息的理解。
解题技巧
易错易混：干扰项常是以下几种情况：
①选项本身正确，但不符合题干要求；
②选项本身错误或选项正确但原文根本没提到；
③选项中含有原文信息，但其中个别词描述得不准确。Example 8
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it
has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the
past 100,000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our
bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin
had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a
savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”Example 8
The author argued that our bodies have stopped evolving because ______.
A. life has been improved by technological advance
B. the number of female babies has been declining
C. our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
D. the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing高频考点3 含义题——常见考题形式
P37高频考点3 含义题——解题方法
P37
（1）根据定义或解释猜测词义。
信号词：be, be called, means, be defined as, that is, that is to say, in other words, --(破折号)
等。
It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily.（2）根据情境和逻辑进行判断。
逻辑关系：并列、比较、因果、转折、对比、同位语/同位语从句。
Example 11
What does the underlined word “menacing” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Peaceful. B. Threatening. C. Gentle. D. Awkward.
For decades, Hollywood filmmakers have described sharks as toothy killing machines
with a taste for human flesh. But shark attacks are probably much rarer than you think.
Some species of sharks, like the whale shark and the basking shark, don’t pose a threat to
humans at all, despite looking pretty menacing. On average, sharks are responsible for six
human deaths a year.（3）根据同义词或反义词关系猜测词义。
Example12
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” ?
A. repeat B. reiterated C. uneducated D. sick
Most women in Ghana—the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and
old—work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and
mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well
known and well deserved.（4）根据上下文猜测代词指代的内容。
The underlined word “it” in the passage refers to ______.
代词指代：it, something, somebody, somewhere...
名词指代：the word, the phrase...
Tips:
1. 所有格代词指代前面位置上最近的名词。（his/her/their/it等）
2. 指代词与被指代词在数和格上是一致的。Example 13
What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The financial crisis. B. The unemployment rate.
C. The promise of a degree. D. The shadow over their future.
Almost five years after the crisis began, the overall unemployment rate is still above 8
percent while that for recent university graduates is stuck at 6.8 percent. For many young
Americans, the promise of a degree has turned to disappointment as they find themselves
struggling to get their first job, still burdened by student debt.高频考点4 推断题——常见考题形式
P40
◇ What is the tone/mood of the passage?
1. 态度
◇ The author’s attitude towards...might
◇ In the next part, the author would most
推断
be summarized as/seems to be ______.
probably discuss _____.
4. 后续
◇ What is most likely to be discussed in
内容推
◇ The last sentence of the first paragraph most the paragraph that follows?
断
probably implies that ______.
2. 细节
◇ What does the image that the author
推断
◇ The passage is most likely to be taken
presents to her students suggest?
from _____.
5. 出处
◇ Where would this passage most
推断
◇ It can be inferred/concluded that... probably appear?
3. 结论
◇ Which of the following conclusions ◇ In which of the following publication
推断
can we draw according to the passage? would this passage most likely be printed?推断题——解题方法
态 度 推 断
P41
1. 态度类型（选项中）
积极类：helpful（有帮助的）；positive（正确的）；supporting（支持的），concerned（关心
的）；confident（自信的）；impressive（给人深刻印象的）；optimistic（乐观的）等
中立类：neutral（中立的，中性的）；impersonal（不带个人色彩的）等
消极类：critical（批评的）；negative（否定的）；pessimistic（悲观的）等
2. 解题技巧
（1）根据讨论事物的利弊判断
（2）有的选项一定不是正确选项：比如uninterested，indifferent
（3）不要加入自己的主观态度
（4）根据用词的褒贬性去判断（wonderful(y), successful(y), positive(ly), active(ly), negative(ly),
unfortunate(ly), doubtful(ly) ）出 处 推 断
P45
【常见出处】Newspaper, Magazine, Product Specification, A guidebook, Website
1. 报纸: 前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
2. 广告: 因其格式特殊，容易辨认。
3. 产品说明: 器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时
间、次数、药量等。
4. 网站：会有 WWW. 的标志。Example 18
In what column of a newspaper can you read the passage?
A. Education. B. Technology.
C. Entertainment. D. Science.
Global Positioning Systems are now a part of everyday driving in many countries. These
satellite-based systems provide turn-by-turn directions to help people get to where they
want to go. But, they can also cause a lot of problems, send you to the wrong place or leave
you completely lost. Many times, the driver is to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is
responsible. Most often, says Barry Brown, it is a combination of the two.
